International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)

www.ijmer.com Vol.3, Issue.1, Jan.-Feb. 2013 pp-01-07 ISSN: 2249-6645

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Er. Dipayan Guha,
1
Prof. (Dr.) T. K. Sengupta
2

1Final Year Student, Electrical Engineering (M.Tech) Department, Asansol Engineering College, West Bengal, India
2Campus Director, Suprem Knowledge Foundation Group of Institution, Mankundu, Hooghly, West Bengal, India

Abstract: In the present work, we focus on the study of dynamic behavior of an interconnected two-area power system and
a scheme for improvement of response for the same. Here, two-area system with one non-reheat thermal units & one reheat
thermal units is considered. The frequency and tie-line power deviation of two units are studied using MATLAB-SIMULINK
in continuous time domain and also in discrete time domain. The paper focus on the study of frequency & tie-line power
deviation for step load changes of 1% in both areas with conventional Proportional-Integral control and improvement in
dynamic performances while replaced with discrete controller.

Keywords: Automatic Generation Control, Modeling of Interconnected Power system, Dynamic performance study of both
the areas, MATLAB SIMULINK.

I. INTRODUCTION
Now-a-days, modern power systems are divided into number of areas. For example, in our country, eastern grid, western
grid etc. and each area are interconnected among themselves through transmission lines, called tie-line.
Interconnected power system or power grid provides following advantages over the control area operated individually,
i. It stabilizes the grid which in turn increases stability, reliability & security of the overall system.
ii. Maintaining frequency to a fixed value which reduces voltage collapse & chances of undesirable load-shed situation.
Earlier days, one generating unit in a system would be designed as the regulated unit & it was manually adjusted to
Control the balance between the net generation & load demand. But now with automatic Generation system, many units are
participated in regulation, improving overall system efficiency & economy.
The main function of power system operation and control is to provide continuous power supply to all consumers
connected to it. Automatic Load frequency control (ALFC) or Automatic Generation control (AGC) regulates real power
flow between different control areas while keeping frequency constant.
The main features of ALFC loops are
i. Keeping frequency to its steady state value.
ii. To control power flow between interconnected control areas.
iii. Maintain equal load distribution among the participating units.
Tie-line bias is carefully monitored & represented for all tie-lines. Bias is the accepted standard operating constraint
that controls the area control error (ACE), monitoring & adjusting tie-line flows to keep the system stable. Stability is the
term to describe how far a power grid handles a system disturbances or power system fault.
The main objective of the present work is to perform a comparative study of dynamic response of interconnected
power system with reheat & non-reheat type turbines and also an improvement for dynamic performance of inter-connected
power system after replacing the PI controller with discrete PI controller.
II. SYSTEM INVESTIGATED
The MW frequency or ALFC system investigated comprises an interconnected power system of two-area (a) non-reheat
control area-1 & (b) reheat control area-2,shown in fig:(1). The nominal values of the parameters are given in appendix 2.








Dynamic Response Analysis of Automatic Generation Control in a 2-
Area (Reheat & Non-Reheat) Interconnected Power System and a
Scheme for Improvement of Response for the Same

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III. MODELING OF DESIRED POWER SYSTEM
The continuous time dynamics behavior of the AGC system is described by the linear vector differential equations

For formulating the state space model, output of all blocks having either integrator or a time constant assumed to be state
variable
[7]
.
State space models of single area system with above assumption of reheat & non-reheat thermal units are given below,
respectively


Whereas, state space model of our concerned interconnected power system is defined as, calculations are given in appendix
1.
A =
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2
0 0 0
1
0 0
1
0 0 0
0 0 0
1 1
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0
1 1
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
1
0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1
0
1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1
0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1
12 2
1
12 12
2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2 12
2
2
2
1 1 1
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
a b
b
T T
T T R
T T
T
k
T
k
T T
T
k a
T
k
T
T T R
T T
T
k
T
k
T
sg sg
t t
t
r
t
r
r r
ps
ps
ps
ps
ps
sg sg
t t
ps
ps
ps
ps
ps
t t

B =
T
sg
sg
T
T
(
(
(
(

0 0 0
1
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1
0 0
2
1

G=
T
ps
ps
ps
ps
T
K
T
K
(
(
(
(

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2
2
1
1


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IV. SIMULINK RESULT
Dynamic response of single area system for both reheat & non-reheat type thermal system shown in fig(2).

Fig(2) Dynamic response of single area system
- Minimization of steady state error:
It is observed from fig: (2) that the system has pronounced steady state error of e
SS
= 51.89% (-ve). There are number of
methods available to reduce steady state error, here we used conventional PI-controller, since the implementation of PI-
controller is very easy.
Effect of PI-controller to reheat & non-reheat single area system shown in fig: (3).


Fig:(3) Dynamic response of single area system with PI-controller
Fig: (4) to fig: (7) depict f
1
(t), f
2
(t), P
tie,12
(t) & P
tie,21
(t) responses in continuous time domain using SIMULINK.
In the present study, we divided our result into three cases:
Case1: Continuous time domain analysis of interconnected power system without any controller & frequency bias setting.
Case2: Continuous time domain analysis of interconnected power system with PI-controller of K
i
= 0.4 & frequency bias
setting, B
i
= 0.
Case3: Continuous time domain analysis of interconnected power system with PI-controller of K
i
= 0.4 & frequency bias
setting, B
i
= 0.425.

Fig:(4) Frequency deviation of two-area system with B
i
=0 & K
i
=0
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Fig:(5) Frequency deviation of two-area system with B
i
=0 & K
i
=0.4

Fig: (6) Frequency deviation of two-area system with B
i
=0.425 & K
i
=0.4


Fig(7) Tie-line power deviation of two area system with B
i
= 0.425 & K
i
= 0.4
V. OBSERVATION
In this paper, the interconnected two-area power system theory is studied with SIMULINK in continuous domain.
The frequency & tie-line power deviation have been observed for the same system.
Following points are observed from the SIMULINK results-
1. Both single area & two-area systems are non-minimum phase system, which exhibits a high undershoot near at the
origin, fig.(2).
2. By observation of fig.(2) & fig.(3), the steady state error is reduced using conventional PI-controller but it has no effect
on transient response of the system.
3. By observation of fig.(3), settling time of Non Reheat thermal & Reheat thermal system are, respectively, 7sec &
11sec, approximately, which shows that reheat system has sluggish dynamic response compare to non-reheat system.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
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4. In comparison to the single area system interconnected power system has less no. of oscillation that make the system
more stable, refer to fig.(6).
5. In fig.(5), the system has high peak overshoot which is highly minimized with proper choice of frequency bias
constraint, B
i
as shown in fig.(6).
6. It is observed from fig.(7) that tie-line power flow deviates from nominal setting, with sudden load changes in both the
area and it takes 10-12 sec to settle down.
7. From the investigation carried out in this paper, it is relevant that PI-controller strategy offers ameliorated system
dynamic performance compared to P-controller.
VI. DEVELOPMENT / MODIFICATION SUGGESTED
To improve the sluggish response of the reheat cycle area, we suggest the following improvement to be done
1. This paper is completely based on the study of dynamic performance of the system in CT domain. But if the same
study is done in DT domain, by discretezition of controller signal further improvement of dynamic response is
possible. Under figure shows the suggested model

Fig: (8) Proposed block diagram in discrete medium


Fig: (9) Frequency deviation of two area system with B
i
= 0.425 & K
i
= 0.4 in Discrete domain

Fig: (10) Frequency deviation of two area system with B
i
= 0.425 & K
i
= 0.4 in Discrete domain
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Fig: (9) & (10) shows frequency deviation of interconnected power system with two different sampling times. It is
observed that if sampling rate is made high then dynamic response analysis gives good result as long as system stability
retained.
2. This paper completely focused on the study of conventional PI controller which exhibits poor dynamic performance
due to parameters variation and other controller exhibits poor dynamic response due to parameter variation and other
system uncertainties. If, PI controller replaced by some intelligent controllers, like based on Fuzzy logic theory,
optimal controller theory etc, then again further improvement of system response is possible.

VII. CONCLUSION
With the advent of new regulation, (2003 electricity act) distributed & dispersed system generation are
recommended and performed for National Power development. One of the main reasons India should be able to achieve a
smooth transition from fossil fuel economy to sustainable renewable energy based economy for sustainable development
which compiles
(i) Energy for all
(ii) Energy for ever
(iii) For equitable
(iv) Environment friendly
If above is available and possible we must have a control area where some units will be having non-reheat turbine (smaller
area) and other areas (bigger area) of reheat type. Hence, this paper suggests discretization of the control area for better
control of system frequency & tie-line power flow.

Appendix-1





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Appendix-2
Numerical data -
Sl.
No.
Notations Full name Numerical
value
1 i Subscript referring to
area i (i=1,2)
-
2 Pr
i
Rating of i-th generator
in MW
2000
3 T
t
(or T
CH
) Turbine time constant
in sec
0.3 sec
4 T
sg
Time constant speed
governor in sec
0.08 sec

5

K
PS
, T
PS

Time constant & gain
of power system,
respectively
120, 20 sec
respectively

6

K
r
,T
r

Reheat coefficient &
time constant ,
respectively
0.5, 10 sec
respectively
7 T
12
Synchronizing
coefficient
t 2
545 . 0


8

R
i

Governor speed
regulation parameter in
Hz per p.u. MW
4 . 2
1

9 P
tie
Incremental change in
tie-line power
-

10

F
i

Incremental change in
frequency deviation

-
11 P
Di
Incremental change in
load demand
-

12

P
Ci

Incremental change in
speed governor
position

-
13 Y
Ei
Incremental change in
valve position
-

14

D
Load frequency
constant in p.u MW per
Hz (P
D
/f)

-
15 B
i
Frequency bias
constant
0.425

16


Nominal phase angle of
voltages
(
12
=
1

2
)

-
17 K
ii
Integration time
constant
0.4

References
[1] Prof J Nanda, Dr. M L Kothari, Sample data AGC of Hydro-Thermal system considering GRC, IEEE-trans., September 25, 1989
[2] Prof. C S Indulkar, Analysis of MW frequency control problem using sampled data theory, IEEE trans., January 1, 1992.
[3] Prof. Prabhat Kumar, Ibraheem, Dynamic performance evaluation of 2-area interconnected power system a comparative study,
IEEE-trans, August 14, 1996.
[4] Dr. T.K.Sengupta, Studies on assessment of power frequency in interconnected grid its computer based control & protection,
2008, thesis paper in JU.
[5] Elegerd, O.l., Eletric energy system theory an introduction, second edition, Tata McGraw Hill.
[6] Grainger, J, William,J & Stevenson, Jr - Power system analysis edition 2003, Tata McGraw Hill.
[7] Kothari, D.P, & Nagrath, I.J., Power system Engineering, second edition, Tata McGraw Hill.