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KMP Algorithm

The Knuth-Morris-Pratt algorithm improves on the Morris-Pratt algorithm for string matching by allowing longer shifts of the pattern when a mismatch occurs. It introduces a kmpNext table that is precomputed from the pattern to store the length of the longest prefix that is also a suffix. This allows starting the comparison after a mismatch at kmpNext[i] instead of at the beginning, avoiding re-checking characters. The algorithm runs in O(m+n) time and performs at most 2n-1 character comparisons.

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560 views

KMP Algorithm

The Knuth-Morris-Pratt algorithm improves on the Morris-Pratt algorithm for string matching by allowing longer shifts of the pattern when a mismatch occurs. It introduces a kmpNext table that is precomputed from the pattern to store the length of the longest prefix that is also a suffix. This allows starting the comparison after a mismatch at kmpNext[i] instead of at the beginning, avoiding re-checking characters. The algorithm runs in O(m+n) time and performs at most 2n-1 character comparisons.

Uploaded by

muffi840
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Knuth-Morris-Pratt algorithm

Description
The design of the Knuth-Morris-Pratt algorithm follows a tight analysis of the
Morris and Pratt algorithm. Let us look more closely at the Morris-Pratt
algorithm. It is possible to improve the length of the shifts.

Consider an attempt at a left position j, that is when the the window is


positioned on the text factor y[j .. j+m-1]. Assume that the first mismatch
occurs between x[i] and y[i+j] with 0 < i < m. Then, x[0 .. i-1] = y[j .. i+j-1] =u
and a = x[i] y[i+j]=b.

When shifting, it is reasonable to expect that a prefix v of the pattern matches


some suffix of the portion u of the text. Moreover, if we want to avoid another
immediate mismatch, the character following the prefix v in the pattern must be
different from a. The longest such prefix v is called the tagged border of u (it
occurs at both ends of u followed by different characters in x).

This introduces the notation: let kmpNext[i] be the length of the longest border
of x[0 .. i-1] followed by a character c different from x[i] and -1 if no such
tagged border exits, for 0 < i m. Then, after a shift, the comparisons can
resume between characters x[kmpNext[i]] and y[i+j] without missing any
occurrence of x in y, and avoiding a backtrack on the text (see figure 7.1). The
value of kmpNext[0] is set to -1.

Figure 7.1: Shift in the Knuth-Morris-Pratt algorithm (v border of u and c b).

The table kmpNext can be computed in O(m) space and time before the
searching phase, applying the same searching algorithm to the pattern itself,
as if x=y.
The searching phase can be performed in O(m+n) time. The Knuth-Morris-
Pratt algorithm performs at most 2n-1 text character comparisons during the
searching phase. The delay (maximal number of comparisons for a single text

character) is bounded by log (m) where is the golden ratio ( ).

The C code
void preKmp(char *x, int m, int kmpNext[]) {
int i, j;

i = 0;
j = kmpNext[0] = -1;
while (i < m) {
while (j > -1 && x[i] != x[j])
j = kmpNext[j];
i++;
j++;
if (x[i] == x[j])
kmpNext[i] = kmpNext[j];
else
kmpNext[i] = j;
}
}

void KMP(char *x, int m, char *y, int n) {


int i, j, kmpNext[XSIZE];

/* Preprocessing */
preKmp(x, m, kmpNext);
/* Searching */
i = j = 0;
while (j < n) {
while (i > -1 && x[i] != y[j])
i = kmpNext[i];
i++;
j++;
if (i >= m) {
OUTPUT(j - i);
i = kmpNext[i];
}
}
}

The example

Preprocessing phase

The kmpNext table


Searching phase

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