Geographic Information Systems and the GLOBE Program

ArcView

ArcView Edition

Table of Contents
Chapter 1: What is GIS? ......................................................................... 3 Chapter 2: What is ArcView? ............................................................... 15 Chapter 3: Finding the Data in ArcView ............................................... 17 Chapter 4: A Beginning Map Using ESRI Data ...................................... 23 Chapter 5: Creating a Printed Map and Exporting Your Project ............ 74 Chapter 6: Downloading and Incorporating GLOBE Student Data ......... 83 Chapter 7: Other Data Sources .......................................................... 109 Chapter 8: Creating Your Own Data .................................................. 133 Chapter 9: Hot Links ......................................................................... 164 Chapter 10: Using GLOBE Landsat Images in ArcView ........................ 173 ArcView........................ Chapter 11: Now What Do I Do With It And Where Do I Go Next? ....... 194 Appendix I: Local Sources of GIS Data ............................................... 199 Appendix II: Importing Arc Export (E00) Files .................................... 201 Appendix III: Image Registration ....................................................... 207 Appendix IV: How Do I Get ArcView? ............................................. 210 Appendix V: Image Correction ....................................................... 211
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Chapter 1: What is GIS?

Manual GIS: GIS Students in a school in Jordan are assigned the task of preparing a detailed map of their community. They gather resources such as topographic maps, road maps, their GLOBE Landsat image, the locations of students homes, some aerial photos, and some charts provided by their local government showing locations of businesses, parks, etc. Instead of making one map, the students decide that each team will map only one kind of feature. One team maps roads, while another maps water bodies. One maps the locations of student homes, and another maps agricultural areas. Each of these features is called a theme. The students decide that they will map each theme on a separate sheet of transparent plastic, so that themes can be placed one on top of another, or on top of other maps. After much hard work (maps drawn at different scales must be enlarged or reduced so that all layers are drawn to the same scale) the job is done, and the students begin to experiment with what these layers can show them. They discover that by selectively placing one layer on top of another, they see the relationships between different kinds of surface features. They ask questions about the location of large parking areas with respect to bodies of water (runoff from these areas can be a significant source of pollution in water bodies). They look for patterns of business locations with respect to transportation routes.

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The layering of features made it easier to see how one particular feature is related to others and to ask questions about these relationships. This is an example of a simple Geographic Information System (GIS). The illustration below shows their layers for water and roads stacked over their satellite image.

Layers, or Themes

From these layers, they could investigate how the pattern of roads and water bodies is related to local topography.

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What is Electronic GIS?

GIS software such as ArcView and ArcVoyager accomplish the same tasks as the students in the previous example. With GIS software, the computer takes numbers and words that describe places on the Earth, stored in databases and spreadsheets, and displays them as map layers on your computer monitor. In addition to allowing great flexibility in how data are displayed, GIS software also allows us to ask questions based on the data. The students question about the locations of parking lots and bodies of water is called a Query Query. The key to relating different pieces of data that describe places on the earth is that these data are geospatial. That is, for every point we want to map there is a unique set of numbers, latitude and longitude, that describe where that place is. GIS, then, is a system for entering, storing, displaying, manipulating and analyzing geospatial data.

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Who Uses GIS?

Geographic Information Systems are used by anyone who needs to work with information that is related to places on the Earth. In a few recent GIS publications, the following topics were covered: Natural Resources: forestry management, habitat identification and evaluation. Community services: fire, ambulance, police, crime investigations, utility management. Health: mapping the spread of infectious agents . Energy: mapping oil, coal and natural gas deposits, exploring for energy resources. Mapping natural phenomena: earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanoes, hurricanes, floods. Business: courier services, real estate analysis, demographics, sales analysis. Water resources: mapping aquifers, planning water needs based on community growth. Sea floor exploration: mapping the sea floor, searching for wrecks. Education: bus routes, population demographics, student mapping of local environments.

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Why Should I Use GIS in My Classroom?

Real learning occurs when students work with problems that have significance to them as explorers of learning and members of communities that range in scope from local to world wide. Whether their interest lies in looking for patterns to the worlds earthquakes, tracking whales in their migration, looking at patterns of westward settlement, mapping old cemeteries in their village, or investigating the watershed of a local water body, GIS provides a hands-on method of gathering, displaying, interacting with, and investigating geographic data from the real world. The data students use may be obtained from online services, local, state or regional agencies, or it may be information that students have gathered in the field using an inexpensive GPS (Global Positioning System) receiver to accurately locate data points. Geography plays an important part in much of what we do, yet our students often have a poor knowledge of geographic data. GIS provides a tool that can bring Geography to life in and out of the classroom. For examples of the use of GIS in the classroom, see GIS in Schools.1 You can also visit ESRIs (Earth Systems Research Institute) Schools and Libraries program at: http://www.esri.com/industries/k-12/hrynggis.html for information, tutorials, files and examples of GIS projects in education.

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What Is the Purpose of this Tutorial?

This series of tutorials will provide a brief introduction to two of the common software packages available to schools: ArcView and ArcVoyager. ArcView and ArcVoyager are produced by ESRI (Environmental Systems Research Institute) of Redlands, CA. ArcView is one of the industry standard GIS programs and is relatively costly. ArcVoyager is a school version of ArcView and is available free to schools from ESRI. It contains most of the functioning of ArcView. A separate tutorial will be devoted to each.

What this Tutorial is NOT:

There are many excellent books available that will give you a thorough introduction to GIS2. Many are quite lengthy. This tutorial is not intended to replace any of them. It is designed to give you a quick start in using GIS software as part of your GLOBE teaching and learning experience.

1. Audet and Ludwig,GIS in Schools, ESRI Press, 2000

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2. Getting to Know ArcView GIS, ESRI Press, 1996 - 1998

A GIS Example
The map below is a GIS project for Corpus Christi, Texas. The layers of data that represent water, roads, etc. were downloaded free from Internet sites. The colored dots represent data gathered by participants at a GLOBE workshop for the validation of their GLOBE land cover map. The participants created a table of their data in a word processor. They added this data table to the GIS display as a series of dots. Each dot represents a site visited for accuracy assessment. The inset tables show both the data table they prepared from their field observations, and the results of querying the system about the yellow point. This group was able to see how the sites they visited are related to local features.

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What Kinds of Data Does a GIS System Work With?

A GIS system displays two basic types of data; raster and vector vector. Raster Data Data: Raster data are items, usually images, that are composed of pixels. These may be satellite images, such as the one shown to the right, scanned maps, aerial photos, or any object that shows pixels when enlarged. Raster data are saved as independent files, just as you would save a picture file. Vector Data Data: Vector data, such as the sample from Corpus Christi, TX, shown at the right, are drawings that represent features such as streets, rivers, railroads, lakes, city blocks, or almost any feature you can imagine being drawn on a map.

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What are the different kinds of Vector data? Points Lines

Lines represent linear features, such as roads, trails, streams, and contour lines.

Points are used to display individual locations, or data sampled at specific points, such as temperature, pH, and conductivity. This figure shows major cities in New Zealand.

Polygons

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Polygons are closed figures and represent areas of the Earths surface. These may be lakes, cities, shopping malls, national parks, or any feature that can be described by area. The figure above shows lakes (blue) and part of the land area (green) of Ireland as polygon data.

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Vector data are not stored as images the way raster data are. They are drawn on the monitor from information contained in database or spreadsheet files. They are redrawn at best screen resolution every time you zoom in or out. Thus, they never show pixels, as raster data do. The figure below shows GIS vector data for some of the streets in Corpus Christi, TX.

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The three figures below show successive zooms on a part of this street data. Notice that even with an increase of magnification, there are no pixels seen in the data. The streets are redrawn in each zoom at highest resolution using data about them stored in a database file.

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The figure below shows part of the database file used by the GIS software to draw the streets. These are the only data that are stored to produce this street layer, or theme theme. The columns marked L_add_from to R_add_to contain the coordinates used to draw the individual streets. In addition to the location data, you will also note such information as Streetname, Type, and Zip_left. These data, along with others not shown, are called the Attributes of the theme. They provide extra information about each feature in the theme, and can be displayed, analyzed or investigated by using the GIS software. Each separate layer, or theme theme, in a GIS view has a separate Attributes table.

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Chapter 2: What is ArcView?

ArcView: ESRI, the producer of ArcView, has been an industry leader in the production of GIS software and in the support of GIS education. ArcView is available for both PC (V3.3) and Macintosh (V3.0). The Macintosh version is not supported and cannot use many of the extensions that are available. ESRI has recently released a major update to its GIS offerings in the form of ARC GIS (V9.x) for high-end PC machines, but continues to support ArcView. How Can I Get ArcView? ArcView can be purchased from ESRI. However, schools can earn a free copy of ArcView by completing a project for the ESRI Community Atlas Project. See Appendix IV for more details.

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Installing ArcView
ArcView (PC) (PC): ArcView is simple to install. Like most PC software, the installation CD automatically loads an installation wizard. Unless you wish to install on a drive other than C, select the default values at each step and ArcView will install two folders: AV_GIS30, which is the program folder, and ESRIdata, which contains data supplied by ESRI. ArcView (Mac): (Mac) Insert the ArcView CD into your CD drive. The disk contains an installer which will install two folders when you double click the icon. AV_GIS30a, the program folder, and ESRIdata, a folder of data provided by ESRI. Once installation is complete, you should create a new folder in your ESRIdata folder. Label this GIS Projects. Storing all your projects here will simplify data access.

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Chapter 3: Finding the Data in ArcView

This section will guide you through opening ArcView and navigating to the built-in data files.

Objective

Locate the data files supplied with ArcView.

Finding Data in ArcView

Launch ArcView. ArcView may open with the Welcome Window Window, shown to the right. The Project Window allows you to create a new project or open an existing project. If you do not see this screen, skip to page 19 19. Choose create a new project with a new view and click OK OK.

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 ArcView now asks if you want to add data.

Click YES YES. Skip to page 22 22.

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 If ArcView does not open with the Welcome Window Window, ArcView opens with the Project Window Window, shown below. The Project Window shows the contents of your project. It is from this window that you bring certain types of data into your view.

Project Window

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Window Arcview opens the View Window Click the New button in the menu for the Project Window. Window, shown below.

View Window

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Window Drag it by its title bar to the right, This new View Window may cover the Project Window. and drag its lower-right corner to fill the background window.

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 Click the Add Theme button, shown to the right. It is at the left end of the button bar. Navigate to your ESRIdata folder, shown below and open this folder.

From the ESRIdata folder, select the world folder and open it. The contents of this folder are listed. These files all have the extension .shp. These are files and represent different forms of vector data (Point, Line and Polygon). ArcView shape files,

Chapter summary: In this chapter, you learned how to add data to a new view. In the next chapter, you will use this skill to begin a new project and explore the power of ArcView.

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Chapter 4: A Beginning Map Using ESRI Data

In this chapter you will use and explore some of ArcViews menus and windows.

Objectives

Create a new project. Add themes from ArcViews data base. Change the appearance of themes. Examine the map scale for your view. Use the Legend Editor, Fill Palette, and Color Palette. Zoom to selected areas of your map. Obtain information about features in the projects themes. Examine the information (attributes) in a themes data table. Sort the data table and use the Query Tool to select specific entries. Use ArcViews maps and attribute tables to investigate topographic and geographic problems. Change the properties of a View. Look at an unusual map projection.

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ArcView Toolbars

Open Theme Edit Legend Add Table Query Theme Builder

Special Zoom buttons Clear Selected Features

Distance tool Hot Information Links Tool tool Label Text Tools Tools

Select Tool

Zoom In, Out Draw Tools Select Features Using Shape Map Scale (Representative Fraction) Promote Records

Cursor Location (lat/lon)

Field Menu

Sort Records Ascending Descending

Tables Menu and Toolbar

Number of Records Selected Number of Records in File Unselect Records Query Builder

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Starting with ArcView

Launch ArcView. Create a new project.

Setting the Working Directory

Unless you tell ArcView where you want your project saved and where your project files are located, the program will select a default location, usually one you do not want. The working directory should be the GIS Projects folder you set up when you loaded ArcView. Set this after you have created a new view. From the File menu, select Set Working Directory Directory.

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 Specify the path to your GIS Projects folder. ArcView 3.xx does not have a browse capability for this, so you must manually specify the path. The format for the PC platform is shown below and is in the standard format.

Example Example: Suppose your GIS Projects folder is located in a directory called esri on your C drive, your path would be: C:\esri\GIS Projects\

For Macintosh Users

For Macintosh users the idea of a path name may be something new. The path consists of each location you must double click to reach your folder. The authors folder is stored on the hard drive My Drive, in a folder called ESRI and is called GIS Projects. Note that each step is separated by a colon (:) and there are no spaces, except where they occur in location names.

A Macintosh Example Example: Suppose your GIS Projects folder is located in a folder called ESRI on your main fixed drive, which you have named My Drive. Your path would be: My Drive:ESRI:GIS Projects

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Saving Projects and Opening Saved Projects

Saving a Project: Project Now that we have the working directory set, it is a good idea to learn to save your project. ArcView does not automatically save your work for you so remember to save your work often. From the File menu, select Save Project . If you have set the working directory, ArcView will open your GIS Projects folder. If not, navigate to that folder. Give your project an appropriate name, and be certain to attach the extension .prj. Opening a Project Launch ArcView if it is not already open. From the File menu, select Open Project Project. Navigate to your working directory, select your project and click Open Open. Note: A saved ArcView project contains the path to each of the files used in it. If you move any of these files, ArcView will not find them, and will prompt you for the location of each. This is one reason you should keep your working projects and files in one area.

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 Click the Add Themes button. Navigate to the world data folder and select the country.shp file in the Add Theme window.

Click OK in the Add Theme box.

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 Your View window now shows the country.shp theme added to the View Table of Contents window. Although there is one country.shp file, each separate country has been given a different color. For simplicity, lets make all the countries the same color.

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 Double click on the name of any country in the View Table of Contents listing. This opens the Legend Editor Editor. Here is where we select some of the options for displaying themes. Notice that the Legend Typ Type pull-down menu displays unique value value. This means that each country is displayed as a separate color based on its name. Click on the Legend Type pull-down menu, and select single symbol .

Click the Apply button. The Legend Editor view changes (the color selected by the system may differ). Editor. Close the Legend Editor

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 The View window Table of Contents will now show the country.shp file as all one color. The color you see may be different from what is shown. Click once in the small box before the country.shp theme to turn on this theme. The world country map appears.

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Working with ArcView

Coloring the Base Map The map of the world you created is a base. You will add other layers or themes on top of it. If the color of this base is too dark, overlying layers will not show well. Your first task is to change the color of the base map. Double click the coutry.shp theme in the View Table of Contents window to open the Legend Editor Editor. You may also click the Edit Legend button in the tool bar.

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 Double click the color patch beneath the symbol heading in the Legend Editor Editor. This will open the Fill Palette window. The Fill Palette changes the display characteristics of a theme. Click once on the paint brush in the Fill Palette menu.

From the Color Palette menu, select a light color, such as the pink that is shown to the right. Close the Color Palette Palette. Click Apply and Close the Legend Editor Editor.

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 Your world map should now appear like the one below.

Hint: Now would be a good time to save your project.

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Adding More Themes

Using the add themes button, navigate to your world folder, and select the files for the worlds cities, rivers and lakes. To select multiple files, hold down the Shift key as you click each one (Shift-click).

Click OK when you have all of the files selected.

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 The new themes are added in reverse order; the last added is first in the View Table of Contents window. In the View View, the lowest layer is drawn first, and the other layers are drawn on top of it. The top theme is the topmost layer.

Notice that the country.shp theme appears raised. This is the active theme. Operations are performed on the active theme. To make a different theme active, simply click on its name. To make more than one theme active, hold the shift key down as you click.

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 Turn on the rivers, lakes and cities themes by clicking in the boxes before their names.

Note how jumbled things look. ArcView draws rivers, lakes and cities at one size regardless of magnification.

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 Notice the value in the Scale window. This is the Representative Fraction (RF) scale of the map. It means that one of any unit on the map is equal to 383,466,000 of the same unit on the ground. Example: Objects that are 5 cm apart on the screen are 1,917,330,000 cm or 19,173 km apart on the ground. Watch this scale as you change magnification in your view window. Your values may vary slightly, depending on the size of your view window and your exact amount of zoom.

What If My Scale Window Is Blank?

If your View Scale window is blank it is because ArcView does not know the units of the map and data. From the View menu, select Properties Properties. The View Properties box opens. Note that both Map Units and Distance Units are unknown.

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 Unless you know that your data are projected differently, from the Map Units pull-down menu, select decimal degrees degrees.

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 From the Distance Units pull-down menu, select meters .

Click OK to close the View Properties box. Your View Scale window should read properly. You may change the scale of your view at any time by using the View Scale window. Click once in the View Scale window and enter a scale. You may use commas in your entry.

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Zooming in on Africa
Select the Zoom In tool from the tool bar. Click several times on the east coast of Africa, until your view window looks like the one shown below. Now the overlying themes have a better proportion. If you wish to recolor any of the themes use the same procedure you used to change the color of the base country map. The view to the left shows the lakes and rivers themes colored blue.

Note the value in the Scale window at this level of magnification. The value of 1:92,230,639 means that 1 unit on the map covers a smaller area on the ground than that shown on page 38. The smaller the number, the more detail it . shows. In this example, 5 cm on the screen would equal 4,611 km on the ground.

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Zooming in to a Specific Area

Rather than zooming one step at a time,you can quickly zoom to a specific area. Select the Zoom In tool Hold down your mouse button and draw a box around the area shown to the right. You will zoom in on the area that you boxed.

Note the scale at this magnification. Now 5 cm on the screen is even less.

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Theme Attribute Tables

Along with data that describe how and where to draw themes, each theme contains additional information. These data are called the themes attributes. There are two tools to examine these attributes. Click once on the lakes (or w_lakes) theme to make it active. Its title should appear raised. Tools and measurements are applied to the active theme. Select the Information Tool from the tool bar. Move your cursor into the View window. Notice the cursor appears like this: Move your cursor over the large lake near the center of your screen and click once. The Identify Results table opens, as shown on the next page.

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 This table shows the attributes of the single feature you clicked on, in this case the lake. The Information Tool only works for the theme that is active. That is, the raised theme in the View Table of Contents Contents. This is Lake Victoria. Note that the attributes of this lake include the type of vector data (a polygon), its surface elevation and its depth.

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 Use the Information Tool to click on the long lake to the southwest of Lake Victoria.

Lake Tanganyika is added to the table, and its attributes are displayed. You may view the characteristics of any feature in the table by clicking on its name. Close this table.

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What About the Other Lakes?

Rather than viewing the lakes of the world one at a time, you can examine the data for the whole collection at once. With the lakes theme active, click the Open Theme Table button. The attribute table for all the lakes in the lakes.shp file opens. Notice that there is a new menu and toolbar, the Tables Menu and Tables Toolbar Toolbar.

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 Scroll through this table until you find Lake Victoria, and click once on its name. Notice that both the name in the table and the shape in the View window are highlighted in yellow.

The Tables Menu Menu, displays how many items you selected and how many are in the database.

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 Select more than one item by using the shift-click method. Hold down the shift key as you select Lakes Turkana, Tanganyika, Albert and Victoria. The visual below shows the results of selecting all the lakes in the vicinity of Lake Victoria.

Turn off your selections by clicking the Unselect Records button. Take some time now to experiment with the tools you have just used.

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When you are ready to proceed, click the Unselect Records button.

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You may have noticed that the lakes in the table are not arranged in any particular order. ArcVoyager has several ways to arrange the data. Click once on the heading of the Depth column. It turns gray as shown right.

From the Field menu select Sort Descending Descending. The lakes in the file are sorted by depth, from deepest to most shallow, as shown in the partial table to the right.

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 Shift-Click the names of the four lakes in your view area (Victoria, Tanganyika, Turkana and Albert).

Click the Promote Records button. The selected records are brought to the top of the file.

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Now a question
Lake Tanganyika is much deeper than the other three lakes. Lake Turkana is much deeper than Victoria or Albert. Why should this be so? What is there about the Geography of this part of Africa that might cause this to occur? This question links Geography and Geology, and helps students see the connections between surface features (Topography) and the Geophysical forces that produce them. Find Lake Nyasa. What would you predict about its depth? Why? What geophysical forces have acted in this region? (For the answer to this question see Chapter 7)

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How Large is a Feature?

ArcView has a distance measuring tool to determine linear distances. Click the Distance tool to make it active. r at the north end of Lake Place the cursor Tanganika (you may have to adjust your view) Hold the mouse button down, and drag the length of the lake as shown to the right. Double click at the south end of the lake. The length of the lake will be displayed on the screen. The PC display is in the lowerleft screen, and for Macintosh computers it is in the upper left. Your result will vary slightly, depending on where you draw your line segment. The distance is the length you measured - not necessarily the actual length of the lake.

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Labeling Locations
Make the Country.shp theme active. Click the Label Tool button. Click once in the country south of Lake Victoria. The country is labeled Tanzania. Click on the Select Tool. Be sure the Tanzania label is active (its corner handles are visible). If they are not, click once on the label. You can now drag and resize the label.

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 Double-click the Tanzania label. The Text Properties box opens. You can change the appearance of the label. To remove a label: - Click the Select Tool. - Click the label to make it active. - Hit the Delete key. Label the other countries in the region around Lake Victoria.

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 Make the Lakes theme active, and label the lakes in your view area. Repeat this process for the rivers in your view area.

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Another Question:
Zoom out until your view is similar to the one shown to the right. Select the Drag Tool Tool. Position the Drag Tool over Africa. Hold the mouse button down, and drag the image to your left until you see the region shown to the right. Questions Questions: Why does the drainage pattern (the pattern shown by these rivers) appear the way it does? Are there topographical features that influence the pattern that rivers take? Where do these rivers flow? What are their outlets? Can you use Arcview to find different kinds of drainage patterns in other areas? (Try the Central United States, or Northern South America). What topographic features affect the drainage patterns in these areas?

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Building a Query
A query is an ArcVoyager tool to make sophisticated inquiries (called queries) about data contained in attribute tables.

Make the cities.shp theme active. Open the Attributes table of this theme (Use the Tables button).

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 A Query is a set of instructions that act on the attribute table using logical operators operators. These are operations such as equals, is greater than, or comparisons such as and or or. Find the cities of the world which have a population greater than or equal to 6,000,000 people. Select the Query Tool button shown to the right. The Query Box opens.

Note the set of logical operators represented by the keys in the top center of the window.

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To create the query:

Double click the Population entry in the Fields column. Population now appears in the query dialog area. Click once on the greater than or equal to button in the set of logical operators. Enter the value 6000000 6000000. The value must be entered without spaces or commas. Click the New Set button in the Query Box Box. The data table shows several cities highlighted. Close the Query Box.

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 The results of the query are distributed throughout the table. Promote them using tool Promoting brings all the entries satisfying your query to the top the Promote tool. of the table and displays them in the order they appeared in the attributes table. They have not been sorted.

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Sorting the Results of the Query

Click on the title of the Population column to make it active. From the Field menu, select Sort Descending Descending. The cities of 6,000,000 or more inhabitants are now arranged in order of decreasing population.

More Questions Questions: Is there a pattern to the locations of the worlds most populous cities? Are there exceptions to this pattern? In which country (or countries) are there the most large cities? How many of these are country capitals? Do you need more information to help you answer any parts of this question?

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Suggestions Suggestions: Examine the locations of the largest cities on a regional or continental basis. This involves zooming in and out. ArcView has some tools that will help you do this quickly.

Themes This zooms you out to the largest area covered by any 1. Zoom to the Extent of all Themes: theme. Theme This zooms you out to the largest area covered by the 2. Zoom to the Extent of Active Theme: active theme. In the current project, all themes are global, and buttons 1 and 2 do the same thing. If you had a theme that covered only one continent, it would zoom out to the extent of that continent if that was the active theme. Features This zooms you out to the largest area covered by 3. Zoom to the Extent of Selected Features: the features you have selected (they appear yellow on your view.) If you selected all the lakes in Europe, the zoom would cover only Europe. 4. Zoom In on Center of View: Zooms in one step on the center of the current view. View Zooms out one step from the center of the current view. 5. Zoom Out from Center of View: 6. Return to your previous extent of view view. Takes you back to your previous degree of zoom.

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Building A More Sophisticated Query

Multiple logical operators can be combined in a single query. To illustrate this: How many cities in Canada have a population of at least 500,000? Make the cities.shp theme active. Open the Attributes table of the cities theme. Open the Query Builder Builder. Make the following selections: - Double click the country field in the Fields column. - Click the = button from the logical operators. - Scroll down to and double click Canada from the Values menu on the right. - Click the and operator. - Double click population in the Fields menu. >= - Click the >= >= operator. - Enter 500000.

Your Query Dialog box should appear like the one to the right.

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 Click the New Set button and then close the Query Dialogue. Two cities are highlighted. There are others but they are farther down in the table.

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 Click the Promote button, and see the full results of the Query Query. You can string together multiple queries to make your information search as precise as necessary.

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 Click in your View window to make it active. Click the zoom to selected button. The cities selected by your query are highlighted.

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Changing the Way a Theme is Displayed

You have been working with all the nations of the world displayed as one color. This is not typical of political maps. Now you will display each country as a separate color. Zoom to the Extent of All Themes so that you see the entire world. Turn off the display of the lakes, rivers, and cities themes. Double-click on the country.shp theme in the View window Table of Contents Contents. This brings up the themes Legend Editor box. Notice that the Legend Type pull-down menu displays Single Symbol. Symbol This means that every feature in the theme is displayed with the same color. In this Legend Type pull-down menu, select Unique Value Value.

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 The Legend Editor should appear as shown to the right. You must tell the system what field, or column in the themes data table you wish to have the legend linked to. From the Values Field pull-down menu, select Name Name, or Country Name Name.

The Legend Editor now shows a unique color for each country, based on its name. The Color Schemes pull-down menu near the bottom of the window allows you to choose different sets of colors. Choose one you like. Editor. Click the Apply button and close the Legend Editor

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Contents The map Each of the countries of the world is now listed in the View Table of Contents. now resembles traditional political maps.

You will work with the Legend Editor much more in later projects.

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A First Look at Projections and Units

Any map is an attempt to render a round Earth on a flat surface, whether it be on your computer screen or a piece of paper. Imaging trying to flatten an orange; no matter how you cut and push, there is going to be some distortion, somewhere. Numerous schemes, called projections, have been devised to transfer the Earth to flat surfaces and each has certain advantages and disadvantages. ArcView can use and display data in many different projections. You will examine one interesting projection. As you add other sources of data in later projects, you will deal more in depth with projections.

Zoom to Extent of All Themes Themes. From the main menu, select View --> Properties Properties. The View Properties box opens. You may rename the View Window by typing a new name in the Name line.

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 Be certain that both the Map Units and Distance Units windows have selections in them. If they do not:

In the Map Units pull-down menu, select an appropriate unit. If you are unsure what unit to use select Decimal Degrees Degrees.

In the Distance Units pull-down menu, select the surface distance unit of your choice. For all projects in this tutorial meters are the unit of choice.

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 Click once on the Projection button in the View Properties box. The Projection Properties window opens.

From the Type pull-down menu, select The World from Space Space. Click OK to close the Projections Properties box. Click OK to close the View Properties window.

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 The View window shows an approximation of the Earth as seen from space. Unfortunately, this view cannot be rotated, and is only useful for Western Hemisphere projects.

Chapter Summary: In this chapter, you started a new project, added themes from ArcViews internal data base, and manipulated and analyzed some of the properties of these themes. Later projects in this tutorial will acquaint you with methods of acquiring local more detailed data sets and show you how to incorporate GLOBE student data as themes in your projects.

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Chapter 5: Creating a Printed Map and Exporting Your Project

ArcView has two methods of producing printed output. One is to print directly from ArcView by creating a Layout. The other is to Export the View or Layout window in a form that can be used in graphics or word processing programs.

Creating a Layout
Open an existing or create a new ArcView project. From the View menu in the main menu bar, select Layout Layout. The Template Manager opens.

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 From the list, select a template for your Layout and click OK OK. The author selected Portrait Portrait. A Layout is created with the elements from your view. It contains: - The map from your View window. - The Theme Legend from the View Table of Contents Contents. - A scale. - A compass rose.

At this point, you may select Print from the File menu and print the Layout as it appears. The next pages will show you how to make modifications to this Layout Layout.

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Changing the Layout

There are some simple modifications you can make to the appearance of your Layout that will give it a customized look.

Controlling When Themes are Displayed

Click on the Select tool. Double click on the Legend in the Layout. The Legend Frame Properties box opens. The Display pull-down menu in this box has two options.

These options cause a Theme in your View to be displayed in the Layout: - at all times. - or only when the theme is active in the View window.

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Choose Always and click OK.

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The Compass Rose

Double click on the Compass Rose in the Layout. You can select any of the forms shown. Click OK.

The Layout Title

Double click on the Title in the Layout. The Text Properties box opens. Here you can change the Layout title by typing a new one in the dialog area. Click OK.

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 Once you have selected a title, click once on the Title to make it active. You can drag it to a new position, or resize it as shown below.

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The Map Scale

Double click on the Scale Bar in the Layout. In the Scale Bar Properties box, you may change the Scale Style and the Units of measure for the map. The interval information is determined by the area shown in the View window. Click OK. Note: If the Scale Bar in your Layout appears gray as in the example below, it is because no distance units have been specified in your View View. See Chapter 4.

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Adding Text to the Layout

You may add text to your Layout: Select the Text Tool from the tool bar. Click a location in the Layout to insert text. The Text Properties Box opens. Enter your text in the Text Window Window. When you click OK OK, that text will be inserted into the Layout Layout.

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To move or resize this text box box: - Choose the Select tool. - Click on the text. - Drag and resize the text box.

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Exporting the View and Layout Windows

ArcView will allow you to export the contents of the View window or the Layout in graphics format. These images can be used in graphics or word processing programs. To Export either the View or Layou Layout window, select Export from the File menu. The Export window, along with supported file types are shown.

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If you export the Layout, the entire contents of the Layout window will appear in the graphic. Exporting the View window will only show the active themes in the window. The View Table of Contents window is not exported. The results of Exporting are shown below.

Exported Layout window

Exported View window

Chapter Summary: In this chapter, you learned how to create and export a layout. You learned how to manipulate the different map elements. Creating a layout that is clearly organized is important so that information can be shared effectively.

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Chapter 6: Downloading and Incorporating GLOBE Student Data

This chapter and Chapter 7 will deal with acquiring and displaying other data sets in ArcView. In order to be useful, such data must be geospatial. That is, they must contain coordinates that relate each data item to a place on the Earth. Consider the data you send to the GLOBE database. Every item is related to a measurement site that you have defined with latitude and longitude. These are the geospatial components of your data and make them appropriate for use in ArcView.

In this chapter, you will:

Enter the GLOBE site, select a dataset to view, and create a table of those data. Download this data table to your computer. Incorporate these data as an Event Theme in ArcView. Save this theme as a Shapefile. Use the Legend Editor to change the nature of the data display.

Note: 1. It is assumed that you are familiar with the GLOBE website. 2. The appearance of pages on the GLOBE website changes, so the screens you meet may differ slightly from those in place at the time of this writing.

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Part I: Getting the Data from the GLOBE Website

Note: All files used in these tutorials are available from the University of New Hampshire GLOBE site at www.globe.unh.edu. Follow the GIS links. You may also order the complete tutorial and the necessary files on CD from the UNH site. Go to the GLOBE website, www.globe.gov, and select Enter the GLOBE Site Site. You do not have to log in with your GLOBE ID and password. You will be using the public parts of the GLOBE webspace. From the main menu, under GLOBE DATA select Maps and Graphs.

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 At the Maps & Graphs screen, select GLOBE Maps Maps.

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 At the Maps screen, use the default protocol which is Maximum Temperature. As shown in the visual, select the date of April 11, 2002, and click the Redraw Map button.

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There are about 500 data points shown for Maximum Temperature for this data set. These are the data you will incorporate as a layer in a GIS project.

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Downloading the Data

Below the map is the Other Options pull-down menu.

From this menu select Download Data (right). Click the Go button.

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 After your screen refreshes, scroll to the bottom of the screen where you will see the Data Specifications window. The only change you should make is to turn off the Map item in the list of parameters at the bottom of the box. Click the Create a data file button.

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 The system will prompt you to select a location for this file. You should select the GIS Projects folder you created when you installed ArcView.

The GLOBE Maximum Temperature data have been saved to your GIS Projects folder. You can now incorporate them into a GIS project.

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Using the GLOBE data in ArcView

Start a new project using the same themes from Chapter 4. Turn off the cities.shp theme. Click in the Project Window to make it active. You may have to move your View window to find it.

In the Project Window Window, click once on the Tables button as shown to the right. Notice that the upper set of buttons changes.

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 Click on the Add button in the Project Window Window. The Add Table dialog box opens. Navigate to the GIS Projects folder where you stored the data you downloaded from the GLOBE page. Notice that your file globedat.txt does not appear in the file window. This is because ArcView expects file types created by DBase DBase, a database software. You need to tell the system what type of file format you are using. From the List Files of Type pull-down menu in the bottom-left of this box select Delimited Text (.txt) (.txt), as shown to the right.1 Your file should appear in the files window. Click on the file globedat.txt to select it, and OK. click OK

1. The term Delimited text refers to the structure of the file you downloaded. The file is a plain, or text file, but since it contains columns of data, a character is needed to separate the columns. GLOBE data use a tab key to separate individual columns; they are called tab-delimited files. Selecting Delimited text tells ArcVoyager to look for a character to separate columns in the file.

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 Your downloaded file opens with items separated into columns. Notice that the column containing the school name appears incomplete. The data are all there, but the default value for the width of the column is not large enough to show it all. You can use all of the Table Tools you saw in Chapter 5 with this table.

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 Select your View Window to make it active. You will now add these data to your View as an Event Theme Theme. Theme. From the View menu, select Add Event Theme The Add Event Theme specifications box opens. Here you tell the system what columns in your data table contain the important spatial data (latitude and longitude.) GLOBE data tables use column headings of lat and lon that ArcView recognizes, so these columns are automatically selected. Click OK OK.

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 The data are added to the View Window Table of Contents and named globedat.txt.

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 Turn on the globedat.txt theme. The data points are added, but it does not look like the display on the GLOBE website. All the points are displayed in the same color and at this scale the dots representing the data points are very large.

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 Zoom in on the large cluster of dots in Europe. Your display should resemble the one below. You can change any of the display colors to suit your preferences.

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 Make the globedat.txt theme active. Use the Information tool to see data from any one of the points.

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Changing the Display

All of the data points in your View are displayed with the same color. A better understanding of the data occurs when the points are displayed with a color scheme keyed to temperature. Double click on the globedat.txt theme in the View Table of Contents. Contents This opens the Legend Editor Editor. The Legend Type pull-down menu lists Single Symbol Symbol. This causes all data in the globedat.txt file to be displayed with the same color symbol. From the Legend Type menu select Graduated Color Color.

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 Notice the Legend Editor view now changes. You will now have to tell the system which variable in the data table you wish to use to control the color scheme. From the Classification Field pulldown menu, select MxTmp (maximum temperature) . This will use the reported maximum temperatures to control the color of the data points.

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 The Color Ramp pull-down menu near the bottom of the Legend Editor window lists the color schemes you can use. From this menu, select Temperature Temperature. Using this Color Ramp gives a uniform standard for displaying temperature data. Click the Apply button and close the Legend Editor Editor. Europes temperature data are displayed with the new classification. Examine the globedat.txt legend. There are 5 ranges of temperature.

What do you notice about the temperatures in each range? Why do they occur this way?

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 The ArcView system defaults to 5 classes and selects natural breaks in the data to separate the groups. This often results in peculiar looking legends. Double click on the globedat.txt theme to reopen the Legend Editor Editor. Click on the Classify... button to the right of the MxTmp and note its settings. These settings tell the system to: Find natural breaks in the data to produce the classes. Find only 5 classes. Display the data to 3 decimal points.

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You will now change these settings. From each of the pull-down menus in the Classification window, make the following changes: Set Type to Equal Intervals. Set Number of classes to 10. Set Round value at d. Your Classification window should look like the one below.

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Click OK in the Classification window.

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 Notice that the Color Ramp may have reverted to Monochromatic Red. Change the Color Ramp back to Temperature Temperature. Click Apply in the Legend Editor window. The Legend Editor should now resemble the one to the right. Close the Legend Editor Editor. The legend in the View Table of Contents window should now resemble the one shown to the right. Temperatures are rounded to the nearest whole degree, and are in classes of equal range.

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 Your View window should resemble the one below.

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Observe the locations of data points. Do you have any questions about any of these? Notice that some points appear to be plotted out in the ocean. What is the cause of this error? Is it errors in site definition? Are they typographical errors or errors in the GPS measurements? Are they errors in the country.shp file provided with ArcView? How could you and your students find out?

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Your new theme displays maximum temperature, but is still named globedat.txt.

Make the globedat.txt theme active. From Theme in the main menu, select Properties Properties. The Theme Properties window opens, shown at the right.

Change the theme name by entering Max Temps in the Theme Name box. Click OK. The legend now is labeled to properly describe what is being shown (left).

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 Your View now shows the GLOBE data as a color coded theme, in 10 equal classes.

Remember to save your project. You can now create a Layout and either Print or Export it.

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What Other GLOBE Datasets Can I Use?

All GLOBE data are downloaded in the form of tab-delimited text files and can be brought into ArcVoyager as Event Themes using the process outlined in this chapter. The figure below shows the result of importing pH values for April 11, 2002. The pH data were classified to 7 classes because the reported range in the table was from pH 4 to 9+. The Monochromatic Red Color Ramp was used. The cities are represented by the yellow triangles. Is there any pattern to the distribution of pH values for this map? What other information might you need to help you answer this question? Are the pH values related to the proximity of a site to a city? Does topography play a part? How could you find out?

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Presenting data in a visual, geographically-related form allows students to develop their own questions for investigations, and helps them to visualize other types of data they may need to answer their questions. Chapter Summary: In this chapter, you saw how to download GLOBE student data from the GLOBE server and incorporate those data as an event theme in ArcView. You also saw how to use the Legend Editor to change the nature of the data display. What is Next? Upcoming chapters will cover locating other sources of GIS data, and using satellite images as themes in a View.

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Chapter 7: Other Data Sources

So far the data sets you have worked with have been small scale. That is: Objects on the map appear small. Another way to think about this is that one unit on the map covers a large area on the ground (ex: 1:500,000). Such maps cover large areas and are limited in detail. On a large scale map, one map unit covers a small area on the ground (ex: 1:25,000) and shows more detail.

Objectives
Investigate data sets provided with ArcView Investigate other data sets provided with ArcVoyager Incorporate ArcViews images into GIS projects Become familiar with some types of GIS data available from other sources

ArcVoyagers Data Sets

ArcView is a professional GIS package. The example data sets included with it are very limited. Because ArcVoyager is designed as an educational tool, many data sets are supplied with it. You may wish to download the ArcVoyager data sets to explore them. Some examples of projects using these files follow.

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Using data from the Canada folder, the ecological zones of Canada can be investigated.

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Data from the Prairie folder shows the land cover types of the central prairies of the United States.

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Data from the World folder shows the relationship between the Earths tectonic plates, volcanic eruptions, and earthquakes.

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This view of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, which shows plate boundaries, volcanoes and earthquakes, helps students visualize the actions occurring along our planets tectonic boundaries. All of these views can be created using the ArcView tools you have learned so far from the data contained in ArcVoyagers geo folder.

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The Answer to a Question:

This is the view of Africa you used in Chapters 4 and 5. Lakes Tanganyika and Turkana lie in the great Rift Valley of Africa. This valley is being created as the African and Somali plates move apart. It is similar to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, except that it is tearing a continent apart instead of an ocean floor. It may be the site of a future ocean.

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Using ArcVoyager Image Data in ArcView

In addition to the world data files, ArcVoyagers data also contains a folder of images. Part of this image listing is shown to the right. Each of these images is provided as a TIF file. This is a common graphic format. Note that each is accompanied by a .TFW file. This is a World File, which contains the georeferencing data needed to place the image in ArcVoyager.

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Average World Minimum Temperatures for January

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Average World Precipitation

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The view below shows the world precipitation image used as a base layer for world lakes and cities zoomed in on Africa.

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The visual below was produced from one of the .TIF files in the Image folder, and the minerals shape file from the world data file.

From this image, and other data available, can you relate the location of mineral deposits to any other world features?

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How Do I Use These Images in ArcView?

To incorporate one of these images in a view: Be sure your View window is active. Click the Add Themes button, and navigate to your Voyager images folder. Open the folder. It appears empty. From the Data Source Types pull-down menu, select Image Data Source Source. The images available appear in the Data sources window. You can select these images just as you would a shape file. They will appear like any other theme in your View Table of Contents window. Note that the .TFW (world) files are not shown in the Data sources list. These provide georeferencing information only.

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 The visual below shows the contents of the TFW file for the January minimum temperatures image. It is a simple text file and can be opened in any word processor. This file contains data on latitude, longitude and pixel size and it is read by ArcVoyager to establish locations. With the appropriate data, you can write world files to use many different images in ArcView.

The lines of the world file provide the following data: Horizontal size of a pixel Rotation term for a row of pixels Rotation term for a column of pixels Vertical size of a pixel Longitude of the center of the upperleft pixel - Latitude of the center of the upper-left pixel

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External Sources of GIS Data

There are many sources of GIS data besides those provided with ArcView and ArcVoyager. Some are World Wide Web based and others may be found locally. A list of some types of local sources of GIS data is given in Appendix I. The balance of this chapter will be devoted to GIS data that can be downloaded from the Internet.

GIS on the Internet

There is a vast number of World Wide Web sites that provide GIS data in one form or another. Searching for GIS data with your favorite search engine will produce many pages of listings. This tutorial will not try to list any significant number of these, but will deal mostly with how to handle some of the various forms of data that they provide. A short list of reliable sources is given in Appendix I.

Drawbacks to GIS Data on the Internet

There are several significant drawbacks to obtaining data on the Internet. a. Many data files are large, even when compressed, and require long download times on a dial-up connection. If you must use a dial-up connection, you can often request these files on compact discs at a reasonable cost. A university contact may be of help here, too, as universities have faster internet connections.

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b. Not all GIS data files are provided in the same geographic projection projection. This will be dealt with as you look at some sample data. c. Files that you download may not have the same precision in their registration registration. There may be significant differences (up to tens of meters) between a features location in a file and its actual location on the ground. This is generally a function of the accuracy and precision of the data that were gathered to prepare the file.

What Kinds of Files are Available?

Some of the common GIS files available for download include:

Shape Files and Database tables, similar to those you have already used TIFF format images, either with external world files, or as GEOTIF files, with built-in location data. Digital Line Graphics (DLG) files: These are usually scanned topographic maps that contain spatial data. They can be used as a base layer for other themes. These are large files which, depending on their scale, cover relatively small areas. Digital Orthographic Quadrangle (DOQ) files: These are generally scanned aerial photographs, often with 1m resolution. These are large files that cover a small area in great detail.
Downloading DLG and DOQ files can be a frustrating and time consuming process if you are using a dial-up connection. If you wish to incorporate these types of data, you should try to find a contact who can supply these on compact discs (CDs).

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Handling the Data Once You Have Downloaded It:

Generally the data you download are compressed in some fashion. At the simplest level they will be in the zipped format. Your PC should have extraction software built in while Stuffit Expander for the Macintosh will unzip such files.1 You will sometimes receive files with the extension .tar. These are files compressed with a Unix operating system. Stuffit Expander for the Macintosh and PC will decompress these files.1 Often GIS shapefile data are supplied in a file format that contains the extension .e00. This is an Arc/Info Interchange file. Arc/Info is the software used to produce these data files. These files must be imported into ArcView using an ESRI utility program called Import. If Import is not installed on your computer with ArcView, it is available as a free download for both Macintosh and PC computers.2 If you need to Import .e00 files, see Appendix II: Importing Arc Export (E00) Files for details of the process.

1. A free version of Stuffit Expander can be downloaded from Aladdin Co. at: http://www.aladdinsys.com/downloads/index.html 2. The Import utility can be downloaded for Macintosh or PC computers from the ESRI site at: http://gis.esri.com/download/index.cfm?fuseaction=download.all

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Using A Sample Data Set

This section of the tutorial will use a sample dataset for Durham, New Hampshire. These data will also be used in Chapters 8, 9 and 10. The full set of data for these chapters may be found on the available CD. The data are contained in the Ch_7Data folder. These files were downloaded from the U.S. Census Bureaus TIGER/Line site at: www.census.gov/geo/www/tiger The Census TIGER data in shapefile format are used courtesy of ESRI. Users outside the United States should search for GIS data sites within their own countries, provinces or states. See Appendix I for further information.

What Do The Files Contain?

The files are in the Chapter 7 folder labeled Durham_data. Its contents are shown to the right.

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Each folder contains the files for one theme, in a code used by the Census Bureau. The three letters identify the theme according to the following: Code kgl lpy lkA lkB lkC lkE lkF lkH urb wat Theme Key Geographic Locations Landmarks Roads Rails Misc. Transport Physical Non-Visible Hydrography Urban Areas Water Polygons

Opening the KGL folder shows the shape files and database table that are provided.

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Using These Files

Launch ArcView and create a new project. Dont forget to set your working directory. Use the Add Themes button to access each of the themes. You will notice as you open each folder that only the .shp file (shape file) is shown.

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 After you have added all the themes your View window should resemble the one shown below. Remember that ArcView colors the themes in its own way. The colors do not reflect what the theme represents.

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 You may wish to relabel and recolor the themes. The figure shows one possible way of coloring and labeling these themes.

Zoom in on the area shown by the letter A above.

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ArcView

Note the scale of this view. The small number of this scale indicates that the view covers a small area, but in much greater detail than in the files provided with ArcView or ArcVoyager.

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So far, these tutorials have not addressed the subject of data projection. Chapter 4 made a brief reference to projections, and it is now time to examine this idea in more detail. A projection is a mathematical way of transferring points on a sphere (the Earth) to a flat surface (your map or GIS project). There are many different types of projections, each one having certain advantages and disadvantages. No projection can accurately render all aspects of the Earth onto a flat map. Some show size and shape accurately, others show distances and directions. Except for a globe, no map can be accurate in all aspects. The most commonly known projection is the Mercator Projection, used in most familiar world maps. The data you have been working with so far have been projected in geographic form, using standard longitude and latitude in the Mercator system. The GLOBE data you used in Chapter 6 are also Mercator projected and they are compatible with ArcViews data. Data that you gather with your GPS, as long as you are using GLOBEs WGS-84 standard1, are also completely compatible with ArcView. With other data sources, this will not always be the case. Many states, provinces, countries or regions use specific projections, such as individual state projections in the United States, or Great Britains National Grids. Before you try to use datasets, you should determine how they are projected. ArcView can handle many different projections, but all your data need to be in the same projection. Mix and match does not work. ArcView has the capability to convert the projection of point, line and polygon data. The process is beyond the scope of this tutorial. See the Using ArcView GIS manual.2 Chapter Summary Summary: In this chapter, you have seen that there are other sources of GIS data that can be incorporated into ArcView. There are many sources of such data on the Internet, but many data types are represented by very large files and need a fast connection to download. Also, the projection of the data must be considered.

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What Comes Next? Next In Chapter 8 you will create event themes and shape files from GPS data you have gathered locally, and Chapter 9 will deal with incorporating your GLOBE Landsat image as a theme in a GIS project.

1. See the GPS section of your GLOBE Program Teachers Guide

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2. Using ArcView GIS, ESRI, 1996

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Chapter 8: Creating Your Own Data

You have been working with data prepared by someone else. The value of GIS lies in the ability to include your own data as a theme in a project. Such data might include: the locations of local sites with endangered plant or animal species. local cemeteries. historical sites. students homes. the location of your GLOBE study sites. or any other geographically-referenced feature the could be the subject of student investigations.

Objectives
Prepare a text formatted data table of local point locations. Add this table to a View as an Event Theme. Convert this Event Theme to a Shape Table. Prepare a Text Table with the boundaries of a Polygon Theme. Add this Table to a View as an Event Theme. Convert this Event Theme to a Shape Table. Change the appearance of this Shape Table.

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The Data: For this project, you will use data from Durham, New Hampshire. You will prepare a table of locations on the campus of the University of New Hampshire and add this to your view as a shape file. In the second part of the project, you will use some data on property boundaries to add a polygon file to the same Durham data.

Part I - Point Sources of Data

In Chapter 6 you downloaded and incorporated GLOBE Program data. These data were in the form of a tab-delimited text file which you included as a point theme in your View View. You will now prepare a similar file from scratch. Assume that you have been out wandering the campus of the University of New Hampshire, which is in Durham, New Hampshire. Using your GPS unit, you have determined the locations of four important campus sites. You will combine these locations with the Durham data layers from Chapter 7. Your notes for your walk are shown below. Site number 1 2 3 4 latitude 43.13448o 43.13614o 43.13464o 43.13602o N N N N longitude 70.93633o W 70.93247o W 70.93018o w 70.93434o W site name Morse Hall Thompson Hall The Student Union Vinnys Coffee

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ArcViews Conventions:
In recording coordinates we generally include a degree symbol (o), and north, south, east or west notations. Neither is used in ArcView. If we are using a geographic (Mercator) projection, which is ArcViews default, ArcView assumes that the units are degrees. Direction is represented in a Cartesian system. This is the common graph format we are familiar with, (below) where positive and negative directions are given with respect to the intersection of the X and Y axes. In ArcView, the Equator and the Prime Meridian are the axes, and latitude becomes positive in the Northern Hemisphere and negative in the Southern Hemisphere. Similarly, eastern longitudes are positive, and western longitudes are negative. Y

Prime Meridian North = +

Equator

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West =

East = +

South =

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Cartesian Graphing Conventions

ArcView Direction Conventions

Preparing The Table:

Open your favorite word processing program. You may use any word processor, including Notepad for the PC and Simpletext for the Macintosh. The only requirement is that it utilizes the Tab key and save files as plain text. This includes almost all common word processors. Notepad and Simpletext are ideal for this because .txt files are their default format. Enter the data from the notes in your word processor. Between entries, press the Tab key once once. This will tell ArcView where the column separators in the table are. Do not use spaces or multiple tabs to line up your entries. Press Enter (Return) at the end of each line. Do not include any special formatting, such as fancy fonts, underlines, boldface, etc. You may use either latitude and longitude or their abbreviations lat and lon for column headings. ArcView will recognize both. Site number 1 2 3 4 latitude 43.13448o 43.13614o 43.13464o 43.13602o N N N N longitude 70.93633o W 70.93247o W 70.93018o w 70.93434o W site name Morse Hall Thompson Hall The Student Union Vinnys Coffee

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 When finished, your table should look something like the one below. The actual spacing may vary depending on the word processor you use. Data 1 2 3 4 point Lat 43.13448 43.13614 43.13464 43.13602 Lon Name -70.93633 Morse Hall -70.93247 Thompson Hall -70.93018 Student Union -70.93434 Vinneys Coffee

The fact that column headings do not line up with column entries is not important. ArcView will use the tab separators to create the proper alignment in the data table.

Save Your File

As Name the file locations.txt and select From your programs File menu, select Save As. text from your programs file format menu. (If you are using Notepad or Simpletext the file will automatically be saved as text.) This saves the file as a simple text file with no special formatting. Be certain that the extension .txt is appended to the file name and save your file in the \Chapter 8\Durham_sub folder that contains your Durham data layers.

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Including the Table in Your View

Launch ArcView. Navigate to the \Chapter 8\Durham_sub folder, and add the . files contained in it. For convenience, this is a subset of the data used in Chapter 7. Zoom to the Full Extent of the themes. Your view should resemble the one shown. Zoom in on the labeled area shown in the figure.

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 Adjust your View until see the area shown below.

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 Click on the Project window to make it active.

Click the Tables button and then click Add Add.

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 From the List Files of Type menu, select Delimited Text Text. Navigate to your data folder and select the locations.txt file you prepared. Click Open Open. Your table opens. Note that everything is in its proper column, because of the tab characters between entries. From the View menu, select Add Event Theme Theme. ArcView should automatically detect the file name, and select lon (or longitude) for the X Field and lat for the Y Field. If it does not, use the pull-down menus to select these values. In the Add Event Theme box, click OK.

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 The View Table of Contents now shows your locations.txt file added as an event theme. Activate the theme and the campus locations appear. The author changed their color to red for contrast.

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Converting the Locations Theme to a Shape File

If you have a set of features that you want to work with, it is advantageous to convert them to a shape file. They can be a permanent part of your map and be worked with as any other shape file. Be sure the Locations.txt event theme is active. From the Theme menu in the main menu bar, select Convert to Shapefile Shapefile. The Save Shapefile box opens.

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 Rename the shapefile Locations.shp and navigate to the folder you wish to save it in.

Click OK OK. You will be prompted to add the shapefile as a theme to the view. Click Yes Yes. With the Locations.txt theme active, select Delete Theme from the Edit menu. In the Delete Themes box click Yes Yes.

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 The View Table of Contents window now shows the Locations.shp file.

If you examine the folder where you saved the locations shp file, you will see that there are three files added. They are: - Locations.dbf is the database table in Dbase format. Dbase is a popular database program. - Locations.shp and Locations.shx are the actual shape file. All three must be available to ArcView. Using the process outlined here, you can incorporate any locally-collected data into your ArcView projects. The only qualification is that your local data must be in the same projection as the base layers. You will look more closely at projections in Chapter 10: Using Images in ArcView ArcView.

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Part II:

Creating a Polygon Shapefile

All of the table data you have imported into Arcview have been in point format. However, you might wish to add themes that describe areas areas. These are described by polygon themes. In the next section, you will create a polygon theme from data collected for the site of a building development and learn how to change the appearance of the shapefile. The Project Project: You are a real estate agent for a property in Durham, New Hampshire. You want to display the location of your property in GIS software for use in a state project that shows the location of land available for development. GIS data for your town contain only basic layers, so you will have to add your property yourself. Using your GPS (Global Positioning System) unit, you locate the corners of the property.

# 1 2 3 4
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43.1692 43.1762 43.1732 43.168

-70.9244 -70.9264 -70.9316 -70.9321

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Preparing the Data

Before beginning set your working directory to the folder containing the data for this chapter. Use your word processor to create a tab-delimited text (.txt) file of the corner-point data. Name this file property.txt. Launch ArcView and from the Chapter 8 files, open and add the GIS data files for Durham. They are located in the Durham_Sub folder. Your view should resemble the one shown to the right (color and order of themes is not important.)

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 From the Project window, Add the property.txt table.

Create an Event Theme from this table. Activate the Property.txt theme and zoom in on the area of the property boundary markers.

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Making the Shapefile

From the Drawing Tools in the tools bar select the rectangle tool. Your cursor becomes a + shape when you move it into the View Window Window. Move your cursor into the view. Hold down the left mouse button and draw a rectangle around the dots as shown in the diagram to the right. The size of the rectangle is not critical, but it does need to include all corner points.

Rectangle Tool

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 Make sure the Property.txt theme is active. Click the Select Features Using Shape button (right). The dots representing the property boundaries will turn yellow ( see below.) This button selects all members of the active theme within the shape you drew.

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 From the Theme menu, select Convert to Shapefile Shapefile. In the dialog box that opens, be certain that your GIS Data folder is the destination. Leave the default name as it is and click Save. This is only a temporary file and does not need to be renamed.

The next dialog box asks if you want to Add shapefile as theme to a view view? Click Yes Yes.

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 The new theme now appears in the View Table of Contents Contents. Make this new theme active. Theme. The New Theme box opens. From the View menu, select New Theme

From the Feature Type pull-down menu select Polygon Polygon.

Click OK OK.

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 In the Save New Theme dialog box, give the file the name Property.shp.

Click OK OK. The Property.shp theme appears in the View Table of Contents window. Note that its check box is outlined with a dashed line. This means that the shapefile can be edited. Double Click on the name Property.shp to open the Legend Editor Editor.

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 Double Click on the colored rectangle below Symbol to open the Fill Palette Palette. Select a fill pattern from those shown, then select a color for your shapefile. After you have done this: - close the Fill Palette Palette. - click Apply in the Legend Editor Editor. - close the Legend Editor Editor.

Your new fill pattern and color are now displayed in the View Table of Contents Contents.

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 From the Draw menu, select the Polygon tool. Use this tool to draw a multisided shape (a polygon) that encloses all of the property boundary points. To do this: - Ignore the rectangle you drew earlier. - Click close to, but outside one of the corner points. - Move the cursor in any direction to start to corral the dots. - When you need to turn a corner, click the mouse button once. This forms a corner, or vertex. - When you have enclosed all four points, double click to end the process.

Polygon tool

You should have a shape, outlining the property, colored and filled as you selected.

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 From the Theme menu, select Stop Editing Editing. At the Save Edits dialog box click Yes Yes.

Property.shp now appears as a theme in the View Table of Contents . Click once on the Clear Selected Features button. Choose the Select (arrow) tool and click once on the original rectangle that you drew. Its handles appear. From the Edit menu, select Cut Graphics Graphics. This removes the rectangle. If either the Theme1.shp or the Property.txt theme is on, turn it off. Make both these themes (Property.txt and Theme1.shp) active. - click on one to make it active - Shift-click the other and both will be active

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From the Edit menu, select Delete Themes Themes. Delete both themes.

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 Your View Table of Contents should resemble the one below, with the property as a shapefile.

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Editing the Theme Attributes Table

Now that you have created a shapefile, you need to add information to its Attribute Table Table. As with other shapefiles, this table will provide the user with information about the feature represented by the shapefile. Be sure that the Property.shp file is active. From the Theme menu, select Table Table, or click the Open Theme Table button. The Attributes Table of your new shapefile opens. The table contains no data except for the shape and ID of the theme. You will now add data (attributes) to this table. First, a note about the Attribute Table structure. Columns in this table are called fields fields, while rows are called records records. You will first add a new field to the table, then add data to that field. Notice that the first field in the table is used by ArcView to identify the type of shapefile (polygon) and the second field is used to record the ID number.

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 From the Table menu, select Start Editing Editing. From the Edit menu, select Add Field Field. The Field Definition box opens,

Enter Property in the Name field. In the Type pull-down menu, select String (right). This tells the system that the contents of the filed will be a string of characters. These may be numbers, letters or symbols. In the Width field, enter 30. That gives enough space to enter a description. Click OK OK.

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 The Attributes Table appears again.

Click on the first Record in the table. The Field line turns yellow, and the table appears as shown below.

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 Click on the Table Edit Tool. This allows you to enter new data in the table.

Click in the space under Property, A cursor appears at the right end of the space.

Table Edit Tool

Enter Property zoned commercial in this space. You can add as many fields to this table as needed to describe the property.

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 From the Table menu, select Stop Editing Editing. In the Save Edits box, click Yes Yes. Be sure to Save your project. Close the Attributes Table Table. The Project window lists the Attributes of Property.shp table as part of your project. When you close your project, and quit ArcView, you will see that the system has added a number of files to your directory. Several are from the intermediary steps and may be deleted. The only ones you need to keep are the parts of the Property shapefile listed below: property.dbf property.shp property.shx These are the files necessary to describe the Property shapefile.

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Shapefiles represent a way of displaying a theme that covers a part of the Earths surface. In exploring the various theme layers included with ArcView, you have discovered that most of them are shapefiles. Chapter Summary: In the U.S., detailed GIS data can be downloaded for every county from the TIGER data base, which is accessed through the ESRI site at www.esri.com. Most states maintain Offices of GIS which have state data available for downloading, generally free or at a very low cost. Most nations maintain national or regional GIS databases which can often be obtained by contacting local universities. These data usually do not include small-scale features that are of interest in local projects ingeography, science or history. The ability to include such student-gathered data gives GIS great value as an educational mapping and visualization tool.

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Chapter 9: Hot Links

In Chapter 8 you added local data to a view by the following process: - Gathering field data including GPS values. - Preparing a text-formatted table of these data. - Importing these data as an Event Theme in ArcView. Plotting the location of local features or data sources is valuable, but the user who is not familiar with the area of the View can only evaluate the data by what is included in the Attributes Table Table. It would be helpful if the user could see a picture or an Mpeg movie of the area, or view other files such as charts, graphs, or documents that are important to understanding the feature. Making such data about a location available is accomplished using Hot Links Links. A Hot Link provides a connection between a feature in the View and an external file.

Objectives:
Create a data table of campus locations that includes references to local images. Import this table as an Event Theme. Hot Link each separate entry to a campus photograph. Activate these Hot Links in ArcView.

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The Data
Use the same data as we used in Chapter 8. They are reproduced below:

# 1 2 3 4 43.13448 43.13614 43.13464 43.13602 -70.93633 -70.93247 -70.93018 -70.93434

Prepare a text table of these data (review the process from Chapter 8) but this time you will add another field specifying the location of the images you wish to link to the campus locations.

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Hot Links in ArcView

Because ArcView is flexible about the location of data, you can place the files for this project in your GIS Projects folder. From the Chapter 10 Files, copy the folders Campus and Durham_Sub into your GIS Projects folder. Examine the contents of the folder Campus. Each file is a digital image of a location on the UNH campus. The Durham_sub folder contains the same data you used in Chapter 8. , or your favorite word processor, create a tab delimited file of the In NotePad, SimpleText, data. This time, add another column containing the data shown below. Your table must specify the complete path to your data. An examples is given below. Be certain to specify the complete path to your directory.

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Save your file as a text file, and be certain that the extension .txt is appended.

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 Launch ArcView. Add Themes and select the files in the Durham_sub folder. You can add all the files at once by using the shift-click method. Make all the Themes active. From the Project window, select Tables Tables, then Add Add. Navigate to your ArcView Data folder and Add the table you created.

Make your View window active, and from the View menu, select Add Event Theme. If the entries are correct, click OK OK.

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Click on the Theme in the View window to make it active.

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 Zoom in so your View window resembles the one below. Again, the dots show the campus locations.

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 From the Theme menu, select Properties Properties. The Theme Properties window opens.

Scroll down the menu on the left side of this window and select Hot Links Links.

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 From the Field pull-down menu, select Image Image. This tells the system that you will be linking to whatever file is named in the Attributes Table field named Image Image. In the Predefined Action pull-down menu, File This tells select Link to Image File. ArcVoyager that the Hot Linked file will be in an image format. Your Theme Properties window should now resemble the one below.

Click OK OK.

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 In the Tools bar, click on the Hot Link tool to make it active. Move your cursor into the View window. Note that it takes the shape of the Hot Links button. Place the tip of the cursor over one of the campus locations, and click once. The image associated with that location in the Attributes table opens.

Clicking on the other campus location points will open the appropriate image for each.

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Chapter Summary: Using Hot Links allows you to link elements of a theme to external files. Images, movies, tables, charts, and graphs can all be used to provide the user with more information about the contents of a theme.

What Can I Do With This?

Many aspects of the study of science, history, geography, mathematics and language are linked to places. A few projects are suggested below. Plot the locations of your GLOBE Program measurement sites, and Hot Link to photographs of your sites or graphs of your GLOBE data. Have students collect locations and photographs of historic sites in your area and display them, along with historical information. Data about environmentally sensitive areas can be Hot Linked to their locations in a View. Using data from on-line environmental sites, track the migration of wildlife species and make Hot Links to images of breeding or nesting grounds. Collect data about the locations of old cemeteries in your region, and Hot Link these to lists of family names represented there.

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Chapter 10: Using GLOBE Landsat Images in ArcView

As part of the GLOBE Program, your school has received a Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) image of the 15 km x 15 km area around your school.* Since this is the area your students will be taking most of their GLOBE measurements, it would be ideal to include this image as a theme in ArcVoyager.

Beginning in 2001, the GLOBE Program began supplying these images in a format that is compatible with ArcView. For images prior to 2001, it is necessary to to register the images (see Appendix III III).

Objectives

Set the projection for your view. Select an Image Data Source. Add a Landsat Thematic Mapper image to the View window. Overlay vector data on this image.

The data you will use for this exercise are from Corpus Christi, Texas. Download the Chapter 10 data folder from the University of New Hampshire GLOBE site, or copy the Chapter 10 data folder from the CD you received. Place this folder in your GIS Projects folder.
*. Schools that joined GLOBE prior to 2001 automatically received an image. If do not have an image, call the GLOBE Help Desk at 1 - 800 - 858 - 9947. If you have joined GLOBE since 2001, your school must have a GLOBE-trained teacher, and have submitted at least 250 data entries to receive an image. If you have questions, please contact the Help Desk at 1 - 800 - 858 - 9947.

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 Open the Chapter 10 data folder. Its contents are shown to the right. Open the Image folder. Its contents are shown below. It contains three files. The numerical part of the file name is a code used by the image supplier to identify each image.

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Image File Formats Formats:

The Image folder contains three files. This is the actual Landsat image of Corpus Christi. While it is GIS compatible, it is still completely readable by MultiSpec, the image analysis software used in GLOBE, and all MultiSpec activities can be performed as usual. This header file is used to provide your GIS software with the coordinates necessary to locate this image on the Earths surface. This is a projection file. It is a simple text file that contains information you will need to use this image in ArcView.

00010432.bil

00010432.hdr

00010432.prt

Note Note: Before beginning to work with your own local image, copy all the files from the GLOBEsupplied disk to your computers hard drive. Put the GLOBE disk in a safe place as your archive. If you are going to make copies of the image to load on other machines, make copies from your computers hard drive.

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Examining the Projection File

Use Notepad, Simple Text, or your favorite word processor to open the projection (.prt) file for the Corpus Christi image. The figure below shows the first page of that file.

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What This File Tells You

The important part of this file, outlined in red, tells you that this image is projected in the system known as Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) and that the image is located in Zone 14 14.

What Is UTM?
As discussed earlier, (Chapter 4 and Chapter 7) there are many different methods of transferring the round Earth to a flat surface. Each of these methods, called a projection, has advantages and disadvantages. Looking at a Mercator map of the Earth (the most common projection for world maps) you can see that a disadvantage of this projection is that it greatly distorts the sizes of land masses far from the equator. Greenland is not really as large as this projection makes it appear. In the UTM system, the Earth is divided into 60 zones of longitude. Each zone is 6o of longitude wide. Imagine peeling an orange and finding it made of 60 equal-size segments. Each of these segments, running from north to south, is analogous to a zone in the UTM system. The numbering of these zones begins at the International Date Line, and increases to the east. The United States is covered by 10 zones, beginning with #10 on the west coast and ending with #19 on the east coast. Positions in the UTM system are measured in meters north (called northings) and east (called eastings) of fixed reference lines. For the Northern Hemisphere, the Equator is assigned a value of 0,000,000. Latitude, or the northing coordinate is measured in meters from the equator.

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For the Southern Hemisphere, the South Pole is the origin and locations are measured in meters north of that point. The Equator is assigned a value of 10,000,000. For each longitudinal zone, the Central Meridian (line of longitude) is assigned a value of 500,000. Longitude measurements, called easting coordinates, increase from west to east in each zone. Values less than 500,000 are to the west of the Central Meridian, and values greater than 500,000 are to the east of this line. In this system all longitudes are not measured from a common point (the Prime Meridian) but from the central meridian in each zone. This is why you must also know the zone you are in. The diagram below shows the Coordinate Window for a point in a View of Corpus Christi, Texas, using UTM coordinates.

This value is the Northing Coordinate Coordinate. This point is located 3,068,474.74 m from the Equator.

This value is the Easting Coordinate Coordinate. The point lies to the east of the central meridian (the value is greater than 500, 000). This point is 112,746.44 m east of the central meridian.

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Adding the Corpus Christi Image to ArcView

Launch ArcView and start a New Project Project. From the View menu, in the main menu bar, select Properties Properties. The View Properties window opens.

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 Click the Projection button in the View Properties window. The Projection Properties window opens. Click on the pull-down Category menu and select UTM from the list. If your menu shows more than one entry for UTM, select the UTM - 1983 entry.

From the Type pull-down menu, select Zone 14 for the Corpus Christi image. Remember that your Zone is obtained from the .prt file that accompanies your image.

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 The Projection Properties window should resemble the one shown below.

Click OK.

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 You are back at the View Properties window.

Notice that the Distance Units window displays unknown unknown. You must now tell the system what units to use in measuring distances in the View View.

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 From the Distance Units pull-down menu, select meters meters.

The completed View Properties window is shown below.

Click OK to close the View Properties window.

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Adding the Image to the View

Click the Add Themes button and navigate to the folder containing the Chapter 10 data files. Select the folder Image. As shown below, there do not appear to be any ArcView files in this folder. The image is there, but we must tell ArcView that we are looking for image-type data.

From the Data Source Types pull-down menu, select Image Data Source Source.

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 The window now lists the Corpus Christi image. Only the actual image (.bil) file is listed.

Select this image. Click OK OK. The image is now added to the View Table of Contents Theme. as a Theme An Important Note: As stated earlier (Chapter 7) all themes in your View must be in the same projection. If the .prj file for your image indicates a projection other than UTM, you can still use your image in ArcView, but you will not be able to overlay data in normal geographic (latitude/ longitude) format over the image. Also, images you may obtain from other sources may not be in UTM projection. It is important to know the projection of your image data.

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 Activate the image theme.

You can improve the appearance of the image by changing the monitor colors to which the channels in your Landsat image are assigned.

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 Double click on the image Legend in the View Table of Contents (the name 00010432.bil). The Image Legend Editor opens. The Image Legend Editor gives you the following information about this image: a. This image is Multiband Multiband. All GLOBE images are provided with 5 bands, or channels: Channel 1 2 3 4 5 Color Visible Blue Visible Green Visible Red Near Infrared Middle Infrared

b. By default, ArcView makes the following assignments: Monitor Color Red Green Blue Channel Assigned 1 (Visible Blue) 2 (Visible Green) 3 (Visible Red)

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This is not a normal color assignment for a Landsat image. For more information on band assignments, see the GLOBE MultiSpec tutorials provided in your GLOBE Teachers Kit. To change the appearance of the image: Use the pull-down menu next to the Red monitor symbol to select Band 3 3. Use the pull-down menus for the green and blue monitor colors to select the color combination below.

Click the Apply button in the Image Legend Editor Editor.

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Close the Image Legend Editor.

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This should improve the brightness of the image and the visibility of features.

The amount of improvement will depend, to some degree, on the quality of your monitor, and the number of colors you have it set to display.

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 You can also try the combination shown below. Although the colors in this combination are not the Earths true colors, it may give you a significant increase in brightness.

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 Also contained in the Chapter 10 data folder is a set of GIS data for Corpus Christi. These are provided as shape files through the courtesy of ESRI. Add these Themes to your View and rename them.

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 During a workshop in Corpus Christi, participants gathered Land Cover data from sites in the area. These data are included as a text file, CCSites.txt, which is also included in the Chapter 10 data folder. Add this file to the View as an Event Theme Theme. The result is shown below.

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Chapter Summary: In this chapter you have seen how to incorporate a Landsat image into a View and overlay vector data on top of it.

What Can I Do With This?

The ability to use your GLOBE Landsat image as the base layer for a GIS View is valuable in helping your students determine locations and land cover types in your GLOBE Study Site. If you and your students are performing the GLOBE Program land cover mapping and accuracy assessment protocols, your Land Cover Sample sites can be accurately located on your image. This can help improve the accuracy of the land cover maps your students produce. In addition, local student investigations in social studies, geography, history, biology, environmental studies, and geology can all benefit from seeing how local environmental measurements are related to land cover features.

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Chapter 11: Now What Do I Do With It And Where Do I Go Next?

Now that you have had a taste of what GIS software can do, the next question is How do I apply this to my curriculum? A number of possibilities have been suggested during this tutorial, but one of the best ways to address the question is to look at some projects that have been created by students. ESRI maintains a library of student projects in its Community Atlas: www.esri.com/communityatlas The following images, sampled from the Community Atlas, show some of the possibilities of GIS in the classroom.

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1. Where Are We? In this project students map the location of their school on a relief map of New England with water bodies and streams.

Image courtesy ESRI. ESRI, 1999

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2. Our Watershed Watershed: Students have shown their school location in the watershed of a local water body.

Image courtesy ESRI. ESRI, 1999

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References:
Can Young Students Use GIS? This article, written by Charlie Fitzpatrick, director of ESRIs Schools and Libraries Project, addresses using GIS with very young students. It can be found at:
http://www.esri.com/industries/k-12/hrynggis.html ESRI also provides more than a dozen prepackaged lessons and projects designed for use with ArcVoyager that can be used with ArcView. These cover all grade levels, and can be downloaded from: http://www.esri.com/industries/k-12/voyager.html#lessons

Summary Summary:
GIS software provides students the opportunity to explore and interact with data that cross many disciplinary lines. The ability to access local, regional and national data on the Internet gives students the power to explore the relationships between phenomena and place. Students can explore geography with maps, tables and graphs that they create with world wide data and they can add local data to their projects. Making place an important part of learning, especially in the sciences, reinforces the idea that knowledge develops in the context of time and place.

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GIS also provides an educationally important use of computer technology and the Internet. The vast amount of free data available provides students with the raw material for meaningful exploration. For questions about this tutorial contact the developer: GLOBE Land Cover/Biology Team LCBioTeam@globe.gov

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Appendix I: Local Sources of GIS Data

Many local, regional, state, provincial or national groups use GIS data, and these are often willing to share such data with schools for educational use. A few suggestions for the types of agencies you might contact are given below. Local, county, state, provincial or national offices of GIS. Surveying organizations, both public and private. Mapping agencies. Environmental agencies. Local or regional governmental planning agencies. University departments of geography, remote sensing, natural resources and geosciences. Highway and transportation departments. Architectural firms. Urban and suburban planning agencies. Police and emergency services. Utility agencies such as electricity, water and telephone. Large local/state delivery firms: These companies often use GIS to dispatch vehicles or plan routes. Your local school districts. Forestry planning and management agencies. Farmers and farm organizations.

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Some Reliable Internet Sites for GIS Data

http://www.esri.com/company/free.html Run by Earth Systems Research Institute, the developers of ArcVoyager, there are links to free software and free GIS data. http://www.geo.ed.ac.uk/home/giswww.html This United Kingdom site has lots of links to many GIS related topics, including some data. http://www.calmit.unl.edu/calmit/left_links/gisrs.htm Most of these links are U.S. based. http://www.census.gov/geo/www/tiger/ http://www.census.gov/geo/www/tiger/tigerua/ua_tgr2k.html These links supply U.S. data on a county level from the U.S. Census Bureau., http://gislounge.com/ll/worlddata.shtml A clearinghouse for world wide GIS resources. http://www.gisdatadepot.com/ DataDepot has lots of international GIS downloads.

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Appendix II: Importing Arc Export (E00) Files

Before You Begin Begin:
Some download sites, such as Data Depot (www.gisdatadepot.com) provide their files with the .GZ (gzip) extension. This is a Unix OS compression format. Other sites may provide data compressed in .tar format (another UNIX compression) and some may be in conventional .zip form. Before you can import the file into ArcView, you must uncompress it.

Tar, gzip and PC zip files can all be decoded by Stuffit Expander. This is an easy-to-use decompression program that handles many different file formats. Simply drag the files icon and drop it on top of the Stuffit Expander icon which is placed on your desktop when you download and install Expander. Expander is available for Macintosh, PC, Unix and Solaris platforms. It can be downloaded free from the Aladdin website at: http://www.stuffit.com/expander/ Once you have unstuffed the .GZ file, you will have an .e00 file.

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Import for Macintosh Computers

For practice you will find a file named Coast.e00 in the Appendix folder. Before launching Import move the .e00 files you wish to import to the Macintosh desktop. It is a quirk of Import for the Macintosh that it prefers files on the desktop. Launch Import. Imports screen is very simple, as shown to the right. From the File menu, select Import Import. Navigate to the location of your .e00 file. Select the file and click Open Open. Import will prompt you for a location to save the file. Use the default name that Import provides, and navigate to your destination folder.

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 Import will do its work, and if the import is successful, you will see ascreen similar to the one below.

The destination you selected will now have a folder, in this case Coast, with contents similar to those shown to the right. These data may now be used in ArcView.

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Import 71 for PC Machines

Import 71 is the PC version of the Import software. If you do not have Import 71, you must download the Import 71 installer. You should install Import 71 in the same folder that contains your ArcView software.

Importing the e00 file

For practice, you will find a file named Coast.e00 in the Appendix folder. Launch Import 71. You will see the dialog box below.

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 There are no menus for Import 71. You simply specify the file to import, the destination of the imported file, and click OK OK. In the top line of the dialog box, specify the complete path for the location of your .e00 file or use the Browse button to navigate to it. Be sure to include the extension .e00, as in the example shown below.

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 In the second line, specify the complete path for the files destination. You should include a file name that is the same as the .e00 file, so you know what feature the file contains, or use the Browse button.

Click OK OK, and Import 71 will import the file. Examining your directory, you will find a folder named Coast containing the new files. These files are now ready to be used in ArcView. Import 71 quits after it has done its work. To import more files, you must relaunch Import 71. A Cautionary Note Note: Import 71 is particular about its location. The author has tried installing Import 71 in directories other than the ArcView directory and on other disks with mixed results. For best results, you should install Import 71 in the same directory as ArcView.

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Appendix III: Image Registration

For any image to be used in a GIS program, it must contain location data. Such data register the image to the ground. These data are generally provided in a header file (.hdr) or a world file. Prior to 2001, GLOBE school images were provided without such information and could not be used unless one of these files was created. To Register an Image Create a World File from scratch. The contents of a typical world file are shown below. The lines of the world file provide the following data: Horizontal size of a pixel. Rotation term for a row of pixels. Rotation term for a column of pixels. Vertical size of a pixel. Longitude of the center of the upper-left pixel. Latitude of the center of the upper-left pixel.

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You can create your own world files for images that are not registered. If you are using Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery, such as older GLOBE images, the following parameters apply: Horizontal size of pixel = 30.000 Note the value for Vertical size of pixel = -30.000 the vertical size Rotation for row = 0 of the pixel is Rotation for column = 0 negative The most important part of the world file is accurately locating the latitude and longitude of the center of the upper left pixel in your image. The greater the accuracy and precision of this value, the better your image will match other GIS data you use. Be sure to follow the GLOBE GPS protocol in taking your measurements. Create the world file in any word processor, but be certain to save it as a text-only file. Using NotePad (PC) or SimpleText (Macintosh) will insure you have the proper file format. Naming the world file: file The world file name must follow a specific protocol. It consists of: a. The file name must be the same as the image file name b. The extension must contain the first two letters of the extension of your image plus the letter w, for world file.

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Example Example: If your image file is named MyHome.bil, then the world file has the name MyHome.blw. If your older image has the extension .lan, rename the file with the extension .bil. Bil stands for band interleaved by line and all older GLOBE images were actually in this format. When you open a View that is to contain your image, be certain that both Map Units and Distance Units have been set to meters in the View Properties window (See Chapter 10).

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Appendix IV: How Do I Get ArcView?

Schools may earn a full version of ArcView through the Community Atlas project of ESRIs Schools and Libraries Program Program. You may purchase ArcView outright from ESRI. See their web page for details. www.esri.com

ESRI's US Community Atlas

Classes in K-12 schools are encouraged to compose a profile of their community, consisting of 10-20 maps (in GIF or JPG format) and 1000-2500 words (in HTML documents). After constructing and testing their group project, classes post the files on the ESRI Community Atlas web site, and create an entry in a searchable database. http://www.esri.com/communityatlas The Community Atlas is a great opportunity for teachers in science, social studies, English or language arts, and technology! Classes can choose between three main types of projects: general community profile, local conservation issue, or a historically focused presentation. Each arena offers broad flexibility, and suggestions are listed on the Details page of the web site.

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Appendix V: Image Correction

Images in MultiSpec, ArcView and ArcVoyager

When you open your image in the free MultiSpec software used in the GLOBE program, your image will appear as shown below (an image of Durham, New Hampshire is used an example).

However, the same image opened in ArcView would appear darker and fewer details would be visible.

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Why Does This Happen?

Every pixel in your GLOBE Landsat image contains 5 numbers that describe the brightness of that pixel in each of the 5 Landsat channels supplied by GLOBE. These values can range from zero (0) for no reflectance (which appears black) to a maximum of 255 for high reflectance (which appears white). The data in your image however, do not make use of this full range of brightness. The diagram below illustrates the process that is responsible for this. Light from the sun passes through our atmosphere to the Earths surface (1). It is reflected back through the atmosphere to the satellite (2), where sensors convert the light to digital data. It is these data that are recorded by a ground station (3).

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During its two passages through our atmosphere, significant amounts of light are scattered, absorbed and reflected, so the satellite actually sees less energy than it would if our planet had no atmosphere. The result is that much of the image data are compressed into the lower portion of the 0 - 255 scale of brightness so the image appears quite dark. To correct this, we must stretch the data in each channel so they use the full range of brightness. The distribution of pixel values is illustrated in a graph know as a histogram. A histogram shows how many pixels in the image are represented by each value in the images range of values. A tutorial on producing histograms in MultiSpec is available from the University of New Hampshires GLOBE site at http://www.globe.unh.edu/MultiSpec/MultiSpec.html

The graph below is a histogram of Landsat channel 4, the Near Infrared channel, from the Durham image as supplied by GLOBE. Notice that the greatest number of pixels, shown by the large peak, is concentrated in data (called reflectance) values of about 60 - 100, with almost no pixels in the brighter (higher number) values. The limit of the reflectance values of 255 is shown by the blue line.

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MultiSpec automatically stretches the data when the image is displayed. They literally grab both ends of the data and stretch it out to cover the full range of brightness values available. This is why the image displays properly. ArcVoyager does not have that stretching function so the user must do the job him/herself. The graph below is the same channel from the same image after the stretching process.

The data now cover much more of the range of available Brightness values (0 - 255) and the resulting image will appear much brighter.

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This image stretching can be done in MultiSpec, either on a Macintosh or PC computer. A detailed tutorial for doing this stretch can be found at the University of New Hampshire GLOBE site. The tutorial is entitled Blue Band, because it also corrects for extra reflection in the Landsat blue channel (channel 1) caused by atmospheric scattering. The tutorial is small (258 k) and is provided in Adobes .pdf format. You will need Adobes free Acrobat Reader software to view and print this tutorial. Most computers come equipped with Reader, but you can reach Adobes download page from the GLOBE home page, the UNH MultiSpec page, or directly at: http://www.adobe.com If you are using a PC computer, there is a small (65 k) supplement, Blue Band PC, PC which you will also need to download. It covers the slight differences in the process between the Macintosh and PC versions of the MultiSpec software. This document will not duplicate all the steps of the Blue Band tutorial, but will only list the changes you need to make to stretch your image and keep its ArcVoyager compatibility.

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How Do I Do It?
Begin by downloading the Blue Band tutorial (and the PC supplement if necessary) from the UNH GLOBE site. Familiarize yourself with the tutorial until you are comfortable with the process. Before you begin your stretching create a new folder or directory to hold your results. After you have completed the stretch, and are ready to save the new image, be certain to follow the instructions contained on page 18 of the Blue Band tutorial. These instructions are specifically designed for the newer georeferenced (containing position data) GLOBE images.

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