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    En0175 07 PDF

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    Thangadurai Senthil Ram Prabhu
    This document reviews coordinate transformation (change of basis) for tensors. It shows that under a change of basis, the tensor components transform according to the transformation matrix Q such that QQ^T=I and Q^TQ=I, making Q an orthogonal matrix. It then gives an example of transforming from Cartesian to polar coordinates in 2D. The document also summarizes concepts related to forces in a continuum, including body forces, surface forces, internal forces, traction vectors, and Cauchy stress. It defines the Cauchy stress tensor σij and shows that the traction on a plane with normal n is given by σ·n.

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    En0175 07 PDF

    Uploaded by

    Thangadurai Senthil Ram Prabhu
    19 views6 pages
    This document reviews coordinate transformation (change of basis) for tensors. It shows that under a change of basis, the tensor components transform according to the transformation matrix Q such that QQ^T=I and Q^TQ=I, making Q an orthogonal matrix. It then gives an example of transforming from Cartesian to polar coordinates in 2D. The document also summarizes concepts related to forces in a continuum, including body forces, surface forces, internal forces, traction vectors, and Cauchy stress. It defines the Cauchy stress tensor σij and shows that the traction on a plane with normal n is given by σ·n.

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    EN0175-07.pdf

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    This document reviews coordinate transformation (change of basis) for tensors. It shows that under a change of basis, the tensor components transform according to the transformation matrix Q such that QQ^T=I and Q^TQ=I, making Q an orthogonal matrix. It then gives an example of transforming from Cartesian to polar coordinates in 2D. The document also summarizes concepts related to forces in a continuum, including body forces, surface forces, internal forces, traction vectors, and Cauchy stress. It defines the Cauchy stress tensor σij and shows that the traction on a plane with normal n is given by σ·n.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    19 views6 pages

    En0175 07 PDF

    Uploaded by

    Thangadurai Senthil Ram Prabhu
    This document reviews coordinate transformation (change of basis) for tensors. It shows that under a change of basis, the tensor components transform according to the transformation matrix Q such that QQ^T=I and Q^TQ=I, making Q an orthogonal matrix. It then gives an example of transforming from Cartesian to polar coordinates in 2D. The document also summarizes concepts related to forces in a continuum, including body forces, surface forces, internal forces, traction vectors, and Cauchy stress. It defines the Cauchy stress tensor σij and shows that the traction on a plane with normal n is given by σ·n.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 6

    EN0175

    09 / 26 / 06

    Review on coordinate transformation (change of basis) for tensors.

    v e3

    v' e2
    v e1
    v v v' u = ui ei = u 'p e p v v' v v' = ui ei e p u 'p = u e p v v ' v' v ui = u ei = uq eq ei

    v v' u e
    1

    v e2

    v' e3

    )
    ' v v' v v' ' u 'p = uq ei eq ei e p = u q Qiq Qip

    Combining the above 2 equations yields Therefore Similarly, we can show

    )(

    Qiq Qip pq Qip Q jp ij


    (Hint: using ui = u j e j e p ei e p = u j Qip Q jp )

    (v

    v' v v'

    )(

    In matrix form:

    QQ = I , Q Q= I
    T T

    Such matrices/tensors are called orthogonal matrices/tensors. Example: Transformation from 2D Cartesian coordinate to 2D Polar coordinate.

    v e2
    r

    v e

    v er

    v e1
    1

    EN0175

    09 / 26 / 06

    cos Q= sin

    sin cos T , QQ = cos sin

    sin cos cos sin

    sin 1 0 = cos 0 1

    Chap 3. Stress in a solid Continuum Continuous media ignoring the atomic and other discreteness of matters. Density

    ( V is smaller than all important dimensions but still contains sufficient number of atoms)

    M V

    (V 0) .

    v v P n
    v F

    Homogeneity All points have the same material properties. (Opposite term: Heterogeneity) Isotropy Material properties are the same in different directions. (Opposite term: Anisotropy) Forces in a continuum: External (applied) forces Body (volume) forces

    v F total body force on V (e.g. gravity).


    v v F f = lim V 0 V
    For example: The body force due to gravity can be written as

    EN0175

    09 / 26 / 06

    3
    2

    g
    1
    v v f = g e3
    Surface forces

    v P total surface forces on S .


    v v P t = lim S 0 S
    For example: A uniform pressure on top of a block can be written as

    3
    2
    1
    v v t = p e3
    Internal forces

    v v ( n t )

    v v (n ) t v n v n

    vv t (n ) : traction vector at a point.

    EN0175

    09 / 26 / 06

    According to Newtons action-reaction law,

    vv v v t ( n ) = t ( n )
    Simple example for 1D:

    Let us put these concepts in terms of base vectors:


    v v v v v v vv v (e v (e v (e ) ) ) t (e1 ) = t1 1 e1 + t2 1 e2 + t3 1 e3 v v v v v v vv v (e v (e v (e ) ) ) t (e2 ) = t1 2 e1 + t2 2 e2 + t3 2 e3 v v v v v v vv v (e v (e v (e ) ) ) t (e3 ) = t1 3 e1 + t2 3 e2 + t3 3 e3

    We can define

    ij = t j (e ) ,
    i

    which is the so-called Cauchy stress. The subscript i denotes the direction of plane normal and j denotes the direction of force.

    33

    32 31 13
    11 12

    23
    21

    22

    1
    Traction on an arbitrary plane with normal vector n

    EN0175

    09 / 26 / 06

    S 2

    v n

    S1

    v v ( e t 2)

    v n

    v v ( e t 1) v v (n t )

    2
    S3
    1

    S
    1

    v v t ( e3 )

    Consider force equilibrium on the tetrahedron shown above:

    v vv v v v v v v t (n ) S + t ( e1 ) S1 + t ( e2 ) S 2 + t ( e3 ) S 3 + f V = 0 ,
    where f is the body force (which can also include inertia forces). Let S 0 ,

    v V v v v v S v v S v v S t (n ) + t (e1 ) 1 + t (e2 ) 2 + t (e3 ) 3 + f =0 S S S S


    1 V ~ S 2 0 as S 0 (This is the same as saying that the surface-to-volume ratio S

    becomes very large as the volume shrinks to zero.) Consider the volume of the tetrahedron, V =

    1 1 S h = S1 h1 3 3

    S1 h v = = cos 1 = n e1 = n1 S h1

    3
    S1

    h1
    2

    h1

    S
    1
    5

    EN0175

    09 / 26 / 06

    Similarly,

    S 2 S3 = n2 , = n3 S S
    where n1 , n2 , n3 are the components of the normal vector n ( n = n1e1 + n2 e2 + n3e3 ). Hence,

    vv vv vv vv t (n ) = t (e1 )n1 + t (e2 )n2 + t (e3 )n3


    In index notation,
    v v v (n ) v (e ) t j = t j i ni = ij ni

    i.e.

    vv T v t (n ) = n
    Special cases:

    vv v v v v v t (e1 ) = e1 = ij (ei e j )ei = 1 j e j vv v t ( e2 ) = L = 2 j e j vv v t (e3 ) = L = 3 j e j

    11 , 22 , 33 are called the normal stresses (on a base plane). 12 , 13 , 23 etc. are called the shear stresses (on a base plane).

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