GARDEN CITY CONCEPT

GARDEN CITYSIR EBENEZER HOWARD

GARDEN CITY MOST POTENT PLANNING MODEL IN WESTERN URBAN PLANNING. CREATED BY EBENEZER HOWARD IN 1898 TO SOLVE URBAN AND RURAL PROBLEMS. HOWARD READ WIDELY, INCLUDING EDWARD BELLAMY'S 1888 UTOPIAN NOVEL, LOOKING BACKWARD, AND HENRY GEORGE'S ECONOMIC TREATISE, PROGRESS AND POVERTY, AND THOUGHT MUCH ABOUT SOCIAL ISSUES. HE DISLIKED THE WAY MODERN CITIES WERE BEING DEVELOPED AND THOUGHT PEOPLE SHOULD LIVE IN PLACES THAT SHOULD COMBINE THE BEST ASPECTS OF BOTH CITIES AND TOWNS. THE ONLY PUBLICATION HE WROTE IN HIS LIFE WAS TITLED AS GARDEN CITIES OF TO-MORROW. THIS BOOK OFFERED A VISION OF TOWNS FREE OF SLUMS AND ENJOYING THE BENEFITS OF BOTH TOWN (SUCH AS OPPORTUNITY, AMUSEMENT AND GOOD WAGES) AND COUNTRY (SUCH AS BEAUTY, FRESH AIR AND LOW RENTS). HE ILLUSTRATED THE IDEA WITH HIS FAMOUS THREE MAGNETS . SOURCE OF MANY KEY PLANNING IDEAS DURING 20TH CENTURY.

SIR EBENZER HOWARD

THE CONCEPT

GARDEN CITY AN IMPRESSIVE DIAGRAM OF THE THREE MAGNETS NAMELY THE TOWN MAGNET, THE COUNTRY MAGNET WITH THEIR ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES AND THE THIRD MAGNET WITH ATTRACTIVE FEATURES OF BOTH TOWN AND COUNTRY LIFE. NATURALLY PEOPLE PREFFERED THE THIRD ONE NAMELY GARDEN CITY.

THREE MAGNET DIAGRAM

THE CONCEPT
CORE GARDEN CITY PRINCIPLES: STRONG COMMUNITY ORDERED DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

THESE WERE TO BE ACHIEVED BY :

UNIFIED OWNERSHIP OF LAND TO PREVENT INDIVIDUAL LAND. SPECULATION AND MAXIMIZE COMMUNTIY BENEFITS. CAREFUL PLANNING TO PROVIDE GENEROUS LIVING AND WORKING SPACE WHILE MAINTAINING NATURAL QUALITIES. SOCIAL MIX AND GOOD COMMUNITY FACILITIES. LIMIT TO GROWTH OF EACH GARDEN CITY. LOCAL PARTICIPATION IN DECISION ABOUT DEVELOPMENT.

THE ORIGINAL GARDEN CITY CONCEPT BY EBENEZER HOWARD, 1902

THE CONCEPT
AFFORDABILITY: HOWARD WANTED GARDEN CITY FOR ALL INCOMES. MOST ORIGINALLY FOR THOSE OF MODEST INCOMES. THERE ATTRACTIVNESS AS LIVING ENVIRONMENTS HAS OFTEN MADE THEM BECAME MORE POPULAR WITH BETTER OFF PEOPLE. IT IS AN IDEAL CITY INDUSTRY IS BALANCED WITH AGRICULTURE, HOUSING CAREFULLY DISTRIBUTED, AND TRANSPORT RATIONALISED. HOWEVER, THE 32,000 INHABITANTS OF THIS GARDEN CITY ARE MORE MIXED, BY AGE, OCCUPATION AND ABILITIES.

DETAIL SECTION OF GARDEN CITY

ALONG WITH BRICKFIELDS, FACTORIES AND MARKETS ARE CHILDRENS COTTAGE HOMES, INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS, CONVALESCENT HOMES, ASYLUMS FOR THE BLIND AND DEAF, AND EVEN A FARM FOR EPILEPTICS. THIS IS A CITY FOR THE STRONG AND WEAK, AND WHERE THE WEAK GROW IN STRENGTH.

APPLICATION
LETCHWORTH, ENGLAND, UK

LETCHWORTH 35MILES FROM LONDON. LAND OF 3822 ACRES. RESERVED GREEN BELT 1300 ACRES. DESIGNED FOR MAXIMUM OF 35OOO POPULATION. IN 30 YEARS DEVELOPED WITH 15000 POPULATION AND 150 SHOPS, INDUSTRIES.

AERIAL VIEW OF LUTCHWORTH

 THE LAND USED WAS PURCHASED BY QUAKERS WHO HAD INTENDED TO FARM THE AREA AND BUILD A QUAKER COMMUNITY. THE TOWN WAS LAID OUT BY RAYMOND UNWIN AS A DEMONSTRATION OF THE PRINCIPLES ESTABLISHED BY EBENEZER HOWARD WHO SOUGHT TO CREATE AN ALTERNATIVE TO THE INDUSTRIAL CITY BY COMBINING BE BEST OF TOWN AND COUNTRY LIVING. IT IS ALSO HOME TO THE UNITED KINGDOM'S FIRST ROUNDABOUT, WHICH WAS BUILT IN 1909.

PLAN OF LUTCHWORTH

APPLICATION
WELWYN, UK

WELWYN 24 MILES FROM LONDON. LAND OF 2378 ACRES. DESIGNED FOR A MAXIMUM OF 40000 POPULATION. IN 15 YEARS DEVELOPED WITH 10000 POPULATION AND 50 SHOPS, INDUSTRIES.

AERIAL VIEW OF WELWYN

WELWYN CITY IS A TOWN WITHIN THE WELWYN HATFIELD BOROUGH OF HERTFORDSHIRE, ENGLAND. PLANNED BY LOUIS DE SOISSONS 1921 WELWYN GARDEN CITY WAS THE SECOND GARDEN CITY IN ENGLAND (FOUNDED 1920) AND ONE OF THE FIRST NEW TOWNS (DESIGNATED 1948). IT IS UNIQUE IN BEING BOTH A GARDEN CITY AND A NEW TOWN AND EXEMPLIFIES THE PHYSICAL, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL PLANNING IDEALS OF

PLAN OF WELWYN

RADBURN, NEW JERSEY

A PLANNED COMMUNITY

INTRODUCTION
RADBURN IS AN UNINCORPORATED PLANNED COMMUNITY LOCATED WITHIN FAIR LAWN, IN BERGEN COUNTY, NEW JERSEY, UNITED STATES. RADBURN WAS FOUNDED IN 1929 AS "A TOWN FOR THE MOTOR AGE". ITS PLANNERS, CLARENCE STEIN AND HENRY WRIGHT, AND ITS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT MARJORIE SEWELL CAUTLEY AIMED TO INCORPORATE MODERN PLANNING PRINCIPLES, WHICH WERE THEN BEING INTRODUCED INTO ENGLAND'S GARDEN CITIES, FOLLOWING IDEAS ADVOCATED BY URBAN PLANNERS EBENEZER HOWARD ( TOWN + COUNTRY), SIR PATRICK GEDDES (FOLK + WORK + PLACE) AND CLARENCE PERRY(NEIGHBOURHOOD PLANNING). RADBURN WAS EXPLICITLY DESIGNED TO SEPARATE TRAFFIC BY MODE, WITH A PEDESTRIAN PATH SYSTEM THAT DOES NOT CROSS ANY MAJOR ROADS AT GRADE. RADBURN INTRODUCED THE LARGELY RESIDENTIAL "SUPERBLOCK" AND IS CREDITED WITH INCORPORATING SOME OF THE EARLIEST CULS-DE-SAC IN THE UNITED STATES.

HENRY WRIGHT

CLARENCE STEIN

RADBURNS PLANNING
1929 25000 149 430 90 54 93 RADBURN CREATED RAPID INDUSTRILISATION AFTER PEOPLE WORLD WAR 1 ACRES MIGRATION OF RURAL TO CITIES DRAMATIC GROWTH OF CITIES SINGLE HOUSES HOUSING SHORTAGE ROW HOUSES SEMI ATTACHED HOUSES THE NEED TO PROVIDE HOUSING AND PROTECT FROM MOTORISED APARTMENT UNIT TRAFFIC FACTORS THAT INFLUENCED

map of the north side section of the Radburn

RADBURNS PLANNING INSPIRATION.

HENRY WRIGHTS SIX PLANKS FOR HOUSING PLATFORM
PLAN SIMPLY , BUT COMPREHENSIVELY.DONT STOP AT THE INDIVIDUAL PROPERTY LINE. ADJUST PAVING,SIDEWALKS,SEWERS AND THE LIKE TO THE PARTICULAR NEEDS OF THE PATTERN.ARRANGE BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS SO AS TO GIVE SUNLIGHT ,AIR AND A TOLERABLE OUTLOOK TO EVEN THE SMALLEST AND THE CHEAPEST HOUSE. PROVIDE AMPLE SITES IN THE PLACE FOR COMMUNITY USE;I.E PLATGROUND,SCHOOL GARDEN,SCHOOLS,THETERS,CHURCHES,PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND STORES. PUT FACTORIES AND OTHER INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS WHERE THEY CAN BE USED WITHOUT WASTEFUL TRANSPORTATIONOF GOODS OR PEOPLE. CARS MUST BE PARKED AND STORED ,DELIVERIES MADE,WASTE COLLECTED (VEHICULAR MOVEMENT)-PLAN FOR SUCH SERVICE WITH A MINIMUM OF DANGER ,NOISE AND CONFUSION. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BUILDING. DEVELOP COLLECTIVELY SUCH SERVICES AS WILL ADD TO THE COMFORT OF THE INDIVIDUAL,AT LOWER COST THAN IS POSSIBLE UNDER INDIVIDUAL OPERTION.

RADBURNS CONCEPT SEAPARATION OF PEDESTRIAN

AND VEHICULAR TRAFFIC. SUPER BLOCK - LARGE BLOCK SURROUNDED BY MAIN ROADS. HOUSES GROUPED AROUND SMALL CUL DE SACS EACH ACCESSED FROM MAIN ROAD, LIVING, BEDROOM FACED GARDENS AND PARKS, SERVICE AREA TO ACCESS ROADS REMAINING LAND PARK AREAS. WALKWAYS DESIGNED SUCH THAT PEDESTRIANS CAN REACH SOCIAL PLACES WITHOUT CROSSING AUTOMOBILE STREET. THIS CONCEPT IS ALSO APPLIED IN CHANDIGARH, INDIA, BRAZILIA, BRAZIL

MARJORIE SEWELL CAUTLEY, CLARENCE STEIN + HENRY WRIGHT|RADBURN PLAN

PARKS WITHOUT ADDITIONAL COST FROM RESIDENTS. SAVINGS FROM MINIMIZING ROADS REQUIRES LESS ROAD AREA. 25% LESS AREA GAVE 12-15 % OF TOTAL PARK AREA.

the street network structure of Radburn Separate pedestrian paths run through the green spaces between the culs-de-sac and through the central green spine

VILLE RADIUSE
VILLE RADIEUSE OR THE RADIANT CITY WAS AN UNREALIZED PROJECT OF LE CORBUSIER, ALTHOUGH HIS UTOPIAN IDEAS FORMED THE BASIS OF A NUMBER OF URBAN PLANS DURING 1930 AND 40S . INFLUENCED BY LINEAR CITY IDEAS OF MILYUTIN AND THE THEORIES OF SYNDICALIST MOVEMENTS HE FORMULATED THE VISION OF AN IDEAL CITY. IT REPRESENTED A UTOPIAN DREAM TO REUNITE MAN WITHIN A WELL ORDERED ENVIRONMENT. IT WAS A LINEAR CITY BASED UPON THE ABSTRACT SHAPE OF THE HUMAN BODY WITH HEAD, SPINE, ARMS AND LEGS. THE DESIGN MAINTAINED THE IDEA OF HIGH RISE HOUSING BLOCKS, FREE CIRCULATION AND ABUNDANT GREEN SPACES. THE BLOCKS OF HOUSES WERE LAID OUT IN LONG LINES STEPPING IN AND OUT. THEY WERE GLAZED ON THEIR SOUTH SIDE AND WERE RAISED UP ON PILOTIS. THEY HAD ROOF TERRACES AND RUNNING TRACKS ON THEIR ROOFS. HE CRITICIZED THE SKYSCRAPER OF MANHATTAN FOR BEING TOO SMALL AND TOO CLOSE TOGETHER.

HE PROPOSED REPLACING ALL THE EXISTING BUILDINGS WITH ONE HUGE CARTESIAN SKYSCRAPER EQUIPPED WITH LIVING AND WORKING UNITS AS THIS WOULD CLEAR THE WAY FOR MORE PARKLAND CONFIRMING THE IDEALS OF RADIANT CITY.

CITY OF THREE MILLION

PERSPECTIVE OF THE CITY OF THREE MILLIONS

MODEL OF THE HYPOTHETICAL CITY

IT IS A HYPOTHETICAL CITY DESIGNED BY LE CORBUSIER AND IS DEFINED AS A VAST LANDSCAPE OF IDENTICAL SKYSCRAPERS. THE PLAN OF THE CITY WAS A DIRECT CONSEQUENCE OF PURELY GEOMETRIC CONSIDERATIONS. TRANSPORTATION WAS CLEAN, ORGANIZED AND PARTIALLY INVISIBLE. SUBWAYS WOULD RUN BENEATH THE VAST CITY OF TOWERS AND PLANES WOULD LAND IN THE CENTRE CUTTING SEAMLESSLY AMONG THE BUILDINGS.

PLAN OF THE CITY OF THREE MILLIONS

OBUS PLAN

OBUS MODEL

HE UNDERTOOK TOWN PLANNING PROPOSAL FOR ALGIERS. AND THE RESULTING OBUS PLAN WAS A VARIATION OF THE RADIANT CITY. IT COMPRISED OF FOUR MAIN ELEMENTS : 1. AN ADMINISTRATION AREA BY THE WATER IN TWO SLAB BLOCKS. 2. CONVEX AND CONCAVE APARTMENT BLOCKS FOR THE MIDDLE CLASSES UP ON THE SLOPES ABOVE THE CITY. 3. AN ELEVATED ROAD ON NORTH SOUTH AXIS. 4. AND A MEANDERING VIADUCT WHICH WAS LATER REPLACED BY HIGHWAYS.

BRASILIA
BRASILIA WAS BASED ON THE IDEAS OF THE RADIANT CITY. OSCAR NIEMEYER AND LUCIO COSTA WERE THE ARCHITECTS OF THE CITY. IN BRASILIA'S ELABORATE CENTRAL PLAN HOUSING, WORK, AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATIONAL WERE SEGREGATED INTO DIFFERENT ZONES AS LE CORBUSIER DEMANDED.

ALL RESIDENTS RECEIVE SIMILAR HOUSING. BRAZILIAN PLANNERS GROUPED THE APARTMENTS INTO SUPERQUADRA ( APPROX 360 APARTMENTS) TO FOSTER A COLLECTIVE LIFE.
EACH SUPERQUADRA HAD ITS OWN NURSERY AND ELEMENTARY SCHOOL . GROUPING OF FOUR SUPERQUADRA HAD A SECONDARY SCHOOL, CINEMA, SOCIAL CLUB SPORT FACILITIES AND RETAIL SECTOR. NO STREET FUNCTION AS PUBLIC GATHERING PLACES THERE ARE ONLY ROADS AND HIGHWAYS TO BE EXECUTED.

Design of Brasilia based on the principles of radiant city