2.

1
Focus on
After this lesson, you will be able to compare and order rational numbers identify a rational number between two given rational numbers

Comparing and Ordering Rational Numbers

Cape Dorset, Nunavut

The percent of Canadians who live in rural areas has been decreasing since 1867. At that time, about 80% of Canadians lived in rural areas. Today, about 80% of Canadians live in urban areas, mostly in cities. The table shows changes in the percent of Canadians living in urban and rural areas over four decades.
Change in the Percent of Canadians in Urban Areas (%)

Did You Know?

An urban area has a population of 1000 or more. In urban areas, 400 or more people live in each square kilometre. Areas that are not urban are called rural. What type of area do you live in?

Decade

Change in the Percent of Canadians in Rural Areas (%)

1966-1976 1976-1986 1986-1996 1996-2006

+1.9 +1.0 +1.4 +2.3

-1.9 -1.0 -1.4 -2.3

How can you tell that some changes in the table are increases and others are decreases?

46

MHR Chapter 2

Explore Rational Numbers

1. How are the rational numbers in the table on page 46 related.
rational number a number that can be a expressed as __, where b a and b are integers and b0 examples include -4, 3 1 , 1__ , and 0 3.5, -__ 2 4

Explain your reasoning.

2. a) Choose a rational number in decimal form. Identify its opposite.

How do you know these are opposite rational numbers? b) Choose a rational number in fraction form. Identify its opposite. c) Identify another pair of opposite rational numbers.
3. a) Identify equivalent rational numbers from the following list.

12 ___ 4

-8 ___ 4

-9 ___ -3

4 -__ 2

4 ___ -2

12 ___ 3

4 - ___ -1

-4 ( ) -( ___ -2 )

Literacy Link
When numbers are equivalent, they have the same value. -18 ___ 24 ____ ___ , - 12 , and , -4 3 2 6 ___ are all -1 equivalent. They all represent the same rational number. What is it?

b) Choose a rational number in fraction form that is not equivalent to

any of the rational numbers in part a). Challenge a classmate to write four rational numbers that are equivalent to your chosen number.

( )

Reflect and Check

4. a) How can you identify opposite rational numbers? b) How can you identify equivalent rational numbers? 5. a) Predict what you think the change in the percent of Canadians in

urban areas from 2006 to 2016 might be. Justify your prediction. b) What would you expect the change in the percent of Canadians in rural areas to be for that decade? Explain.

Vancouver, British Columbia

2.1 Comparing and Ordering Rational Numbers MHR

47

Link the Ideas

Example 1: Compare and Order Rational Numbers
Compare and order the following rational numbers. __ 7 7 4 __ __ -0.5 -__ -1.2 8 5 8

Solution
You can estimate the order. -1.2 is a little less than -1. 4 __ is a little less than 1. 5 7 __ is a little less than 1. 8 __ -0.5 is a little less than -0.5. 7 is a little more than -1. -__ 8 4 7 7 , -0.__ An estimate of the order from least to greatest is -1.2, -__ 5, __, __. 5 8 8

Strategies
Draw a Diagram

Express all the numbers in the same form. You can write the numbers in decimal form. __ 7 = 0.875 4 = 0.8 __ __ -0.5 = -0.555 -1.2 5 8 Place the numbers on a number line.
-1.2 7 -_ 8
-1

7 = -0.875 -__ 8
4_ 7 _ 58

-0.5

-2

+1

7 ? How does the position of that What number is the opposite of -__ 8 7? number on the number line compare with the position of -__ 8

7 , -0.5, __ 7. 4 , and __ The numbers in ascending order are -1.2, -__ 8 5 8 __ 7 7 4 __ __ __ The numbers in descending order are , , -0.5, - , and -1.2. 8 8 5
Show You Know

__

Compare the following rational numbers. Write them in ascending order and descending order. __ 3 1 -1 -0.6 -__ 0.3 1__ 4 5

48

MHR Chapter 2

Example 2: Compare Rational Numbers

3 or -__ 2? Which fraction is greater, -__ 4 3

Solution Method 1: Use Equivalent Fractions You can express the fractions as equivalent fractions with a common denominator.
A common denominator of the two fractions is 12.
3 4 How do you know 12 is a common denominator?

3 = -___ 9 -__ 4 12
3

8 2 = -___ -__ 3 12
4

When the denominators are the same, compare the numerators. 8 = ___ 9 = ___ -9 -8 -___ -___ How does the number line show the 12 12 12 12 comparison? -8 > ___ -9 , because -8 > -9. ___ 3 2 9 8 = _ __ 12 12 = _ __ 4 3 12 12 2 is the greater fraction. -__ 3
1 0

Literacy Link
The quotient of two integers with unlike signs is negative. This means that -9 ____ 9 9 = ___ -___ = 12 12 -12 and -8 ____ 8 8 = ___ = . -___ 12 12 -12

Method 2: Use Decimals You can also compare by writing the fractions as decimal numbers. 3 = -0.75 -__ 4 __ 2 __ - = -0.6 3 __ -0.6 > -0.75 2 is the greater fraction. -__ 3
Web Link

Show You Know

7 or -__ 3? Which fraction is smaller, -___ 10 5

For practice comparing and ordering rational numbers, go to www. mathlinks9.ca and follow the links.

2.1 Comparing and Ordering Rational Numbers MHR

49

Example 3: Identify a Rational Number Between Two Given Rational Numbers

Identify a fraction between -0.6 and -0.7.

Solution You can first identify a decimal number between -0.6 and -0.7, using a number line.
0.7 0.6

Strategies
Draw a Diagram
1 0

You can also change -0.6 and -0.7 into fraction form. What would the number line look like?

One decimal number between -0.6 and -0.7 is -0.65. 65 What is another way Convert the decimal to a fraction. -0.65 = -____ 100 65 as to express -____ 65 . 100 A fraction between -0.6 and -0.7 is -____ 100 a fraction?
Show You Know

Identify a fraction between -2.4 and -2.5.

Key Ideas
Rational numbers can be positive, negative, or zero. They include integers, positive and negative fractions, mixed numbers, and decimal numbers.
__ 3 2 Examples: -6, 15, __, -1__, 3.9, -2.3 4 3

Equivalent fractions represent the same rational number.

-5 ___ 10 1 5 , ___ -10 all represent -2__ , and - ____ -__ , or -2.5. 2 -4 2 2 -4

One strategy for comparing and ordering rational numbers is to use a number line. On a horizontal number line, a larger rational number is to the right of a smaller rational number. Opposite rational numbers are the same distance in opposite directions from zero. You can compare fractions with the same denominator by comparing the numerators.
-6 -7 ___ ___ < , because -7 < -6. 10 10

opposites 1 2 _ 4
3 2

1 _ 2
1 0

0.75
+1

1 2_ 4
+2 +3

One strategy for identifying a rational number between two given rational numbers is to use a number line.
A rational number in fraction form between -1 . -0.3 and -0.1 is ___ 5
1

0.3

1 0.2 = _ 5

0.1

50

MHR Chapter 2

Check Your Understanding

Communicate the Ideas
1. Laura placed -2__ incorrectly on a number line, as shown.
3 2 1 0

1 2

How could you use the idea of opposites to show Laura how 1 correctly? to plot -2__ 2
2. Is Dominic correct? Show how you know.

3. Tomas and Roxanne were comparing -0.9 and -__. Tomas wrote

7 8 -0.9 as a fraction, and then he compared the two fractions. Roxanne 7 as a decimal, and then she compared the two decimals. wrote -__ 8 a) Which method do you prefer? Explain. 7 b) Which is greater, -0.9 or -__? Explain how you know. 8

Practise
For help with #4 to #9, refer to Example 1 on page 48.
4. Match each rational number to a point on 6. Place each number and its opposite on a

the number line.

A
3 2

B C
1 0 +1

D
+2

E
+3

number line. 8 a) __ b) -1.2 9 number?

a) -4.1
__

c) 2___

1 10

d) -___

11 3

7. What is the opposite of each rational

3 a) __ 2 14 d) ___ 5

b) -0.7

1 c) -2__ 5

1 e) -1__ 3

4 b) __ 5

c) -5__

3 4

9 d) __ 8

5. Which point on the number line matches

1 5 2 8. Compare 1__, -1__, -0.1, 1.9, and -__. 5 6 3 Write the numbers in ascending order.
__

each rational number?

VW
2 1

X
0

YZ
+1 +2

3 9 1 9. Compare -__, 1.8, __, -__, and -1. 1 c) 1___ 20

2 5 3 __ d) -1 5
a) -1__

3 b) __ 4
e) -0.4
__

8 5 2 Write the numbers in descending order.

2.1 Comparing and Ordering Rational Numbers MHR

51

For help with #10 to #13, refer to Example 2 on page 49.

10. Express each fraction as an equivalent

17. Identify a mixed number between each of

fraction. 2 a) -__ 5 9 c) -___ 12

10 b) ___ 6 -4 d) ___ 3

the following pairs of rational numbers. a) 1.7, 1.9 b) -0.5, 1.5 c) -3.3, -3.4 d) -2.01, -2.03

Apply
18. Use a rational number to represent each

11. Write each rational number as an equivalent

fraction. -1 a) ___ 3 -5 c) - ___ -4

-4 b) ___ -5 7 d) ___ -2

quantity. Explain your reasoning. a) a temperature increase of 8.2 C

( )
3

12. Which value in each pair is greater?

1 2 a) __, -__ 3
c) -__, -__

9 7 b) -___, ___ 3 5

b) growth of 2.9 cm

1 2

10 10 1 1 d) -2__, -2__ 8 4

13. Which value in each pair is smaller?

4 2 a) __, __

7 3 7 3 c) -___, -__ 10 5

4 5 3 3 3 4 d) -1__, -1__ 5 4
b) -__, -__

c) 3.5 m below sea level

For help with #14 to #17, refer to Example 3 on page 50.

14. Identify a decimal number between each of

the following pairs of rational numbers. 1 5 3 4 a) __, __ b) -__, -__ 2 8 5 5 5 17 4 __ ___ c) - , 1 d) - , -__ 6 20 5
15. What is a decimal number between each of

d) earnings of $32.50

the following pairs of rational numbers? 1 1 7 2 a) 1__, 1___ b) -2__, -2__ 2 10 3 3 7 3 1 1 __ ___ ____ , -3___ c) 1 , -1 d) -3 5 10 100 50
16. Identify a fraction between each of the

e) 14.2 C below freezing

following pairs of rational numbers. a) 0.2, 0.3 b) 0, -0.1 c) -0.74, -0.76 d) -0.52, -0.53

52

MHR Chapter 2

19. The table includes the melting points and

21. The table shows the average early-morning

boiling points of six elements known as the noble gases.

Noble Gas Melting Point (C) Boiling Point (C)

temperature for seven communities in May.

Community Average Early-Morning Temperature (C)

Argon Helium Neon Krypton Radon Xenon

-189.2 -272.2 -248.67 -156.6 -71.0 -111.9

-185.7 -268.6 -245.92 -152.3 -61.8 -107.1

Churchill, Manitoba Regina, Saskatchewan Edmonton, Alberta Penticton, British Columbia Yellowknife, Northwest Territories Whitehorse, Yukon Territory Resolute, Nunavut

-5.1 3.9 5.4 6.1 -0.1 0.6 -14.1

a) Which noble gases have a melting

point that is less than the melting point of argon? b) Which noble gases have a boiling point that is greater than the boiling point of krypton? c) Arrange the melting points in ascending order. d) Arrange the boiling points in descending order.
Science Link
For many years, the noble gases were known as the inert gases. Most chemists thought that these gases would not react with other chemicals. In 1962, Neil Bartlett, a chemist at the University of British Columbia, proved them wrong.

a) Write the temperatures in descending

order. b) Which community has an average temperature between the values for Whitehorse and Churchill?
22. Replace each

with >, <, or = to make each statement true. 3 -0.__ -9 ___ 3 a) ___ b) -__ 6 5 6 -2 -13 3 1 c) -1___ - ____ d) -3.25 -3__ -10 5 10 8 11 5 7 ___ ___ __ __ e) f) -2 -2 12 15 6 8

23. Is zero a rational number? Explain.

Web Link To learn more about Neil Bartlett and to research Canadian scientific discoveries, go to www.mathlinks9.ca and follow the links.

24. Give an example of a fraction in lowest

20. a) Kwasi said that he ignored the fractions

1 is smaller when he decided that -2__ 5 9 ___ than -1 . Explain his thinking. 10 b) Naomi said that she ignored the integer 1 is greater -1 when she decided that -1__ 4 2 __ than -1 . Explain her thinking. 7

terms that satises the following conditions. a) greater than 0, with the denominator greater than the numerator b) between 0 and -1, with the denominator less than the numerator c) less than -2, with the numerator less than the denominator d) between -1.2 and -1.3, with the numerator greater than the denominator

2.1 Comparing and Ordering Rational Numbers MHR

53

15 11 25. Which integers are between ___ and ___? 5 -4

26. Which number in each pair is greater?

29. Replace each

Explain each answer. a) 0.4 and 0.44 __ b) 0.3 and 0.33 c) -0.7 and -0.77 __ d) -0.66 and -0.6
27. Identify the fractions that are between 0 and

with an integer to make each statement true. In each case, is more than one answer possible? Explain. 1 a) .5 < -1.9 b) ___ = -2__ -4 4 15 3 ____ ___ c) =d) -1.5 2 > -1.512 5 3 1 11 e) -__ < -0.7 f) -5__ > ___ 4 2 2 3 8 g) -2__ = ___ h) __ < -__ 3 5 10

-2 and that have 3 as the denominator.

30. Determine the value of x.

Extend
28. How many rational numbers are between 2 and 0.__ __ 6? Explain.

x 4 a) ___ = ____ -5 -10 20 5 c) __ = -___ x 12

x 6 b) __ = ___ 3 -9 -6 30 d) ___ = ___ -5 x

represents -5

represents 4

With a five of clubs and a four of hearts, you can make -5 4 4 ___ or ___. Choose ___ -5 4 -5 because it is closer to zero.

54

MHR Chapter 2

Play the following game with a partner or in a small group. You will need one deck of playing cards. Remove the jokers, aces, and face cards from the deck. Red cards represent positive integers. Black cards represent negative integers. In each round, the dealer shuffles the cards and deals two cards to each player. Use your two cards to make a fraction that is as close as possible to zero. In each round, the player with the fraction closest to zero wins two points. If there is a tie, each tied player wins a point. The winner is the first player with ten points. If two or more players reach ten points in the same round, keep playing until one player is in the lead by at least two points.

2.2
Focus on
After this lesson, you will be able to perform operations on rational numbers in decimal form solve problems involving rational numbers in decimal form

Problem Solving With Rational Numbers in Decimal Form

Did You Know?

As Canadas sunniest provincial capital, Regina averages almost 6.5 h of sunshine per day. That is over 2 h per day more sunshine than St. Johns, Newfoundland and Labrador. St. Johns is the least sunny provincial capital.

In Regina, Saskatchewan, the average mid-afternoon temperature in January is -12.6 C. The average mid-afternoon temperature in July is 26.1 C. Estimate how much colder Regina is in January than in July.

Explore Multiplying and Dividing Rational Numbers in Decimal Form

1. a) Estimate the products and quotients. Explain your method.

3.2 4.5 3.2 (-4.5) -20.9 9.5 -20.9 (-9.5) b) Calculate the products and quotients in part a). Explain your method.
2. a) Suppose the temperature one January afternoon in Regina decreased

by 2.6 C every hour for 3.5 h. What was the overall temperature change during that time? b) Suppose the temperature in Regina one July afternoon increased by 9.9 C in 5.5 h. What was the average temperature change per hour?

Reflect and Check

3. How can you multiply and divide rational numbers in decimal form? 4. Create a problem that can be solved using the multiplication or division

of rational numbers. Challenge a classmate to solve it.

2.2 Problem Solving With Rational Numbers in Decimal Form MHR 55

Link the Ideas

Example 1: Add and Subtract Rational Numbers in Decimal Form
Estimate and calculate. a) 2.65 + (-3.81) b) -5.96 - (-6.83)

Solution a) Estimate. 2.65 + (-3.81) 3 + (4) -1

How does the number line show the estimate? 4 3

2 1 0 +1 +2 +3

Method 1: Use Paper and Pencil Calculate. Adding the opposite of 3.81 is the same as subtracting 3.81. 2.65 + (-3.81) = 2.65 - 3.81 Determine the difference between 3.81 and 2.65. 3.81 - 2.65 = 1.16 However, 2.65 - 3.81 must be negative, since 3.81 > 2.65. So, 2.65 + (-3.81) = -1.16.
Tech Link
The key for entering a negative sign may look different on different calculators, for example, + - ,
+/- or (-) . It is not the subtraction key, - . Experiment with calculations involving negative signs on your calculator.

Method 2: Use a Calculator Calculate. C 2.65 + 3.81 + b) Estimate.

= 1.16
How does the number line show the estimate? 7 6
6 5 4 3 2 1 0 + 1

-5.96 - (-6.83) -6 - (-7) -6 + 7 1 Method 1: Use Paper and Pencil Calculate. -5.96 - (-6.83) = -5.96 + 6.83 Determine 6.83 + (-5.96). 6.83 + (-5.96) = 6.83 - 5.96 = 0.87 So, -5.96 - (-6.83) = 0.87.

Why is subtracting -6.83 the same as adding its opposite, 6.83? Why is -5.96 + 6.83 the same as 6.83 + (-5.96)? Is the calculated answer reasonable? How do you know?

Method 2: Use a Calculator Calculate. C 5.96 + - - 6.83 + 56 MHR Chapter 2

= 0.87

Show You Know

Estimate and calculate. a) -4.38 + 1.52 b) -1.25 - 3.55

Example 2: Multiply and Divide Rational Numbers in Decimal Form

Estimate and calculate. a) 0.45 (-1.2) b) -2.3 (-0.25)

Solution a) Estimate. 0.5 (-1) = -0.5

Calculate. Method 1: Use Paper and Pencil You can calculate by multiplying the decimal numbers. 0.45 1.2 = 0.54 Determine the sign of the product. How do you know 0.45 (-1.2) = -0.54 Method 2: Use a Calculator C 0.45 1.2 + - = 0.54
b) Estimate.

what the sign of the product is?

-2.3 (-0.25) -2 (-0.2) 10 Calculate. C 2.3 + Show You Know

0.25 + -

= 9.2
Literacy Link
Parentheses is another name for brackets. They can be used in place of a multiplication sign. For example, -4 1.5 = -4(1.5)

Estimate and calculate. a) -1.4(-2.6) b) -2.76 4.6

2.2 Problem Solving With Rational Numbers in Decimal Form MHR

57

Example 3: Apply Operations With Rational Numbers in Decimal Form

On Saturday, the temperature at the Blood Reserve near Stand Off, Alberta decreased by 1.2 C/h for 3.5 h. It then decreased by 0.9 C/h for 1.5 h. a) What was the total decrease in temperature? b) What was the average rate of decrease in temperature?
Why are the time periods represented by positive rational numbers? Why are the rates of temperature decrease represented by negative rational numbers?

Solution a) The time periods can be represented by 3.5 and 1.5. The rates of temperature decrease can be represented by -1.2 and -0.9.
Method 1: Calculate in Stages You can represent the temperature decrease in the rst 3.5 h by 3.5 (-1.2) = -4.2. You can represent the temperature decrease in the last 1.5 h by 1.5 (-0.9) = -1.35. Add to determine the total temperature decrease. -4.2 + (-1.35) = -5.55 The total decrease in temperature was 5.55 C. Method 2: Evaluate One Expression The total temperature decrease can be represented by 4 (-1) + 1.5 (-1) = -5.5 3.5 (-1.2) + 1.5 (-0.9).
4 (-1) = -4 1.5 (-1) = -1.5 -4 + (-1.5) = -5.5

Literacy Link
Order of Operations Perform operations inside parentheses first. Multiply and divide in order from left to right. Add and subtract in order from left to right.

Evaluate this expression, using the order of operations. 3.5 (-1.2) + 1.5 (-0.9) = -4.2 + (-1.35) = -5.55 You can also use a calculator. C 3.5 1.2 + - + 1.5 0.9 + - = -5.55 The total decrease in temperature was 5.55 C.
b) The average rate of decrease in temperature is the total decrease

divided by the total number of hours. The total number of hours is 3.5 + 1.5 = 5. -5.55 = -1.11 ______ -5 5 = -1 5 The average rate of decrease in temperature was 1.11 C/h.

58

MHR Chapter 2

Show You Know

A hot-air balloon climbed at 0.8 m/s for 10 s. It then descended at 0.6 m/s for 6 s. a) What was the overall change in altitude? b) What was the average rate of change in altitude?

Key Ideas
One way to model the addition of rational numbers is on a number line. One way to model the subtraction of rational numbers is by adding the opposite on a number line.
-2.2 - 1.3 = -3.5 or -2.2 + (-1.3) = -3.5
4

1.3
3 2

2.2
1 0

The product or quotient of two rational numbers with the same signs is positive.
-1.2 (-1.5) = 1.8 -1.5 (-1.2) = 1.25

The product or quotient of two rational numbers with different signs is negative.
1.2 (-1.5) = -1.8 -1.5 1.2 = -1.25

The order of operations for calculations involving rational numbers is the same as for whole numbers, decimals, and integers. Perform operations inside parentheses rst. Divide and multiply in order from left to right. Add and subtract in order from left to right.

Check Your Understanding

Communicate the Ideas
1. a) Would you expect the subtraction -3.5 - (-4.3) to give a positive

answer or a negative answer? Explain. b) Evaluate -3.5 - (-4.3).

2. How do the values of the following two products compare? Explain

your reasoning. 2.54 (-4.22)

-2.54 4.22

3. Leslie evaluated -2.2 + 4.6 (-0.5) as -1.2. Zack evaluated the same

expression as -4.5. Who was correct? Explain.

2.2 Problem Solving With Rational Numbers in Decimal Form MHR

59

Practise
For help with #4 and #5, refer to Example 1 on page 56.
4. Estimate and calculate. a) 0.98 + (-2.91) b) 5.46 - 3.16 c) -4.23 + (-5.75) d) -1.49 - (-6.83) 11. One January day in Penticton, British 5. Calculate. a) 9.37 - 11.62 c) 0.675 - (-0.061) b) -0.512 + 2.385 d) -10.95 + (-1.99) 10. In Regina, Saskatchewan, the average

mid-afternoon temperature in January is -12.6 C. The average mid-afternoon temperature in July is 26.1 C. How many degrees colder is Regina in January than in July?

For help with #6 and #7, refer to Example 2 on page 57.

6. Estimate and calculate. a) 2.7 (-3.2) b) -3.25 2.5 c) -5.5 (-5.5) d) -4.37 (-0.95) 7. Calculate. Express your answer to the

Columbia, the temperature read -6.3 C at 10:00 a.m. and 1.4 C at 3:00 p.m. a) What was the change in temperature? b) What was the average rate of change in temperature?

Apply
12. A pelican dives vertically from a height of

nearest thousandth, if necessary. a) -2.4(-1.5) b) 8.6 0.9 c) -5.3(4.2) d) 19.5 (-16.2) e) 1.12(0.68) f) -0.55 0.66
For help with #8 to #11, refer to Example 3 on page 58.
8. Evaluate. a) -2.1 3.2 + 4.3 (-1.5) b) -3.5(4.8 - 5.6) c) -1.1[2.3 - (-0.5)]

3.8 m above the water. It then catches a sh 2.3 m underwater. a) Write an expression using rational numbers to represent the length of the pelicans dive. b) How long is the pelicans dive?
13. A submarine was cruising at a depth of

153 m. It then rose at 4.5 m/min for 15 min. a) What was the submarines depth at the end of this rise? b) If the submarine continues to rise at the same rate, how much longer will it take to reach the surface?
14. Saida owned 125 shares of an oil company.

Literacy Link
In -1.1[2.3 - (-0.5)], square brackets are used for grouping because -0.5 is already in parentheses.

One day, the value of each share dropped by $0.31. The next day, the value of each share rose by $0.18. What was the total change in the value of Saidas shares?
Literacy Link
A share is one unit of ownership in a corporation.

9. Determine each value. a) (4.51 - 5.32)(5.17 - 6.57) b) 2.4 + 1.8 5.7 (-2.7) c) -4.36 + 1.2[2.8 + (-3.5)]

60

MHR Chapter 2

15. In dry air, the temperature decreases by

19. A company made a prot of $8.6 million in

about 0.65 C for each 100-m increase in altitude. a) The temperature in Red Deer, Alberta, is 10 C on a dry day. What is the temperature outside an aircraft 2.8 km above the city? b) The temperature outside an aircraft 1600 m above Red Deer is -8.5 C. What is the temperature in the city?
16. Bella is more comfortable working with

its rst year. It lost $5.9 million in its second year and lost another $6.3 million in its third year. a) What was the average prot or loss per year over the rst three years? b) The company broke even over the rst four years. What was its prot or loss in the fourth year?
20. Research to nd out the current price of

integers than with positive and negative decimal numbers. This is her way of understanding -4.3 + 2.5.
-43 -4.3 is ____ or -43 tenths. 10 25 ___ or 25 tenths. 2.5 is 10 -43 tenths + 25 tenths is -18 tenths. -18 -18 tenths is ___ or -1.8. 10 So, -4.3 + 2.5 = -1.8.

gasoline in Calgary. It is 300 km from Calgary to Edmonton. How much less would it cost to drive this distance in a car with a fuel consumption of 5.9 L/100 km than in a car with a fuel consumption of 9.4 L/100 km? Give your answer in dollars, expressed to the nearest cent.

a) Use Bellas method to determine

6.1 + (-3.9). b) How could you modify Bellas method to determine 1.25 - 3.46?
17. Two wooden poles measured 1.35 m and

0.83 m in length. To make a new pole, they were attached by overlapping the ends and tying them together. The length of the overlap was 12 cm. What was the total length of the new pole in metres?
1.35 m

Web Link To find out prices of gas in Calgary, go to www.mathlinks9.ca and follow the links.

21. Andrew drove his car 234 km from Dawson

12 cm 0.83 m

18. Determine the mean of each set of numbers.

Express your answer to the nearest hundredth, if necessary. a) 0, -4.5, -8.2, 0.4, -7.6, 3.5, -0.2 b) 6.3, -2.2, 14.9, -4.8, -5.3, 1.6

to Mayo in Yukon Territory in 3 h. Brian drove his truck along the same route at an average speed of 5 km/h greater than Andrews average speed. How much less time did Brian take, to the nearest minute?
22. An aircraft was ying at an altitude of

2950 m. It descended for 3 min at 2.5 m/s and then descended for 2.5 min at 2.8 m/s. What was the planes altitude after the descent?
61

2.2 Problem Solving With Rational Numbers in Decimal Form MHR

23. One week in October in Iqaluit, Nunavut,

the daily high temperatures were -4.6 C, -0.5 C, 1.2 C, 2.3 C, -1.1 C, 1.5 C, and -3.0 C. What was the mean daily high temperature that week?
Did You Know?
Iqaluit is the capital of Nunavut. This territory covers 1 1 almost __ of the area of Canada but has less than _____ of 5 1000 4 __ the Canadian population. Over of the people who live 5 in Nunavut are Inuit.

Extend
26. Four points, A, B, C, and D, have the

following coordinates: A(0.75, 0.81) B(0.75, -0.65) C(-1.22, -0.65) D(-1.22, 0.81) What is the area of quadrilateral ABCD, to the nearest hundredth of a square unit?
27. The mean of six rational numbers is -4.3. a) What is the sum of the rational numbers? b) If ve of the numbers each equal -4.5,

Web Link For more information about Nunavut, go to www.mathlinks9.ca and follow the links.

what is the sixth number?

28. Evaluate each expression. a) 3.6 + 2y, y = -0.5 b) (m - 1.8)(m + 1.8), m = 1.7

24. Copy and complete each statement.

+ 1.8 = -3.5 b) -13.3 = -8.9 c) (-4.5) = -9.45 d) -18.5 = 7.4

a) 25. Create a word problem that involves

q 4.5 c) ___ - ___, q = -3.6 q 4.5

29. Add one pair of parentheses or square

operations with rational numbers in decimal form. Make sure you can solve your problem. Then, have a classmate solve your problem.

brackets to the left side of each equation to make a true statement. a) 3.5 4.1 - 3.5 - 2.8 = -0.7 b) 2.5 + (-4.1) + (-2.3) (-1.1) = 4.29 c) -5.5 - (-6.5) 2.4 + (-1.1) = -0.5

Play this game with a partner or in a small group. You will need two dice and one coin. For each turn, roll the two dice and toss the coin. Then, repeat. Create numbers of the form . from the result of rolling the two dice. Tossing heads means the rational numbers are positive. Tossing tails means the rational numbers are negative. Record the two pairs of numbers. Choose one number from each pair so that the sum of the chosen numbers is as close as possible to zero. Record the sum of the chosen numbers. In each round, the player with the sum one closest to zero wins two points. If there is a tie, each tied player wins one point. The winner is the first player with ten points. If two or more players reach ten points in the same round, keep playing until one player is in the lead by at least two points.

gives the pair 1.2 and 2.1

gives the pair -5.6 and -6.5

The four possible sums are 1.2 + (-5.6) 1.2 + (-6.5) 2.1 + (-5.6) 2.1 + (-6.5) Estimation shows that 2.1 + (-5.6) is closest to zero, so calculate this sum. 2.1 + (-5.6) = -3.5

62

MHR Chapter 2

2.3
Focus on
After this lesson, you will be able to perform operations on rational numbers in fraction form solve problems involving rational numbers in fraction form

Problem Solving With Rational Numbers in Fraction Form

A news report gives the results of an Olympic speed skating event:
Winnipegs Cindy Klassen won the gold medal in the 1500-m speed skating event at the Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy. Her winning time was 1:55.27. Ottawas Kristina Groves won the silver medal. She finished in a time of 1:56.74. The bronze medalist was Ireen Wust of the Netherlands. 16 s behind Groves. She finished only ___ 100

Literacy Link
Klassens winning time of 1:55.27 means 1 min, 55.27 s.

What are Klassens time and Grovess time as a mixed number of seconds? How many seconds, in decimal form, did Wust finish behind Groves?

Explore Adding and Subtracting Rational Numbers

Web Link To learn more about Cindy Klassen and other Canadian speed skaters, go to www.mathlinks9.ca and follow the links.

1. Determine the number of seconds by which Klassen beat Groves a) by using their times in fraction form to give an answer in fraction form b) by using their times in decimal form to give an answer in decimal form 2. Which method did you prefer in #1? Explain. 3. What was Wusts time for the event? Show your work. 4. By how many seconds did Klassen beat Wust? Use fractions to show

two ways to determine your answer.

Reflect and Check

5. a) Use the following data to create a problem involving the addition or

subtraction of rational numbers. Ask a partner to solve it.

Canadas Perdita Felicien won in the 100-m hurdles at the world championships in Paris, France. Her time was 12.53 s. Brigitte Foster-Hylton of Jamaica placed second 1 s ahead of Miesha McKelvy of the United States. at 12.57 s. Foster-Hylton was ___ 10

b) Show how you could determine the answer to your problem by using

a different method than your partner used. c) Discuss with your partner the differences between your methods. Decide which method you prefer. Explain your choice.
2.3 Problem Solving With Rational Numbers in Fraction Form MHR 63

Link the Ideas

Example 1: Add and Subtract Rational Numbers in Fraction Form
Estimate and calculate. 1 2 a) __ - -___ 10 5

b) 3__ + -1__

2 3

3 4

)
1 is the same as Subtracting -___ 10 1. adding the opposite of -___ 10 1 2 10 5
0 1

Solution
1 1 a) Estimate. __ - 0 = __ 2 2 Calculate. 1 2 - -___ __ 10 5 2 1 __ ___ = 5 10 -1 4 - ___ = ___ 10 10 4 ( 1) = _________ 10 5 ___ = 10 1 __ = 2

( ) ( ) ( )

A common denominator of 5 and 10 is 10.

Is the calculated answer close to the estimate?

b) Estimate. 4 + (-2) = 2

Calculate. Method 1: Rewrite the Mixed Numbers as Improper Fractions 7 3 = ___ 2 + -1__ 11 + -__ 3__ 4 3 4 3 Add. 7 11 + -__ ___ 4 3 -7 11 + ___ = ___ 3 4 44 21 = ___ + ____ 12 12 44 + (-21) = ___________ 12 23 = ___ 12 11 = 1___ 12

( )

( ) ( ) ( )

Method 2: Add the Integers and Add the Fractions 3 2 + -1__ 3__ 3 4 3 2 __ = 3 + + (-1) + -__ 4 3 3 2 __ = 3 + (-1) + __ + 4 3 9 8 = 3 + (-1) + ___ + -___ 12 12 1 ___ =2+ 12 1 12 ___ = 1 + -___ 12 12 11 = 1___ 12

( ) ( ) ( )

64

MHR Chapter 2

Show You Know

Estimate and calculate. 3 1 a) -__ - __ 4 5

9 1 b) -2__ + 1___ 2 10

Example 2: Multiply and Divide Rational Numbers in Fraction Form

Determine. 2 3 a) __ -__ 3 4

( ) ( )

b) -1__ -2__

1 2

3 4

Solution a) Multiply the numerators and multiply the denominators. 2 = __ 3 ___ 3 -__ -2 __ 1 = -__ 1 3 4 4 3 1 ( -__ 2) 2 3 (-2) = _________ 43 You could remove the common factors of 3 and 2 from the ___ = 6 numerator and denominator before multiplying. 12 31 -2 -1 -1 1 __ 1 -1 or -__ _____ = ___ or -__ = ___ 2 2 4 3 2 1 2 2

( )

b) Method 1: Use a Common Denominator

Write the fractions with a common denominator and divide the numerators. 3 -___ 11 3 = -__ 1 -2__ -1__ 2 4 2 4 -6 (-11) -6 -11 Recall that ___ ( ____ ) = ___________ -6 ____ -11 4 4 44 = ___ -6 (-11) 4 4 ___________ = 1 -6 = ____ 6 ____ -11 = -11 6 ___ = 11 Method 2: Multiply by the Reciprocal Another strategy is to multiply by the reciprocal. You could remove the 4 -3 ____ -3 ____ -11 = ___ common factor of 2 ___ from the numerator -11 2 4 2 and denominator. -12 = ____ 2 -22 -3 ____ 6 4 ___ = ___ 6 11 2 1 -11 ___ = 1 11

( (

) )

Show You Know

Determine each value. 2 1 a) -__ -__ 5 6

( )

1 1 b) -2__ 1__ 8 4

2.3 Problem Solving With Rational Numbers in Fraction Form MHR

65

Example 3: Apply Operations With Rational Numbers in Fraction Form

At the start of a week, Maka had $30 of her monthly allowance left. 1 shopping, 1 of the money on bus fares, another __ That week, she spent __ 5 2 1 on snacks. How much did she have left at the end of the week? and __ 4

Solution You can represent the $30 Maka had at the beginning of the week by 30.
You can represent the fractions of the 1 , and -__ 1. 1 , -__ money spent by -__ 5 2 4 Calculate each dollar amount spent. For bus fares: 1 30 -__ 5 30 -1 ___ = ___ 5 1 -30 = ____ 5 = -6 For shopping: 1 30 -__ 2 30 -1 ___ = ___ 2 1 -30 = ____ 2 = -15

Why would you represent the $30 by a positive rational number? Why would you represent the fractions of money spent by negative rational numbers?

For snacks: 1 30 -__ 4 30 -1 ___ = ___ 4 1 -30 = ____ 4 15 or -7.5 = -___ 2

You could also calculate the total by adding the three fractions 1 , and -__ 1 and multiplying 1 , -__ -__ 5 2 4 their sum by 30. Why does this strategy work? Which strategy do you prefer?

Determine the total dollar amount spent. -6 + (-15) + (-7.5) = -28.5 Determine how much Maka had left. 30 + (-28.5) = 1.5 Maka had $1.50 left at the end of the week.
Show You Know

Stefano had $46 in a bank account that he was not using. Each month 1 of this amount as a service fee. for three months, the bank withdrew __ 4 How much was left in the account after the last withdrawal?

66

MHR Chapter 2

Key Ideas
The addition of rational numbers can be modelled on a number line. The subtraction of rational numbers can be modelled by adding the opposite on a number line.
1 _ 2 1 _ 8
1 0 +1

1 3 1 = -__ __ + -__ 8

( 2)

or

1 __ 1 3 __ - = -__ 8 2 8

Rational numbers expressed as proper or improper fractions can be added and subtracted in the same way as positive fractions. Rational numbers expressed as mixed numbers can be added by rst writing them as improper fractions adding the integers and adding the fractions Rational numbers expressed as mixed numbers can be subtracted by rst writing them as improper fractions. Rational numbers expressed as proper or improper fractions can be multiplied and divided in the same way as positive fractions. The sign of the product or quotient can be predicted from the sign rules for multiplication and division. Rational numbers expressed as mixed numbers can be multiplied and divided by rst writing them as improper fractions.

Check Your Understanding

Communicate the Ideas
1 2 1. Emma and Oleg both calculated -___ - __ correctly. 12 3
a) Emma used 12 as a common denominator. Show how she calculated

the difference in lowest terms. b) Oleg used 36 as a common denominator. Show how he calculated the difference in lowest terms. c) Which common denominator do you prefer using for the calculation? Explain. 7 5 2. Ming and Al both determined -___ -___ and wrote the product in 15 14 lowest terms. Ming multiplied before she removed common factors. Al removed common factors before he multiplied. Whose method do you prefer? Explain.

2.3 Problem Solving With Rational Numbers in Fraction Form MHR

67

-9 3 3. a) Calculate ___ __ by multiplying by the reciprocal. 12 8 -9 3 b) Calculate ___ __ by writing the fractions with a common 12 8 denominator and dividing the numerators. c) Which method do you prefer for this calculation? Explain.

4. Joshua suggested his own method for multiplying and dividing rational

4 __ 8. 2 = ___ 4 __ 2 , he calculated __ numbers in fraction form. For -__ 5 3 5 3 15 4 and __ 2 Then, he reasoned that the product must be negative because -__ 5 3 8 . Describe an advantage have different signs. He gave the answer as -___ 15 and a disadvantage of Joshuas method.

Practise
For help with #5 and #6, refer to Example 1 on page 64. Write your answers in lowest terms.
5. Estimate and calculate. 8. Estimate and calculate.

3 1 a) -__ -__ 4 9 3 7 __ ___ c) - 8 10 6 7 e) __ -___ 9 11

( )
)

1 1 b) 1__ 1__ 3 4 1 1 d) -2__ 1__ 8 4 1 1 f) -1__ -2__ 2 2

3 1 a) ___ + __

10 5 5 5 c) -___ - ___ 12 12 5 1 e) -__ + __ 6 3

6. Estimate and calculate.

1 1 b) 2__ + -1__ 3

)
3

1 1 d) -2__ - -3__ 2

1 3 f) __ - -__ 8

( 4)

For help with #9 and #10, refer to Example 3 on page 66.

9. Lori owed her mother $39. Lori paid back

2 3 a) __ - __ 3

4 3 1 c) -__ + -__ 5 4 1 1 e) 1__ - 2__ 2 4

2 1 b) -__ + -__

( )

9 ( 3) 3 5 d) -__ - ( -__ ) 4 8 3 2 f) 1__ + ( -1__ ) 5 4

3 remaining debt.

1 of the 1 of this debt and then paid back __ __ 4

How much does Lori still owe her mother?

10. A carpenter has 64 m of baseboard. He

For help with #7 and #8, refer to Example 2 on page 65. Write your answers in lowest terms.
7. Estimate and calculate.

1 of the baseboard in one room. He installs __ 2 3 of the original amount of installs another __ 5 baseboard in another room. How much baseboard does he have left?

4 5 a) __ __

5 6 2 1 __ -__ c) 5 8 3 1 e) -__ 5__ 8 3

1 3 b) 3__ 1__

( )

3 4 9 4 d) -___ -__ 5 10 3 1 f) ___ -__ 8 10

( ) ( ) ( )

Apply
11. In everyday speech, in a jiffy means in a very

short time. In science, a specic value 1 s. sometimes assigned to a jiffy is ____ 100 Naima can type at 50 words/min. On average, how many jifes does she take to type each word?

68

MHR Chapter 2

12. In the table, a positive number shows how

14. Li and Ray shared a vegetarian pizza and

many hours the time in a location is ahead of the time in London, England. A negative number shows how many hours the time is behind the time in London.
Location Time Zone

Alice Springs, Australia Brandon, Manitoba Chatham Islands, New Zealand Istanbul, Turkey Kathmandu, Nepal London, England Mumbai, India St. Johns, Newfoundland and Labrador Tokyo, Japan Victoria, British Columbia

1 +9 __ 2 -6 3 +12 __ 4 +2 3 +5 __ 4 0 1 +5 __ 2 1 -3 __ 2 +9 -8

a Hawaiian pizza of the same size. The vegetarian pizza was cut into eight equal slices. The Hawaiian pizza was cut into six equal slices. Li ate two slices of the vegetarian pizza and one slice of the Hawaiian pizza. Ray ate two slices of the Hawaiian pizza and one slice of the vegetarian pizza.

a) Who ate more pizza? b) How much more did that person eat? c) How much pizza was left over? 15. Predict the next three numbers in each

a) How many hours is the time in St. Johns b) c) d) e)

ahead of the time in Brandon? How many hours is the time in Victoria behind the time in Mumbai? Determine and interpret the time difference between Tokyo and Kathmandu. Determine and interpret the time difference between Chatham Islands and St. Johns. In which location is the time exactly halfway between the times in Istanbul and Alice Springs?

pattern. 1 7 1 3 a) -1__, -__, -__, __, 1, 2 8 4 8 2 1 1 1 1 __ b) 1 , -__, __, -__, ___, 3 3 3 6 12 1 16. Boris has 2__ times as much cash as Anna. 2 3 as much cash as Anna. Anna Charlie has __ 4 has $25.60 in cash. a) How much cash do the three people have altogether? b) How much more cash does Boris have than Charlie? 3 2 4 3 convert the fractions to decimals and add the decimals on a scientic calculator. a) Explain why she had difculty in determining the exact answer by this method. b) How should she calculate to get an exact answer?

6 13. The diameter of Pluto is ___ the diameter 17 17 the diameter of Saturn. of Mars. Mars is ____ 300 a) What fraction of the diameter of Saturn is the diameter of Pluto? b) The diameter of Saturn is 120 000 km. What is the diameter of Pluto?

17. To calculate -__ + -__ , Amy decided to

( )

2.3 Problem Solving With Rational Numbers in Fraction Form MHR

69

18. One ninth of the height of an iceberg was

22. Taj has three scoops for measuring our.

above the surface of the water. The iceberg extended to a depth of 75.8 m below the surface. What was the height of the iceberg above the surface? Express your answer to the nearest tenth of a metre.

1 times as much as The largest scoop holds 2__ 2 the smallest one. The middle scoop holds 3 times as much as the smallest one. 1__ 4 Describe two different ways in which Taj could measure each of the following quantities. He can use full scoops only. 1 a) 3__ times as much as the smallest 4 scoop holds 1 b) __ as much as the smallest scoop holds 2
23. a) Write a subtraction statement involving

75.8 m

two negative fractions or negative mixed 4. numbers so that the difference is -__ 3 b) Share your statement with a classmate.

Extend
24. Can the sum of two rational numbers be less 19. Copy and complete each statement.

than both of the rational numbers? Explain using examples in fraction form.
25. The following expression has a value of 1.

1 a) __ +

2 1 c) -2__ 6

3 = -__ 4 1 = -1__ 3

b) d)

7 4 = -___ - 1__ 10 5 3 = 2__ 1 -__ 5 2

( )

1 + -__ 1 -__ 1 + -__ 1 [ -__ 2 ( 2 )] [ 2 ( 2 )] 1 four times to write expressions Use -__ 2 with each of the following values. a) -1 b) 0 1 c) __ d) 4 4 3 1 e) -__ f) -1__ 4 2
26. Multiplying a fraction by -__, then adding

20. In a magic square, the sum of each row,

column, and diagonal is the same. Copy and complete this magic square.
1 -__ 2 5 -__ 6 1 __ 2
21. Calculate.

1 -1__ 6

3 1 2 1 a) __ __ - __ + ___

3 5 2 10 5 3 3 1 b) __ __ - __ __ 4 8 8 2 5 1 1 1 c) 1__ + 1__ -2__ + __ 2 2 6 3

1 2 1 gave an answer 3 , and then dividing by -__ __ 4 4 3 . What was the original fraction? of -3__ 4 x 2

1 1 27. For what values of x does x - __ = 1__?

70

MHR Chapter 2

represents -7 represents 1

represent -7, 1, -3, and 8 An expression for the product furthest from zero is 8 8 8 -7 -7 -7 8 -7 ___ ___ or ___ ___ or __ ___ or ___ __ 1 1 1 -3 -3 -3 -3 1

History Link
Fractions in Ancient Egypt

1 , is called a unit fraction. In ancient Egypt, fractions A fraction with a numerator of 1, such as __ 4 5 that were not unit fractions were expressed as sums of unit fractions. For example, __ was 6 1 + __ 1. expressed as __ 2 3 Did You Know? 1. Express each of the following as the sum of two unit fractions. The Eye of Horus as shown below was used by 3 9 9 11 a) ___ b) ___ c) ___ d) ___ ancient Egyptians to represent fractions. Each 14 10 20 18
2. Describe any strategies that helped you to complete #1. part of the Eye of Horus was a unit fraction. Egyptians believed that the parts had a combined value of 1.

Repetition was not allowed in the Egyptian 2 was not expressed as system. Therefore, __ 5 1 + __ 1 but could be expressed as ___ 1 + __ 1. __ 5 5 15 3 3. Express each of the following as the sum of two unit fractions without using any fraction more than once. 2 2 2 a) __ b) __ c) ___ 7 11 9
4. Express each of the following as the sum

of three unit fractions without using any fraction more than once. 3 7 11 a) __ b) ___ c) __ 4 8 24

2.3 Problem Solving With Rational Numbers in Fraction Form MHR

Play this game with a partner or in a small group. You will need a deck of playing cards. Remove the jokers, face cards, and 10s from the deck. Red cards represent positive integers. Black cards represent negative integers. Aces represent 1 or 1. In each round, the dealer shuffles the cards and deals four cards to each player. Use your four cards to make two fractions with a product that is as far from zero as possible. In each round, the player with the product that is furthest from zero wins two points. If there is a tie, each tied player wins a point. The winner is the first player with ten points. If two or more players reach ten points in the same round, keep playing until one player is in the lead by at least two points.

71

2.4
Focus on
After this lesson, you will be able to determine the square root of a perfect square rational number determine an approximate square root of a non-perfect square rational number

Determining Square Roots of Rational Numbers

The Great Pyramid of Giza is the largest of the ancient pyramids in Egypt. The pyramid has a square base with a side length between 230 m and 231 m. Estimate how the dimensions of the base compare with the dimensions of a football field.
Materials

grid paper

Explore Square Roots of Rational Numbers

1. a) Explain how the diagram represents 16 .
___

Literacy Link
When the square root of a given number is multiplied by itself, the product is the given number. For example, the square root of 9 is 3, because 3 3 = 9. A square root is represented __ by the symbol [] ,__ for example, 9 = 3.

b) Draw a diagram that represents 25 . c) Explain how you could use the following diagram to identify a

___

rational number with a square root that is between 4 and 5.

d) Describe another strategy you could use to complete part c).

72 MHR Chapter 2

2. a) Explain how the shading on the hundred grid represents 0.25 .

_____

b) Draw a diagram that represents 0.36 . c) Explain how you could use the following diagram to identify a rational

_____

number with a square root that is between 0.5 and 0.6.

d) Describe another strategy you could use to complete part c).

Reflect and Check

3. Compare your strategies from #1d) and #2d) with a classmates strategies.

How are they similar and different?

4. Use the dimensions provided in the opening paragraph of this section

to estimate the base area of the Great Pyramid of Giza. Explain your method.

Did You Know?

The Great Pyramid of Giza is on the outskirts of Cairo. The pyramid is over 4500 years old. It was built as a tomb for Khufu, a king of ancient Egypt. Tens of thousands of workers took at least ten years to build the pyramid from over two million stone blocks.

2.4 Determining Square Roots of Rational Numbers MHR

73

Link the Ideas

Example 1: Determine a Rational Number From Its Square Root
A square trampoline has a side length of 2.6 m. Estimate and calculate the area of the trampoline.

Solution
Strategies
Draw a Diagram A s2

s 2.6 m

Tech Link
Check the key sequence for determining the square of a number on your calculator. If there is no x2 or equivalent key, just multiply the number by itself.

Estimate. 22 = 4 32 = 9 2 So, 2.6 is between 4 and 9. 2.6 is closer to 3 than to 2, so 2.62 7. An estimate for the area of the trampoline is 7 m2. Calculate. 2.62 = 6.76 C 2.6 x2 6.76 The area of a trampoline with a side length of 2.6 m is 6.76 m2.
Show You Know

Estimate and calculate the area of a square photo with a side length of 7.1 cm.

74

MHR Chapter 2

Example 2: Determine Whether a Rational Number Is a Perfect Square

Determine whether each of the following numbers is a perfect square. 25 a) ___ b) 0.4 49

Literacy Link
A perfect square can be expressed as the product of two equal rational factors. The decimal 0.25 is a perfect square because it can be expressed as 0.5 0.5. 9 The fraction ___ is a 16 perfect square because it can be 3 3 expressed as __ __. 4 4

Solution 25 a) In ___, both the numerator and 49

denominator are perfect squares. 49 5 __ 5. two equal rational factors, __ 7 7 25 is a perfect square. So, ___ 49 25 can be expressed as the product of ___

How do you know that 25 and 49 are perfect squares?

How does this diagram represent the situation?

25 A = __ 49

5 s= _ 7

4 b) 0.4 can be expressed in fraction form as ___.

10 The numerator, 4, is a perfect square. The denominator, 10, is not a perfect square. 4 cannot be expressed as the product of two ___ 10

How do you know that 10 is not a perfect square?

equal rational factors. So, 0.4 is not a perfect square.

Show You Know

Is each of the following numbers a perfect square? Explain. 121 a) ____ b) 1.2 c) 0.09 64

2.4 Determining Square Roots of Rational Numbers MHR

75

Literacy Link
Square Roots of Perfect Squares 0.25 can be expressed as 0.5 0.5. Therefore, ____ 0.25 = 0.5. 9 ___ can be expressed 16 3 3 as __ __. 4 4 Therefore, ___ 3 9 ___ = __. 16 4

Example 3: Determine the Square Root of a Perfect Square

Evaluate 1.44 .
_____

Solution

A 1.44

s A

Strategies
Draw a Diagram

Determine the positive number that, when multiplied by itself, results in a product of 1.44. Method 1: Use Inspection 1.2 _____ 1.2 = 1.44 So, 1.44 = 1.2. Method 2: Use Guess and Check 1.1 1.1 = 1.21 Too low 1.3 1.3 = 1.69 Too high 1.2 _____ 1.2 = 1.44 Correct! So, 1.44 = 1.2. Method 3: Use Fraction Form 144 1.44 = ____ 100 12 12 = ___ ___ 10 10 = 1.2 1.2 _____ So, 1.44 = 1.2.
Since 12 12 = 144, then 1.2 1.2 = 1.44.

Tech Link
Check the key sequence for determining square roots on your calculator. Make sure that you can obtain the correct answer for Example 3.

Check: C 1.44 x 1.2

Show You Know

Evaluate. _____ a) 2.25

b) 0.16
_____

76

MHR Chapter 2

Example 4: Determine a Square Root of a Non-Perfect Square

a) Estimate b) Calculate 0.73 , to the nearest thousandth.
_____ 0.73 . _____

non-perfect square a rational number that cannot be expressed as the product of two equal rational factors for example, you cannot multiply any rational number by itself and get an answer 7 of 3, 5, 1.5, or __ 8

Solution a) Estimate. You can use the square root of a _____ perfect _____ square on each side of 0.73 . 0.73 is about halfway _____ _____ between 0.64 and 0.81 .
_____

0.64

0.73

0.81

0.7

0.8

0.9

One reasonable estimate for 0.73 might be about halfway between 0.8 and 0.9, which is about 0.85.
0.73 0.85
_____

Strategies
Draw a Diagram

b) Calculate.

C 0.73 x 0.854400375 _____ So, 0.73 0.854, to the nearest thousandth.

A calculator usually gives a closer approximation than an estimate does. Why is the value that the calculator shows only an approximation?

Did You Know?

The square root of a non-perfect square has certain properties: It is a non-repeating, non-terminating decimal. __ For example, 5 = 2.236 067 978 . Its decimal value is approximate, not exact.

Check: Use the inverse operation, which is squaring. 0.8542 = 0.729 316 0.8542 is close to 0.73.
Show You Know
a) Estimate 0.34 .
_____

b) Calculate 0.34 , to the nearest thousandth.

_____

Key Ideas
If the side length of a square models a number, the area of the square models the square of the number. If the area of a square models a number, the side length of the square models the square root of the number.
3.61 = 1.9 1.9
____ 2.56 = 1.6 ____ 1.65 1.284 523 258

A = s2

s = A

A perfect square can be expressed as the product of two equal rational factors. The square root of a perfect square can be determined exactly. The square root of a non-perfect square determined using a calculator is an approximation.

1 1 1 __ __ = __ 4 2 2 2 4 __ = __ 9 3
__

2.4 Determining Square Roots of Rational Numbers MHR

77

Check Your Understanding

Communicate the Ideas
1. Max said that the square root of 6.4 is 3.2. Lynda claimed that the

square root of 6.4 is 0.8. Jamila estimated that the square root of 6.4 should be about 2.5. a) Who is correct? b) What mistakes did the other two students make?
2. Without calculating any square roots, identify the square roots that

have values between 4.5 and 5.5. Explain your reasoning. _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ 21.3 20.1 31.7 27.9 30.5 25.4 30.2
3. Since 9 is less than 9, and 1.44 is less than 1.44, Andr predicted _______ that 0.0625 would be less than 0.0625. Do you agree with his
__ _____

prediction? Explain.
4. a) Determine 2 using a scientic calculator. Record all of the digits
__

that the calculator displays. __ b) Enter the decimal value of 2 from part a) into the calculator and square the value. Record the result. __ c) In part a), did the calculator display the exact value of 2 ? Explain how you know.

Practise
5. Use the diagram to identify a rational 8. Estimate and calculate the area of each

number with a square root between 3 and 4.

square, given its side length. a) 4.3 cm b) 0.035 km

For help with #9 and #10, refer to Example 2 on page 75.
9. Is each of the following rational numbers a

6. Identify a rational number with a square

perfect square? Explain. 1 a) ___ b) 16 c) 0.36 d)

5 __ 9 0.9

root between 0.7 and 0.8.

10. Determine whether each rational number is

For help with #7 and #8, refer to Example 1 on page 74.

7. Estimate and calculate the number that has

the given square root. a) 3.1 c) 0.62

b) 12.5 d) 0.29

a perfect square. 7 a) ___ 12 c) 0.1

100 b) ____

49 d) 0.01

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MHR Chapter 2

For help with #11 and #12, refer to Example 3 on page 76.
11. Evaluate. a) 324
____

c) Nadia is applying two coats of the paint

c) 0.0225

_______

b) 2.89

_____ _____

d) 2025

to an area that is 4.6 m by 4.6 m. How much paint will she use if she applies the same amount of paint for each coat? Express your answer to the nearest tenth of a litre.
17. Some parks contain fenced gardens. Suppose

12. Calculate the side length of each square

from its area. a) 169 m2

b) 0.16 mm2

For help with #13 and #14, refer to Example 4 on page 77.
13. Estimate each square root. Then, calculate it

to the specied number of decimal places. ___ a) 39 , to the nearest tenth ___ b) 4.5 , to the nearest hundredth _____ c) 0.87 , to the nearest thousandth ______ d) 0.022 , to the nearest thousandth
14. Given the area of each square, determine its

that it costs $80 to build each metre of fence, including materials and labour. a) How much does it cost to enclose a square with an area of 120 m2? Express your answer to the nearest dollar. b) Predict whether the total cost of enclosing two squares with an area of 60 m2 each is the same as your answer to part a). c) Test your prediction from part b) and describe your ndings.
18. A frame measures 30 cm by 20 cm. Can

side length. Express your answer to the nearest hundredth of a unit. a) 0.85 m2 b) 60 cm2

you mount a square picture with an area of 500 cm2 in the frame? Explain.
19. A square picture with an area of 100 cm2 is

Apply
15. Kai needs to replace the strip of laminate

that is glued to the vertical faces on a square tabletop. The tabletop has an area of 1.69 m2. What length of laminate does she need?
A 1.69 m2 laminate

mounted on a square piece of matting. The matting has 2.5 times the area of the picture. If the picture is centred on the matting, what width of matting is visible around the outside of the picture? Give your answer to the nearest tenth of a centimetre.

16. a) The label on a 1-L can of paint states that

the paint will cover an area of 10 m2. What is the side length of the largest square area that the paint will cover? Express your answer to the nearest hundredth of a metre. b) What is the side length of the largest square area that a 3.79-L can of the same paint will cover? Express your answer to the nearest hundredth of a metre.

20. Leons rectangular living room is 8.2 m by 2 of the area of 4.5 m. A square rug covers __

5 the oor. What is the side length of the rug, to the nearest tenth of a metre?

2.4 Determining Square Roots of Rational Numbers MHR

79

21. A baseball diamond is a square area of about

25. What is the length of the longest line

750 m2. What is the distance from rst to second base. Give your answer to the nearest tenth of a metre.
second base

segment you can draw on a sheet of paper that is 27.9 cm by 21.6 cm? Express your answer to the nearest tenth of a centimetre.
26. A bag of fertilizer will cover an area of

first base

200 m2. Determine the dimensions of a 3 of a bag of fertilizer will square that __ 4 cover. Express your answer to the nearest tenth of a metre.
27. The surface area of a cube is 100 cm2.

Determine the edge length of the cube, to the nearest tenth of a centimetre.
22. The hypotenuse of an isosceles right triangle

has a length of 20 cm. What is the length of each leg of the triangle? Provide your answer to the nearest tenth of a centimetre.
23. A rectangular oor that measures 3 m

28. The period, t, in seconds, of a pendulum is

by 2 m is covered by 384 square tiles. Determine the side length of each tile, in centimetres. State any assumptions you make.
24. The distance, d, in kilometres, that a person

the time it takes for a complete swing back and forth. The period can be calculated from the length, l, in metres, of the__ pendulum using the formula t = 4l . Determine the period of a pendulum with each of the following lengths. Express each answer to the nearest hundredth of a second. a) 1.6 m b) 2.5 m c) 50 cm
29. The speed of sound in air, s, in metres

can see across the ocean to__________ the horizon is given by the formula d = 12.74 h . In the formula h is the height, in metres, of the persons eyes above the water. Calculate the distance that each of the following people can see across the ocean to the horizon. Express each answer to the nearest tenth of a kilometre. a) Adle is sitting on a lifeguard station at the edge of the ocean. Her eyes are 4.1 m above the water. b) Brian is standing at the waters edge. His eyes are 165 cm above the water. c) Yvonne is the pilot of an aircraft ying 5 km above the coastline.
Literacy Link
Perform operations under a square root symbol before _____ ___ taking the square root. For example, 9 4 = 36 or 6.

per second, is related to the temperature, t, in degrees Celsius, by the formula ____________ s = 401(273 + t) . How much greater is the speed of sound on a day when the temperature is 30 C than on a day when the temperature is -20 C? Express your answer to the nearest metre per second.
30. A square eld has an area of 1000 m2. Laura

wants to walk from one corner of the eld to the opposite corner. If she walks at 1.5 m/s, how much time can she save by walking diagonally instead of walking along two adjacent sides? Express your answer to the nearest tenth of a second.

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MHR Chapter 2

31. The area of a triangle can be determined

Extend
32. This shape is made from eight congruent

using Herons formula, which requires the side lengths of the triangle. Herons formula ___________________ is A = s(s - a)(s - b)(s - c) . In the formula A is the area; a, b, and c are the side lengths; and s is half the perimeter or a+b+c _________ . Determine the area of each 2 triangle with the following side lengths. Express each area to the nearest tenth of a square centimetre. a) 15 cm, 12 cm, 10 cm b) 9.3 cm, 11.4 cm, 7.5 cm

squares. The total area of the shape is 52 cm2. What is its perimeter, to the nearest centimetre?

33. A square has an area of 32 cm2. What is the

area of the largest circle that will t inside it? Express your answer to the nearest tenth of a square centimetre.
34. Use the formula r =

History Link
Herons formula was determined by a Greek mathematician and inventor named Heron (or Hero) of Alexandria. Historians believe that he lived in the first century of the Common Era, but little is known of his life. Heron wrote about geometry and about his inventions, which included machines driven by water, steam, and compressed air.

radius of a circular garden with an area of 40 m2. Express your answer to the nearest tenth of a metre. 1 35. The width of a rectangle is __ its length. 3 The area of the rectangle is 9.72 cm2. What are the dimensions of the rectangle?
__________ ________ _______

A _ _ to determine the

__

Web Link For more information about Heron of Alexandria, go to www.mathlinks9.ca and follow the links.

36. Determine 65 536 .

Sudoku is a Japanese logic puzzle completed on a 9-by-9 square grid. The grid includes nine 3-by-3 sections. Answer each of the following questions about the sudoku grid in two different ways. Compare your solutions with your classmates solutions. a) If the smallest squares on the grid have a side length of 1.1 cm, what is the area of the whole grid? b) If the whole grid has an area of 182.25 cm2, what are the dimensions of each 3 by 3 section?

Web Link To learn more about sudoku puzzles, go to www.mathlinks9.ca and follow the links.

2.4 Determining Square Roots of Rational Numbers MHR

81

Chapter 2 Review
For #1 to #4, use the clues to unscramble the letters.
1. S T I S P O P O E 7. Axel, Bree, and Caitlin were comparing

two numbers represented by points that are the same distance in opposite directions from zero on a number line
2. T A L I N A R O B R U N M E

the quotient of two integers, where the divisor is not zero (2 words)
3. C R E F P E T Q U E S A R

the product of two equal rational factors (2 words)

4. F R E N C E N T O P A Q U E R S

1. 1 and -1__ -1__ 2 4 a) Axel rst wrote the two mixed numbers as improper fractions. Describe the rest of his method. b) Bree rst wrote each mixed number as a decimal. Describe the rest of her method. c) Caitlin rst ignored the integers and 1 with a common 1 and -__ wrote -__ 2 4 denominator. Describe the rest of her method. d) Which method do you prefer? Explain.
8. Write two fractions in lowest terms between

a rational number that cannot be expressed as the product of two equal rational factors (2 words, 1 hyphenated)

0 and -1 with 5 as the numerator.

2.1 Comparing and Ordering Rational Numbers, pages 4654 5. Which of the following rational numbers cannot be expressed as an integer? 6 3 -8 ____ -10 -__ 24 ___ ___ ___ 4 3 24 2 -6 -225 -21 82 ____ - ______ - ____ -7 15 -12

2.2 Problem Solving With Rational Numbers in Decimal Form, pages 5562 9. Calculate. a) -5.68 + 4.73 b) -0.85 - (-2.34) c) 1.8(-4.5) d) -3.77 (-2.9)
10. Evaluate. Express your answer to the nearest

6. Replace each

with >, <, or = to make each statement true. -9 ___ 3 a) ___ 6 -2 b) -0.86 -0.84 3 c) -__ 5 3 d) -1___ -0.6
__

tenth, if necessary. a) 5.3 (-8.4) b) -0.25 (-0.031) c) -5.3 + 2.4[7.8 + (-8.3)] d) 4.2 - 5.6 (-2.8) - 0.9
11. One evening in Dauphin, Manitoba, the

-13 - ____ -10 10 8 11 e) -___ -___ 12 15 5 -2__ 7 f) -2__ 6 8

temperature decreased from 2.4 C to -3.2 C in 3.5 h. What was the average rate of change in the temperature?
12. Over a four-year period, a company lost

an average of $1.2 million per year. The companys total losses by the end of ve years were $3.5 million. What was the companys prot or loss in the fth year?

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MHR Chapter 2

2.3 Problem Solving With Rational Numbers in Fraction Form, pages 6371 13. Add or subtract. 3 3 2 4 a) __ - __ b) -__ + -__ 8 4 3 5 7 3 1 1 c) -3__ + 1___ d) 2__ - -2__ 5 10 3 4

22. In what situation is each of the following

( ) ( )

statements true? Provide an example to support each answer. a) The square root of a number is less than the number. b) The square root of a number is greater than the number.
23. A hundred grid has an

14. Multiply or divide.

1 8 a) -__ -__
c)

2( 9 ) 3 -4__ 2 2__ 4 ( 3)

5 7 b) -__ __

6 8 7 3 d) -4__ -2__ 8 4

15. Without doing any calculations, state how

area of 225 cm2. a) What is the side length of each small square on the grid? Solve this problem in two ways.

A 225 cm2

the values of the following two quotients compare. Explain your reasoning. 3 7 -7__ 7 7__ 3 -96__ 96__ 8 4 8 4

b) What is the length of the diagonal of the

whole grid? Express your answer to the nearest tenth of a centimetre.

24. Suppose a 1-L can of paint covers 11 m2. a) How many cans of paint would you need

1 16. How many hours are there in 2__ weeks? 2 1 17. The area of Manitoba is about 1__ times the 5 total area of the four Atlantic provinces. 3 the The area of Yukon Territory is about __ 4 area of Manitoba. Express the area of Yukon Territory as a fraction of the total area of the Atlantic provinces.

to paint a ceiling that is 5.2 m by 5.2 m? Show your work. b) Determine the maximum dimensions of a square ceiling you could paint with 4 L of paint. Express your answer to the nearest tenth of a metre.
25. Close to the surface of the moon, the time

2.4 Determining Square Roots of Rational Numbers, pages 7281 18. Determine whether each rational number is a perfect square. Explain your reasoning. 7 64 a) ____ b) __ c) 0.49 d) 1.6 4 121
19. Estimate 220 to one decimal place.
____

a dropped object takes to reach the surface can be determined using the formula _____ t=

h . The time, t, is in seconds, and _____ 0.81

Describe your method.

20. Determine the number with a square root

of 0.15.
21. Determine. a) 12.96
_____ ______

the height, h, is in metres. If an object is dropped from a height of 200 m, how long does it take to reach the surface of the moon? Express your answer to the nearest tenth of a second.

b) 0.05 , to the nearest thousandth

Chapter 2 Review MHR 83

Chapter 2 Practice Test

For #1 to #7, select the best answer. Complete the statements in #8 and #9.
8. A square has an area of 1.44 m2. The

4 1. Which fraction does not equal ___? -10 A - ____ 15 6 C ___ -9

-6 8 B -___ 12 -2 D - ___ -3 5 6 7 B -1__ 8 4 D -1__ 5

perimeter of the square is

m. 11

5 9. On a number line, you would nd -3___ to the of -3.4545.

( )

2. Which value is greater than -1__? A -1.8 C -1.83

__ __

Short Answer 10. Explain why any integer is a rational number.

11. Arrange the following in descending order.
__

-1.2

-1.2

19 ___ 20

9 ___ 10

9 ____ -10

0.94

3. Which fraction is between -0.34 and

-0.36? 17 A -___ 50 7 C -___ 20

12. Identify the fractions in lowest terms that

9 25 35 D ____ 100

B -___

are between -2 and -3 and that have 6 as the denominator.

13. Calculate.

4. Which value equals -3.78 - (-2.95)? A -6.73 C 0.83 B -0.83 D 6.73

2 4 a) 1__ - 2__ 5

3 11 5 c) __ -___ 12 8

b) -3.21 + 1.84

5 1 d) -2__ -3__ 7

e) -3.66 (-1.5)

6 3 5. Which expression does not equal __ -__ ? 3 6 A -__ __ 7 3 C ___ 5 5 -6 ___ -7 5 6 3 ___ __ B -5 7 -3 6 D ___ __ -5 7

( 7)

2 5 1 f) -__ + -___ 6 12

14. Canadas Donovan Bailey won the gold

( )

6. Which value is the best estimate for 1.6 ? A 2.6 C 0.8 B 1.3 D 0.4

___

medal in the 100-m sprint at the Summer Olympics in Atlanta in a time of 9.84 s. He beat the second-place nisher, Frankie 5 of a second. Fredericks of Namibia, by ____ 100 What was Frederickss time?

7. Which rational number is a non-perfect

square? 1 A ___ 25 C 0.9

B 0.16

121 D ____ 4

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MHR Chapter 2

15. What is the average of a rational number

19. Ron buys 75 shares in a car company. A

and its opposite? Explain using examples in decimal or fraction form.

16. Is 31.36 a perfect square? Explain how

year later, he sells the shares for $15.64 each. The result is a loss of $260.25. How much did Ron pay for each share? State any assumptions you make.
20. A Canadian quarter is made from

you know.
17. Determine. a) the number with a square root of 6.1 b) 0.1369
__ _______

c) 7 , to the nearest hundredth

Extended Response 18. This shape is made from ten congruent squares.

a) If the perimeter of the shape is 40 cm,

nickel, copper, and steel. The quarter 19 copper, and ___ 47 steel. 11 nickel, ____ is ____ 500 500 50 a) Predict the sum of the three fractions. Justify your prediction. b) Test your prediction by calculating the sum of the three fractions. c) How many times as great is the mass of the steel as the combined mass of the nickel and the copper? d) The mass of a Canadian quarter is 4.4 g. In a roll of 40 quarters, how much greater is the mass of copper than the mass of nickel?

what is its area? b) If the area of the shape is 75 cm2, what is its perimeter, to the nearest tenth of a centimetre?

Design a game that can be played with a partner or in a small group. The game must include calculations that involve at least two operations and both positive and negative rational numbers dice, coins, playing cards, or other materials to generate numbers
a) Describe the rules of the game, including how the winner is

decided.
b) Give examples of the calculations that the

game involves.
c) Play the game with a partner or in a small

6 4

8 7
6

9 6 5

1 4

2 3

group.
d) Suggest alternative rules for the game. For
A

example, you might suggest modifications to the game, such as including different operations.

Chapter 2 Practice Test MHR

85