GIS Best Practices

Managing GIS

November 2010

Table of Contents
What Is GIS? Introduction A Local Government Perspective of Spatial Data Management Finding Success During Hard Times Thoughts on Technology Coordination The Integrated Land Ofce GIS Project Intake Process Interview Your Customers City of Plantation's GIS Metro's Regional Land Information System The Evolution and Use of GIS in Local Government Growing Up GIS Listening and Learning: Secrets to GIS Success 1 3 5 11 17 21 27 31 35 39 45 51 55

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Redening the "Killer App" From Governance to Action Enterprise GISSome Keys to Success 59 61 65

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What Is GIS?
Making decisions based on geography is basic to human thinking. Where shall we go, what will it be like, and what shall we do when we get there are applied to the simple event of going to the store or to the major event of launching a bathysphere into the ocean's depths. By understanding geography and people's relationship to location, we can make informed decisions about the way we live on our planet. A geographic information system (GIS) is a technological tool for comprehending geography and making intelligent decisions. GIS organizes geographic data so that a person reading a map can select data necessary for a specic project or task. A thematic map has a table of contents that allows the reader to add layers of information to a basemap of real-world locations. For example, a social analyst might use the basemap of Eugene, Oregon, and select datasets from the U.S. Census Bureau to add data layers to a map that shows residents' education levels, ages, and employment status. With an ability to combine a variety of datasets in an innite number of ways, GIS is a useful tool for nearly every eld of knowledge from archaeology to zoology. A good GIS program is able to process geographic data from a variety of sources and integrate it into a map project. Many countries have an abundance of geographic data for analysis, and governments often make GIS datasets publicly available. Map le databases often come included with GIS packages; others can be obtained from both commercial vendors and government agencies. Some data is gathered in the eld by global positioning units that attach a location coordinate (latitude and longitude) to a feature such as a pump station. GIS maps are interactive. On the computer screen, map users can scan a GIS map in any direction, zoom in or out, and change the nature of the information contained in the map. They can choose whether to see the roads, how many roads to see, and how roads should be depicted. Then they can select what other items they wish to view alongside these roads such as storm drains, gas lines, rare plants, or hospitals. Some GIS programs are designed to perform sophisticated calculations for tracking storms or predicting erosion patterns. GIS applications can be embedded into common activities such as verifying an address. From routinely performing work-related tasks to scientically exploring the complexities of our world, GIS gives people the geographic advantage to become more productive, more aware, and more responsive citizens of planet Earth.

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Introduction
These articles are reprinted from "Managing GIS," a regular column in ArcNews written by members of the Urban and Regional Information Systems Association (URISA) focusing on GIS management issues.

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A Local Government Perspective of Spatial Data Management

By Ron Staneld, GIS Coordinator, Montgomery County, Alabama One goal of local government could be stated as, "To provide quality service to its citizens in the most cost-efcient manner possible." There are many things government can do to accomplish a noble goal such as this, and one is in the area of geospatial data and technologies. While using the technology to satisfy the needs of agencies and departments that employ us, we can also think about how what we do relates to other areas of local government and, together, how they relate to state and federal government. If we do it right at the local level, we can not only serve our citizens better but also help state and federal government and the private sector serve them better too. In "GIS 101," we learn that GIS is hardware/software, data, processes, and people. We also learn the benets of collaboration and sharing data. The hardware/software tools we need are improving, and technical issues are becoming fewer. It's the people and processes of government that are the most difcult to change or improve. Local government GIS managers and practitioners are playing an important role in the evolution of spatial data management and availability.

About Montgomery County

Montgomery County is located in central Alabama; is 780 square miles; and has a population of approximately 225,000, with 102,000 parcels. The incorporated areas are the City of Montgomery and the Town of Pike Road.

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The Montgomery County, Alabama, Tax Parcel Viewer is one result of the county's evolving GIS.

In 1993, Montgomery County converted from a manual system of property ownership mapping to an automated system using CAD software. The Data Processing Department, as it was known then, wasn't using GIS, so we had to educate ourselves on basic IT concepts. As our technical knowledge grew, so did our desire to do more with it. Supported by an Esri partner, we converted to Esri software and coverage format around 1997 and immediately began improving our processes and products for mass property appraisal and ad valorem taxation. Since then, the system has been slowly evolving and growing in the types and number of users within county government, and it is now supported by the county's Information Systems Department.

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Acting Locally

Some of the ways GIS has served as a change agent and improved local government in Montgomery are common among many jurisdictions across the country. Data sharing with other departments and the municipalities within the county enhances the return on investment for the taxpayers by increasing service capacity and keeping overall costs of data maintenance as low as possible. Around 1997, Montgomery County completed an addressing project, converting Rural Route and P.O. Box addresses to street-style addresses. The nal product was address points located on the structures and an updated Master Street Address Guide to be used in the Public Service Answering Point's (PSAP) Computer-Aided Dispatch system. Data maintenance required GPS and CAD software, and through a maintenance contract, new data had to be sent to the contractor to be converted into Esri shapele format. However, there was a serious lag time between address creation/capture and the dispatcher's ability to nd it in the mapping system. This was an opportunity for our GIS to be a change agent by improving a process and saving the county money. In 1998, the suggestion was made to maintain the addresses within the county's GIS and establish the procedures to update the Public Service Answering Point's data. The benets would be less time between address creation and query ability and elimination of the cost of data conversion. This was successfully implemented, and the addresses are now available to everyone through the GIS. The evolution in providing quality service locally with spatial information was also demonstrated after the city/county Emergency Management Agency (EMA) implemented a reverse 911 system. The system was proposed to use address data from a national data provider. We offered to provide the address point and road centerline data on a consistent basis, and EMA has been able to spatially identify and warn residents of emergencies and dangers using accurate and more up-to-date address data. Using the same data, the County Board of Education, which also governs the city and town, was able to geocode and locate 98 percent of the students, which made school assignment and bus routing more efcient. After Census 2000 results were used to redistrict, maps were hung on the walls of the Board of Registrars and the Elections Board. They were not maps from the county's GIS but from a contractor that had used the Census Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing (TIGER) data. The suggestion was made to bring the resultant new political districts into the county's GIS and give users in those departments desktop access to it. Again,

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GIS became a change agent by giving the departments the ability to streamline the voter registration maintenance process by simply having a visualization tool that also allowed the query of an address and returned an overlay that identies all the political districts and the voting precinct the address is within.

Helping Nationally

Although the authoritative geospatial data at the local level exists to serve the local governments, as GIS managers, we should be conscious of a bigger picture. We maintain a piece of a puzzle dened by the Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) as the National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI). The NSDI initiative is promoted at the national level, but support from local government has to exist for it to be as effective as possible. The initiatives proposed by FGDC are not new, and the concepts in this article are echoes of many knowledgeable GIS practitioners. But as the landscape of regularly maintained geospatial data has been evolving, so have the options available to share it. Some programs, such as Virtual Alabama, have established partnerships with city and county governments and provide the capability to upload data on a regular basis for specic government use. But the ability to develop Web applications and publicly expose map services is quickening the evolutionary pace of current data availability. It is up to the managers of authoritative data to embrace the practice of data sharing and take it to the level envisioned years ago.

Continuous Improvement

One of the ways Montgomery County must improve its cooperation and contribution is in the area of metadata. Unfortunately for the NSDI initiative, we are not alone. But we realize that our inaction over this important aspect of the NSDI cannot continue if we are to do our part. We feel that another way to participate in the bigger picture is to embrace the FGDC standard on addressing. We will have to recongure some desktop applications for PSAPs and EMA, among others, but the value of the data will increase as it is being optimized and shared with state and federal government. We plan to participate in online data publishing as we strive to increase the value of all we do. As our GIS matures, we will continue improving the data and processes "to provide quality service to our citizens in the most cost-efcient manner possible," and we will keep an eye on how we can help others do the same.

About the Author

Ron Staneld, GISP, is a member of the Alabama Association of Assessing Ofcials, the International Association of Assessing Ofcers (IAAO), and the Urban and Regional Information Systems Association (URISA) and is on the board of directors for the Alabama chapter of URISA. He holds the Alabama Certied Mapper designation through the Alabama Department of
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Revenue, the Certied Mapping Specialist designation through IAAO, and the GISP certication from the GIS Certication Institute. (Reprinted from the Fall 2010 issue of ArcNews Online)

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Finding Success During Hard Times

By Nicole Gattuso, GIS Director, McHenry County, Illinois Almost everyone is facing the challenge of how to get by in these economic times. As powerful and necessary as GIS has become, those working in GIS are not exempt from needing to do more with less. Whether working for the public or private sector, we all are examining the resources we have. The question everyone must ask is, How can I better manage my system for continued success?

Background

McHenry County, Illinois, is located in the Chicago region. It is the sixth-largest county in the state of Illinois. McHenry County consists of approximately 150,000 parcels and has a population of around 320,000 people. McHenry County's GIS began roughly 15 years ago in the Assessment
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Department. It was then moved to the Information Technology Department in 2007 and became its own department in 2009. Just as it became its own department, revenues were 18 percent lower than expected and requests for applications tripled. The McHenry County GIS Department has six full-time employees and is funded 100 percent through a document recording fee in the County Recorder's Ofce. The mission of the department is to maintain the parcel basemap and points of interest data, develop and deploy various interactive maps to assist departments, provide greater access to public information, assist departments with GIS solutions, and coordinate GIS efforts regionally. With requests for applications on the rise, the question McHenry County faced was how to better manage limited resources to maximize application development and support. The county found success by using ve key strategies: Collaborate. Make strategic stafng decisions. Balance consulting services with in-house capabilities. Make sound technical decisions. Understand limitations.

Collaborate

Collaboration is important for success. If you are a public agency thinking about creating new revenue streams by selling data, consider what you might be losing. When you share your knowledge freely and collaborate with others, you will be able to accomplish much more. When others have greater access to information, the value of your information increases. People become dependent on the information and appreciate the value. Additionally, if nobody knows what you have, you are going to miss many opportunities to work with others. In the Chicago region, McHenry County works closely with neighboring counties. Collectively, we have formed a group we refer to as the Northeastern Illinois, or NEIL, group. We meet regularly to discuss projects we are doing and share advice. We are developing data sharing standards to increase the efciency of sharing data, which helps not only each county but also the municipalities or agencies that use data from multiple counties. Most recently, we have been collaborating to do aerial ights together. This reduced costs and increased our chances

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to obtain additional federal funding from both the United States Geological Survey and Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Planning.

Make Strategic Stafng Decisions

In these difcult economic times, it is critical to be choosy about whom you hire. It is important to have a balance of knowledge within your team. You will maximize what you are able to do if you spread out your knowledge and expertise. If you do have the opportunity to ll a position, be sure to take your time and make sure it is the right choice. Understand the important factors needed to ll the position and don't settle. Last year, McHenry County had to ll a position for a developer. It was a difcult task nding people who had expertise in .NET programming and GIS. We narrowed down the skills we thought were critical. We had to interview 50 candidates and administer a technical examination for each candidate. The investment in time paid off with nding the right candidate. It is also imperative to invest in the right training. When looking for areas to cut funding, sometimes this is the rst area people look at. However, given how the GIS environment is rapidly changing, staff knowledge can quickly become obsolete if it is not updated. From a management perspective, hiring a consultant instead of using staff to undertake a project will not reduce the amount of oversight required by the manager. McHenry County has tried both approaches. We once hired consultants to do all our development, and we have tried only using staff at the county. The key to success, we believe, is balance. We have managed to do more than we can ever afford by having a developer on staff. However, this is not enough. You need outside knowledge to really grow and support applications. When hiring consultants, you need to be just as selective as when hiring your own staff. It is good to look for a consulting rm that understands your business needs and is willing to share knowledge openly. When planning any project, you need to look ahead at what is needed in terms of hardware, software, and resources to support the system. Often, agencies jump right in with the expectations of what they want and do not put the time into mapping out how to get there. This often leads to redundancies and shortfalls. The McHenry County GIS Department has been fortunate to work with an IT Department that strives to implement best practices. This has allowed easier integration of our GIS with other systems, such as our tax database and document management system, which ultimately has reduced resources needed. At McHenry County, we have a list of data and applications that we desire to create. However, with limited resources, it is impossible to do it all. We believe the best thing to do is determine what your mission critical needs are rst. At McHenry County, we have determined that applications related to public safety and providing the public with easier access to information
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Balance Consulting Services with In-House Capabilities

Make Sound Technical Decisions

Understand Limitations

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as our priorities. Although every need is important, it is critical to set priorities. With limited funding and resources, it is inevitable that some of your projects will need to be put on hold. It is also inevitable that you may not be able to do everything you did in the past. It is important to communicate realistic expectations with your customers and set realistic goals.

McHenry County GIS Department, left to right: Brian Anderson, Feng Lin, Edward Amoo, Amanda Foley, and Nicole Gattuso.

Conclusion

In these tough economic times, don't be afraid of change. We believe the best thing to do is embrace it! Every challenge gives you the opportunity to improve. Although it is a challenge in these economic times, I like to think of this time as an opportunity to evaluate how to improve things with greater efciency and develop new paths to success.

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About the Author

Nicole Gattuso, GISP, is the GIS director for McHenry County, Illinois. Gattuso has more than 12 years of experience in the GIS eld. Prior to McHenry County, she worked for Wilbur Smith Associates providing GIS analysis of toll highway systems across the nation and for the Northern Illinois GIS laboratory. Gattuso is an active member of the Illinois GIS Association and a rm believer in the need for GIS professionals to share data and collaborate on projects. She graduated from Northern Illinois University with a bachelor's of science degree in geography and special coursework in computer science and mathematics. (Reprinted from the Summer 2010 issue of ArcNews Online)

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Thoughts on Technology Coordination

By Lee N. Hartseld, GISP, GIS Coordinator, Tallahassee-Leon County, Florida Merriam-Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary denes obstacle as something that stands in front of or impedes progress or achievement. You are just being an obstacle . . . again. Why won't you let me do this? We have to do this now! We don't have time for these delays! My customers have to have this or they're not going to be happy when I tell them that you are just being difcult! Have you heard these? Have you been told by your manager to stand your ground, but don't make waves? Alternatively, does your manager sometimes ask you the same questions? In meeting the challenges of technology coordination, the GIS professional must frequently assess which ideas promote progress or achievement and which ideas could jeopardize systems and/or data integrity. With our ever-growing technology, change comes rapidly and sometimes with little warning. It is little wonder that our customers have a difcult time understanding our efforts and motives.

The City of Tallahassee

The City of Tallahassee is the capital of the State of Florida and the county seat of Leon County. In May 1990, the city, the Leon County Board of County Commissioners, and the Leon County Property Appraiser's Ofce entered into an Interlocal Agreement to create a joint Geographic Information System, the Tallahassee-Leon County GIS. As GIS coordinator, I lead a group of 15 professionals, which form GIS Central. GIS Central provides support services to each of the principal partners. These services include system administration, database management, Internet/ intranet development and support, application design and support, and map analysis expertise.

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From top to bottom, the organizational structure ensures the appropriate oversight, participation, and involvement in Tallahassee-Leon County (TLC) GIS.

As a GIS coordinator, my chief responsibility is to manage the GIS program as determined by policies and procedures or best practices. In either case, these may be determined by others with or without my direct input. The challenges are many and their number grows as our technology expands. We must be consistent, be clear in our communications, enlist the help of competent staff, and manage expectations, if we are going to be successful. Communication skills are essential in any customer or client relationship, and there are scores of books written on the subject. In my experience, listening is the hardest part of communication. If I feel like I am being attacked, I take a defensive posture and dig into my position. I hear mortar re and I dig my foxhole. I only come up to aim and shoot at my adversary. Yes . . . on
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occasion, I have shot a messenger or two. The ironic part is I get angry when someone res back at me. This situation almost always leads to some kind of wrestling match and more times than not, the contest is exhausting and very unproductive. How do I change the outcome if I am not happy with the results? I must recognize that the rst challenge begins with me. I must slow down and listen carefully to my customer or client. My response must be clear and address the matter effectively. If my response is based on policies and procedures or best practices, then their argument may be with the policies and procedures and not me personally. I have been known to suggest to staff that I supervise, you have a choice to deal with process or personality. I believe that most of us prefer personality, especially if we nd someone that agrees with the way we do things. However, put two strong-willed people in the middle and you usually get conict. If these people have a little stubborn streak in them (I have also been guilty of this a time or two), then it seems that resolution only occurs after sending it up the chain of command. Remember, their position can be changed, if the proper authority provides that alternative. The resolution often indicates a winner or a loser, but ultimately both sides have disappointed their respective managers. Even under the best of circumstances, if we accomplish things based on who we know, then what happens when they leave or change positions? Process gives you the best recourse. It establishes the policies and procedures and best practices and how we deal with them. It can be time intensive and not much fun, but it will provide us with a common basis for any discussion that we may have. Here are some comments that a manager may need to address: I don't have time to change the policies and procedures. This is not a big deal. Can't you do it just this one time? I have to confess that I fell into this one a couple of times. Helping out . . . being the "go-to guy." Yes, you can get away with it from time to time. However, I must admit that it impacts the future relationship and behavior with the individual that you just saved by fudging the rules. Well! You did it before, why not now? Why is this so different? Consistency in how we manage expectations is another critical skill. Our customers and our customers' customers need their expectations properly managed. Remember, if you don't assist your customers in establishing reasonable expectations (within your resources and within accepted policies and procedures), they will most certainly establish unreasonable expectations for you. Don't promise what you can't deliver. Likewise, just because you can do something
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doesn't mean you should. This is a tough one to swallow for the real creative geniuses that we have in our organizations. If we don't clearly understand what impacts our actions may cause, we must slow down and examine them carefully. We have the policies and procedures in place to protect one of our most valued itemsinformation. Careless or not properly processed changes may very well jeopardize our investment. Following these suggestions can be difcult in any organization, but it becomes even more difcult as the organization grows. To survive, you must empower staff to "stand in front of" your investment of information. They must recognize that some will call them an obstacle. However, they are only protecting what needs to be protected. They must be familiar with the policies and procedures and best practices. They will require ongoing professional training to keep up with the latest in best practices as dened by the industry and implemented by your organization. They will need to keep a personal touch without deviating from the established processes. I have been and will continue to be an obstacle that stands between ill-conceived changes outside of accepted policies and procedures and best practices. However, I hope to be able to recognize when changes to the accepted policies and procedures and best practices are required. In those cases, I need to rely on processes established by the organization to change them. This will usually take time. However, if I have properly communicated the expectations of those in authority that I represent, then it should surprise no one. Finally, I must be open to change when change is required and understand that technology is ever evolving. Technological innovations of today make obsolete the boundaries of yesterday, and may we never be an obstacle to progress or achievement.

About the Author

Lee Hartseld has been the Tallahassee-Leon County (TLC) GIS coordinator since 2000, and he has worked in local government since 1992. In his role as TLC GIS coordinator, he manages and facilitates a joint GIS program for the City of Tallahassee, Leon County, and the Leon County Property Appraiser's Ofce. He has an M.S. in geography from Florida State University and is recognized as a GISP. He is past president of Florida URISA and on the Board of Directors for the Seven Hills Regional User Group for GIS. He has been and continues to be involved in grass roots efforts to form a statewide GIS consortium for the State of Florida. The Tallahassee-Leon County GIS received Esri's SAG Award in 2008. (Reprinted from the Spring 2010 issue of ArcNews Online)

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The Integrated Land Ofce

Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, GIS
By Todd Wilson, GIS Technology Solutions Manager, Mecklenburg County, North Carolina In Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, GIS stands for Geospatial Information Services, with an emphasis on services. Mecklenburg County GIS has long provided its citizens and business consumers with a rich amount of land development datasets and property record information in the form of electronic maps and reports via the Internet to meet their various business needs. Comprising most of the area and population of Mecklenburg County, the county seat of Charlotte is the second largest banking center in the United States. The county and its "Queen City," as Charlotte is called, collaborate to provide police, re, emergency medical, and utilities services to residents as well. Electronic tax maps, owner information, and tax values, along with real property sales analysis tools, fuel the intelligent decision making that supports Mecklenburg County's impressive growth. As Mecklenburg County's footprint increases with respect to land, residential, and commercial development, so does the workload of the Mecklenburg County GIS Land Records Ofce. Mecklenburg County's population grew by 19 percent from 2000 to 2006, per U.S. Census Bureau gures. According to Garrett Alexander, the county's director of property assessment, "We're about 350,000 parcels large, handling about 40,000 sales annually, as well as handling probably 50,000 or so building permits. Not all are direct new construction. If you build a 40-story high-rise, it generates a lot of permits." To address the demanding requirements of land records and addressing management, Mecklenburg County GIS continues to leverage and expand on its Esri technology, including ArcGIS Desktop, ArcGIS Server, ArcIMS, and the geodatabase. Because roughly 80 percent of the services that Mecklenburg County provides touch on a geographic location, this technology forms the integration backbone for enterprise-wide information sharing.

GIS Consolidation Creates Improved Efciencies

Back in 2005, the county's GIS program was reviewed by an executive task force made up of selected executive county management and various county department directors and managers. At that time, GIS services were decentralized, performed within two different county departments (Information Services & Technology and the Land Use and Environmental Services Agency
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Property Assessment and Land Records Management), and located in three separate work areas and buildings. After a program review, a recommendation was made from the county executive task force and given to the county's senior management team to centralize GIS services and position them within a self-directed service group to better serve all county departments, as well as the citizens of Mecklenburg County. The recommendation was approved.

ArcGIS editor tools for addressing and centerline management are shown in red boxes. End-user consumer systems of the addressing database are shown in blue boxes.

It was this consolidation that improved GIS business efciencies. It also brought together two disparate but complementary GIS workgroups (property mapping and address management), once located in two separate buildings, under one roof and in one work area. Later, the

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GIS Technology Solutions Group (formerly under the Information Services & Technology Department) was relocated into the same work area with the rest of the GIS Service Group. Today, GIS database management, property mapping, address management, and GIS application development and support are centralized in a way that provides a better serviceoriented GIS program.

New GIS Technology, New Processes

As new GIS technologies have become more readily available, they have been aggressively looked at by the GIS Service Group. The GIS Service Group's land records team generates much of the core data that powers the group's system. Everything elsedata distribution, custom mapping, application developmentpulls from the team's data. Upstream from the GIS Land Records Ofce is the Register of Deeds Ofce; downstream is the Tax Assessor's Ofce. GIS Land Records uses two software tools that signicantly streamline the ow of information ParcelSync and AddressOne from Farragut Systems, an Esri Business Partner in Lafayette, Colorado. ParcelSync, Mecklenburg County's new parcel editing system, allows an editor to simultaneously edit both GIS parcels and computer-aided mass appraisal (CAMA) data and to update the two databases in tandem. In addition to integration with CAMA systems, it may be integrated with records management systems to provide property mapping staff with access to source documents and to leverage document metadata to populate CAMA system attributes. Mecklenburg County is also integrating its parcel editing system that manages land records within the county's Register of Deeds Ofce. As stated by Kurt Olmsted, the county's GIS director, "Data that comes from the Register of Deeds system will be inherited directly into the Attributor form and pushed on to the CAMA system, so we don't have to rekey the data." The new addressing management tools of AddressOne meld mapping technology and database technology in a single application, allowing users to track and manage addresses enterprisewide. It provides an ArcGIS Desktop extension that allows the creation and management of the relationship of addresses to geography. The Land Records and Addressing division of the GIS group previously existed as two separate departments that handled addressing, centerline maintenance, and parcel mapping. When asked whether it was worthwhile to bring the groups together, GIS Land Records manager Rhonda Buckner says, "It was a challenge. There was a lot of redundancy in data maintenance. And there still is. That's what this technology is helping us with. But having all the functions

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together in the same group means there's a lot more synchronization. We're able to get all the pieces of the data done in a timelier, more efcient manner, because we're just sitting across the way from someone who's maintaining another piece of the puzzle. If there are questionsif something doesn't look right or isn't matching upit's as simple as getting up and walking 10 feet to the neighbor's cubicle and saying, Look at this with me,' and getting it xed right." This streamlining disperses the data to the appropriate points in various systems. This eliminates redundant data entry and increases the accuracy and consistency of address data enterprise-wide. The county's addressing staff is now able to effectively create new and maintain street centerline line segments, including address ranges and address points, within one ArcGIS Desktop editing interface. An addressing database browser is also available to consumers. Built on top of ArcIMS, this interface gives addressing staff and exclusive external consumers the means to query, attach mailing addresses to physical addresses, and validate physical addresses stored within the addressing database.

Enterprise Addressing Technology Framework and Data Model

Mecklenburg County's GIS Land Records has for a long time maintained an enterprise master address database used by many county and city consumers through different external systems ranging from permitting systems and customer service systems to utility billing systems. Any system referencing an address back to a particular service is an ideal candidate for use of a master address database. Mecklenburg County's investment in enterprise addressing takes address management to another level by providing extended addressing services and enhanced information to its consumers. A new Addressing Authoritative Database is the core piece of the framework. The Addressing Data Model comprises physical addresses within Mecklenburg County. The data model also provides mailing addresses (in state and out of state) to be linked to physical addresses. Addressing data is stored in both United States Postal Service (USPS)-accepted formats and municipality-specic formats to retain existing legacy system addressing support at the local city/county jurisdiction levels. The system also provides a common set of Web service interfaces that can be utilized by any application or system requiring real-time access to an enterprise addressing database to draw from for external data population and validation. As an additional plug-in, real-time Coding Accuracy Support System (CASS) certication Web services with USPS current addresses are also available and can be used to validate against both physical and mailing addresses entered into the Addressing Authoritative Database. Address management and consumer tools comprise

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the outermost perimeter of the Addressing Authoritative Database, providing interactive tools for both editors and consumers of the database.

About the Author

Todd Wilson, GISP, has 12 years of GIS software experience in application development and database management and 5 years of managing a GIS Application Development Group. He has presented at both local and national conferences, such as national URISA and the Esri International User Conference. For information about ParcelSync and AddressOne from Farragut Systems, visit farragut.com. (Reprinted from the Fall 2009 issue of ArcNews Online)

More Information

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GIS Project Intake Process

Balancing Innite Needs Against Finite Resources
By Leeanne W. Pacatte, GIS Manager, City of Austin, Texas The Austin, Texas, metropolitan region of 1.4 million people has a technologically savvy, environmentally sensitive, and highly educated citizenry with a penchant for good music and a laidback lifestylea great place to grow GIS. The local slogan, "Keep Austin Weird," says a lot about Austin's creative and accepting attitude. Over the last two decades, the city's GIS has grown up in this innovative and eclectic environment. What started out as a very specialized niche technology for land planning and utility mapping with a steep learning curve is now essential to the daily workings and management of our city. Geospatial technologies play a part in almost everything we do, from police, re, and emergency management services vehicle routing to Web map viewers serving up an array of neighborhood and business information.

Project Intake Process: Proposed project must be reviewed and approved at each gate.

As elsewhere, there has been a strong and steady increase in GIS usage and understanding throughout City of Austin departments over the past 20 years. The corporate GIS function resides within the central IT department, Communications and Technology Management (CTM). In the not too distant past, with our ever-increasing GIS appetite, we became victims of our own success. And in our zeal to take full advantage of the benets of the technology, GIS staff became overextended. We were rolling out GIS applications and providing rich stores of spatial data and information, but we were also struggling to keep up with demand. Simply adding more staff has not been an option for some time.

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You are the exception if you have access to all the resources needed to accomplish all the projects requested of you. Although resource scarcity is nothing new to local governments, and the constant pursuit of greater and greater efciencies is the norm, our diminishing tax revenues make the pursuit more urgent. Most of us make difcult decisions daily on how best to allocate increasingly limited funds, whether on the job or at home. So how do you decide where to focus? Which projects get done and which ones do not? Is your decision-making process exible enough to adjust quickly to changing economic climates, technology advances, and strategic directions?

Project Intake Process Improvement

One of the strategies we employed to help us better focus our efforts and remain in alignment with the city's strategic direction in a rapidly changing environment was to ne-tune our project intake process. The corporate GIS group was not the only IT group suffering from overextended resources. Several CTM workgroups collaborated to help evolve our current project intake process, still a work in progress. First things rst: Have a plan. Strategic business plans come with many names and in different forms; use whatever makes sense in your particular circumstance. If you don't have a plan, get one. If you have a plan, use it. To stay on track, you have to know what track you are on. Your project intake process should align the selection of projects with your strategic business plan. Optimizing your project intake process is an iterative and continuous endeavor. The process starts with a project request. Project requests must be tracked through the various review gates, not only for internal efciency, but also to help keep customers and stakeholders informed on the status of their project requests, a critical communication component. Our tracking system, Electronic Technology Review and Coordination System (eTRACS), was developed in-house to track all proposed projects through our project intake process and, at a very high level, through project completion. All proposed projects, which are roughly estimated to be greater than 40 hours of work and/or involve multiple workgroups, are entered into the system by either a customer department IT single point of contact or a CTM supervisor/manager. (Efforts deemed to be less than 40 hours go through the help desk process and are tracked there.) Proposed projects then show up as pending and are reviewed weekly by the project intake committee, made up of CTM managers. Projects are categorized as either Run, Grow, or Transform based on strategic impact. Run projects are core internal projects designed to keep the city's IT infrastructure functioning and

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efcient. Run projects generally do not need to go through the business case and feasibility study review gates. Grow projects enhance or improve existing processes and procedures within the city's IT infrastructure. Transform projects are those that change existing processes and procedures or deliver new ones that provide an advantage to the city in supplying services to citizens. All Grow and Transform projects go through the full intake evaluation, which includes the development of a business case, a feasibility study, and a project charter. Below is a sampling of the many questions these three review gates address: Business Case
z z z z

What problem is this project trying to solve? What are the benets to the City of Austin? What are the risks and impacts? Does it align with the strategic business plan?

Feasibility Study
z z z

What will it take to do it? Can we do it? Should we do it?

Project Charter
z z z z

Who is responsible? What are the deliverables? What is the timeline? Where is the funding coming from?

The project intake committee decides to approve, decline, cancel, or put on hold each project based on the information gathered during the intake evaluation. How these decisions are made

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will likely become more formalized as we evolve the process. When a project is approved and a project manager is assigned, the project then goes through the project coordination process, which further renes the project charter and coordinates and assigns the resources needed to complete the project. How does the project intake process just described t into the overall project management model? CTM's project management model is based on the ve project process groups dened in the Project Management Institute's Project Management Body of Knowledge guide. The process groups are initiating, planning, executing, closing, and monitoring and controlling. Once all the initiating processes are completed, the project moves through the other process groups to completion. When the project is nally closed, the project manager circles back to eTRACS and updates the project as completed.

Conclusion

The project intake process is not the sole inuence on project approval decisions. Information technology governance, how IT decisions are made in an organization, will play the ultimate role in keeping you on track. For the City of Austin, rening our project intake process has improved our ability to allocate limited resources in a rapidly changing environment, while we structure our IT governance model. In the end, it all comes down to focus. Is your organization focused on your strategic objectives? Leeanne W. Pacatte, GISP, PMP, has been with the City of Austin for 19 years. She has worked in several departments (Planning, Water Utility, and Watershed Protection and Development Review) and worn many hats (planner, GIS programmer and supervisor, business systems analyst, project manager). She is currently GIS manager in the city's IT department. (Reprinted from the Summer 2009 issue of ArcNews Online)

About the Author

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Interview Your Customers

Take Advantage of Their Knowledge, Expertise, Interest, and Use of GIS
By Mary Lynne Lackner, GIS Manager, City of Aspen and Pitkin County, Colorado Regardless of your GIS business (private rm, education, public agency, or software development), everyone has customersclients, citizens, students, elected ofcials, employers, department users, colleagues, etc.and they have needs, expectations, and demands of the GIS department. I am the GIS manager for the City of Aspen and Pitkin County, Colorado. Our GIS department consists of three staff members that support the GIS needs of approximately 600 city and county employees within 53 departments. On the most basic level, we maintain and develop spatial data, provide map production and analysis services, complete special projects, and provide technical support to our GIS customers. Since the majority of our work involves providing information or support to customers, we need to understand our customers to ensure we are meeting their needs. When did you last talk to your customers? Perhaps it was the initial needs assessment that was performed before GIS was implemented in your organization. Expectations change from early needs assessment interviews to the nal implemented GIS program. Changes occur to the project budget, system/database design, project implementation, layer development, and daily operations, and these affect the end customer.

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The GIS Department for the City of Aspen and Pitkin County, Colorado, conducts GIS customer interviews every three years.

How many of your customers are still waiting on the promises made in the needs assessment 5 or 10 years ago? Are your customers expecting services or data that do not exist? How do you know their expectations are being met? Do you ever get weird feedback from a customer who is expecting a product that you have never heard about?

Advantages of Customer Interviews

AspenPitkin GIS waited nine years from the initial GIS needs assessment (1989) until our rst customer interviews (1998). From the feedback we received after the 1998 interviews, we realized the importance of conducting customer interviews on a more regular basis. We now conduct GIS customer interviews every three years. Here are some reasons why talking to customers is important: Customer knowledge, expertise, interest, and use of GIS change over time. Stafng changes in customer departments have an impact on GIS service delivery and expectations.

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 Technology continually improves with increased GIS software functionality, Web delivery of applications, and integration of databases and software. There are many ways to deliver services to customers, depending on their work processes and technical abilities. Spatial data is continually enhanced with additional descriptive attributes, increased data functionality, and new data acquisition missions (aerial photos, topography). This is an opportunity to update customers on what's new and available. They may also be collecting digital data that could/should be integrated into the GIS database. Redundant data collection and maintenance practices in the organization are also revealed. Organizational policy changes affect how GIS data is delivered and received. RFP requirements, application submission requirements, as-built plans, and similar documents may have a GIS data requirement. When GIS staff visit with customers, they learn about the department operations, the customer perspective of GIS, and what's happening in the eld. GIS staff are also able to identify funding and partnership opportunities. GIS professionals have the ability to communicate technology improvements and options and demonstrate how GIS can benet diverse user departments. GIS staff can promote spatial data products, services, Web applications, and training opportunities to show user departments how they can meet demands by utilizing GIS technology. Sitting down face-to-face with each customer takes time. You may ask, "Isn't it easier to send a survey?" No! You learn more in an open two-way dialogue where you and the customer focus on GIS operations and delivery of services. It also builds relationships with customers and reduces surprises in the long run. Interviews can be structured many ways; the objectives of the interview are to listen to the customer's needs, wants, and desires; see if you can collaborate to make a work process or data layer better; identify resources the customer has available; and open an ongoing communication channel. It is also important to identify any "low-hanging fruit," that is, anything that can be done or delivered quickly and easily to the customer.

After the Interview

Within a few days of each interview, provide the low-hanging fruit to the customer. This builds rapport and shows your department's responsiveness to customer needs. Some examples of
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this could be updating plots of outdated maps, developing a map of the new wireless network sites, providing GPS training to a new employee, adding new spatial data layers to a Web mapping application, or providing a podcast or documentation on how to do an ArcMap function.

Customer Suggestion Matrix

The meat of the customer interview should be recorded in the Customer Suggestion Matrix (CSM). This matrix provides a descriptive, visual, and quantied list of all customer suggestions. Ours is categorized into three areas: spatial data development/maintenance, ArcGIS Server/ Web improvements, and GIS services, as this best categorizes projects for our environment. The matrix is much easier to review and comprehend than reading a several-page narrative. All organizations are limited by budget, time, and staff resources. The CSM is a very useful document to assist decision makers, staff, and customers to determine where to spend these nite resources. Once all interviews are complete, the CSM project list is quantied. Time and cost estimates are provided, projects prioritized, and funding identied. Customer suggestions related to nancial support, staff availability, and customer participation are also studied. Once these factors are considered, GIS staff can now prioritize the projects.

Summary

Take the initiative to talk to your customers; they appreciate the time you take to learn about their operations and needs, and you learn how you can improve GIS services. Quantifying customer suggestions into a matrix creates an easy-to-read visual and descriptive summary of all potential projects. This is a practical tool that assists in prioritizing multiple projects, can be referenced during the year as other projects are proposed, and will help in deciding what projects should be completed when funding becomes available.

About the Author

Mary Lynne Lackner, GISP, has been with the City of Aspen and Pitkin County for 20 years and has been the GIS manager for the last 10 years. Being in a small GIS department with large customer expectations, she nds herself challenged and rewarded by the experience. (Reprinted from the Spring 2009 issue of ArcNews Online)

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City of Plantation's GIS

By Ivette Reyes, GISP, GIS Manager, City of Plantation, Florida The City of Plantationwith a size of 22 square miles, it is the sixth largest city in Broward Countyis located in South Florida. The residential population is about 85,000. The need for GIS is present in every city, but money constraints can sometimes jeopardize acquiring and implementing a GIS system in an efcient manner. For the City of Plantation, achieving the optimal GIS was full of challenges. Beginning in 1989, the city began a CAD/GIS initiative to improve and automate different city departmental services. Some of the goals of this initiative were to Decrease operational costs. Improve efciency (current data les are distributed between departments, and looking for information was a time-consuming process). Improve the quality of map products. Avoid duplication of data. Centralize data. Facilitate the transfer of information between departments. The second phase started in 2001 when the city acquired some software (not Esri's) for the purpose of mapping. However, that software's lack of performance generated frustration and dissatisfaction among end users. In 2006, the city's GIS department was restructured, and a new system was implemented, initiating the third phase of the city's GIS. ArcGIS Desktop, ArcSDE, and ArcIMS were acquired; SQL replaced the Oracle database; and a mission statement was created: Our Mission is to attain a higher level of efciency by empowering our user community's decision making with the latest in geographic/spatial information.

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A GIS logo was created to reinforce our commitment to the city and the users, and a new name was given to the GIS systemPlantation Geographic Information System (PGIS). PGIS empowers our customers with the latest geographic data. It is an ArcIMS application available through the city's internal Web server. It offers 33 GIS layers, aerial photographs, and oblique imagery of the city. The application provides a full set of tools that allows the user to view, search, and retrieve geographic data in a simple, concise, and speedy way. Some of the capabilities of PGIS are It provides parcel and condo ownership information. The query tool allows the user to search for specic ownership data. The identify tool allows the user to see the attribute information. The condo layer shows ownership information per condo building. It provides scanned images for engineering as-builts, utilities as-builts, plats, deeds, site data records (SDR), and public school oor plans. The identify tool and query tool allow users to search and view attribute information. The hyperlink tool opens the scanned document of the plat, SDR, engineering as-builts, utilities as-builts, deeds, and public school oor plans depending on the layer selected. The buffer tool creates a buffer area, in feet, from a parcel selected. The user can export the results to an Excel table. The print tool provides the user with the benet of printing maps in letter size, portrait, or landscape. Some of the benets of the new system are Centralization of data Increased amount of available data Capability of overlaying layers Better standardized symbology and labels Search engine Measurement of distances and areas

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 Computing of GPS locations Printing capability Faster speed The accessibility of the system to the users and the amount of data available have improved the view toward GIS. Serving the application through a Web server has decreased operational costs and increased productivity. Data centralization has eliminated maintenance issues and costs while increasing quality and accuracy of data. Also, it has facilitated the sharing of information and improved communication between departments. Empowering our users to print out maps has decreased the GIS department's map requests by 90 percent. The excellent reviews received from the users have strengthened the trust of the decision makers to support future investments in the system. Some of the improvements planned for the next phase are to Upgrade to ArcGIS Server. Complete a disaster recovery application to track cleanup progress after a natural disaster. Provide PGIS to the public. Collect and maintain infrastructure assets. Understanding the need for and benets of GIS has been recognized by the city since the late 1980s. The city's GIS implementation from 19892006 was a long and difcult one, but our commitment to serve and provide better GIS information and services will certainly make it successful this time.

About the Author

Ivette Reyes, GISP, has been the GIS manager for the City of Plantation for the last two years. She has nine years of experience in the GIS eld in both the public and private sectors. (Reprinted from the Fall 2008 issue of ArcNews Online)

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Metro's Regional Land Information System

The Virtual Key to Portland's Growth Management Success
By Richard C. Bolen, Urban Research Program Director, Metro Regional Government, Portland, Oregon For the past 20 years, GIS has played a unique role in the Portland, Oregon, region, providing the information base for the regional government (Metro) urban planning systems. Portland has perhaps the best-known growth management program in the world. Policy makers from Europe; Asia; Latin America; and, of course, North America annually trek to Portland to learn about its regional form of government, its urban growth boundary, and its light rail transit system. Meanwhile, scholars and journalists of all persuasions ll books, journals, and newspapers with criticism and praise for Portland's style of growth management. Though the debate has raged for nearly three decades, one element of Portland's growth management system has been conspicuously overlooked: that is, Portland's development and use of an advanced regional land information system (RLIS). Since RLIS was developed in the late 1980s, it has played a critical role in the development of every signicant plan, the evaluation of every key policy, and the formulation of every major development model. Though the relative success of each of those plans, policies, and models has been widely discussed, the critical role of RLIS has gone largely unnoticed. Perhaps the raison d'tre of RLIS, and much of the data development and forecasting efforts at Metro, is managing growth using an urban growth boundary. Development of the RLIS at Metro occurred at an important time, not just for the evolution of automated geographic information systems but for the evolution of thinking about and the practice of planning metropolitan regions. Simply stated, RLIS created conditions that enabled a sophisticated and now much-studied approach to metropolitan growth management to emerge. The passage of statewide planning legislation, and the requirement for an urban growth boundary around all incorporated places and unincorporated urban development in Oregon, created the conditions for the successful implementation of the urban growth boundary concept.

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This shows the Portland metropolitan area with the urban growth boundary (UGB) highlighted.

Metro began developing RLIS in 1988; it was designed to be an urban planner's GIS, incorporating data essential for urban planning and growth management. Designing RLIS was a collaborative effort, involving regional, county, and city planners. The objective was to identify the data and functional requirements of a GIS supporting community and regional planning. Its regionwide usage for planning and environmental management was to provide consistent land information across jurisdictional boundaries for GIS programs in government and business, enabling data exchange and sharing of maintenance responsibilities. Following digital conversion of the core RLIS layers, cooperative agreements were developed with local governments for development of ancillary layers and the ongoing maintenance of all layers. These agreements emerged from RLIS user gatherings, where the principle was

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developed that the agency bearing the greatest risk from errors in a particular layer should have responsibility for its maintenance and accuracy. For example, the property tax assessor is the logical maintainer of cadastral information and the planning department of property zoning. A responsibility matrix was negotiated and has become an informal contract, establishing each jurisdiction's role and responsibility for RLIS. For each layer, RLIS members are indicated as developers, maintainers, or users. Of course, a member can be included in all three categories, Metro being the primary example.

The Tax Lot Layer

The multijurisdictional committee stressed the need for tax lots to serve as the base for the polygon layer. At the time, this insistence by local jurisdictions seemed daunting and expensive to Metro staff, but nancial contributions were contingent upon a cadastral base polygon layer. Because a primary purpose for RLIS is monitoring land development and future growth capacity, measurement of available land is tantamount to success. Given the persistent controversy over land supplies, the accuracy and detail of the vacant land layer are critical. For this reason, aerial photography and building permits are the primary source for identifying where development has occupied previously vacant land. Each year, Metro leads a consortium of governments for purchase of aerial photography for the region. Though RLIS was developed primarily to support planning and decision making at Metro, it has been used by a variety of consultants and scholars for policy analysis and research. Perhaps not surprisingly, most of the research based on data from RLIS has been conducted by Metro staff, Metro contractors, and scholars associated with Oregon universities. The RLIS-supported research on these topics has not only helped shape land-use policy in Oregon but also has made major contributions to the scholarly literature on urban planning and policy analysis. RLIS has moved beyond its original purpose and has gained a broader user base in the community. Local governments and real estate developers are the two largest user groups. Cities and counties have incorporated the data into their planning information database, and developers use the vacant lands inventory to nd land available for construction. Other users include environmental groups, neighborhood associations, and sundry organizations that benet from vacant land information.

The Vacant Land Layer

Policy Analysis

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A responsibility matrix was negotiated and has become an informal contract, establishing each jurisdiction's role and responsibility for RLIS.

A product known as RLIS Lite has been developed for community users, and one of the interesting by-products has been the rise of the "citizen cartographer," as data, software, and computing power have become more widely available and affordable. RLIS Lite is distributed quarterly on DVD to a subscriber base of 170. An annual subscription is $895, and the price is reduced by 50 percent for governments and nonprots and 95 percent for educational institutions. In addition to providing GIS data, standard and custom map products are available, as are research consulting services. Sale of products and services generates between $400,000 and $500,000 a year. The RLIS Lite subscription is the single largest revenue producer, averaging
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$120,000 per year. Funds generated by the sale of products and services are dedicated to data maintenance. The development and effective use of a comprehensive information system, such as RLIS, requires a long-term commitment. As valuable as RLIS is to any one project, the costs of data and system development are uneconomical unless spread over many different projects. The diffusion of costs and enlargement of benets are enhanced by the involvement of many departments and local jurisdictions. Finally, in the rapidly evolving eld of GIS, standing still is not an option. As the quality of data, operating systems, and computer platforms continues to advance, Metro strives to keep RLIS at the forefront of GIS technology.

Migrating to More Accurate GIS Data

Metro has moved from being the sole maintainer of the region's GIS to an integrator of updated and improved data received from other governments. As local governments have developed GIS programs, they have taken over maintenance of their specic data. For example, shifting tax lot maintenance from Metro to the counties has been especially valuable. However, it has been discovered that migrating the data into an integrated regional system is a challenge but is facilitated by virtue of all jurisdictions using the same data model instituted for the region by Metro. A primary benet of this integration strategy is incorporating investments made in GIS accuracy by local governments into RLIS. For example, the positional accuracy of the tax lot and street basemaps is being systematically improved by local governments as digital spatial data becomes more integrated into their business operations. This integration is greatest in public works, tax assessment, and planning departments. RLIS has proved to be a successful and highly useful resource. Its envisioned purpose as a regionwide information system for planning and growth management has been met and exceeded, providing capabilities not originally contemplated. In 1997, the system was privileged to be selected from a national and international eld of candidates to receive Esri's exemplary GIS award. Some project success factors include The emergence of robust GIS software in the 1980s (Esri's ArcInfo) Availability of digital tax lot lines from the region's electric utility, Portland General Electric (PGE)

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 Regionwide GIS standards, established early on and subsequently adopted by local jurisdictions and other RLIS users Cooperative data sharing with local governments from the beginning Metro's role as a regional government to coordinate development of regionally consistent land information and transportation modeling State-mandated local government funding for Metro's growth management program until 1993 State-mandated regulatory responsibilities, requiring comprehensive land information and mapping capabilities A suburban/urban political partnership addressing growth management and transportation planning Passage of state legislation allowing market pricing for RLIS products to partially offset maintenance costs

About the Author

Richard Bolen is retiring from his position as Urban Research Program director for Metro, the Portland metropolitan area's regional government. His 17-member multidisciplinary group conducts urban research and forecasting, relying on its GIS-based regional land information system and land development forecasting model, MetroScope. (Reprinted from the Summer 2008 issue of ArcNews Online)

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The Evolution and Use of GIS in Local Government

By Cecille Blake, Spatial Data Management Division, Jamaica Central to the planning support system is the use of GIS. The Ministry, with responsibility for local government in Jamaica, recognized the benets of collecting and managing spatial and aspatial data to support communication, produce maps, handle approval processes, and model outputs in order to suggest alternate options for further development. Initial attempts to implement the use of GIS and related technologies in local government started with a top-down approach directed from the central Ministry in Kingston. The planning units within each local government body were identied as the drivers for implementation within the Parish Councils. Lorna Perkins, former director of urban planning and development in the former Ministry of Local Government and Environment, noted that the Ministry's overall objective was to ensure that all 14 local authorities, including the Parish Council and the Portmore Municipality, had a functioning and efcient GIS to support sustainable development planning. The GIS would support the preparation of development plans, which in turn would strengthen the development approval process in terms of reducing processing times. The data generated and managed would be shared across departments, such as building and revenue enhancement, to enable ofcers to make informed land-related decisions.

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Map of proposed site to build a new secondary school for the Ministry of Education, using site selection criteria.

The road toward achieving the objective was very steep and interspersed with numerous potholes and roadblocks. Perkins noted that changing the culture and increasing awareness of the use and benets of GIS were the most resilient challenges. GIS was seen as a new phenomenon, and efforts to provide training were resisted by all levels in the organization. To address this required employing innovative communication techniques and negotiation skills. These ranged from one-on-one discussions and targeted focus group meetings with various stakeholder groups (building inspectors, parish councillors, secretary managers, planners, and the political directorate) to seizing opportunities at meetings and workshops to deliver clear, comprehensive, and example-driven presentations.

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Another major challenge was convincing senior management that allocating sufcient funds for GIS implementation had a direct impact on the work of the local authorities in areas such as road improvement and gully cleaning. These were activities that were given high priority and funding. Over time, with consistent workshops, seminars, and the use of practical case studies that showed how GIS could assist the Councils to deliver the services required by clients, the Ministry's management bought into GIS. Through an Inter-American Development Bank-funded projectParish Infrastructure Development Program (PIDP)GIS software and hardware were procured for all local government ofces. Regrettably, this was done without a comprehensive implementation plan, requirements study, system design, human resources, training, etc. This approach failed to achieve the desired objective, as the "cart was put before the horse," in addition to the fact that the Ministry and Councils did not have the human resources required to undertake the work required. With the recruitment of directors of planning in all local authorities, another attempt from the Ministry level was made to have GIS implemented within the Parish Councils. The process started with the preparation of two reports, one that detailed an inventory/ needs assessment of the Ministry, its agencies, and local authorities, and the other a systems and application design report. These documents provided the ammunition needed to roll out an enterprise GIS across the Ministry, the Parish Councils, and agencies. The required funding and "champion" at the top level are now needed to undertake the enterprise-wide implementation initially envisioned. What has been described in the preceding paragraphs is a top-down GIS implementation initiative. The major achievement of this approach was raising awareness of the benets and use of GIS in local government. A corollary to this has been the spinoff effects on the local authorities, particularly the Manchester Parish Council (MPC). As described in the Manchester Parish Prole 2004, "The parish of Manchester lies in centralsouth Jamaica. Its capital, Mandeville, is 62 miles from Kingston and 72 miles from Montego Bay. The economy of the parish is based on bauxite mining, small-scale farming, miscellaneous manufacturing and agro-processing industries and provision of a range of services to central Jamaica. Manchester is a center of tertiary education, a growth industry and Mandeville in particular is becoming known as a university town. Community, heritage and nature tourism are also growing in importance. Predominantly a high limestone plateau with little surface drainage, the parish possesses a wealth of natural resources. Features include mountains which reach as high as 3,200 feet, over one hundred documented caves, extensive forests, lush parkland and
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a unique coastal ecosystem with rivers, wetlands, and extremely dry vegetation, that is to be managed as a protected area." The Parish is growing at an unprecedented rate with the continuing spread of new houses across the hillsides, an increasing population, and all the challenges associated with uncontrolled urban development. The need to prepare development plans and to improve the delivery of services provided by the Parish, coupled with the GIS awareness and initiative programs from the central Ministry, gave MPC an added thrust to implement and integrate GIS and GPS technologies in its operations.

Location map of the parish of Manchester and the capital Mandeville.

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After seven years, MPC's GIS operations have had a signicant impact on a number of MPC business processes and on the lives of the people of the Parish. Data and maps are currently made available to the Planning and Road and Works Departments to facilitate the internal evaluation of development approvals pertaining to building, planning, and subdivision applications. The monitoring and enforcement of regulations have been improved; information/ evidence can be made readily available to prepare comprehensive breach reports and stop orders. A signicant impact has been the reduction in response time to natural disasters. The Council now has databases that enable the generation and identication of possible evacuation routes for communities marooned by ooding, models to identify and select sites to build high schools in the Parish, the analysis of housing distribution to understand settlement patterns, and the identication of ecosensitive areas that can be declared as protected areas. What were the key factors that contributed to the successes and achievement of the MPC? Sean Rowe, director of planning at the MPC with responsibility for GIS, identied three key factors: dedicated staff, partnerships with stakeholders that shared similar goals and interests, and continuous funding from local and international bodies. Given additional interviews and analysis of the work done to date, it seems that critical to the development and sustainability of the GIS operations at the MPC (this is generally applicable for most GIS implementations) are the partnerships and collaborative arrangements that have been established and, most signicantly, the leadership provided by the senior management of the Parish Council and the Manchester Parish Development Committee (MPDC). Parish Development Committees, with membership from the private sector and community groups, were established as advisors to all local authorities to promote the delivery of more efcient services. Notably, the MPDC has been the most productive and successful. This success is attributed to the leadership and dedication of the private-sector partners and the shared vision and strong working relationship that was forged and maintained with the MPC. Other local authorities have not been able to achieve the successes that the MPC has. The local authorities all have similar organizational structures; all have Parish Development Committees, are provided with a similar level of nancial resources from the central government, and have been given the same GIS training and awareness opportunities. The dening factors have been dynamic leadership, a shared vision, the exceptional initiative of the implementation team, strong partnerships, volunteerism, youth engagement, and buy-in from the stakeholders.

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Manchester's work to date has been far reaching. Its operational framework and the local sustainable development planning process are currently being looked at as a model for other Parishes/local authorities to follow and to be emulated across the Caribbean.

About the Author

Cecille Blake, BA, MSc, is the senior director/national GIS coordinator in the Spatial Data Management Division in the Ofce of the Prime Minister, Jamaica. She has been working in the eld for the past 17 years and manages Jamaica's National Spatial Data Infrastructure program and coordinates the work of the Land Information Council of Jamaica (licj.org.jm). (Reprinted from the Spring 2008 issue of ArcNews Online)

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Growing Up GIS
By Kim H. McDonough, GIS Coordinator, Information Technology Division, Tennessee Department of Transportation As the parent of a soon-to-be college student, I have reected quite a bit on the growth of my career and profession lately. As I read other articles for this column written by my peers, I thought a lot about what my career has been wrapped around, and I realized that it's all about growing up. I see my daughter ponder what she wants to do with her life as an adult: actress? dancer? doctor? I have seen similar struggles with GIS through the years. When I began in this business, everything was in FORTRAN and you rst had to know JCL to produce maps. (If you don't know what JCL is, don't worry about it. You will probably never encounter it.) I started out in a small research lab in a remote corner of the campus at North Carolina State University. By today's standards, we were absolutely primitive, but in those days, we were doing some pretty heady stuff. I loved the loose, relaxed atmosphere. No time clock and a constant ow of ideas and solutions. We had an operational discipline, but because there were three of us, it did not require rigid controls. We all knew what was going on. It was important work, but it wasn't rocket science. Then, I moved to an urban municipality and eventually managed that GIS. The dataset sizes were magnitudes larger and the implications of mistakes much higher. More and larger computers were needed, and the cost of the overall systems was mind boggling to me. Operational and systems discipline had to be introduced and enforced. I came on board as an urban planner and evolved into a GIS manager. As in many, if not most, cases, GIS was initiated and managed in the department that was its champion. Did we have the most to gain by embracing GIS? Not really, but we were the most passionate about the technology, so we ended up being the default GIS custodian. This worked well for the city. The Planning Department embraced its role as GIS leader and worked to expand the use of the technology while keeping everything consistent. We really did not see it as a problem that we operated outside of the Information Systems (IS) Department. While we strove to meet its operational standards, it was not unusual for us to use different systems than IS. To a large extent, this was because most IS operations were still very strongly oriented toward nancial and operational management. At that time, the value of having this same information associated with a location on the earth's surface was not fully understood or appreciated within the general IS community. In addition, the computers used for managing nancials and payroll did not support the type of GIS we were trying to implement.
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To communicate our needs to the IS Department, as well as sell GIS to everyone else, GIS and I had some more growing up to do. We had to develop an operational discipline and a methodology for developing GIS throughout the government. Collaborative efforts became essential, and I had to learn enough about information technology to interact effectively with Information Systems managers. Overall, we were very successful. GIS grew across the various departments, and we began to feel stretched by the demand. However, as was pointed out by Scott Oppmann in his Summer 2007 "Managing GIS" ArcNews article, we were vulnerable. The Planning Department's designated mission was to plan the city's growth, not provide for development and management of geospatial systems. When budgets became tight and cutbacks were mandated, GIS suffered. It wasn't that we were viewed as unessential, but we were not a part of the agency's principal mission. As such, when push came to shove, GIS was a logical place to cut back. Up until that point, I was a champion for not placing GIS in with the rest of IS. We were different, and I did not think IS could appreciate the G part of GIS, but I was wrong. I managed to land with both feet in the Tennessee Department of Transportation. As it turned out, I could not have made a better move if I had tried. This time, GIS is managed within the Information Technology Division, and once again, the change in scope is mind boggling. I have gone from talking in terms of gigabytes of storage to tens of terabytes. The geographic scope has changed from a single county to the entire state. I was beginning to see a merging of GIS and IT while I was with the city, but here it is complete. Things are very different now, and it makes sense for GIS to be in the IT Division. The computers and systems we use for GIS are exactly the same as those for all other applications in the agency and across the state. We store all our geospatial elements in the exact same database environment as all our inventory features. We have too many similarities to standard information technology to be considered outside of that management scope now. The growth has occurred for myself and other GIS professionals in learning and implementing the operational standards of a large IT department. We are held to a higher standard now in developing and managing our program. Every project must be introduced and adopted into the Information Systems Plan (ISP) before work can begin. Most of these projects will also require a rigorous cost-benet analysis (also known as return on investment). This has presented numerous challenges to GIS staff, but it has been good for us. It contributes tremendously toward the mainstreaming of GIS. Of course, traditional IT is nding GIS to be a very demanding student. We consume vast quantities of storage (10 terabytes is just the
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beginning for statewide, high-resolution imagery) and have shown that a computer suitable for standard desktop operations is quickly overwhelmed by GIS. Yet, this agency has identied GIS as a major enabling technology and is rmly committed to making full use of it to improve its operational efciency. We are all going through a growing phase as we learn how to incorporate GIS into the overall IT infrastructure. We must now become a part of the overall IT fabric at the Tennessee Department of Transportation. Neither GIS nor IT will be the same as a result, but we are both the better for it. So now GIS has to recognize that we have "grown up." We are no longer special, at least in terms of standard information technology. Those of us that have chosen this as a profession need to embrace the IS part of our name. We also have the responsibility to educate the traditional information technology world on what that G is all about and why it now belongs in IT. The State of Tennessee understands that idea. Not only is GIS an integral part of information technology at the Department of Transportation, there is also a GIS program within the state's Ofce for Information Resources. As GIS professionals, we need to understand much more than the nuts and bolts of the technology. We better start knowing how that technology interacts with a wide variety of needs and how to administer it under the rigorous operational environment of a modern information technology agency. On the vendor side, GIS has got to be more closely incorporated in standard information technology. We still expend far too much energy linking geospatial systems with the rest of the enterprise data. If the traditional GIS leaders do not accept this reality, they may cease to be leaders in the future. When I am working on a large project proposal for the ISP, I frequently think of those wide-open days of minimum paperwork and laid-back operations in that little research lab at North Carolina State, but that is not where I am now and it's not where GIS is either. We have both grown up and need to look at ourselves differently. We are no longer that little group of oddballs operating our own unique system. We are now part of the overall IS world.

About the Author

Kim McDonough, GISP, is GIS coordinator for the Information Technology Division, Tennessee Department of Transportation. He is a past board member of URISA, and he is running for URISA president in the next election. (Reprinted from the Winter 2007/2008 issue of ArcNews Online)

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Listening and Learning: Secrets to GIS Success

By F. Peirce Eichelberger, GIS Manager, Chester County, Pennsylvania Listening and learning are the secrets to building a successful GIS implementation with incredible support. I have several examples of how GIS can be used on a daily basis to improve the way government works, resulting in substantial new revenues and cost savings. I'd like to describe four areas of GIS use in Chester County that can be replicated anywhere. The rst is the use of GIS to support the Emergency Operations Center (EOC) in our Department of Emergency Services (DES). The second is our land record initiatives that tie the Recorder of Deeds, GIS, and Assessment departments together in a streamlined workow using commercial software packages. The third is the use of GIS/GPS in our Parks Department to save preconstruction bid preparation costs. A fourth example is from our GIS Consortium experience. All these examples were generated from listening to our user agencies. In 1999, GIS staff were asked to sit in on a presentation regarding the Limerick nuclear power plant (NPP). A large portion of the Emergency Planning Zone (EPZ) is in Chester County, Pennsylvania. The EPZ concept was new to us and was developed after the Three Mile Island nuclear event in 1979. We didn't really know much about the NPP activities but came to realize how useful GIS capabilities might be for DES in the event of an emergency incident. Shortly thereafter, we developed a simple capability that showed critical infrastructure, political boundaries, and the EPZ, and we shared it with DES. DES liked what it saw and asked if we could include "hydrology and other utilities." We said sure and added, "But let's not limit this just to the EPZ but go countywide as well." We have two nuclear plants on either side of the county: Peach Bottom in York County and Limerick in Montgomery County to the north. Pennsylvania has the second highest number of nuclear plants after Illinois, so we know that GIS capabilities will be critical during the next 4050+ years. Over the next several years, because we were listening, we added more functionality that was well received by DES. In 2003 and 2005, the county had experienced major ooding and wind events (more than 70 mph) that required activation of the EOC. Because we thought GIS would be useful to an incident regarding the NPPs, we really had full capability to support almost any event that necessitated EOC activation. My GIS staff play an integral role in the EOC, and the GIS has proved invaluable over the years. We are continuing our development of the use of GIS in support of the

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EOC, and by listening, we are doing a much better job. We received a National Association of Counties (NACo) award for the use of GIS to support the EOC. The second example of the need for listening was our development of a modern land record front end to our GIS efforts. Our county administrator wanted to develop a tie between the GIS maps and addresses and the recorded deeds showing daily property transfers. The title/abstract/legal community wanted the county to improve the record processing ow so it would be easier to process and access various county land records. By using Pennsylvania's innovative 1988 Uniform Parcel Identier (UPI) initiative, we were able to tie together packaged automation for the Recorder of Deeds, our Assessment Department, and all of our GIS maps and situs (location) addresses. This tie means that we were able to greatly improve the workow among the three agencies, eliminate processing backlogs, and provide new keys and systems to access land records for the public and for the title community. In fact, the situs address from the GIS has become one of the most popular keys for accessing deed records and to begin title searches. Part of the process is that the proper UPI number is included with each recorded deed prior to indexing and recording. This means that the GIS maps are checked early, and a tie among the maps, addresses, parcel identication numbers (PINs), and deeds is ensured. A new $5 fee per UPI number was instituted to verify the proper UPI number prior to recording and indexing. This new fee has generated nearly $5,000 for the county. GIS can have signicant revenue potential, but we just need to listen! The county received a URISA Exemplary Systems in Government Award for our land records modernization effort. Our third example is listening to our Parks Department. A senior staffer responsible for infrastructure planning in the department asked if we could use GIS and GPS to do preliminary layouts showing dimensions and critical information for preparing bids, etc. Since we have implemented our own cooperative continuously operating reference system site with West Chester University, we have been very pleased with the results of GPS for primary data collection. We did indeed nd that we could use GPS and GIS capabilities to save consultant costs to do prebid specications and have saved hundreds of thousands of dollars for our Parks Department. Other examples of listening by our GIS Consortium team are from our 22 partnerstownships, boroughs, school districts, and utility authorities. One of our school districts asked, "How many students might we expect in area X during the next 20 years?" Staff were able to do a build-out

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analysis using environmental and zoning data from the GIS to calculate the number of expected housing unitsand therefore school students by gradeto help with school site purchases. Two other examples from my Florida days (Orlando/Orange County GIS manager) are also worth mentioning: geoauditing and storm water utilities. Because GIS should have the most accurate addresses and geography of the local community, we used GIS to help audit revenue les used to collect franchise fees. One audit returned many hundreds of thousands of dollars in cellular telephone franchise fees since the "postal city" (Orlando) was used incorrectly to report franchise geography for unincorporated Orange County. We were also able to use the GIS to initiate a storm water utility for the city of Orlando a year earlier than expected with a net revenue of an additional $10,000. No question, the best uses of GIS will come from your most ardent supporters. Just listen to them!

About the Author More Information

F. Peirce Eichelberger is a past URISA president and has served on the board of directors twice. He is the GIS manager for Chester County, Pennsylvania. For more information, visit URISA at urisa.org. (Reprinted from the Fall 2007 issue of ArcNews Online)

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Redening the "Killer App"

By Scott Oppmann, Oakland County, Michigan, Manager, Application Services Division, Oakland County Information Technology As geospatial professionals, we are constantly searching for the next "killer app" that will showcase the benets of geospatial technology and demonstrate clearly that this technology is relevant. Through these efforts and our passion for the unique value of geospatial technology, in many cases we have become isolated from our IT counterparts and erected barriers that prevent the technology from being more widely used like other business applications, such as nance/personnel management, e-mail, or content management. This independence has resulted in separate implementations of network and server technology, limited integration in government business applications, and constant struggles for funding and support from elected ofcials and decision makers. The root of this GIS isolationist behavior can generally be traced back to the debate over who should be responsible for implementing geospatial technology within the organizational structure of one's government agency. This debate has been around as long as the technology itself. Many successful programs have evolved from operating departments (taxation, planning, public works, etc.), while others have evolved out of formal IT service organizations. In either case, I would submit their success can generally be attributed to having the right people, in the right place, at the right time. In Michigan, this debate is being magnied by the one-state recession (a term used to refer to Michigan's unique economic issues). Ofcials are challenged by staggering revenue shortfalls and budget decits. This is forcing governments to eliminate discretionary services, collaborate on essential services, and consider government consolidation whenever possible. As a result, geospatial programs throughout the state have been severely affected or, even worse, eliminated. Many of these geospatial programs were easy targets for elected ofcials and decision makers looking to address budget decits because they were independent departments and/or agencies that were not integrated in critical government business functions and, at times, were supporting redundant infrastructure and professional skills. Michigan's geospatial community is probably similar to many others, and as such, we need to resolve this debate once and for all so we can ensure we will be relevant in the future.

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So how does the geospatial community stop searching for the next killer app and ensure relevance within our own organizations? First and foremost, we must stop debating which department and/or agency we should be afliated with and embrace being part of a larger IT organization and the associated expertise and infrastructure that already exists. In doing so, we will become "married" to our IT counterparts and promise that we will work together "in sickness and in health, till death do us part." This new marriage will provide a host of benets. For example, we will be able to leverage our position in the IT organization and focus on integrating geospatial technology in business applications so geography can be used to solve problems by a much larger community: the business problems most IT organizations hear about from their customers every day. In addition, we will be able to leverage the CIO role in the organization and elevate the value of, and support for, geospatial technology. This direct relationship with the CIO will generally ensure access to the CEO and bring with it a host of opportunities. This marriage may mean that complex geospatial modeling or cartography will not be our focus anymore. Instead, we may turn our attention to developing a Web service that will be used by taxation, 911, and permitting systems so they can ensure every parcel and/or address is valid. Or we may provide an easy-to-use mapping application that allows our Animal Control Division to effectively census homes across the county so they can ensure dogs are properly licensed and fees are proactively collected. But in the end, there is one thing we won't have to focus on anymore: the relevance of our geospatial program within our respective organizations.

About the Author

Scott Oppmann is the manager of Oakland County's Application Services Division. He is responsible for the planning, implementation, and support of spatial and nonspatial technology solutions across the diverse customer base that includes more than 80 county departments and 60 local units of government. He is currently serving as cochair of Michigan's Geospatial Coordinating Initiative. (Reprinted from the Summer 2007 issue of ArcNews Online)

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From Governance to Action

How GIS Works in King County
By George Horning, King County, Washington, GIS Program Manager A simple model of how GIS technology is implemented by local government agencies describes two basic scenarios. In one scenario, the technology is introduced at the staff level, where motivated staff members pursue GIS to improve and rene their own business processes. This can be termed the "grassroots" or bottom-up approach. By this method, the use of GIS technology within an organization often grows from multiple kernels of innovation. In the other scenario, GIS technology is brought into an agency under the directive of a high-ranking executive, such as a department director or elected ofcial. This can be termed the "champion" or top-down approach, where a mandate is given to use GIS to replace outmoded business practices. Over time, these two approaches to GIS implementation often result in organizational structures that are unsuited for realizing the full potential of the technology. The grassroots scenario can result in a GIS that is too fragmented, lacks standards and protocols, makes data sharing difcult, and generates duplicate work. The champion scenario can result in a system that is too centric, lacks the business intelligence to support the specic needs of diverse users, is constrained by rigid procedures, and provides data and applications that only suit a narrow need. When the shortcomings of a GIS implementation are recognized, agencies react by making organizational changes. If the GIS is too fragmented, a central operation is created to provide coordination and a common infrastructure and develop standards and procedures to be shared across the organization. If the structure is too centric, there is a push to distribute roles and responsibilities for GIS technology throughout the organization to allow business units to exert greater control over the data, maps, and applications they use and create. The result in both cases is an organizational structure that attempts to strike a balance between a centralized and a distributed GIS, something that could be called a federated GIS. King County, Washington, today has a federated GIS, but getting there was a lengthy process. Being the 14th most populous county in the United States, with 39 cities and a diverse geography covering more than 2,100 square miles, King County has a government with a very large and complex bureaucracy. For these reasons, it is not surprising that implementing an effective GIS for the entire organization would be challenging. Initially there was strong grassroots development
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of GIS in several county agencies, and later there was a multimillion-dollar capital project to develop core data layers and create a central GIS unit (the King County [KC] GIS Center). However, several more years were to pass before the county organized its GIS in a manner that succeeded in fostering a truly collaborative GIS. There are three keys that can be cited as nally helping King County build a successful federated GIS. First, the King County GIS Center is now organized by county code as an internal service fund, responsible for its own revenues and expenditures and independent of the IT Department within which it previously resided. The King County code gives internal service funds full nancial and operational responsibility to provide designated services. Agencies receiving services or beneting from internal service fund activities are required to budget for internal service fund costs. Establishing the GIS internal service fund accomplishes two goals. It creates an independent entity that can fully concentrate on the objectives of an enterprise GIS, and it enables a process that ensures a stable source of funding for the program. (Details of the funding model are available on the KC GIS Center Web site at metrokc.gov/gis/kb/Content /KCGISCenter_Finances.htm.) A second key is the formation of two GIS governance committees chartered with clearly stated obligations and authority. An oversight committee reviews and approves GIS budgets and annual work plans for all county agencies, as well as standards, procedures, and priorities as recommended by a committee of GIS professionals. A technical committee, composed of the aforementioned GIS professionals, is tasked to develop an annual coordinated work plan, generate technical standards and best practices, and identify priority work initiatives. All county agencies with GIS work programs are represented on the technical committee, which makes decisions by consensus rather than majority vote. Issues that cannot be decided by consensus, a rare occurrence, are forwarded to the oversight committee for resolution. The oversight committee is a smaller body, made up of representatives from ve "sponsor" agencies. Sponsor agencies have large investments in GIS technology with GIS implementations that are tightly integrated with their core business functions. They also pay greater cost shares into the GIS funding model to become sponsor agencies. With governance committees in place, the county has a blueprint for collaborating on work plans and budgets, a method to promulgate GIS standards and best practices, and an inclusive forum for identifying and taking action on the next round of important GIS work. A third key is dening complementary roles and responsibilities for the King County GIS Center and the GIS programs in the various business units. The King County GIS Center has
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three main roles. First, it provides a slate of enterprise GIS services, the primary one being an enterprise spatial data warehouse. Second, it provides a pooled resource of highly skilled GIS professionals that are contracted to agencies on an annual basis. Third, it provides an hourly fee-based project and consulting service for internal and external clients. The role of the GIS business units is to provide industry-specic service to clients internal to the organization. Leaving the GIS business units intact is essential, because they possess the business intelligence and background knowledge to best serve their discipline. At the same time, it is necessary to have a central GIS function with a clearly distinct role that does not overlap with the business units. With roles dened, GIS users know where to go to obtain service, and GIS professionals have guidelines for their interactions and a clear understanding of their own scope of responsibilities. The King County GIS Center services, aligned with the three roles described above, work in concert with the business unit GIS programs. Enterprise Services ensures the central infrastructure is operational. Matrix Staff Services, the skilled stafng pool, provides GIS niche skills to agencies in increments they can fully use and can afford. Client Services meets the needs of individuals seeking GIS technology to support their objectives and creates a single point of contact for anyone looking for GIS services. These King County GIS Center services free the GIS business units to concentrate on their core objective, which is to provide the best possible service within their discipline. The county's GIS program, nearly 20 years old now, is in its sixth year under its current governance structure. The annual GIS work plan, which can be found at metrokc.gov/gis/kb /Content/OandM.htm, is a prime example of the governance structure's positive inuence on collaborative planning of GIS services. The priority work initiatives, also included in the annual plan, create a rallying point for collective action and establish common goals for the federated GIS. While King County has a robust GIS program, many challenges remain. Primarily, there is the need for improved data. Too often a question goes unanswered or an analysis is not performed because of a lack of supporting data. There is much work still to do, but the county now has an effective governance structure that allows it to collaboratively take action to continuously improve the GIS to meet the needs of King County and its citizens.

About the Author

George Horning has been with King County for 22 years as a cadastral drafting technician, computer mapping specialist, and the last 14 years as a GIS program manager. He has been the King County GIS Center manager since June 2002. His primary interest in GIS has always
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been the practical application of the technology to improve government services, especially at the local level. During his career at King County, he experienced the transition from a completely manual mapping environment to fully automated. He has a B.S. degree in biology and a certicate in cartography, both from San Diego State University (California), and an M.A. degree in geography from the University of Washington. (Reprinted from the Spring 2007 issue of ArcNews Online)

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Enterprise GISSome Keys to Success

By Dianne Haley, URISA Past President GIS technology has been implemented in a wide variety of organizations and with varying degrees of success. Initial implementations were often driven by an individual business function or business unit within an organization. Acceptance of the technology as a key business tool by other business areas within the organization often occurred only after the initial success of the original group. In recent years, there has been a focus on enterprise systems and enterprise implementations of a variety of technologies. The sharing of the technology and the data associated with that technology across a multidisciplinary organization, or across loosely associated organizations, has many challenges and obstacles. Many enterprise implementations of GIS technology are considered successful; many are considered failures. Enterprise GIS implementations are costly, and yet this seems to be the direction adopted by organizations tackling the initiative for the rst time and often for the second or third time. Why do organizations take this approach? How is success measured? Are there techniques that can ensure success of enterprise GIS implementations? In discussing strategies for successful enterprise GIS implementation, it should remain evident that each organization is ultimately unique, having its own culture, business practices, methodologies, and processes. What works for one will not necessarily be adequate or appropriate for another. The nature of the organization, and the people that work within it, will shape the way technology is accepted and used by the corporation. Consideration must be given to the complex, "political" nature of the organization. It cannot be assumed that individuals will behave professionally, or rationally, rather than according to personal agendas. Nor can it be assumed that individuals within organizations will recognize GIS as a superior technology and incorporate it into their daily workow without question or that restructuring the organization will address the behavior or implementation problems. GIS implementation activities and business units must be able to balance the interests and needs of all those who may be impacted by introduction and use of the technology. There are a number of factors that can contribute to the success of an enterprise GIS implementation. These include, but are not limited to, visioning and planning; the GIS business
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unitits organizational placement, stafng, and mandate; data management; funding strategies; user involvement, including committee structure and project teams; and pilot projects and prototypes. Each of these subject areas could be the focus of one or more articles on its own, but this article will focus on the subject of data management. Geographic data is a strategic, corporate asset that should be managed rigorously and contribute to the success of the organization. A data management strategy to do so not only affects the allocation of staff and funds but also the workow between organizational entities and the organizational structure. If the mandate of the GIS business unit is strategic in nature, and it has little or no responsibility for spatial data maintenance, it is suggested that the GIS business unit act as a change management agent. In this role, it would assume responsibility for consensus building on policies and guidelines for data acquisition, maintenance, and dissemination. Effective policies and procedures form a foundation for the successful development, operation, and management of most enterprise GIS initiatives. Studies have shown that increased formalization improves information ow. Institutionalizing policies and procedures captures existing knowledge and ensures that the GIS initiative will survive the passing of time, increased complexity, and departure of key staff. The GIS business unit would also be heavily involved in the reengineering of workow practices and procedures, ensuring data sharing objectives are effectively met. These roles and responsibilities could be documented in service level agreements (SLAs). In economic terms, there is a tendency to treat geographic information as a public good accessible to everybody and shared without loss to anyone. Yet within the organization, information often takes on the characteristics of a commodity. The willingness of individuals to allow their information to be placed on a corporate database is often dependent on their perception of the costs and benets. In many cases, the benets of data sharing are not realized by the individuals who bear the costs, particularly the costs of data capture and maintenance. The distributed nature of data collection and maintenance within most organizations can present challenges to ensuring the data is maintained as effectively as possible. The responsible business units are often required to maintain and present data in a manner to be used by all corporate data users, which may exceed the effort needed for their specic business functions. Corporate requirements of specic datasets may often require a redesign of the database and data structures; in such cases, the issue of funding the redevelopment needs to be addressed. Understanding and accepting the corporate responsibilities associated with providing data on behalf of the enterprise may be difcult if compensation is not made for the additional workload this would entail. This may be particularly evident in situations where corporate ideals are not
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strongly supported and cooperation among business units is not the norm. Enterprise GIS implementation requires due consideration for the impacts of spatial data maintenance on the existing business activities of the organization. SLAs between the business units maintaining the spatial data, the business units using the spatial data, and the GIS business unit responsible for managing the spatial data will provide opportunities to alleviate any conicts that might arise. Because the responsibilities are documented in an SLA, expectations of the business units involved can be more appropriately managed. Whatever the organizational situation, data management to support enterprise initiatives and corporate ideals will not come easily, particularly if the entire concept is new to the business groups. What's in it for me? and Who's going to pay for this work? will be common questions. Documenting the roles and responsibilities of the participating business units, either in service level agreements or the project plans (or both), and the dissemination of that information throughout the enterprise, will promote understanding and manage expectations. Funding strategies to support the data management and maintenance activities need to be considered and developed early in the initiative.

About the Author

Dianne Haley, BSc, MScGIS, GISP, is the GIS Program coordinator for the Alberta Energy and Utilities Board. She is a past president of the Urban and Regional Information Systems Association. For more information, visit eub.ca. (Reprinted from the Winter 2006/2007 issue of ArcNews Online)

More Information

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