7KH 20$5 3URJUDPPLQJ /DQJXDJH

5HIHUHQFH 0DQXDO 3URJUDPPLQJ *XLGH

5HYLVLRQ 6HSWHPEHU 

&RS\ULJKW  +\SHUFRVP ,QF $OO ULJKWV UHVHUYHG +\SHUFRVP 20$5 +\SHUFRVP ' 3OD\HU +\SHUFRVP 6RMRXUQHU DQG +\SHUFRVP 6WXGLR DUH WUDGHPDUNV RI +\SHUFRVP ,QF $OO RWKHU WUDGHPDUNV DUH WKH SURSHUW\ RI WKHLU UHVSHFWLYH KROGHUV

+\SHUFRVP ,QF   ZZZK\SHUFRVPFRP )RU WHFKQLFDO VXSSRUW SOHDVH FRQWDFW +\SHUFRVP DW WKH SKRQH QXPEHU DERYH RU VHQG HPDLO WR VXSSRUW#K\SHUFRVPFRP 7R VHH VXSSRUW RSWLRQV IUHTXHQWO\ DVNHG TXHVWLRQV DQG LQIRUPDWLRQ RQ WKH HPDLO GLVFXVVLRQ JURXS JR WR KWWSZZZK\SHUFRVPFRPVXSSRUW LQGH[KWPO

&RQWHQWV
,QWURGXFWLRQ  
5HDVRQV IRU 20$5                                 7KH 20$5 'HVLJQ 3KLORVRSK\                       
6DIHW\                                             $UFKLWHFWXUH ,QGHSHQGHQFH                            *HQHUDOLW\                                         ([SUHVVLYHQHVV                                         

&RPSDULQJ 20$5 WR -DYD  

6LPLODULWLHV WR -DYD                                 
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

'LIIHUHQFHV IURP -DYD                              

     

20$5 (OHPHQWV

6WUXFWXUH  
LLL

20$5 9RFDEXODU\                                

5HVHUYHG :RUGV                                     ,GHQWLILHUV                                         6SHFLDO 6\PEROV                                   

&DVH 6HQVLWLYLW\                                 )UHH )RUPDW                                    20$5 )LOH 7\SHV                               20$5 6RXUFH )LOH 6WUXFWXUH                      

7KH 3URJUDP +HDGHU                                'HFODUDWLRQV                                      6WDWHPHQWV                                        7KH ,QFOXGH 'LUHFWLYH                               &RPPHQWV                                       

   
    

9DULDEOHV

'DWD 7\SHV  

   

9DULDEOHV                                      'DWD 7\SHV                                    %RROHDQ                                       &KDU                                        

6WULQJV                                           

%\WH 6KRUW ,QWHJHU /RQJ                         6FDODU 'RXEOH                                 &RPSOH[                                      

([WUDFWLQJ WKH 5HDO ,PDJLQDU\ &RPSRQHQWV             

9HFWRU                                        
$FFHVVLQJ WKH &RPSRQHQWV RI D 9HFWRU                  

&RQVWDQWV                                       5HIHUHQFH 9DULDEOHV                              

20$5 6WDWHPHQWV  

7KH $VVLJQPHQW 6WDWHPHQW                          7KH $VVLJQPHQW 2SHUDWRUV                          ([SUHVVLRQV                                    
&RPSDFW ([SUHVVLRQV                                3URQRXQV LWV DQG LWVHOI                               6KRUW&LUFXLW ([SUHVVLRQV                             

&RQGLWLRQDO 6WDWHPHQWV                            LY

,I 6WDWHPHQWV                                       7KH :KHQ 6WDWHPHQW                                

/RRSLQJ 6WDWHPHQWV                              
7KH :KLOH 6WDWHPHQW                                7KH )RU 6WDWHPHQW                                  )RU/RRS &RXQWHU 3URWHFWLRQ                          7KH )RU(DFK 6WDWHPHQW                              7KH %UHDN DQG &RQWLQXH 6WDWHPHQWV                   

    

7KH 5HWXUQ 6WDWHPHQW                             7KH ([LW 6WDWHPHQW                               6RPH ([DPSOH 3URJUDPV                          

3URFHGXUHV  
7KH &RQFHSW RI 6FRSLQJ                          9HUEV                                        4XHVWLRQV                                     3DUDPHWHUV                                       

7KH 3UREOHP ZLWK *OREDO 9DULDEOHV                      7KH 3URFHGXUH ,QWHUIDFH 3DUDPHWHUV                    

7KH 'LIIHUHQW .LQGV RI 3DUDPHWHUV                    0DQGDWRU\ 3DUDPHWHUV                           

'HFODUDWLRQ RI 0DQGDWRU\ 3DUDPHWHUV                    $VVLJQPHQW RI 0DQGDWRU\ 3DUDPHWHUV                   

2SWLRQDO 3DUDPHWHUV                             
'HFODUDWLRQ RI 2SWLRQDO 3DUDPHWHUV                      $VVLJQPHQW RI 2SWLRQDO 3DUDPHWHUV                     

0DQGDWRU\ .H\ZRUG 3DUDPHWHUV                    

'HFODUDWLRQ RI 0DQGDWRU\ .H\ZRUG 3DUDPHWHUV             $VVLJQPHQW RI 0DQGDWRU\ .H\ZRUG 3DUDPHWHUV             'HFODUDWLRQ RI RSWLRQDO NH\ZRUG SDUDPHWHUV               $VVLJQPHQW RI RSWLRQDO NH\ZRUG SDUDPHWHUV              

2SWLRQDO .H\ZRUG 3DUDPHWHUV                      5HIHUHQFH 3DUDPHWHUV                            

'HFODUDWLRQ RI 5HIHUHQFH 3DUDPHWHUV                     $VVLJQPHQW RI 5HIHUHQFH 3DUDPHWHUV                     'HFODUDWLRQ RI 2SWLRQDO 5HWXUQ 3DUDPHWHUV                $VVLJQPHQW RI 2SWLRQDO 5HWXUQ 3DUDPHWHUV               

2SWLRQDO 5HWXUQ 3DUDPHWHUV                       

6FRSLQJ 0RGLILHUV                               8VHU'HILQHG 7\SHV $V 3DUDPHWHUV                  &RQVWDQWV $V 3DUDPHWHUV                          )LQDO 3DUDPHWHUV 9DULDEOHV                       6WDWLF 9DULDEOHV                                 3URFHGXUH ,QWHUIDFH 9DULDEOHV                      5HFXUVLRQ                                     0XOWLSOH 3URFHGXUH &DOOV                         

       

$UUD\V 
$UUD\V DV 5HIHUHQFH 7\SHV                         &UHDWLQJ $UUD\V                                 $FFHVVLQJ $UUD\ (OHPHQWV                         '\QDPLF $UUD\V                                 6PDUW $UUD\V 0LQ 0D[ DQG 1XP                   $VVLJQLQJ $UUD\V                                $UUD\ ([SUHVVLRQV                                $VVLJQLQJ $UUD\V E\ 5HIHUHQFH                      0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDO $UUD\V                          0LQ 0D[ DQG 1XP ZLWK 0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDO $UUD\V      $UUD\V RI $UUD\V                                 $VVLJQLQJ 6XE$UUD\V                                        

5HVL]LQJ $UUD\V                                     7KH 5HGLP 6WDWHPHQW                               

,QSXW2XWSXW  
,QSXW 7KH 5HDG 6WDWHPHQW                          2XWSXW 7KH :ULWH 6WDWHPHQW                        3URJUDP $UJXPHQWV                              

8VHU'HILQHG 7\SHV 
%DVLF 6\QWD[ RI 8VHU'HILQHG 7\SHV                  7\SH $OLDVHV                                    YL

(QXPHUDWHG 7\SHV                                6WUXFWXUHV                                     

$FFHVVLQJ D 6WUXFWXUH
V )LHOGV                          7KH :LWK 6WDWHPHQW                                  $VVLJQLQJ 6WUXFWXUHV                                 

3ULPLWLYH 7\SHV DQG 5HIHUHQFH 7\SHV                8QDOORFDWHG 2EMHFWV                             '\QDPLFDOO\ &UHDWLQJ 2EMHFWV                     &UHDWLQJ 0XOWLSOH 5HIHUHQFHV WR DQ 2EMHFW            )UHHLQJ 2EMHFWV                                 7HVWLQJ 2EMHFW $OORFDWLRQ                        

     

,QWURGXFWLRQ WR 2EMHFW2ULHQWHG 3URJUDPPLQJ  

&ODVV &RPSRQHQWV 0HWKRGV 0HPEHUV              &ODVV 'HFODUDWLRQV ,QWHUIDFH ,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ        &ODVV ,QVWDQFHV 2EMHFWV                          ,QYRNLQJ DQ 2EMHFW
V 0HWKRGV                     $FFHVVLQJ DQ 2EMHFW
V 0HPEHUV                   
1R WKLV 3DUDPHWHU                                 

&RQVWUXFWRUV                                   'HVWUXFWRUV                                   

,QWHUPHGLDWH 2EMHFW2ULHQWHG 3URJUDPPLQJ  

&RGH 5HXVH DQG 5REXVWQHVV                      ,QKHULWDQFH                                   ([WHQGLQJ D &ODVV                              &RQVWUXFWRU &KDLQLQJ                           2YHUULGLQJ 0HWKRGV                            '\QDPLF %LQGLQJ                              9DULDEOH 6KDGRZLQJ                            0HWKRG 2YHUULGLQJ 9V 0HPEHU 6KDGRZLQJ                  YLL

7\SH &DVWLQJ                                  7\SH 4XHU\LQJ                                 (QFDSVXODWLRQ                                 3XEOLF 3URWHFWHG 0HPEHUV                      3ULYDWH 0HPEHUV                               3XEOLF 3URWHFWHG 0HWKRGV                      3ULYDWH 0HWKRGV                                6XPPDU\ RI $FFHVV /HYHOV                       

       

$GYDQFHG 2EMHFW2ULHQWHG 3URJUDPPLQJ  

2EMHFWLYH 0HWKRGV                             5HIHUHQFH 0HWKRGV                             'LVDEOLQJ '\QDPLF %LQGLQJ                       )LQDO 0HWKRGV                                 )LQDO &ODVVHV                                  $EVWUDFW 0HWKRGV                               $EVWUDFW &ODVVHV                                ,QWHUIDFHV                                     8VLQJ &RQVWDQWV LQ ,QWHUIDFHV                      6WDWLF ,QLWLDOL]HUV                                        

*ORVVDU\   ,QGH[  

YLLL

,QWURGXFWLRQ
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

&+$37(5 

5HDVRQV IRU 20$5

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

7KH 20$5 'HVLJQ 3KLORVRSK\

6DIHW\

7KH GHVLJQ SKLORVRSK\ WKDW JXLGHG WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI 20$5 FDQ EH VXPPD UL]HG E\ MXVW D IHZ ZRUGV 20$5 DLPV WR EH VDIH DUFKLWHFWXUHLQGHSHQGHQW JHQHUDOSXUSRVH DQG H[SUHVVLYH

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

,QWURGXFWLRQ

$UFKLWHFWXUH ,QGHSHQGHQFH

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

,QWURGXFWLRQ

*HQHUDOLW\
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

7KH 20$5 'HVLJQ 3KLORVRSK\

%HFDXVH 20$5 ZDV RULJLQDOO\ LQWHQGHG WR EH XVHG IRU D ' JUDSKLFV V\VWHP LW FRXOG KDYH EHHQ GHVLJQHG DV D VSHFLDOSXUSRVH ODQJXDJH WKDW UHVWULFWHG LWVHOI VR PXFK WKDW WKHUH ZDV QR QHHG WR ZRUU\ DERXW WKH XVHU ZULWLQJ GDQJHURXV FRGH 7KLV LV ZKDW KDV EHHQ GRQH LQ WKH SDVW IRU H[DPSOH 3L[DUV 5HQGHUPDQ 6KDGLQJ /DQJXDJH DQG FRQWLQXHV WR EH GRQH WRGD\ IRU H[DPSOH 950/ IRU PDQ\ DSSOLFDWLRQV ZKHUH WKH H[LVWLQJ JHQHUDOSXUSRVH ODQJXDJHV ODFN WKH IOH[L ELOLW\ WR VXFFLQFWO\ GHVFULEH WKH VLWXDWLRQ RU DOORZ WKH SURJUDPPHU WRR PXFK IOH[LELOLW\ WR JR DVWUD\ :KDW LV QHHGHG LV QRW PRUH DQG PRUH VSHFLDOSXUSRVH ODQJXDJHV EXW VDIHU PRUH GHVFULSWLYH JHQHUDOSXUSRVH ODQJXDJHV

([SUHVVLYHQHVV

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

,QWURGXFWLRQ

&RPSDULQJ 20$5 WR -DYD

,I \RX DUH DOUHDG\ IDPLOLDU ZLWK RQH RU PRUH SURJUDPPLQJ ODQJXDJHV WKHQ OHDUQLQJ 20$5 VKRXOG EH UHODWLYHO\ HDV\ IRU \RX ,I \RX DOUHDG\ NQRZ -DYD WKHQ LW RXJKW WR EH HVSHFLDOO\ HDV\ 7KLV FKDSWHU RXWOLQHV WKH PDQ\ VLPLODULWLHV EHWZHHQ 20$5 DQG -DYD DQG QRWHV WKH IHZ PDMRU GLIIHUHQFHV ,I \RX DUH QRW DOUHDG\ IDPLOLDU ZLWK -DYD WKHQ \RX PD\ ZDQW WR VNLS DKHDG WR WKH QH[W FKDSWHU

&+$37(5 

6LPLODULWLHV WR -DYD

20$5 LV SUREDEO\ PRUH VLPLODU WR -DYD WKDQ WR DQ\ RWKHU ODQJXDJH $OWKRXJK WKH\ PD\ ORRN GLIIHUHQW EHFDXVH RI FRVPHWLF V\QWDFWLFDO GLIIHUHQFHV EHQHDWK WKH VXUIDFH \RX ZLOO ILQG WKDW WKH\ VKDUH PDQ\ IHDWXUHV DQG FDSDELOLWLHV LQ FRPPRQ

2EMHFW2ULHQWHG )HDWXUHV

%RWK -DYD DQG 20$5 KDYH VLPLODU PHFKDQLVPV IRU GHILQLQJ DQG XVLQJ FODVVHV 20$5 ERUURZV WKH FRQFHSW RI LQWHUIDFHV IURP -DYD LQVWHDG RI HPSOR\LQJ PXOWLSOH LQKHULWDQFH OLNH &

0HPRU\ 0DQDJHPHQW

/LNH -DYD 20$5 SURYLGHV DXWRPDWLF JDUEDJH FROOHFWLRQ VR \RX QHYHU KDYH WR ZRUU\ DERXW PHPRU\ OHDNV RU EDG SRLQWHUV ZKLFK DUH WKH PRVW FRPPRQ FDXVH RI SURJUDP FUDVKHV ,Q DGGLWLRQ VLQFH DOO XVHUGHILQHG REMHFWV DUH KHDSDOORFDWHG WKH SRLQWHU GHUHIHUHQFLQJ LV LPSOLFLW DV LQ -DYD LQVWHDG RI EHLQJ H[SOLFLW DV LQ & RU 3DVFDO

6PDUW $UUD\V

,Q 20$5 DUUD\V NQRZ WKHLU ERXQGV DV WKH\ GR LQ -DYD 20$5 DUUD\V DUH HYHQ PRUH SRZHUIXO KRZHYHU EHFDXVH \RX FDQ FUHDWH WUXH VTXDUH PXOWLGLPHQVLRQDO DUUD\V DQG EHFDXVH WKH DUUD\ LQGLFHV GRQW DOZD\V QHHG WR EHJLQ DW  DV LQ -DYD

3ULPLWLYH 'DWD 7\SHV

20$5 HPSOR\V DERXW WKH VDPH VHW RI SULPLWLYH GDWD W\SHV DV -DYD ZLWK WZR PDLQ H[FHSWLRQV 20$5 XVHV WKH NH\ZRUG VFDODU LQ SODFH RI IORDW DQG 20$5 GRHV QRW LPSOHPHQW D SVHXGRSULPLWLYH VWULQJ W\SH OLNH -DYDV 20$5 DOVR LQWUR GXFHV WZR QHZ SULPLWLYH GDWD W\SHV FRPSOH[ DQG YHFWRU ZKLFK DUH GHVFULEHG LQ WKH FKDSWHU WLWOHG 9DULDEOHV 'DWD 7\SHV

'LIIHUHQFHV IURP -DYD

%HVLGHV WKH REYLRXV V\QWDFWLFDO GLIIHUHQFHV WKHUH DUH MXVW D IHZ PDMRU GLIIHUHQFHV EHWZHHQ 20$5 DQG -DYD WKDW PLJKW FDXVH VRPH FRQIXVLRQ

20$5 )RUZDUG 'HFODUDWLRQV

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

20$5 ,PSOLFLW 2EMHFW

$UUD\ $OORFDWLRQ

,Q -DYD ZKHQHYHU DQ REMHFW LV GHFODUHG LW LV DVVXPHG WR EH QXOO XQWLO LW JHWV H[SOLFLWO\ DOORFDWHG ZLWK D QHZ VWDWHPHQW ,Q 20$5 WKH REMHFW LV LPSOLFLWO\ DOORFDWHG DV ZLWK WKH SULPLWLYH W\SHV XQOHVV H[SOLFLWO\ LQLWLDOL]HG WR QXOO

20$5 &ODVV ,QWHUIDFHV

&ODVV GHFODUDWLRQV LQ 20$5 DUH EURNHQ XS LQWR WZR SDUWV DQ LQWHUIDFH SDUW ZKLFK OLVWV H[SRUWHG PHWKRGV DQG PHPEHUV DQG DQ LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ SDUW ZKLFK OLVWV SULYDWH PHWKRGV PHWKRG LPSOHPHQWDWLRQV DQG SULYDWH PHPEHUV ,Q -DYD WKHVH DUH DOO JURXSHG WRJHWKHU LQWR RQH VR \RX PXVW VHDUFK WKURXJK WKH FODVV GHFODUDWLRQ WR ILQG WKH H[SRUWHG SDUWV

&RPSDULQJ 20$5 WR -DYD

5HIHUHQFH RU 9DU 3DUDPHWHUV

20$5 DOORZV ZKDW & FDOOV UHIHUHQFH SDUDPHWHUV DQG 3DVFDO FDOOV YDU SDUDP HWHUV DQG WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ LV OHVV FXPEHUVRPH DQG REVFXUH WKDQ LQ -DYD
&RPSDULQJ 20$5 WR -DYD

*OREDO 9DULDEOHV
,Q -DYD HYHU\WKLQJ WKDW \RX GHFODUH PXVW EHORQJ LQ D FODVV GHFODUDWLRQ 1RW VR LQ 20$5 ZKHUH LI \RX OLNH \RX FDQ KDYH IUHHVWDQGLQJ YDULDEOH PHWKRG RU W\SH GHFODUDWLRQV 7KLV ZDV GRQH EHFDXVH WKH H[WUD VWUXFWXUH LPSRVHG E\ -DYD ZKLOH RIWHQ KHOSIXO LQ ODUJHU SURJUDPV LV D KLQGUDQFH WR JHWWLQJ WKH MRE GRQH LQ VPDOOHU SURJUDPV

1R 7KUHDGV RU ([FHSWLRQ +DQGOLQJ

20$5 LPSOHPHQWV QHLWKHU H[FHSWLRQ KDQGOLQJ QRU WKUHDGV 5DWKHU WKDQ EHLQJ D GHVLJQ GHFLVLRQ WKHVH IHDWXUHV VLPSO\ KDYHQW \HW EHHQ LPSOHPHQWHG DQG PD\ EH LQFRUSRUDWHG LQWR D IXWXUH YHUVLRQ

'LIIHUHQFHV IURP -DYD

&RPSDULQJ 20$5 WR -DYD

20$5 (OHPHQWV 6WUXFWXUH

7KLV FKDSWHU RXWOLQHV WKH HVVHQWLDOV RI WKH 20$5 SURJUDPPLQJ ODQJXDJH ,W LQWURGXFHV WKH FRGH HOHPHQWV WKDW PDNH XS DQ 20$5 ILOH DQG GHVFULEHV KRZ 20$5 ILOHV DUH JHQHUDOO\ VWUXFWXUHG

&+$37(5 

20$5 9RFDEXODU\
5HVHUYHG :RUGV

7KH WH[W RI D FRPSXWHU SURJUDP LV PDGH XS RI D YDULHW\ RI GLIIHUHQW FRPSRQHQWV WKDW KDYH GLIIHUHQW IXQFWLRQV 7KH WH[W RI DQ 20$5 SURJUDP FDQ EH EURNHQ GRZQ LQWR UHVHUYHG ZRUGV LGHQWLILHUV DQG VSHFLDO V\PEROV

3URJUDPPLQJ ODQJXDJHV UHO\ RQ D QXPEHU RI ZRUGV KDYLQJ SUHGHILQHG XQFKDQJHDEOH PHDQLQJV 7KHVH ZRUGV FDOOHG UHVHUYHG ZRUGV FDQQRW EH XVHG DV LGHQWLILHUV ZKHQ \RX ZULWH 20$5 SURJUDPV %HFDXVH 20$5 LV PHDQW WR EH ERWK PRUH H[SUHVVLYH DQG PRUH KXPDQUHDGDEOH WKDQ RWKHU SRSXODU

SURJUDPPLQJ ODQJXDJHV LW DOVR PDNHV XVH RI PDQ\ PRUH UHVHUYHG ZRUGV 7KH IROORZLQJ WDEOH OLVWV 20$5V UHVHUYHG ZRUGV
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

,GHQWLILHUV
:KHQ \RX FUHDWH QHZ YDULDEOHV RU GHILQH QHZ GDWD W\SHV WKH\ PXVW EH JLYHQ QDPHV WR LGHQWLI\ WKHP LQ D XQLTXH ZD\ 6XFK XVHUGHILQHG QDPHV DUH FDOOHG LGHQWLILHUV +HUH DUH WKH UXOHV IRU FUHDWLQJ D QHZ LGHQWLILHU ,W PXVW QRW EH D UHVHUYHG ZRUG ,W PXVW EHJLQ ZLWK D OHWWHU DQG PD\ EH IROORZHG E\ OHWWHUV QXPEHU RU WKH XQGHUVFRUH FKDUDFWHU B 7KH PD[LPXP DOORZDEOH OHQJWK RI LGHQWLILHUV PD\ YDU\ IURP V\VWHP WR V\VWHP EXW VKRXOG EH DURXQG  FKDUDFWHUV SOHQW\ IRU PRVW QDPHV
7DEOH  7KH 20$5 $OSKDEHW D] $=  B ([DPSOH 9DOLG ,GHQWLILHUV QDPH FRXQWHU QXPEHUBRIBZLGJHWV D *HRUJHB:DVKLQJWRQ QRWB\HWBIRXQG WKH ORZHUFDVH OHWWHUV WKH XSSHUFDVH OHWWHUV WKH GLJLWV WKH XQGHUVFRUH FKDUDFWHU



20$5 (OHPHQWV

6WUXFWXUH

([DPSOH ,QYDOLG ,GHQWLILHUV ,GHQWLILHU BELWBPRGH LQWHJHU ZK\" ELWPRGH 5HDVRQ :K\ ,GHQWLILHU ,V ,QYDOLG LGHQWLILHUV PD\ QRW EHJLQ ZLWK D QXPEHU LGHQWLILHU LV D UHVHUYHG ZRUG LGHQWLILHUV PD\ FRQWDLQ RQO\ OHWWHUV QXPEHUV DQG XQGHUVFRUH FKDUDFWHUV VDPH UHDVRQ DV DERYH

20$5 (OHPHQWV 6WUXFWXUH

6SHFLDO 6\PEROV

,Q YDULRXV SODFHV LQ WKH ODQJXDJH VSHFLDO V\PEROV DUH UHTXLUHG 7KHVH V\PEROV PD\ QRW EH XVHG LQ DQ\ RWKHU SDUWV RI WKH SURJUDP ZKHUH WKH\ DUH QRW VSHFLI LFDOO\ UHTXLUHG DQG PD\ QRW EH XVHG DV SDUWV RI LGHQWLILHUV
7DEOH  7KH 20$5 6\PEROV    > @ A  ^  `   !   

7KH VHPLFRORQ LV SHUKDSV WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQW VSHFLDO V\PERO ,Q 20$5 DV LQ & DQG -DYD HYHU\ LQVWUXFWLRQ PXVW HQG ZLWK D VHPLFRORQ

&DVH 6HQVLWLYLW\

,GHQWLILHUV DQG UHVHUYHG ZRUGV DUH QRW FDVH VHQVLWLYH ZKLFK PHDQV WKDW FDSLWDO OHWWHUV DQG VPDOO OHWWHUV DUH QRW FRQVLGHUHG WR EH GLIIHUHQW 7KLV PHDQV IRU H[DPSOH WKDW WKH LGHQWLILHU JRR LV WKH VDPH DV WKH LGHQWLILHU *22 *RR RU *R2

)UHH )RUPDW

20$5 XVHV IUHHIRUPDW OD\RXW 7KLV PHDQV WKDW WKH DPRXQW RI ZKLWH VSDFH EHWZHHQ WKH NH\ZRUGV DQG LGHQWLILHUV PDNHV QR GLIIHUHQFH LQ WKH PHDQLQJ RI WKH SURJUDP )RU H[DPSOH WKH IROORZLQJ WZR FRGH VQLSSHWV XVH GLIIHUHQW IRUPDWWLQJ EXW KDYH WKH H[DFW VDPH PHDQLQJ DQG ZLOO SURGXFH WKH VDPH UHVXOWV

([DPSOH )UHH )RUPDW ZKLOH FRXQWHU   GR FRXQWHU LWVHOI   HQG ZKLOH FRXQWHU   GR FRXQWHU LWVHOI   HQG

&DVH 6HQVLWLYLW\



20$5 )LOH 7\SHV

7KHUH DUH WZR GLIIHUHQW 20$5 ILOH W\SHV 20$5 VRXUFH ILOHV DUH UXQQDEOH ILOHV WKDW FRQWDLQ HVVHQWLDO LQVWUXFWLRQV IRU SURGXFLQJ 20$5 SURJUDPV 6RXUFH ILOH QDPHV VKRXOG FDUU\ WKH H[WHQVLRQ RPDU 20$5 UHVRXUFH ILOHV DUH QRW UXQQDEOH EXW FRQWDLQ SLHFHV RI 20$5 FRGH WKDW PD\ EH LPSRUWHG IRU XVH LQ VRXUFH ILOHV 5HVRXUFH ILOH QDPHV FDUU\ WKH H[WHQVLRQ RUHV

20$5 6RXUFH )LOH 6WUXFWXUH

7KHUH DUH ILYH PDMRU FRPSRQHQWV WR DQ 20$5 VRXUFH ILOH 7KH SURJUDP KHDGHU 'HFODUDWLRQV 6WDWHPHQWV ,QFOXGH GLUHFWLYHV &RPPHQWV

7KH 3URJUDP +HDGHU

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

QprqrhrvqrrqrrpvspqrDuryhthtrhqprprqrhr hyxhspvvrithhqruqQprqrvyyirqvprqr vyhrpuhr



20$5 (OHPHQWV

6WUXFWXUH

'HFODUDWLRQV

)ROORZLQJ WKH SURJUDP KHDGHU LV D OLVW RI GHFODUDWLRQV 7KH GHFODUDWLRQV FRPSRVH WKH ERG\ RI WKH SURJUDP 'HFODUDWLRQV IDOO LQWR WKUHH JHQHUDO FDWHJRULHV 'DWD GHFODUDWLRQV 7\SH GHFODUDWLRQV 3URFHGXUH GHFODUDWLRQV
20$5 (OHPHQWV 6WUXFWXUH

([DPSOH $ 3URJUDP +HDGHU GR WDVN

'HFODUDWLRQV  3URJUDP KHDGHU WDVN ZLOO EH UXQ ILUVW

LQWHJHU D  $ GDWD GHFODUDWLRQ HQXP DQVZHU LV \HV QR PD\EH  $ W\SH GHFODUDWLRQ YHUE WDVN LV ^GHFODUDWLRQV` ^VWDWHPHQWV` HQG YHUE WDVN LV ^GHFODUDWLRQV` ^VWDWHPHQWV` WDVN HQG YHUE WDVN LV ^GHFODUDWLRQV` ^VWDWHPHQWV` WDVN HQG  $ SURFHGXUH GHFODUDWLRQ

 WDVN LV FDOOHG KHUH LQ WDVN

 WDVN LV FDOOHG KHUH LQ WDVN

'DWD 'HFODUDWLRQV

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

20$5 6RXUFH )LOH 6WUXFWXUH



:KHQ \RX GHFODUH D YDULDEOH \RX GR QRW KDYH WR VSHFLI\ LWV YDOXH ,I \RX GR QRW WKHQ LWV YDOXH LV XQGHILQHG XQWLO \RX H[SOLFLWO\ VHW WKH YDOXH RI WKH YDULDEOH 7KLV LV XVXDOO\ GRQH ZLWK WKH DVVLJQPHQW VWDWHPHQW EXW \RX FDQ DOVR LQLWLDOL]H WKH YDULDEOH ZKHQ \RX GHFODUH LW 7KH GLIIHUHQW GDWD W\SHV WKDW DSSHDU EHORZ ZLOO EH GHVFULEHG PRUH IXOO\ LQ D ODWHU FKDSWHU
([DPSOH 'DWD 'HFODUDWLRQV LQWHJHU FRXQWHU VFDODU WHPSHUDWXUH  FRQVW VFDODU SL  ERROHDQ GRQH LV IDOVH VFDODU [ \ ]  +HUH WKUHH YDULDEOHV DUH GHFODUHG DW RQFH YHFWRU UHG   ! JUHHQ   ! EOXH   !  +HUH WKUHH YDULDEOHV DUH GHFODUHG  DQG LQLWLDOL]HG FRPSOH[ L  ! FKDU TXLW LV T  VWULQJ W\SH QDPH LV %RE   +HUH VWULQJ LV D XVHUGHILQHG W\SH

7\SH 'HFODUDWLRQV

7\SH GHFODUDWLRQV DUH XVHG WR GHILQH D QHZ W\SH RI GDWD ZKHQ WKH EXLOWLQ GDWD W\SHV DUH QRW VXIILFLHQW 7\SH GHFODUDWLRQV EHJLQ ZLWK WKH NH\ZRUGV HQXP VWUXFW RU VXEMHFW 7KHVH ZLOO EH FRYHUHG LQ PRUH GHWDLO ODWHU

([DPSOH 7\SH 'HFODUDWLRQV HQXP PDWHULDO LV VWUDZ ZRRG EULFN VWUXFW SHUVRQ KDV LQWHJHU DJH FKDU QDPH>@  PDWHULDO LV D QHZ GDWD W\SH WKDW FDQ KDYH YDOXHV RI  VWUDZ ZRRG RU EULFN  SHUVRQ LV D QHZ GDWD W\SH FRPSRVHG RI DQ LQWHJHU DQG DQ  DUUD\ RI W\SH FKDU

HQG

3URFHGXUH 'HFODUDWLRQV

3URFHGXUH GHFODUDWLRQV PDNH XS WKH ERG\ RI WKH SURJUDPPLQJ ODQJXDJH EHFDXVH DOO SURJUDPPLQJ LQVWUXFWLRQV VWDWHPHQWV PXVW UHVLGH LQVLGH RI SURFHGXUHV ,Q 20$5 WKHUH DUH WZR EDVLF W\SHV RI SURFHGXUHV 9HUEV VSHFLI\ VRPH VHTXHQFH RI DFWLRQV WKDW WKH FRPSXWHU VKRXOG GR 4XHVWLRQV DUH PXFK OLNH YHUEV H[FHSW WKDW WKH\ DOVR UHWXUQ D YDOXH WR WKH SURFHGXUH WKDW FDOOHG WKHP :KHQ XVLQJ 20$5 IRU ' JUDSKLFV IRXU PRUH W\SHV RI SURFHGXUHV DUH XVHG VKDSHV SLFWXUHV DQLPV DQG VKDGHUV



20$5 (OHPHQWV

6WUXFWXUH

6WDWHPHQWV

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
20$5 (OHPHQWV 6WUXFWXUH

7KH ,QFOXGH 'LUHFWLYH

,Q RUGHU WR HQDEOH JUHDWHU PRGXODULW\ 20$5 ILOHV KDYH WKH DELOLW\ WR LPSRUW FRGH IURP RWKHU 20$5 ILOHV (DFK VRXUFH ILOH KDV LWV RZQ KHDGHU OLQH DW WKH WRS ZKLFK WHOOV ZKLFK RI WKH SURFHGXUHV WR UXQ LI WKDW ILOH LV WR EH H[HFXWHG :KHQ D ILOH LV LQFOXGHG LWV KHDGHU OLQH LI LW KDV RQH LV LJQRUHG $OVR WKH ODQJXDJH NHHSV WUDFN RI ZKLFK ILOHV KDYH EHHQ LQFOXGHG VR IDU VR LI D ILOH JHWV LQFOXGHG PRUH WKDQ RQFH WKHQ WKH VHFRQG LQFOXGH LV LJQRUHG
([DPSOH 7KH ,QFOXGH 'LUHFWLYH GR WHVW LQFOXGH KDVKWDEOHVRUHV  LQFOXGH WKLQJRPDU  YHUE WHVW LV KDVKWDEOH W\SH WDEOH WKLQJ W\SH WKLQJ HQG WDEOH DGG WKLQJ DV IUHG  ,QFOXGHV D UHVRXUFH ILOH WKDW FRQWDLQV KDVKWDEOH GHILQLWLRQV  ,QFOXGHV D VRXUFH ILOH WKDW FRQWDLQV WKH GHILQLWLRQ RI D WKLQJ W\SH  $ GDWD GHFODUDWLRQ FUHDWHV D KDVKWDEOH FDOOHG WDEOH  $ GDWD GHFODUDWLRQ FUHDWHV D WKLQJ FDOOHG WKLQJ  $ VWDWHPHQW

&RPPHQWV
&RPPHQWV DUH VHFWLRQV RI WH[W LQ D ILOH WKDW DUH LJQRUHG E\ WKH FRPSXWHU ,W LV D YHU\ JRRG LGHD WR XVH FRPPHQWV WR GHVFULEH H[DFWO\ ZKDW \RXU FRGH LV GRLQJ DQG WR ODEHO GLIIHUHQW VHFWLRQV RI FRGH VR WKDW \RX FDQ UHFRJQL]H WKRVH VHFWLRQV PRUH HDVLO\ &RPPHQWV FDQ DOVR EH XVHG WR WHPSRUDULO\ GLVDEOH D SLHFH RI FRGH ZLWKRXW SHUPDQHQWO\ GHOHWLQJ LW IURP WKH ILOH 7KLV LV FDOOHG FRPPHQWLQJ RXW \RXU FRGH 20$5 VXSSRUWV WZR W\SHV RI FRPPHQWV OLQH FRPPHQWV DQG EORFN FRPPHQWV

20$5 6RXUFH )LOH 6WUXFWXUH



/LQH FRPPHQWV 7KH ILUVW W\SH RI FRPPHQW LV FDOOHG D OLQH FRPPHQW EHFDXVH LW VSDQV RQO\ RQH OLQH LQ WKH SURJUDP /LQH FRPPHQWV DUH LQGLFDWHG E\ WZR IRUZDUG VODVKHV  :KHQ WKH FRPSLOHU HQFRXQWHUV WKLV V\PERO LW LJQRUHV DOO WH[W XQWLO WKH HQG RI WKH OLQH VR \RX FDQ LQFOXGH DQ\ NLQG RI WH[W RU V\PEROV RQ WKH OLQH DV D FRPPHQW
([DPSOH /LQH &RPPHQWV  7KLV LV D FRPPHQW LQWHJHU D  7KLV LV D FRPPHQW IROORZLQJ D FRGH GHFODUDWLRQ

%ORFN FRPPHQWV 7KH RWKHU PRUH SRZHUIXO IRUP RI FRPPHQW LV WKH EORFN FRPPHQW %ORFN FRPPHQWV PD\ VSDQ PXOWLSOH OLQHV DQG PD\ HYHQ LQFOXGH RWKHU OLQH RU EORFN FRPPHQWV %ORFN FRPPHQWV DUH IRUPHG E\ HQFORVLQJ WKH FRPPHQWHG WH[W E\ D SDLU RI FXUO\ EUDFHV *HQHUDOO\ EORFN FRPPHQWV VKRXOG EH XVHG IRU FRPPHQWLQJ RXW EORFNV RI FRGH DQG QRW LQ FDVHV ZKHUH OLQH FRPPHQWV PD\ EH XVHG LQVWHDG
([DPSOH %ORFN &RPPHQWV ^ 7KLV LV D EORFN FRPPHQW ` ^ 7KLV LV DOVR D EORFN FRPPHQW ` ^ 7KLV VKRZV KRZ EORFN FRPPHQWV FDQ HQFORVH RWKHU ^EORFN FRPPHQWV` DQG DOVR  OLQH FRPPHQWV `



20$5 (OHPHQWV

6WUXFWXUH

9DULDEOHV
9DULDEOHV

'DWD 7\SHV

&+$37(5 

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

7R GHFODUH D QHZ YDULDEOH XVH WKH IROORZLQJ IRUPDW

)LJXUH  9DULDEOH 'HFODUDWLRQ 6\QWD[ GDWD W\SH QDPH! YDULDEOH QDPH! RSWLRQDO LQLWLDOL]HU!  ([DPSOH 9DULDEOH 'HFODUDWLRQV LQWHJHU FRXQWHU GRXEOH SL  VFDODU VSHHGBRIBOLJKW  A YHFWRU ORFDWLRQ   !



'DWD 7\SHV

(DFK YDULDEOH LV VDLG WR EH RI D FHUWDLQ GDWD W\SH 7KH W\SH GHWHUPLQHV ZKDW NLQG RI GDWD WKH YDULDEOH FDQ VWRUH 2QFH WKH YDULDEOH LV FUHDWHG LW FDQ QHYHU FKDQJH LWV W\SH 7KH 20$5 ODQJXDJH KDV D SUHGHILQHG VHW RI EDVLF RU SULPLWLYH GDWD W\SHV 0RUH FRPSOH[ GDWD W\SHV FDQ EH GHILQHG E\ WKH XVHU DV GLVFXVVHG ODWHU $ PRUH GHWDLOHG GHVFULSWLRQ RI WKH SURSHUWLHV RI HDFK RI WKHVH GDWD W\SHV LV JLYHQ LQ WKH IROORZLQJ VHFWLRQV
7DEOH  7KH 20$5 3ULPLWLYH 'DWD 7\SHV

1DPH ERROHDQ FKDU E\WH VKRUW LQWHJHU ORQJ VFDODU GRXEOH FRPSOH[ YHFWRU

&RQWHQWV 7UXH 2U )DOVH 8QLFRGH &KDUDFWHU 6LJQHG ,QWHJHU 6LJQHG ,QWHJHU 6LJQHG ,QWHJHU 6LJQHG ,QWHJHU 6LQJOH 3UHFLVLRQ )3 'RXEOH 3UHFLVLRQ )3 $ 3DLU 2I 6FDODUV $ 7ULSOHW 2I 6FDODUV

6L]H  %LW  %LWV %\WHV  %LWV %\WH  %LWV %\WHV  %LWV %\WHV  %LWV %\WHV  %LWV %\WHV  %LWV %\WHV  %LWV %\WHV  %LWV  %\WHV

0LQ 9DOXH 1$ &KU    %LOOLRQ  4XLQWLOOLRQ   (    (  6DPH $V 6FDODU 6DPH $V 6FDODU

0D[ 9DOXH 1$ &KU    %LOOLRQ  4XLQWLOOLRQ   (    (  6DPH $V 6FDODU 6DPH $V 6FDODU

1RWH WKDW WKHUH LV QR SUHGHILQHG VWULQJ W\SH DV WKHUH LV LQ -DYD ,Q 20$5 VWULQJV DUH LPSOHPHQWHG DV DUUD\V RI FKDUDFWHUV DV WKH\ DUH LQ & 2WKHUZLVH 20$5
V VHW RI SULPLWLYHV LV YHU\ VLPLODU WR -DYD
V

%RROHDQ

$ ERROHDQ YDOXH LV HLWKHU WUXH RU IDOVH 7KHVH YDOXHV DUH XVHIXO LQ GHVFULELQJ VXFK WKLQJV DV ZKHWKHU VRPHWKLQJ LV RQ RU RII GRQH RU QRW GRQH RU LQ DQ\ RWKHU VLWXDWLRQ ZKHUH WKHUH DUH RQO\ WZR SRVVLEOH VWDWHV 7KH FRQVWDQWV WUXH DQG IDOVH DUH SUHGHILQHG DQG UHSUHVHQW WKH WZR SRVVLEOH ERROHDQ YDOXHV 9DULDEOHV 'DWD 7\SHV



7ZR ERROHDQ YDOXHV PD\ EH FRPELQHG XVLQJ ERROHDQ RSHUDWRUV WR \LHOG D ERROHDQ UHVXOW )RU H[DPSOH RQH ERROHDQ YDULDEOH QDPHG ERRO LV VHW WR WUXH $QRWKHU ERROHDQ YDULDEOH QDPHG ERRO LV VHW WR IDOVH 7KH H[SUHVVLRQ ERRO DQG ERRO HYDOXDWHV WR IDOVH EHFDXVH ERRO DQG ERRO DUH QRW ERWK WUXH 7KH H[SUHVVLRQ ERRO RU ERRO HYDOXDWHV WR WUXH EHFDXVH DW OHDVW RQH RI WKH WZR ERROHDQ YDOXHV LV WUXH 7KH H[SUHVVLRQ QRW ERRO HYDOXDWHV WR IDOVH EHFDXVH ERRO LV WUXH DQG QRW ERRO LV WKHUHIRUH IDOVH ,I DQ H[SUHVVLRQ LQYROYLQJ ERWK DQG DQG RU LV HYDOXDWHG WKHQ WKH DQG RSHUDWRU WDNHV SUHFHGHQFH RYHU WKH RU RSHUDWRU )RU H[DPSOH WKH H[SUHVVLRQ D RU E DQG F LV HYDOXDWHG DV D RU E DQG F
7DEOH  %RROHDQ 2SHUDWRUV 2SHUDWRU DQG RU QRW 3XUSRVH /RJLFDO $QG /RJLFDO 2U /RJLFDO 1RW

9DULDEOHV 'DWD 7\SHV

:KHQ D ERROHDQ YDULDEOH LV DVVLJQHG D YDOXH WKH NH\ZRUG LV LV XVHG LQVWHDG RI WKH VWDQGDUG DVVLJQPHQW RSHUDWRU  7KLV IHDWXUH RI 20$5 LV RQH RI PDQ\ WKDW DUH PHDQW WR PDNH 20$5 D PRUH UHDGDEOH ODQJXDJH 9DULDEOHV RI DOO SULPLWLYH W\SHV PD\ EH FRPSDUHG ZLWK RWKHU YDULDEOHV RI WKH VDPH W\SH IRU HTXDOLW\ RU LQHTXDOLW\ ,QWHJHU DQG VFDODU RSHUDWRUV PD\ DOVR EH FRPSDUHG XVLQJ WKH JUHDWHU WKDQ RU OHVV WKDQ RSHUDWRUV WR \LHOG ERROHDQ YDOXHV
7DEOH  5HODWLRQDO 2SHUDWRUV 2SHUDWRU 3XUSRVH (TXDOLW\ ! !  !  LV LVQW ,QHTXDOLW\ *UHDWHU 7KDQ /HVV 7KDQ *UHDWHU 7KDQ 2U (TXDO /HVV 7KDQ 2U (TXDO (TXDOLW\ %HWZHHQ 1RQ1XPHULFDO 7\SHV ,QHTXDOLW\ %HWZHHQ 1RQ1XPHULFDO 7\SHV

%RROHDQ



([DPSOH 8VLQJ WKH %RROHDQ 'DWD 7\SH ERROHDQ GRQH LV IDOVH ERROHDQ FRQGLWLRQ LV FRQGLWLRQ DQG FRQGLWLRQ ERROHDQ RYHUIORZ LV QXPEHU ! OLPLW ERROHDQ HUURU LV QXPEHU  RU QRW GRQH ERROHDQ FRQGLWLRQ LV FKDU LV D  DQG FKDU LVQW E 

&KDU

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
7DEOH  &KDU,QWHJHU &RQYHUVLRQ )XQFWLRQV

)XQFWLRQ FKU ; RUG ;

3XUSRVH 5HWXUQV WKH FKDUDFWHU ZLWK WKH LQWHJHU FKDUDFWHU FRGH RI ; 5HWXUQV WKH LQWHJHU FKDUDFWHU FRGH IRU D SDUWLFXODU FKDUDFWHU ;

7KH FKDU W\SH OLNH WKH ERROHDQ W\SH XVHV WKH LV RSHUDWRU IRU DVVLJQPHQW LQVWHDG RI XVLQJ 
([DPSOH 8VLQJ WKH &KDU 'DWD 7\SH LQFOXGH PDWKRUHV  FKDU FK LV $  FKDU VSDFH LV FKU  FKDU QDPH>@ )UHG )UHXJHOEXJJHU   LQFOXGH WKLV ILOH LQ RUGHU WR XVH WKH FKU IXQFWLRQ

 DQ DUUD\ RI FKDUV

6WULQJV
2IWHQ \RX QHHG D ZD\ RI FUHDWLQJ D YDULDEOH WR KROG D OLVW RU VWULQJ RI FKDUDFWHUV ,Q 20$5 VWULQJV DUH LPSOHPHQWHG DV FKDU DUUD\V DUUD\V ZLOO EH FRYHUHG LQ JUHDWHU GHWDLO LQ ODWHU VHFWLRQV



9DULDEOHV

'DWD 7\SHV

,W LV SRVVLEOH GHILQH D W\SH VWULQJ WR VWDQG IRU DQ DUUD\ RI FKDU VR \RX GRQW KDYH WR XVH DUUD\LQGLFDWLQJ EUDFNHWV HDFK WLPH \RX ZDQW WR ZDQW WR XVH WKH W\SH 7KLV LV DFWXDOO\ DOUHDG\ GRQH IRU \RX LQ WKH ILOH VWULQJVRUHV ZKLFK \RX PD\ LQFOXGH LQ \RXU ILOHV ZKHQ \RX ZDQW WR XVH VWULQJV 7R OHDUQ PRUH DERXW KRZ VWULQJV ZRUN \RX VKRXOG ILUVW OHDUQ KRZ DUUD\V ZRUN DQG OHDUQ D OLWWOH DERXW 20$5V REMHFWRULHQWHG IHDWXUHV 7KHQ \RX FDQ ORRN DW VWULQJVRUHV LWVHOI WR VHH KRZ VWULQJV DUH LPSOHPHQWHG WKHUH (YHQ LI \RX GRQW FRPSOHWHO\ XQGHUVWDQG VWULQJ LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ \RX VKRXOG VWLOO ILQG VWULQJV HDV\ DQG KHOSIXO WR XVH 7R DVVLJQ D VWULQJ DV D XQLW XVH WKH LV RSHUDWRU 6HH WKH FKDSWHU RQ DUUD\V IRU D PRUH GHWDLOHG GLVFXVVLRQ RI DUUD\ RSHUDWRUV DQG LVVXHV 7KH H[DPSOH ILOH EHORZ ZKLFK \RX FDQ UXQ \RXUVHOI VKRZV KRZ VWULQJV FDQ EH XVHG
/LVWLQJ  8VLQJ WKH 6WULQJ 7\SH LQ VWULQJVRUHV GR ZULWHBVWULQJV LQFOXGH VWULQJVRUHV   <RX PXVW LQFOXGH WKLV WR XVH 20$5V VWDQGDUG VWULQJ W\SH

9DULDEOHV 'DWD 7\SHV

YHUE ZULWHBVWULQJV LV VWULQJ W\SH QDPH LV /DUU\   %HFDXVH WKH VWULQJ W\SH LV D XVHUGHILQHG W\SH GHILQHG LQ WKH ILOH  VWULQJVRUHV  DQG QRW D SULPLWLYH W\SH WKH NH\ZRUG W\SH PXVW  EH XVHG ZKHQ \RX XVH WKH VWULQJ W\SH ZULWH QDPH  QDPH>@ LV +  HQG ZULWH QDPH   FRPSDUHBVWULQJV  7KLV VWDWHPHQW ZULWHV RXW /DUU\   7KLV FKDQJHV WKH ILUVW FKDUDFWHU LQ QDPH WR +  7KLV ZRUNV EHFDXVH  VWULQJV ZRUN MXVW OLNH DUUD\V  :ULWHV RXW +DUU\ 

%\WH 6KRUW ,QWHJHU

,QWHJHUV DUH WKH IDPLOLDU FRXQWLQJ QXPEHUV    HWF DQG DUH XVHIXO IRU UHSUHVHQWLQJ WKLQJV WKDW FDQ KDYH RQO\ ZKROH QXPEHU YDOXHV VXFK DV WKH QXPEHU RI FKDUDFWHUV LQ D ILOH WKH QXPEHU RI REMHFWV LQ D OLVW HWF

/RQJ

7R VWRUH LQWHJHU GDWD LQ DQ 20$5 SURJUDP \RX XVH RQH RI WKH W\SHV E\WH VKRUW LQWHJHU RU ORQJ 7KH GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ WKHVH W\SHV LV QRW LQ ZKDW NLQG RI GDWD WKH\ VWRUH EXW LQ WKHLU VL]HV $ E\WH DV LWV QDPH LPSOLHV LV RQO\ RQH E\WH LQ VL]H DQG FDQ WKHUHIRUH RQO\ KROG QXPEHUV LQ WKH UDQJH RI  WR  &RQVXOW WKH WDEOH 7KH 20$5 3ULPLWLYH 'DWD 7\SHV RQ SDJH  WR VHH ZKDW WKH QXPEHU UDQJHV DUH IRU WKH RWKHU LQWHJHU GDWD W\SHV

%\WH 6KRUW ,QWHJHU

/RQJ



7KH IROORZLQJ RSHUDWRUV FDQ XVH LQWHJHU RSHUDQGV WR \LHOG LQWHJHU UHVXOWV
7DEOH  ,QWHJHU 2SHUDWRUV 2SHUDWRU   GLY PRG  8QDU\ 3XUSRVH $GGLWLRQ 6XEWUDFWLRQ 0XOWLSOLFDWLRQ ,QWHJHU 'LYLVLRQ 0RGXOR 5HPDLQGHU 1HJDWLRQ

7KH RSHUDWRUV PRG DQG GLY DUH VSHFLDO LQWHJHU GLYLVLRQ RSHUDWRUV UHTXLUHG EHFDXVH LQWHJHUV PXVW DOZD\V EH ZKROH QXPEHUV 7KH GLY RSHUDWRU LV WKH VDPH DV  H[FHSW WKDW WKH UHVXOW RI D GLY RSHUDWLRQ LV URXQGHG GRZQ WR WKH QHDUHVW LQWHJHU DQG WKH PRG RSHUDWRU JLYHV WKH UHPDLQGHU RI D GLYLVLRQ 7KXV  GLY  UHVXOWV LQ  DQG  PRG  UHVXOWV LQ  7KHUH DUH D QXPEHU RI IXQFWLRQV LQ WKH PDWKRUHV UHVRXUFH ILOH WKDW UHWXUQ LQWHJHU UHVXOWV 7R XVH WKHVH \RX PXVW LQFOXGH PDWKRUHV LQ \RXU VRXUFH ILOH
7DEOH  ,QWHJHU )XQFWLRQV LQ PDWKRUHV )XQFWLRQ LDEV ; LVTU ; WUXQF ; URXQG ; 3XUSRVH $EVROXWH 9DOXH RI WKH ,QWHJHU ; 5HVXOW ,V WKH ,QWHJHU ; 6TXDUHG ; ,V $ 6FDODU 9DOXH 7KH 5HVXOW ,V 7KH :KROH ,QWHJHU 3DUW 2I ; ; ,V $ 6FDODU 9DOXH 7KH 5HVXOW ,V 7KH 1HDUHVW ,QWHJHU ,I ; ,V 0LGZD\ %HWZHHQ 7ZR ,QWHJHUV 7KHQ :H 5HWXUQ 7KH /DUJHU 2QH

([DPSOH 8VLQJ WKH ,QWHJHU 'DWD 7\SHV LQWHJHU L  VKRUW JRR  LQWHJHU YDOXH WUXQF  E\WH D YDOXH ORQJ E  LVTU 



9DULDEOHV

'DWD 7\SHV

6FDODU

6FDODUV DUH QXPEHUV WKDW UHSUHVHQW D FRQWLQXRXV UDQJH RI YDOXHV OLNH KHLJKW WHPSHUDWXUH RU UDGLXV ZKHUH WKHUH FDQ EH D WKHRUHWLFDOO\ LQILQLWH QXPEHU RI LQWHUPHGLDWH YDOXHV ,Q WKH PDWKHPDWLFDO ZRUOG WKHVH DUH NQRZQ DV UHDO QXPEHUV &RPSXWHU VFLHQWLVWV UHIHU WR WKH PHWKRG RI UHSUHVHQWLQJ UHDO QXPEHUV LQ FRPSXWHUV DV IORDWLQJSRLQW DULWKPHWLF

'RXEOH

7R VWRUH IORDWLQJSRLQW QXPEHUV LQ 20$5 \RX XVH HLWKHU D VFDODU RU GRXEOH W\SH +HUH DJDLQ WKH GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ WKH WZR W\SHV LV QRW LQ ZKDW NLQG RI GDWD WKH\ VWRUH EXW LQ WKHLU VL]HV $ VFDODU LV IRXU E\WHV LQ VL]H DQG D GRXEOH LV HLJKW E\WHV LQ VL]H 7KHUH DUH D YDULHW\ RI RSHUDWRUV WKDW FDQ WDNH LQWHJHU DQG VFDODU RSHUDQGV DQG SURGXFH D VFDODU UHVXOW 6LQFH LQWHJHUV DUH D VXEVHW RI VFDODUV LQWHJHUV DUH DXWRPDWLFDOO\ FRQYHUWHG WR VFDODUV ZKHUH WKH VLWXDWLRQ ZDUUDQWV LW
7DEOH  6FDODU 2SHUDWRUV 2SHUDWRU    A  8QDU\ 3XUSRVH $GGLWLRQ 6XEWUDFWLRQ 0XOWLSOLFDWLRQ 'LYLVLRQ ([SRQHQWLDWLRQ 1HJDWLRQ

9DULDEOHV 'DWD 7\SHV

7KHUH DUH DOVR D QXPEHU RI IXQFWLRQV LQ PDWKRUHV WKDW WDNH D VFDODU RSHUDQG DQG SURGXFH D VFDODU UHVXOW ,QWHJHUV PD\ DOVR EH XVHG DV WKH RSHUDQGV WR WKHVH IXQFWLRQV DQG WKH\ ZLOO DXWRPDWLFDOO\ EH FRQYHUWHG WR VFDODUV WR \LHOG WKH SURSHU UHVXOW

6FDODU

'RXEOH



7DEOH  6FDODU )XQFWLRQV LQ PDWKRUHV )XQF WLRQ DEV ; VTU ; OQ ; ORJ ; H[S ; VTUW ; 3XUSRVH $EVROXWH 9DOXH RI ; 5HVXOW ,V ; 6TXDUHG 1DWXUDO /RJDULWKP RI ; /RJ LQ %DVH  RI ; ([SRQHQWLDO HA[ 6TXDUH 5RRW RI ; )XQF WLRQ VLQ ; FRV ; WDQ ; DVLQ ; DFRV ; DWDQ ; 3XUSRVH 7ULJRQRPHWULF 6LQH RI ; 7ULJRQRPHWULF &RVLQH RI ; 7ULJRQRPHWULF 7DQJHQW RI ; 7ULJRQRPHWULF $UFVLQH RI ; 7ULJRQRPHWULF $UFFRVLQH RI ; 7ULJRQRPHWULF $UFWDQJHQW RI ;

1RWH 7ULJRQRPHWULF IXQFWLRQV XVH GHJUHHV QRW UDGLDQV ([DPSOH 8VLQJ WKH 6FDODU VFDODU WHPSHUDWXUH  GRXEOH LQILQLW\ A VFDODU SL  VFDODU [  GRXEOH OHQJWK VTUW  VFDODU D SL    OHQJWK [ 'RXEOH 'DWD 7\SHV

&RPSOH[

&RPSOH[ QXPEHUV DUH QXPEHUV RI WKH IRUP D  E L ZKHUH L UHSUHVHQWV WKH VTXDUH URRW RI  7KHVH QXPEHUV DUH XVHG LQ D QXPEHU RI VFLHQWLILF DSSOLFDWLRQV DQG LQ FRPSXWLQJ IUDFWDO LPDJHV VXFK DV WKH IDPRXV 0DQGOHEURW VHW 7KH YDULDEOH D LV FDOOHG WKH UHDO SDUW EHFDXVH LW LV QRW PXOWLSOLHG E\ L 7KH YDULDEOH E LV FDOOHG WKH LPDJLQDU\ SDUW EHFDXVH LW LV PXOWLSOLHG E\ L ZKLFK LV QRW D PHPEHU RI WKH VHW RI UHDO QXPEHUV &RPSOH[ QXPEHUV DUH D VXSHUVHW RI VFDODUV EHFDXVH LI WKH LPDJLQDU\ SDUW LV HTXDO WR  WKHQ WKH FRPSOH[ QXPEHU LV WKH VDPH DV D VFDODU ,I WKH LPDJLQDU\ SDUW LV QRW HTXDO WR  WKHQ VSHFLDO UXOHV PXVW EH XVHG WR SHUIRUP RSHUDWLRQV RQ WKHVH QXPEHUV 7KH PRVW FRPPRQ RSHUDWLRQV DUH FRYHUHG E\ WKH EXLOWLQ RSHUDWRUV OLVWHG EHORZ



9DULDEOHV

'DWD 7\SHV

7DEOH  &RPSOH[ 2SHUDWRUV 2SHUDWRU    A  8QDU\ 3XUSRVH $GGLWLRQ 6XEWUDFWLRQ 0XOWLSOLFDWLRQ 'LYLVLRQ ([SRQHQWLD WLRQ 1HJDWLRQ 9DULDEOHV

([WUDFWLQJ WKH 5HDO

,PDJLQDU\ &RPSRQHQWV

'DWD 7\SHV

,Q RUGHU WR H[WUDFW WKH FRPSOH[ DQG LPDJLQDU\ SDUWV RI DQ LPDJLQDU\ QXPEHU \RX PXVW XVH WKH WZR IXQFWLRQV UHDO DQG LPDJ ZKLFK DUH IRXQG LQ WKH UHVRXUFH ILOH QDWLYHBPDWKRUHV 7KH\ UHWXUQ VFDODU YDOXHV ZKHQ SDVVHG D FRPSOH[ RSHUDQG
7DEOH  ([WUDFWLQJ 7KH 6FDODU )LHOGV RI D &RPSOH[ 1XPEHU )XQF WLRQ UHDO ; LPDJ ; 3XUSRVH 5HWXUQV 7KH 5HDO 3DUW 2I ; 5HWXUQV 7KH ,PDJLQDU\ 3DUW 2I ;

([DPSOH 8VLQJ WKH &RPSOH[ 'DWD 7\SH FRPSOH[ L  ! FRPSOH[ LBWLPHVB  ! 

9HFWRU

,Q 20$5 D YHFWRU LV VLPSO\ D VHW RI WKUHH VFDODUV <RX FDQ UHSUHVHQW PDQ\ FRQFHSWV LQ WKH UHDO ZRUOG E\ WKHVH WULSOHWV RI WKUHH QXPEHUV 9HFWRUV DUH XVHG LQ PDWKHPDWLFV SK\VLFV DQG FRPSXWHU JUDSKLFV WR GHVFULEH ORFDWLRQV DQG GLUHF

9HFWRU



WLRQV LQ WKUHHGLPHQVLRQDO VSDFH ,Q DGGLWLRQ FRORUV FDQ EH VSHFLILHG E\ YHFWRUV EHFDXVH DOO FRORUV FDQ EH GHVFULEHG DV D FRPELQDWLRQ RI WKUHH SULPDU\ FRORUV
7DEOH  9HFWRU 2SHUDWRUV 2SHUDWRU    GRW FURVV SDUDOOHO SHUSHQGLFXODU  8QDU\ 3XUSRVH 9HFWRU $GGLWLRQ 9HFWRU 6XEWUDFWLRQ 9HFWRU 2U 6FDODU 0XOWLSOLFDWLRQ 9HFWRU 2U 6FDODU 'LYLVLRQ 'RW 3URGXFW 6FDODU 3URGXFW &URVV 3URGXFW 9HFWRU 3URGXFW 3DUDOOHO &RPSRQHQW 3HUSHQGLFXODU &RPSRQHQW 1HJDWLRQ 5HYHUVH 'LUHFWLRQ

1RWH 9HFWRU RSHUDWLRQV SURGXFH YHFWRUV H[FHSW IRU GRW SURGXFWV ZKLFK SURGXFH D VFDODU 0XOWLSOLFDWLRQ DQG GLYLVLRQ FDQ EH SHUIRUPHG RQ HLWKHU WZR YHFWRUV RU RQ D YHFWRU DQG D VFDODU

$FFHVVLQJ WKH &RPSRQHQWV RI D 9HFWRU

7KH WKUHH FRPSRQHQWV RI WKH YHFWRU DUH FDOOHG WKH [ \ DQG ] FRPSRQHQWV RI WKH YHFWRU 7KH\ FDQ EH DFFHVVHG PXFK OLNH ILHOGV RI D & RU -DYD REMHFW E\ XVLQJ D SHULRG )RU H[DPSOH WR DFFHVV WKH [ FRPSRQHQW RI D YHFWRU QDPHG ORFDWLRQ \RX XVH WKH V\QWD[ ORFDWLRQ[
([DPSOH 8VLQJ WKH 9HFWRU 'DWD 7\SH YHFWRU ZKLWH   ! YHFWRU ORFDWLRQ   ! FURVV   ! GRW   ! YHFWRU X ORFDWLRQ  YHFWRU Z X   ! YHFWRU Y X SDUDOOHO Z  Y LV WKH FRPSRQHQW YHFWRU RI X SDUDOOHO WR Z  RU DOVR WKH SURMHFWLRQ RI X RQWR Z Z\   6HWV WKH \ FRPSRQHQW RI Z WR  ORFDWLRQ] ORFDWLRQ[  6HWV WKH ] FRPSRQHQW RI ORFDWLRQ HTXDO WR LWV [ FRPSRQHQW

&RQVWDQWV

&RQVWDQWV DUH MXVW OLNH YDULDEOHV H[FHSW WKDW WKHLU YDOXHV FDQQRW EH FKDQJHG $OO FRQVWDQWV PXVW EH JLYHQ DQ LQLWLDO YDOXH ZKLFK LV SHUPDQHQW &RQVWDQWV PD\ EH



9DULDEOHV

'DWD 7\SHV

GHFODUHG DQ\ SODFH WKDW YDULDEOHV DUH GHFODUHG 7KH IRUPDW IRU GHFODULQJ FRQVWDQWV LV VLPLODU WR YDULDEOHV
)LJXUH  &RQVWDQW 'HFODUDWLRQ 6\QWD[ FRQVW W\SH QDPH! YDULDEOH QDPH! PDQGDWRU\ LQLWLDOL]HU!  ([DPSOH &RQVWDQW 'HFODUDWLRQV FRQVW VFDODU IUHH]LQJBSRLQW  FRQVW VFDODU SL  FRQVW VFDODU H  FRQVW ERROHDQ RQ LV WUXH RII LV IDOVH SL   (UURU  D FRQVWDQW PD\ RQO\ EH DVVLJQHG E\ LWV LQLWLDOL]HU

9DULDEOHV

5HIHUHQFH 9DULDEOHV

'DWD 7\SHV

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

,Q RUGHU WR DVVLJQ D UHIHUHQFH WR D YDULDEOH XVH WKH V\QWD[ D UHIHUV WR E ,I \RX DUH D & SURJUDPPHU \RX FDQ WKLQN RI WKLV DV D E ,I D UHIHUHQFH GRHV QRW UHIHU WR DQ\WKLQJ DW DOO WKHQ LW LV VDLG WR UHIHU WR QRQH 7KLV LV OLNH QXOO LQ & RU -DYD $OO UHIHUHQFH YDULDEOHV DUH LQLWLDOL]HG WR UHIHU WR QRQH ZKHQ WKH\ DUH FUHDWHG DQG LI DQ DWWHPSW LV PDGH WR XVH WKHP EHIRUH WKH\ DUH DVVLJQHG WR UHIHU WR VRPHWKLQJ WKHQ D UXQWLPH HUURU UHVXOWV
)LJXUH  5HIHUHQFH 9DULDEOH 'HFODUDWLRQ 6\QWD[ GDWD W\SH QDPH! UHIHUHQFH YDULDEOH QDPH! RSWLRQDO LQLWLDOL]HU! 

5HIHUHQFH 9DULDEOHV



([DPSOH 8VLQJ 5HIHUHQFH 9DULDEOHV LQWHJHU D  E  LQWHJHU UHIHUHQFH F UHIHUV WR QRQH F UHIHUV WR D F  F UHIHUV WR E E  ZULWH D ZULWH F  D   F   $VVLJQV WKH YDOXH  WR F DQG D  $VVLJQV WKH YDOXH  WR E DQG F  :ULWHV RXW D   :ULWHV RXW F 



9DULDEOHV

'DWD 7\SHV

20$5 6WDWHPHQWV
7KLV FKDSWHU GHVFULEHV 20$5 VWDWHPHQWV DQG KRZ WR XVH WKHP

&+$37(5 

7KH $VVLJQPHQW 6WDWHPHQW

7KH PRVW EDVLF VWDWHPHQW LV WKH DVVLJQPHQW VWDWHPHQW ZKLFK VLPSO\ DVVLJQV D YDOXH WR D YDULDEOH 7KH YDOXH RI WKH YDULDEOH LV VSHFLILHG E\ DQ H[SUHVVLRQ 7KH H[SUHVVLRQ PD\ EH DV VLPSOH DV WKH QDPH RI DQRWKHU YDULDEOH RI WKH VDPH W\SH RU DV FRPSOH[ DV D PDWKHPDWLFDO IRUPXOD LQYROYLQJ PDQ\ GLIIHUHQW WHUPV ,Q 20$5 LW LV FRQVLGHUHG DQ HUURU WR DVVLJQ YDULDEOHV WR WKHPVHOYHV VLQFH WKLV HIIHFWLYHO\ GRHV QRWKLQJ 7KH EDVLF IRUP RI WKH DVVLJQPHQW VWDWHPHQW LV DV IROORZV
)LJXUH  7KH $VVLJQPHQW 6WDWHPHQW YDULDEOH LGHQWLILHU! DVVLJQPHQW RSHUDWRU! H[SUHVVLRQ! 

7KH $VVLJQPHQW 2SHUDWRUV

)RXU GLIIHUHQW DVVLJQPHQW RSHUDWRUV DUH XVHG WR DVVLJQ GLIIHUHQW W\SHV LQ 20$5 LV XVHG WR DVVLJQ QXPHULFDO W\SHV DQG WKH FRQWHQWV RI VWUXFWXUHV DQG DUUD\V

LV LV XVHG WR DVVLJQ V\PEROLF W\SHV WKDW FDQ RQO\ DVVXPH D OLPLWHG VHW RI YDOXHV 7KHVH W\SHV LQFOXGH ERROHDQ FKDU HQXPHUDWHG W\SHV DQG UHIHUHQFHV WR VWUXFWXUHV DQG DUUD\V 7KH GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ DVVLJQLQJ WKH FRQWHQWV RI VWUXFWXUHV DQG DUUD\V DQG DVVLJQLQJ UHIHUHQFHV WR VWUXFWXUHV DQG DUUD\V ZLOO EH PDGH FOHDU LQ ODWHU VHFWLRQV UHIHUV WR LV XVHG WR DVVLJQ UHIHUHQFH YDULDEOHV



 GRHV LV XVHG WR DVVLJQ SURFHGXUH LQWHUIDFH YDULDEOHV DV GHVFULEHG LQ WKH FKDSWHU RQ SURFHGXUHV
7DEOH  7KH $VVLJQPHQW 2SHUDWRUV 'DWD 7\SH ERROHDQ FKDU VKRUW E\WH LQWHJHU ORQJ VFDODU GRXEOH FRPSOH[ YHFWRU HQXPHUDWHG W\SH VWUXFWXUH VXEMHFW DUUD\ FRQWHQWV VWUXFWXUH VXEMHFW DUUD\ UHIHUHQFH YDULDEOH UHIHUHQFH SURFHGXUH LQWHUIDFH YDULDEOH LV UHIHUV WR GRHV LV $VVLJQPHQW 2SHUDWRU LV

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

([SUHVVLRQV

([SUHVVLRQV DUH IRUPHG E\ HYDOXDWLQJ D VHTXHQFH RI RSHUDWRUV RU IXQFWLRQV DQG WKHLU RSHUDQGV WR \LHOG VRPH YDOXH DV D UHVXOW 7KH W\SHV RI WKH RSHUDQGV DUH FKHFNHG WR PDNH VXUH WKDW WKH\ PDWFK WKH RSHUDWRUV DQG IXQFWLRQV WKDW DUH XVHG 7KH IXQFWLRQV TXHVWLRQ SURFHGXUHV PD\ EH EXLOWLQ IXQFWLRQV RU XVHUGHILQHG IXQFWLRQV 7KH RUGHU LQ ZKLFK WKH RSHUDWRUV DUH DSSOLHG GHSHQGV XSRQ WKH UXOHV RI SUHFH GHQFH 2SHUDWRUV ZLWK WKH KLJKHVW SUHFHGHQFH ZLOO EH DSSOLHG ILUVW IROORZHG E\ RSHUDWRUV RI ORZHU SUHFHGHQFH 2SHUDWRUV RI WKH VDPH SUHFHGHQFH ZLOO EH DSSOLHG



20$5 6WDWHPHQWV

IURP OHIW WR ULJKW LQ WKH RUGHU WKDW WKH\ DSSHDU LQ WKH H[SUHVVLRQ 7KH SUHFHGHQFH UXOHV FDQ DOZD\V EH RYHUULGGHQ E\ DGGLQJ SDUHQWKHVHV DURXQG WKH H[SUHVVLRQV WKDW DUH WR EH HYDOXDWHG ILUVW
([DPSOH 2SHUDWRU 3UHFHGHQFH LQ ([SUHVVLRQV      VTUW      A  WUXH RU IDOVH DQG WUXH   ! GRW   ! FURVV   !    DQG          VTUW     A WUXH RU IDOVH DQG WUXH   ! GRW   ! FURVV   ! WUXH    WUXH 

7DEOH  2SHUDWRU 3UHFHGHQFH 2SHUDWRUV $UH /LVWHG ,Q 2UGHU )URP +LJKHVW 3UHFHGHQFH 7RS 7R /RZHVW 3UHFHGHQFH %RWWRP 20$5 6WDWHPHQWV  8QDU\ QRW A FURVV SDUDOOHO SHUSHQGLFXODU GRW   GLY PRG DQG   RU  !  !   !

&RPSDFW ([SUHVVLRQV
2FFDVLRQDOO\ LQ H[SUHVVLRQV \RX ILQG WKDW \RX QHHG WR WHVW D SDUWLFXODU YDOXH DJDLQVW D QXPEHU RI GLIIHUHQW H[SUHVVLRQV 7KH V\QWD[ XVHG LQ WKLV W\SH RI VLWXDWLRQ FDQ EH PDGH PRUH FRPSDFW DQG UHDGDEOH LI \RX UHPHPEHU ZKDW WKH OHIWKDQG VLGH RI HDFK H[SUHVVLRQ LV DQG WKHQ ZKHQ \RX HQFRXQWHU VXFFHVVLYH FODXVHV LQ WKH H[SUHVVLRQ LI \RX GRQ
W ILQG D QHZ OHIWKDQGVLGH H[SUHVVLRQ \RX DVVXPH WKDW WKH SUHYLRXV RQH ZDV LQWHQGHG )RU H[DPSOH LQ (QJOLVK LQVWHDG RI VD\LQJ DUH WKH FORWKHV FOHDQ DQG DUH WKH FORWKHV GU\ DQG DUH WKH FORWKHV SUHVVHG RU DUH WKH FORWKHV QHZ RU DUH WKH FORWKHV

([SUHVVLRQV



XQZRUQ LW ZRXOG EH HDVLHU WR VD\ DUH WKH FORWKHV FOHDQ DQG GU\ DQG SUHVVHG RU QHZ RU XQZRUQ
([DPSOH &RPSDFW ([SUHVVLRQV LQWHJHU D E F WKLQJ W\SH WKLQJ ODVW LI D ! E DQG D  F WKHQ HQG ZKLOH WKLQJ LVQ
W QRQH DQG WKLQJ LVQ
W ODVW GR HQG  7KH DERYH H[SUHVVLRQV FDQ EH UHSODFHG E\ WKH IROORZLQJ  LI D ! E DQG  F WKHQ HQG ZKLOH WKLQJ LVQ
W QRQH DQG LVQ
W ODVW GR HQG  1RWH WKH WKLQJ W\SH LV D MXVW D GXPP\ W\SH XVHG LQ H[DPSOHV

3URQRXQV LWV DQG LWVHOI

7R KHOS PDNH FRGH PRUH UHDGDEOH 20$5 SURYLGHV WZR SURQRXQV LWVHOI DQG LWV 8VH LWVHOI WR UHIHU WR ZKDWHYHU WKH SUHYLRXV H[SUHVVLRQ UHIHUUHG WR <RX FDQ RIWHQ XVH LWVHOI LQ SODFH RI WKH & DQG -DYD RSHUDWRUV     DQG   8VH LWV ZLWK VWUXFWXUHV ZKLFK ZLOO EH LQWURGXFHG LQ D ODWHU FKDSWHU WR UHIHU WR D ILHOG RI ZKDWHYHU VWUXFWXUH ZDV LQ WKH SUHYLRXV H[SUHVVLRQ DVVXPLQJ WKDW WKH SUHYLRXV H[SUHVVLRQ UHIHUUHG WR D VWUXFWXUH
([DPSOH 8VLQJ 20$5 3URQRXQV LW DQG LWVHOI VWUXFW FKDLQ KDV FKDLQ W\SH QH[W LV QRQH HQG  FKDLQ LQWHJHU L  LWHUDWLRQV  ERROHDQ SDULW\ LV IDOVH FKDLQ W\SH FKDLQ ZKLOH VRPH FKDLQ GR L LWVHOI  LWHUDWLRQV LWVHOI   SDULW\ LV QRW LWVHOI FKDLQ LV LWV QH[W HQG

6KRUW&LUFXLW ([SUHVVLRQV
1RUPDOO\ DOO RI WKH WHUPV LQ DQ H[SUHVVLRQ PXVW EH HYDOXDWHG LQ RUGHU WR GHWHUPLQH WKH UHVXOW ,I WKH H[SUHVVLRQ LQYROYHV WKH RSHUDWRUV DQG DQG RU KRZHYHU WKH YDOXH RI WKH H[SUHVVLRQ LV VRPHWLPHV GHWHUPLQHG E\ WKH ILUVW RSHUDQG DORQH VR WKH VHFRQG RSHUDQG QHHG QRW EH HYDOXDWHG



20$5 6WDWHPHQWV

)RU H[DPSOH LQ DQ\ H[SUHVVLRQ D DQG E LI D LV IDOVH WKHQ WKH H[SUHVVLRQ DV D ZKROH PXVW EH IDOVH QR PDWWHU ZKDW WKH YDOXH RI E LV VR \RX GRQW QHHG WR HYDOXDWH E ,Q WKH FDVH RI DQ RU H[SUHVVLRQ D RU E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
([DPSOH &RGH 5HTXLULQJ 6KRUW&LUFXLW (YDOXDWLRQ LQWHJHU D  E 

20$5 6WDWHPHQWV

 ,I VKRUWFLUFXLW HYDOXDWLRQ LV QRW XVHG WKLV FRXOG FDXVH DQ HUURU EHFDXVH  VTUWD FDQ QRW EH FDOFXODWHG ZKHQ D   LI D !  DQG VTUWD ! E WKHQ E VTUWD HQG

7KH FRGH LQ WKH H[DPSOH FRXOG EH UHVWUXFWXUHG E\ VHSDUDWLQJ WKH WZR DQG RSHUDQGV RI WKH H[SUHVVLRQ LQWR WZR LI VWDWHPHQWV VR WKH VHFRQG H[SUHVVLRQ ZRQW EH HYDOXDWHG LI WKH HDUOLHU WHVW IDLOV )RU H[DPSOH
([DPSOH 6KRUW&LUFXLW (YDOXDWLRQ 8VLQJ 1HVWHG ,IV LQWHJHU D  E

LI D !  WKHQ LI VTUWD ! E WKHQ E VTUWD HQG HQG

,Q 20$5 DV LQ PRVW RWKHU SURJUDPPLQJ ODQJXDJHV VKRUWFLUFXLW HYDOXDWLRQ RFFXUV E\ GHIDXOW +RZHYHU \RX FDQ DOVR FKRRVH WR GLVDEOH VKRUWFLUFXLW HYDOX DWLRQ DQG IRUFH DOO HOHPHQWV RI DQ H[SUHVVLRQ WR EH HYDOXDWHG <RX PD\ QHHG WR GR VR ZKHQ \RX KDYH DQ H[SUHVVLRQ WKDW PDNHV D VHULHV RI SURFHGXUH FDOOV ([SUHVVLRQV



DQG LW LV LPSRUWDQW WKDW HYHU\ SURFHGXUH FDOO LV PDGH 7R GLVDEOH VKRUWFLUFXLW HYDOXDWLRQ XVH WKH RSHUDWRUV DQG LI DQG RU LI LQ SODFH RI DQG DQG RU
([DPSOH 'LVDEOLQJ 6KRUW&LUFXLW (YDOXDWLRQ LQWHJHU D  E 

LI D !  DQG LI D ! E WKHQ E VTUWD HQG

&RQGLWLRQDO 6WDWHPHQWV

2QH RI WKH PRVW EDVLF WKLQJV WKDW D FRPSXWHU FDQ GR LV WHVW IRU VRPH FRQGLWLRQ DQG WDNH D GLIIHUHQW FRXUVH RI DFWLRQ GHSHQGLQJ RQ WKH RXWFRPH :H KXPDQ EHLQJV GR WKLV DOO WKH WLPH )RU H[DPSOH LI D GRRU LV QRW RSHQ WKHQ \RX RSHQ LW DQG JR LQ RWKHUZLVH \RX MXVW JR LQ )UHTXHQWO\ FRQGLWLRQDOV DUH QHVWHG LQ D FRPSOH[ VHTXHQFH ,I WKH GRRU LV QRW RSHQ WKHQ NQRFN LI VRPHRQH DQVZHUV WKHQ JR LQ HOVH JR DZD\ 2WKHUZLVH LI WKH GRRU LV RSHQ SHHN LQ DQG VHH LI WKHUHV DQ\RQH DURXQG HWF 7KLV VHW RI FRQGLWLRQDOV FDQ EH UHSUHVHQWHG DV D GHFLVLRQ WUHH DV LQ WKH ILJXUH EHORZ ZLWK WKH FRQGLWLRQV SODFHG LQ RYDOV DQG WKH VWDWHPHQWV SODFHG LQ UHFWDQJOHV
)LJXUH  $ 'HFLVLRQ 7UHH

LV WKH GRRU RSHQ" \HV SHHN LQVLGH QR NQRFN

VRPHERG\ DQVZHUV" \HV JR LQVLGH QR JR DZD\

,I 6WDWHPHQWV

7KH PRVW EDVLF IRUP RI FRQGLWLRQDO LV WKH LIWKHQ VWDWHPHQW 7KH LIWKHQ VWDWHPHQW UHOLHV XSRQ VROYLQJ D ERROHDQ H[SUHVVLRQ WKDW GHWHUPLQHV ZKHWKHU RU 20$5 6WDWHPHQWV



QRW D FHUWDLQ DFWLRQ LV WDNHQ ,I WKH ERROHDQ H[SUHVVLRQ HYDOXDWHV WR WUXH WKHQ WKH VWDWHPHQWV DUH H[HFXWHG ,I WKH ERROHDQ H[SUHVVLRQ HYDOXDWHV WR IDOVH WKHQ QRWKLQJ KDSSHQV DQG WKH FRPSXWHU JRHV RQ WR WKH QH[W VWDWHPHQW 7KH EDVLF IRUP RI WKH LIWKHQ VWDWHPHQW LV DV IROORZV
)LJXUH  7KH ,I7KHQ 6WDWHPHQW LI ERROHDQ H[SUHVVLRQ! WKHQ GHFODUDWLRQV! VWDWHPHQWV! HQG ([DPSOH ,I7KHQ 6WDWHPHQW VFDODU G VTU E   D F 20$5 6WDWHPHQWV

LI G   WKHQ ZULWH QR URRWV IRXQG  HQG

$ PRUH FRPSOH[ IRUP RI WKH LI VWDWHPHQW LV WKH LIWKHQHOVH VWDWHPHQW 7KLV VWDWHPHQW ZRUNV E\ GHFLGLQJ XSRQ RQH RI WZR SRVVLEOH FRXUVHV RI DFWLRQ EDVHG RQ WKH YDOXH RI WKH ERROHDQ H[SUHVVLRQ ,I WKH ERROHDQ H[SUHVVLRQ HYDOXDWHV WR WUXH WKHQ WKH ILUVW EORFN RI VWDWHPHQWV LV H[HFXWHG HOVH WKH VHFRQG EORFN RI VWDWHPHQWV LV H[HFXWHG 7KH IRUP RI WKH LIWKHQHOVH VWDWHPHQW LV DV IROORZV
)LJXUH  7KH ,I7KHQ(OVH 6WDWHPHQW LI ERROHDQ H[SUHVVLRQ! WKHQ GHFODUDWLRQV! VWDWHPHQWV! HOVH GHFODUDWLRQV! VWDWHPHQWV! HQG ([DPSOH 7KH ,I7KHQ(OVH 6WDWHPHQW VFDODU G VTU E   D F

LI G   WKHQ ZULWH QR URRWV IRXQG  HOVH VFDODU URRW E  G   D URRW E  G   D ZULWH URRWV  URRW   URRW  HQG

$QRWKHU XVHIXO IRUP RI WKH LI VWDWHPHQW LV XVHG ZKHQ \RX ZDQW WR SHUIRUP D VHULHV RI WHVWV DQG H[HFXWH VRPH VWDWHPHQWV DV VRRQ DV \RX ILQG D FRQGLWLRQ

&RQGLWLRQDO 6WDWHPHQWV



WKDW HYDOXDWHV WR WUXH RWKHUZLVH NHHS WHVWLQJ 7KLV VWDWHPHQW LV FDOOHG WKH LI WKHQHOVHLI VWDWHPHQW 7KH IRUP RI WKLV VWDWHPHQW LV DV IROORZV
)LJXUH  7KH ,I7KHQ(OVHLI 6WDWHPHQW LI ERROHDQ H[SUHVVLRQ! WKHQ GHFODUDWLRQV! VWDWHPHQWV! HOVHLI ERROHDQ H[SUHVVLRQ! WKHQ GHFODUDWLRQV! VWDWHPHQWV!   HOVHLI ERROHDQ H[SUHVVLRQ1! WKHQ GHFODUDWLRQV1! VWDWHPHQWV1! HQG

1RWH WKDW VLQFH WKLV VWDWHPHQW FRQWLQXHV WHVWLQJ XQWLO HLWKHU D WUXH FRQGLWLRQ LV IRXQG RU LW UHDFKHV WKH HQG LW LV D JRRG LGHD WR SODFH FRQGLWLRQV WKDW DUH OLNHO\ WR EH WUXH DW WKH WRS RI WKH VWDWHPHQW VR WKH\ DUH UHDFKHG ILUVW WR DYRLG D ORW RI XQQHFHVVDU\ WHVWLQJ
([DPSOH 7KH ,I7KHQ(OVHLI 6WDWHPHQW VFDODU G VTU E   D F

LI G   WKHQ ZULWH QR URRWV IRXQG  HOVHLI G  WKHQ VFDODU URRW E   D ZULWH URRW  URRW  HQG

7KH ODVW SRVVLEOH IRUP RI WKH LI VWDWHPHQW LV FUHDWHG E\ ILWWLQJ DQ HOVH FODXVH RQWR WKH HQG RI DQ LIWKHQHOVHLI VWDWHPHQW 7KLV LV XVHIXO ZKHQ \RX ZDQW WR SHUIRUP D VHULHV RI WHVWV DQG LI QRQH RI WKH FRQGLWLRQV DUH WUXH WKHQ VRPH



20$5 6WDWHPHQWV

GHIDXOW VHW RI VWDWHPHQWV VKRXOG EH H[HFXWHG 7KLV LV WKH LIWKHQHOVHLIHOVH VWDWHPHQW ZKLFK LV LOOXVWUDWHG EHORZ
)LJXUH  7KH ,I7KHQ(OVHLI(OVH 6WDWHPHQW LI ERROHDQ H[SUHVVLRQ! WKHQ GHFODUDWLRQV! VWDWHPHQWV! HOVHLI ERROHDQ H[SUHVVLRQ! WKHQ GHFODUDWLRQV! VWDWHPHQWV!   HOVHLI ERROHDQ H[SUHVVLRQ1! WKHQ GHFODUDWLRQV1! VWDWHPHQWV1! HOVH GHFODUDWLRQV! VWDWHPHQWV! HQG ([DPSOH 7KH ,I7KHQ(OVHLI(OVH 6WDWHPHQW VFDODU G VTU E   D F

20$5 6WDWHPHQWV

LI G   WKHQ ZULWH QR URRWV IRXQG  HOVHLI G  WKHQ VFDODU URRW E   D ZULWH URRW  URRW  HOVH VFDODU URRW E  G   D URRW E  G   D ZULWH URRWV  URRW   URRW  HQG

7KH :KHQ 6WDWHPHQW

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 KDYH DQ LQILQLWH QXPEHU RI SRVVLEOH VWDWHV 7KH RQO\ W\SHV ZKLFK KDYH D IL[HG QXPEHU RI VWDWHV DUH WKH ERROHDQ WKH HQXPHUDWHG W\SH DQG WKH FKDU

&RQGLWLRQDO 6WDWHPHQWV



:KHQ VWDWHPHQWV HYDOXDWH WKH H[SUHVVLRQ DQG EDVHG RQ WKH YDOXH RI WKH UHVXOW JR WR WKH SURSHU FDVH DQG H[HFXWH WKH VWDWHPHQWV 7KH RUGHU RI WKH FDVHV LQVLGH WKH ZKHQ VWDWHPHQW GRHVQW PDWWHU
)LJXUH  7KH :KHQ VWDWHPHQW ZKHQ FKDU RU HQXP H[SUHVVLRQ! LV YDOXH! GHFODUDWLRQV! VWDWHPHQWV! HQG YDOXH! GHFODUDWLRQV! VWDWHPHQWV! HQG   YDOXH1! GHFODUDWLRQV1! VWDWHPHQWV1! HQG HQG ([DPSOH 7KH :KHQ 6WDWHPHQW HQXP VLWXDWLRQ LV ILUH IORRG WRUQDGR VLWXDWLRQ W\SH VLWXDWLRQ LV WRUQDGR ZKHQ VLWXDWLRQ LV ILUH ZULWH GURS   HQG IORRG ZULWH VZLP   HQG WRUQDGR ZULWH UXQ   HQG HQG  FDVH

,I GXULQJ WKH H[HFXWLRQ RI WKH SURJUDP WKH H[SUHVVLRQ WDNHV RQ D YDOXH WKDW LV QRW OLVWHG XQGHU DQ\ RI WKH FDVHV WKHQ WKLV FDXVHV DQ HUURU 7R DYRLG WKLV



20$5 6WDWHPHQWV

SUREOHP WKH ZKHQ VWDWHPHQW FDQ EH ILWWHG ZLWK DQ HOVH FODXVH VR DOO SRVVLEOH YDOXHV RI WKH H[SUHVVLRQ FDQ EH KDQGOHG
)LJXUH  7KH :KHQ(OVH 6WDWHPHQW ZKHQ H[SUHVVLRQ! LV YDOXH! GHFODUDWLRQV! VWDWHPHQWV! HQG YDOXH! GHFODUDWLRQV! VWDWHPHQWV! HQG   YDOXH1! GHFODUDWLRQV1! VWDWHPHQWV1! HQG HOVH GHFODUDWLRQV! VWDWHPHQWV! HQG ([DPSOH 7KH :KHQ(OVH 6WDWHPHQW HQXP VLXDWLRQ LV ILUH IORRG WRUQDGR QXNHBVWULNH DOLHQBDWWDFN PHWHRUBLPSDFW VLWDXDWLRQ W\SH VLWXDWLRQ LV WRUQDGR LQ FDVH VLWXDWLRQ RI ILUH ZULWH GURS   HQG IORRG ZULWH VZLP   HQG WRUQDGR ZULWH UXQ   HQG HOVH ZULWH SUD\   HQG  FDVH

20$5 6WDWHPHQWV

/RRSLQJ 6WDWHPHQWV

3UREDEO\ WKH PRVW SRZHUIXO FRQVWUXFW LQ FRPSXWHU SURJUDPPLQJ LV WKH ORRS $ ORRS LV D PHDQV RI UHSHDWHGO\ H[HFXWLQJ VRPH DFWLRQ :LWKRXW WKH ORRS PRVW FRPSXWHUV ZRXOG UXQ WKURXJK DOO RI WKH LQVWUXFWLRQV LQ WKHLU PHPRU\ LQ MXVW D IHZ VHFRQGV /RRSLQJ VWUXFWXUHV HQDEOH WKH SURJUDP WR GR VRPHWKLQJ D IL[HG QXPEHU RI WLPHV RU XQWLO D FHUWDLQ FRQGLWLRQ LV VDWLVILHG

/RRSLQJ 6WDWHPHQWV



7KH :KLOH 6WDWHPHQW

7KH ZKLOH VWDWHPHQW LV XVHG WR H[HFXWH D VHTXHQFH RI VWDWHPHQWV UHSHDWHGO\ DV ORQJ DV D SDUWLFXODU FRQGLWLRQ KROGV WUXH ,W LV XVHG ZKHQHYHU \RX GRQW NQRZ KRZ PDQ\ WLPHV WKH ORRS ZLOO KDYH WR EH H[HFXWHG 7KLV NLQG RI ORRS LV XVHG IRU WKLQJV OLNH ZKLOH QRW ILQLVKHG GR WDVN ZKLOH QR FKDUDFWHU KDV EHHQ IRXQG UHDG NH\ERDUG HWF 7KH FRQGLWLRQ LV WHVWHG IRU DW WKH EHJLQQLQJ RI WKH ORRS EHIRUH DQ\ VWDWHPHQWV DUH H[HFXWHG VR LW LV SRVVLEOH IRU WKH VWDWHPHQWV QRW WR EH H[HFXWHG DW DOO
)LJXUH  7KH :KLOH 6WDWHPHQW ZKLOH ERROHDQ H[SUHVVLRQ! GR GHFODUDWLRQV! VWDWHPHQWV! HQG

([DPSOH 7KH :KLOH 6WDWHPHQW LQWHJHU L  FRXQWHU 

ZULWH SRZHUV RI  OHVV WKDQ    ZKLOH L   GR ZULWH  A  FRXQWHU  L  L LWVHOI  FRXQWHU LWVHOI   HQG

1RWH WKDW LW LV SRVVLEOH IRU WKH FRQGLWLRQ RI WKH ZKLOH ORRS WR QHYHU HYDOXDWH WR IDOVH ,Q WKLV FDVH WKH ORRS ZLOO WKHRUHWLFDOO\ QHYHU WHUPLQDWH 7KLV FRQGLWLRQ LV NQRZQ DV DQ LQILQLWH ORRS ,Q JHQHUDO \RX VKRXOG DYRLG LQILQLWH ORRSV EXW WKHUH DUH FHUWDLQ VLWXDWLRQV LQ ZKLFK WKH\ DUH FRPPRQO\ XVHG VXFK DV LQ DQLPV WKH JUDSKLFV DQLPDWLRQ SURFHGXUHV
([DPSOH $Q ,QILQLWH /RRS ZKLOH WUXH GR ZULWH KHOS   HQG

7KH )RU 6WDWHPHQW

7KH IRU VWDWHPHQW LV XVHG ZKHQHYHU \RX ZDQW WR H[HFXWH WKH VWDWHPHQWV RI D ORRS D IL[HG QXPEHU RI WLPHV 7KH IRU VWDWHPHQW LV XVHIXO ZKHQ \RX ZDQW WR GR WKLQJV OLNH SHUIRUP VRPH DFWLRQ IRU HDFK HOHPHQW LQ DQ DUUD\ 7KH YDULDEOH WKDW LV XVHG WR FRXQW WKH QXPEHU RI LWHUDWLRQV LQ WKH ORRS PXVW EH RI DQ LQWHJUDO W\SH DQG PD\ EH XVHG E\ H[SUHVVLRQV LQVLGH RI WKH ORRS EXW LWV YDOXH PD\ QRW



20$5 6WDWHPHQWV

EH FKDQJHG 7KH ORRS FRXQWHU YDULDEOH LV LPSOLFLWO\ D FRQVWDQW 7KH VWDUW H[SUHVVLRQ DQG HQG H[SUHVVLRQ PXVW DOVR HYDOXDWH WR DQ LQWHJHU
)LJXUH  7KH )RU 6WDWHPHQW IRU W\SH! FRXQWHU! DVVLJQPHQWBRSHUDWRU! VWDUW H[SUHVVLRQ!  HQG H[SUHVVLRQ! GR GHFODUDWLRQV! VWDWHPHQWV! HQG ([DPSOH 7KH )RU 6WDWHPHQW ORQJ IDFWRULDO  OLPLW 

IRU LQWHJHU FRXQWHU   OLPLW GR IDFWRULDO LWVHOI FRXQWHU HQG ZULWH OLPLW IDFWRULDO  IDFWRULDO 

20$5 6WDWHPHQWV

7KH ORRS DOZD\V FRXQWV LQ DQ LQFUHDVLQJ GLUHFWLRQ DQG DOZD\V LQFUHPHQWV WKH FRXQWHU YDULDEOH E\  HDFK WLPH WKURXJK WKH ORRS ,I \RX ZDQW D VWHS VL]H RWKHU WKDQ  RU D ORRS LQ ZKLFK WKH FRXQWHU GHFUHDVHV WKHQ XVH D ZKLOH ORRS LQVWHDG ,I WKH VWDUW H[SUHVVLRQ HYDOXDWHV WR WKH HQG H[SUHVVLRQ WKHQ WKH ORRS LV H[HFXWHG RQO\ RQFH ,I WKH VWDUW H[SUHVVLRQ HYDOXDWHV WR D YDOXH WKDW LV JUHDWHU WKDQ WKH HQG H[SUHVVLRQ WKHQ WKH VWDWHPHQWV LQ WKH ORRS DUH QRW H[HFXWHG DW DOO
([DPSOH )RU /RRS 8VLQJ DQ (QXPHUDWHG &RXQWHU HQXP DQLPDO LV FDW GRJ FRZ SLJ VKHHS IRU DQLPDO W\SH DQLPDO LV FDW  VKHHS GR ZKHQ DQLPDO LV FDW ZULWH PHRZ   HQG GRJ ZULWH ZRRI   HQG FRZ ZULWH PRR   HQG SLJ ZULWH RLQN   HQG VKHHS ZULWH EDD   HQG HQG HQG  (QXPHUDWHG IRU ORRS

)RU/RRS &RXQWHU 3URWHFWLRQ

)RU ORRSV LQ 20$5 DUH GLIIHUHQW WKDQ IRU ORRSV LQ & 3DVFDO RU -DYD IRU WZR UHDVRQV 7KH ILUVW DQG PRVW LPSRUWDQW GLIIHUHQFH LV WKDW WKH ORRS FRXQWHU YDULDEOH LQ 20$5 LV SURWHFWHG ,QVLGH RI WKH ERG\ RI WKH IRU ORRS WKH ORRS FRXQWHU LV FRQVLGHUHG D FRQVWDQW DQG WKHUHIRUH \RX FDQ XVH LWV YDOXH LQ H[SUHVVLRQV EXW \RX PD\ QRW FKDQJH LW 7KH YDOXH RI D ORRS FRXQWHU LV FRQWUROOHG DXWRPDWLFDOO\ E\ WKH ORRS DQG \RX PD\ QRW LQWHUIHUH ZLWK LW E\ WU\LQJ WR FKDQJH LWV YDOXH \RXUVHOI /RRSLQJ 6WDWHPHQWV



 7KH VHFRQG GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ IRU ORRSV LQ 20$5 DQG LQ RWKHU ODQJXDJHV LV WKDW WKH FRXQWHU YDULDEOH XVHG LQ WKH ORRS RQO\ H[LVWV LQVLGH RI WKH ORRS VWDWHPHQW $V VRRQ DV WKH ORRS VWDWHPHQW WHUPLQDWHV WKLV YDULDEOH GLVDSSHDUV DQG PD\ QRW EH XVHG IRU VRPHWKLQJ HOVH
([DPSOH )RU/RRS &RXQWHU 3URWHFWLRQ IRU LQWHJHU FRXQWHU    GR ZULWH FRXQWHU  FRXQWHU  FRXQWHU LWVHOI   HQG ZULWH FRXQWHU  FRXQWHU   2N  \RX PD\ XVH WKH YDOXH RI WKH IRU FRXQWHU  &RPSLOH HUURU  \RX PD\ QRW FKDQJH WKH ORRS FRXQWHU  &RPSLOH HUURU  \RX PD\ QRW XVH WKH YDOXH RI WKH IRU FRXQWHU  RXWVLGH RI WKH ORRS

7KH )RU(DFK 6WDWHPHQW

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
)LJXUH  7KH )RU(DFK 6WDWHPHQW IRU HDFK W\SH! LQGH[! LQ DUUD\!GR GHFODUDWLRQV! VWDWHPHQWV! HQG



20$5 6WDWHPHQWV

([DPSOH 7KH )RU(DFK 6WDWHPHQW FKDU QDPH>@ )UHLGD )URJOHJV   ,PSOLFLWO\ ILQGV PLQ DQG PD[ RI DUUD\  ,PSOLFLW DUUD\ GHUHIHUHQFH

IRU HDFK FKDU FK LQ QDPH GR ZULWH FK HQG

 7KH H[DPSOH FRGH DERYH LV HTXLYDOHQW WR WKH IROORZLQJ  FKDU QDPH>@ )UHLGD )URJOHJV  IRU LQWHJHU FRXQWHU PLQ QDPH  PD[ QDPH GR  ([SOLFLW UHIHUHQFHV WR WKH DUUD\ PLQ DQG PD[ ZULWH QDPH>FRXQWHU@  $UUD\ GHUHIHUHQFH DQG ERXQGV FKHFN HQG

7KH IRUHDFK VWDWHPHQW FDQ DOVR EH XVHG ZLWK PXOWLGLPHQVLRQDO DUUD\V :KHQ LWHUDWLQJ WKURXJK D PXOWLGLPHQVLRQDO DUUD\ WKH ORRS DFFHVVHV WKH HOHPHQWV LQ URZ PDMRU RUGHU PHDQLQJ WKDW LW EHJLQV ZLWK WKH ILUVW HOHPHQW RI WKH ILUVW URZ DQG FRQWLQXHV XQWLO LW UHDFKHV WKH HQG RI WKDW URZ DQG WKHQ JRHV RQ WR WKH QH[W URZ XQWLO LW KDV UHDFKHG WKH ODVW HOHPHQW RI WKH ODVW URZ
([DPSOH 7KH )RU(DFK 6WDWHPHQW LQWHJHU WDEOH>@ 0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDO $UUD\V

20$5 6WDWHPHQWV

>>   @ >   @ >   @@

IRU HDFK LQWHJHU L LQ WDEOH GR ZULWH L  L  HQG  7KH PXOWLGLPHQVLRQDO H[DPSOH DERYH LV HTXLYDOHQW WR WKH IROORZLQJ  LQWHJHU WDEOH>@ >>   @ >   @ >   @@ IRU LQWHJHU FRXQWHU PLQ WDEOH  PD[ WDEOH GR IRU LQWHJHU FRXQWHU PLQ WDEOH>@  PD[ WDEOH>@ GR ZULWH L  WDEOH>FRXQWHU FRXQWHU@   PXOWLGLPHQVLRQDO DUUD\ GHUHIHUHQFH HQG  DQG ERXQGV FKHFN HQG

7KH %UHDN DQG &RQWLQXH 6WDWHPHQWV

7KH EUHDN DQG FRQWLQXH VWDWHPHQWV PDNH LW HDVLHU WR FRQWURO WKH IORZ RI H[HFXWLRQ LQ D ORRSLQJ VWDWHPHQW 7KHVH VWDWHPHQWV FDQ RQO\ EH XVHG LQVLGH RI D IRU RU ZKLOH ORRS :KHQHYHU D EUHDN VWDWHPHQW LV HQFRXQWHUHG WKH IORZ RI

/RRSLQJ 6WDWHPHQWV



FRQWURO LV WUDQVIHUUHG RXW RI WKH LQQHUPRVW ORRS WKDW HQFORVHV WKH EUHDN VWDWHPHQW
([DPSOH 7KH %UHDN 6WDWHPHQW FKDU QDPH>@ )UHG )URJEXUJHU 

 :ULWH RXW WKH ILUVW QDPH RQO\ IRU HDFK FKDU FK LQ QDPH GR LI FK LV WKHQ EUHDN HQG ZULWH FK HQG

7KH FRQWLQXH VWDWHPHQW LV XVHG ZKHQHYHU \RX ZDQW WR VNLS WKH UHPDLQLQJ SRUWLRQ RI WKH FXUUHQW LWHUDWLRQ RI WKH ORRS DQG MXPS GLUHFWO\ WR WKH WRS RI WKH ORRS IRU WKH QH[W LWHUDWLRQ
([DPSOH 7KH &RQWLQXH 6WDWHPHQW FKDU QDPH>@ )UHG )URJEXUJHU 

 :ULWH RXW WKH ILUVW DQG ODVW QDPH ZLWK QR VSDFHV LQ EHWZHHQ IRU HDFK FKDU FK LQ QDPH GR LI FK LV WKHQ FRQWLQXH HQG ZULWH FK HQG

7KH EUHDN DQG FRQWLQXH VWDWHPHQWV PD\ DOVR ZRUN ZLWK QHVWHG ORRSV :KHQ \RX ZDQW WR EUHDN RU FRQWLQXH D ORRS WKDW LV QRW WKH LQQHUPRVW ORRS FRQWDLQLQJ WKH EUHDN RU FRQWLQXH VWDWHPHQW \RX QHHG WR VSHFLI\ WKH GHVLJQDWHG ORRS ZLWK D ODEHO 7KHQ \RX VSHFLI\ WKH LQWHQGHG ORRS WR EUHDN RU FRQWLQXH E\ VWDWLQJ WKH QDPH RI WKH ODEHO LPPHGLDWHO\ IROORZLQJ WKH EUHDN RU FRQWLQXH VWDWHPHQW $ ODEHO LV IRUPHG E\ VWDWLQJ WKH NH\ZRUG ORRS IROORZHG E\ DQ LGHQWLILHU DQG D FRORQ )RU H[DPSOH
([DPSOH 7KH /DEHOOHG %UHDN 6WDWHPHQW LQWHJHU L>@ >>   @ >   @ >   @@ ORRS RXWHU IRU LQWHJHU FRXQWHU PLQ L  PD[ L GR IRU LQWHJHU FRXQWHU PLQ L>@  PD[ L>@ GR LI L>FRXQWHU FRXQWHU@  WKHQ EUHDN RXWHU HQG ZULWH L>  FRXQWHU  FRXQWHU @  L>FRXQWHUFRXQWHU@  HQG HQG



20$5 6WDWHPHQWV

7KH 5HWXUQ 6WDWHPHQW

7KH UHWXUQ VWDWHPHQW LV D ORW OLNH WKH EUHDN VWDWHPHQW H[FHSW WKDW LW LV XVHG WR WUDQVIHU FRQWURO RXW RI DQ HQWLUH YHUE SURFHGXUH 7R H[LW IURP D TXHVWLRQ SURFHGXUH \RX PXVW XVH DQ DQVZHU VWDWHPHQW DV GHVFULEHG LQ WKH FKDSWHU RQ SURFHGXUHV

([DPSOH 7KH 5HWXUQ 6WDWHPHQW YHUE ZULWHBXSBWRBVSDFH FKDU QDPH>@ LV  :ULWH RXW FKDUDFWHUV XQWLO D VSDFH LV IRXQG  IRU HDFK FKDU FK LQ QDPH GR LI FK LV WKHQ UHWXUQ HQG ZULWH FK HQG HQG  ZULWHBXSBWRBVSDFH

20$5 6WDWHPHQWV

7KH ([LW 6WDWHPHQW

([DPSOH 7KH ([LW 6WDWHPHQW VFDODU QXPEHU  URRW

7KH H[LW VWDWHPHQW LV XVHG WR H[LW IURP D SURJUDP HQWLUHO\ ([LW VWDWHPHQWV DUH YHU\ RIWHQ XVHG WR HQG D SURJUDP ZKHQ HUURUV RU LQYDOLG GDWD DUH HQFRXQ WHUHG

 0XFK ODWHU LQ WKH SURJUDP QXPEHU JHWV XVHG EXW LWV YDOXH LV XQFHUWDLQ VR LW LV FKHFNHG WR EH YDOLG  LI QXPEHU   WKHQ H[LW HOVH URRW VTUW QXPEHU HQG

6RPH ([DPSOH 3URJUDPV

7KH IROORZLQJ H[DPSOH SURJUDPV GHPRQVWUDWH KRZ VHYHUDO GLIIHUHQW NLQGV RI VWDWHPHQWV FDQ EH XVHG

7KH 5HWXUQ 6WDWHPHQW



/LVWLQJ  3URJUDP 7R :ULWH 2XW 5RPDQ 1XPHUDOV )RU 3RZHUV RI    GR $UDELFBWRB5RPDQ YHUE $UDELFBWRB5RPDQ LV LQWHJHU [ \ \  ZKLOH \   GR ZULWH \  [ \ ZKLOH [ !  GR ZULWH 0 [ LWVHOI   HQG LI [ !  WKHQ ZULWH ' [ LWVHOI   HQG ZKLOH [ !  GR ZULWH & [ LWVHOI   HQG LI [ !  WKHQ ZULWH / [ LWVHOI   HQG ZKLOH [ !  GR ZULWH ; [ LWVHOI   HQG LI [ !  WKHQ ZULWH 9 [ LWVHOI   HQG ZKLOH [ !  GR ZULWH , [ LWVHOI   HQG ZULWH \ LWVHOI  HQG HQG  $UDELFBWRB5RPDQ /LVWLQJ  3URJUDP WR &RQYHUW 5RPDQ 1XPHUDOV WR $UDELF 1XPHUDOV GR 5RPDQBWRB$UDELF YHUE 5RPDQBWRB$UDELF LV FKDU URPDQ>@ LQWHJHU DUDELF  URPDQ 0'&&&&/;;;;9,,,, IRU HDFK FKDU F LQ URPDQ GR ZKHQ F LV 0  DUDELF LWVHOI   HQG '  DUDELF LWVHOI   HQG &  DUDELF LWVHOI   HQG /  DUDELF LWVHOI   HQG ;  DUDELF LWVHOI   HQG 9  DUDELF LWVHOI   HQG ,  DUDELF LWVHOI   HQG HOVH ZULWH HUURU   H[LW HQG HQG ZULWH 5RPDQ  URPDQ  ZULWH $UDELF  DUDELF  HQG  5RPDQBWRB$UDELF



20$5 6WDWHPHQWV

3URFHGXUHV
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

&+$37(5 

7KH &RQFHSW RI 6FRSLQJ

-XVW DV DQ HQJLQH KDV D QXPEHU RI LQWHUQDO SDUWV WKDW DUH QHFHVVDU\ IRU LW WR ZRUN EXW DUH QRW XVHG E\ DQ\ RWKHU SDUWV RI WKH FDU D SURFHGXUH FDQ DOVR KDYH LWV RZQ GDWD GDWD W\SHV DQG HYHQ LWV RZQ SURFHGXUHV WKDW DUH QRW DFFHVVLEOH WR WKH UHVW RI WKH SURJUDP

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



,Q DGGLWLRQ WR WKH WKLQJV LQ LWV RZQ ORFDO VFRSH D SURFHGXUH FDQ DOVR KDYH DFFHVV WR WKLQJV WKDW DUH GHFODUHG LQ WKH VFRSHV WKDW HQFORVH LWVHOI ,I WZR YDULDEOHV ZLWK WKH VDPH QDPH EXW IURP GLIIHUHQW VFRSHV DUH YLVLEOH WKHQ WKH RQH ZLWK WKH FORVHU VFRSH WDNHV SUHFHGHQFH DQG WKH RWKHUV DUH LQYLVLEOH 8VXDOO\ SURFH GXUHV DUH QRW QHVWHG VR WKH\ KDYH DFFHVV RQO\ WR WKHLU RZQ VFRSH DQG WR WKH JOREDO VFRSH
)LJXUH  3URFHGXUHV &DQ $FFHVV 7KLQJV LQ 7KHLU 2ZQ 6FRSH RU DQ (QFORVLQJ 6FRSH GR D E  *OREDO VFRSH LQWHJHU L  YHUE D LV  %HJLQQLQJ VFRSH RI D VFRSHV YLVLEOH JOREDO VFRSH VFRSH RI D  'HFODUDWLRQV LQ D LQWHJHU M  6WDWHPHQWV LQ D M L HQG  (QGLQJ VFRSH RI D YHUE E LV  %HJLQQLQJ VFRSH RI E VFRSHV YLVLEOH JOREDO VFRSH VFRSH RI E EXW QRW D  'HFODUDWLRQV LQ E LQWHJHU N YHUE F LV  %HJLQQLQJ VFRSH RI FVFRSHV YLVLEOH JOREDO VFRSH VFRSHV RI E DQG F EXW QRW D  'HFODUDWLRQV LQ F LQWHJHU P  6WDWHPHQWV LQ F P L N P HQG  (QGLQJ VFRSH RI F  6WDWHPHQWV LQ E N L HQG  (QGLQJ VFRSH RI E

9HUEV

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



3URFHGXUHV

PDGH 7KLV PDNHV FRGH ZLWK SURFHGXUHV PRUH FRPSDFW WKDQ LW ZRXOG EH ZLWKRXW SURFHGXUHV EHFDXVH \RX FDQ FDOO WKH VDPH SURFHGXUH PDQ\ GLIIHUHQW SODFHV ,QVWHDG RI KDYLQJ PXOWLSOH FRSLHV RI WKH FRGH \RX FDQ UHXVH WKH VDPH VQLSSHW RI FRGH PXOWLSOH WLPHV
)LJXUH  9HUE 'HFODUDWLRQ YHUE YHUE QDPH! LV GHFODUDWLRQV! VWDWHPHQWV! HQG )LJXUH  %DVLF 9HUE 3URFHGXUH &DOO YHUE QDPH!  /LVWLQJ  8VLQJ 9HUEV WR &DOFXODWH $YHUDJHV GR DYHUDJHV LQWHJHU Q Q YHUE ZULWHBDYHUDJH LV LQWHJHU VXP  /RFDO LQWHUPHGLDWH YDULDEOHV VFDODU DYHUDJH VXP Q  Q DYHUDJH VXP   ZULWH DYHUDJH  DYHUDJH  HQG  ZULWHBDYHUDJH YHUE DYHUDJHV LV Q  Q  ZULWHBDYHUDJH  3URFHGXUH FDOO Q  Q  ZULWHBDYHUDJH  3URFHGXUH FDOO HQG  DYHUDJHV 3URFHGXUHV

4XHVWLRQV

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



WHOOV WKH SURFHGXUH WR HQG DQG UHWXUQ D YDOXH WR WKH FDOOHU (YHU\ TXHVWLRQ PXVW WHUPLQDWH ZLWK DQ DQVZHU
)LJXUH  4XHVWLRQ 'HFODUDWLRQ UHWXUQ W\SH! TXHVWLRQ IXQFWLRQ QDPH! LV GHFODUDWLRQV! VWDWHPHQWV LQFOXGLQJ DQ DQVZHU VWDWHPHQW! HQG

,Q RUGHU WR FDOO D TXHVWLRQ \RX PXVW VWDWH WKH QDPH RI WKH TXHVWLRQ LQ D SODFH ZKHUH DQ H[SUHVVLRQ LV FDOOHG IRU 6LQFH YHUE FDOOV JR LQ SODFHV ZKHUH VWDWHPHQWV JR WKLQN RI YHUEV DV VWDWHPHQWV 4XHVWLRQV JR ZKHUH H[SUHVVLRQV JR VR WKH\ VKRXOG EH WKRXJKW RI DV H[SUHVVLRQV
/LVWLQJ  8VLQJ 4XHVWLRQV WR &DOFXODWH $YHUDJHV GR DYHUDJHV LQWHJHU Q Q VFDODU TXHVWLRQ DYHUDJH LV DQVZHU Q  Q   HQG  DYHUDJH YHUE DYHUDJHV LV Q  Q  ZULWH DYHUDJH Q  Q  ZULWH DYHUDJH HQG  DYHUDJHV  $Q DQVZHU VWDWHPHQW

 DYHUDJH 

 3URFHGXUH FDOO

 DYHUDJH 

 3URFHGXUH FDOO

7KH DQVZHU VWDWHPHQW LQ D TXHVWLRQ PXVW LQFOXGH DQ H[SUHVVLRQ RI WKH VDPH GDWD W\SH DV WKH W\SH WKDW LV UHWXUQHG E\ WKH TXHVWLRQ 7KH ODVW VWDWHPHQW LQ D TXHVWLRQ PXVW EH HLWKHU DQ DQVZHU VWDWHPHQW RU D FRQGLWLRQDO VWDWHPHQW ZKHUH DOO FRQGLWLRQV HQG LQ DQ DQVZHU VWDWHPHQW ,Q WKLV ZD\ WKH FRPSLOHU JXDUDQWHHV WKDW D YDOXH LV UHWXUQHG EHIRUH WKH TXHVWLRQ WHUPLQDWHV
([DPSOH $ 4XHVWLRQ (QGLQJ ZLWK D &RQGLWLRQDO 6WDWHPHQW VFDODU TXHVWLRQ IDFWRULDO RI LQWHJHU Q LV LI Q  WKHQ DQVZHU  HOVH DQVZHU Q IDFWRULDO RI Q   HQG HQG  IDFWRULDO



3URFHGXUHV

3DUDPHWHUV

<RX KDYH VHHQ KRZ WR EUHDN WKH SURJUDP GRZQ LQWR PDQDJHDEOH SDUWV ZLWK SURFHGXUHV :KDW LV QHHGHG LV D ZD\ IRU DOO RI WKHVH LQGLYLGXDO SLHFHV WR EH QHDWO\ FRQQHFWHG VR WKDW WKH SLHFHV DUH LQGHSHQGHQW EXW ZRUN WRJHWKHU 3DUDP HWHUV IRUP WKH SURJUDPPLQJ JOXH WKDW LV QHHGHG WR SLHFH WRJHWKHU DOO RI WKH SURFHGXUHV LQWR D FRKHVLYH ZKROH 7KH\ DUH WKH PHDQV E\ ZKLFK WKH YDULRXV SDUWV RI WKH SURJUDP DUH LQWHUFRQQHFWHG

7KH 3UREOHP ZLWK *OREDO 9DULDEOHV

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
)LJXUH  7KH 3URFHGXUH ,QWHUIDFH EDFN GRRU JOREDO YDULDEOHV

3URFHGXUHV

FDOOLQJ SURFHGXUH

LQWHUIDFH SDUDPHWHUV

FDOOHG SURFHGXUH

7KH 3URFHGXUH ,QWHUIDFH 3DUDPHWHUV

7KH VROXWLRQ WR WKH SUREOHP LV WR VSHFLI\ D ZD\ WR VHQG YDOXHV WR WKH SURFHGXUH DQG UHFHLYH YDOXHV EDFN WR WKH PDLQ SURJUDP 7KLV LV GRQH ZLWK SDUDPHWHUV 3DUDPHWHUV DUH VLPSO\ YDULDEOHV WKDW EHORQJ WR WKH SURFHGXUH ZKLFK FDQ EH

3DUDPHWHUV



FKDQJHG HDFK WLPH WKH SURFHGXUH LV FDOOHG 3DUDPHWHUV DUH GHFODUHG LPPHGLDWHO\ DIWHU WKH SURFHGXUH QDPH DQG EHIRUH WKH ORFDO GHFODUDWLRQV
)LJXUH  3URFHGXUH 'HFODUDWLRQ ZLWK 3DUDPHWHUV YHUE SURFHGXUH QDPH! PDQGDWRU\ SDUDPHWHU GHFODUDWLRQV! NH\ZRUG SDUDPHWHU GHFODUDWLRQV PDQGDWRU\ RU RSWLRQDO! ZLWK RSWLRQDO SDUDPHWHU GHFODUDWLRQV! UHWXUQ IRUPDWWHG RSWLRQDO UHWXUQ SDUDPHWHU GHFODUDWLRQV! ZLWK XQIRUPDWWHG RSWLRQDO UHWXUQ SDUDPHWHU GHFODUDWLRQV! LV GHFODUDWLRQV! VWDWHPHQWV! HQG

7KH 'LIIHUHQW .LQGV RI 3DUDPHWHUV

7DEOH  7KH 6L[ .LQGV RI 3DUDPHWHUV PDQGDWRU\ RSWLRQDO PDQGDWRU\NH\ZRUG RSWLRQDONH\ZRUG

,Q 20$5 WKHUH DUH VL[ GLIIHUHQW NLQGV RI SDUDPHWHUV WKDW SURFHGXUHV FDQ XVH

UHIHUHQFH RSWLRQDO UHWXUQ

6LQFH SDUDPHWHUV RI GLIIHULQJ NLQGV PD\ EH PL[HG WRJHWKHU LQ WKH VDPH SURFHGXUH GHFODUDWLRQ WKH FDOOLQJ V\QWD[ FDQ EH PDGH DV QDWXUDO DQG H[SUHVVLYH DV SRVVLEOH $W ILUVW LW PD\ VHHP WKDW WKHUH DUH D EHZLOGHULQJ QXPEHU RI FKRLFHV LQ GHFLGLQJ KRZ WR FUHDWH WKH SURFHGXUH LQWHUIDFH $FWXDOO\ WKRXJK LQ RUGHU WR GHFLGH RQ ZKDW NLQG RI SDUDPHWHU WR XVH \RX PXVW DVN \RXUVHOI RQO\ WKUHH TXHVWLRQV

4XHVWLRQ  0XVW WKH GDWD EH UHWXUQHG IURP WKH SURFHGXUH"

7KH SDUDPHWHU LV OLNH DQ DFFHVV URDG WR WKH SURFHGXUH 6RPHWLPHV \RX RQO\ QHHG D RQH ZD\ VWUHHW ZLWK GDWD JRLQJ LQWR WKH SURFHGXUH EXW QRW UHWXUQLQJ ,Q RWKHU FLUFXPVWDQFHV KRZHYHU \RX QHHG D WZR ZD\ VWUHHW ZKHUH GDWD FDQ EH SDVVHG LQWR DQG UHWXUQHG IURP WKH SURFHGXUH ,Q VWLOO RWKHU FDVHV WKH FDOOHU PD\ ZDQW WKH RSWLRQ RI UHWULHYLQJ H[WUD GDWD IURP WKH SURFHGXUHGDWD WKDW LW GLG QRW LQLWLDOO\ SDVV LQ

4XHVWLRQ  $UH WKHUH DSSURSULDWH GHIDXOW YDOXHV IRU WKH SDUDPHWHU"

,Q PDQ\ FDVHV WKHUH DUH ORJLFDO GHIDXOW YDOXHV IRU SDUDPHWHUV WR KDYH )RU H[DPSOH LWV QDWXUDO IRU D VSKHUH WR KDYH D GHIDXOW UDGLXV RI  $QRWKHU H[DPSOH PLJKW EH WR GHILQH D FDU REMHFW ZLWK GRRUV WKDW RSHQ DQG FORVH GHSHQGLQJ XSRQ 3URFHGXUHV



WKH YDOXH RI D SDUDPHWHU 6LQFH LWV ORJLFDO WR KDYH WKH GRRUV GHIDXOW WR WKH FORVHG SRVLWLRQ WKLV LV D JRRG FKRLFH IRU DQ RSWLRQDO SDUDPHWHU

4XHVWLRQ  ,V WKH SDUDPHWHU XVXDOO\ XVHG LQ D FRQWH[W SUHFHGHG E\ NH\ZRUGV"

,Q VRPH FDVHV WKH SURFHGXUH FDOO FDQ EH VWDWHG YHU\ QDWXUDOO\ LQ DQ (QJOLVKOLNH ZD\ E\ UHO\LQJ RQ WKH IDFW WKDW WKH YDOXHV RI FHUWDLQ SDUDPHWHUV DUH RIWHQ SUHFHGHG E\ FHUWDLQ NH\ZRUGV )RU H[DPSOH LI \RX ZDQW WR FUHDWH DQ DUURZ LWV QDWXUDO WR VD\ DUURZ IURP KHUH! WR WKHUH! ZKHUH WKH YDOXHV RI WKH HQGSRLQWV RI WKH DUURZ DUH GHWHUPLQHG E\ WKH NH\ZRUGV IURP DQG WR :KHQ \RX FDOO WKH SURFHGXUH \RX H[SHFW WR ILQG WKH YDOXHV RI WKH HQGSRLQWV LQ WKH SODFHV WKDW DUH LQGLFDWHG E\ WKH NH\ZRUGV IURP DQG WR
7DEOH  6HOHFWLQJ 3DUDPHWHU 8VDJH PXVW YDOXHV EH UHWXUQHG IURP WKH SURFHGXUH" \HV QR 3URFHGXUHV FDQ YDULDEOH EH VSHFLILHG E\ NH\ZRUGV" PXVW YDOXHV FRPH IURP WKH FDOOHU" \HV GRHV YDULDEOH KDYH DSSURSULDWH GHIDXOWV" \HV XVH RSWLRQDO NH\ZRUG SDUDPH WHUV QR XVH PDQGDWRU \ NH\ZRUG SDUDPH WHUV QR GRHV YDULDEOH KDYH DSSURSULDWH GHIDXOWV" \HV XVH RSWLRQDO SDUDPH WHUV QR XVH PDQGDWRU \ SDUDPH WHUV

\HV XVH UHIHUHQFH SDUDPH WHUV

QR XVH RSWLRQDO UHWXUQ SDUDPH WHUV

0DQGDWRU\ 3DUDPHWHUV

$V WKHLU QDPH LPSOLHV PDQGDWRU\ SDUDPHWHUV DUH SDUDPHWHUV WKDW PXVW EH VXSSOLHG WR WKH SURFHGXUH $Q H[DPSOH RI PDQGDWRU\ SDUDPHWHUV LV WKH SDUDPHWHU WKDW LV XVHG E\ WKH PDWK IXQFWLRQ VLQ 7R FDOO WKH VLQ IXQFWLRQ \RX PXVW VXSSO\ D VFDODU YDOXH LPPHGLDWHO\ IROORZLQJ WKH QDPH RI WKH IXQFWLRQ ,I QR YDOXH LV VXSSOLHG DQ HUURU PHVVDJH LV LVVXHG 0DQGDWRU\ SDUDPHWHUV VKRXOG EH XVHG ZKHQHYHU WKHUH LV QR ORJLFDO FKRLFH IRU GHIDXOW YDOXHV IRU WKH SDUDPHWHUV

0DQGDWRU\ 3DUDPHWHUV



'HFODUDWLRQ RI 0DQGDWRU\ 3DUDPHWHUV

0DQGDWRU\ SDUDPHWHUV DUH VSHFLILHG LQ WKH SURFHGXUH GHFODUDWLRQ E\ OLVWLQJ WKHLU GHFODUDWLRQV LPPHGLDWHO\ IROORZLQJ WKH QDPH RI WKH SURFHGXUH 7KHUH LV QR OLPLW WR WKH QXPEHU RI SDUDPHWHUV WKDW PD\ EH GHFODUHG

$VVLJQPHQW RI 0DQGDWRU\ 3DUDPHWHUV

:KHQ D SURFHGXUH WKDW XVHV PDQGDWRU\ SDUDPHWHUV LV FDOOHG D OLVW RI H[SUHVVLRQV LV H[SHFWHG IROORZLQJ WKH QDPH RI WKH SURFHGXUH 7KH H[SUHVVLRQV PXVW HYDOXDWH WR WKH SURSHU W\SH WR EH DVVLJQHG WR WKH SDUDPHWHUV WKDW WKH\ PDWFK
([DPSOH &DOOLQJ D 4XHVWLRQ ZLWK 0DQGDWRU\ 3DUDPHWHUV VFDODU TXHVWLRQ DYHUDJH LQWHJHU D E LV DQVZHU D  E   HQG  DYHUDJH VFDODU D D D D DYHUDJH   DYHUDJH URXQG   DYHUDJH    &RPSLOH (UURU  LV QRW DQ LQWHJHU  &RPSLOH (UURU VTUW  LV QRW DQ LQWHJHU  &RPSLOH (UURU WRR PDQ\ SDUDPHWHUV

D DYHUDJH   D DYHUDJH VTUW   D DYHUDJH   

/LVWLQJ  8VLQJ 4XHVWLRQV ZLWK 3DUDPHWHUV WR &DOFXODWH $YHUDJHV GR DYHUDJHV VFDODU TXHVWLRQ DYHUDJH LQWHJHU Q Q LV DQVZHU Q  Q   HQG  DYHUDJH YHUE DYHUDJHV LV ZULWH DYHUDJH ZULWH DYHUDJH HQG  DYHUDJHV  DYHUDJH     DYHUDJH   

2SWLRQDO 3DUDPHWHUV

2SWLRQDO SDUDPHWHUV DUH XVHIXO ZKHQ LW LV QRW DOZD\V QHFHVVDU\ WR VSHFLI\ DOO RI WKH SDUDPHWHUV ,Q WKHVH FDVHV ORJLFDO GHIDXOW YDOXHV FDQ EH VSHFLILHG IRU WKH SDUDPHWHUV WKDW DUH QRW VSHFLILHG LQ WKH DFWXDO SURFHGXUH FDOO :KHQ \RX XVH RSWLRQDO SDUDPHWHUV \RX QHHG D PHWKRG RI VSHFLI\LQJ ZKLFK RI WKH SDUDPHWHUV WR DVVLJQ )RU WKH PDQGDWRU\ SDUDPHWHUV \RX VLPSO\ PDWFK WKH SDUDPHWHUV E\ RUGHU VLQFH WKH QXPEHU RI SDUDPHWHUV DOZD\V HTXDOV WKH QXPEHU



3URFHGXUHV

RI H[SUHVVLRQV 6LQFH WKH QXPEHU RI RSWLRQDO SDUDPHWHUV PD\ QRW EH HTXDO WR WKH QXPEHU RI DVVLJQPHQWV ZH FDQW PDWFK WKHP E\ RUGHU ,QVWHDG ZH XVH WKH QDPHV RI WKH SDUDPHWHUV WR PDWFK WKHP ZLWK H[SUHVVLRQV DQG DVVLJQ WKH SDUDP HWHUV YDOXHV MXVW OLNH D VLPSOH DVVLJQPHQW VWDWHPHQW

'HFODUDWLRQ RI 2SWLRQDO 3DUDPHWHUV

7R VLJQLI\ WKH EHJLQQLQJ RI WKH RSWLRQDO SDUDPHWHUV VHFWLRQ DGG WKH NH\ZRUG ZLWK DW WKH HQG RI WKH PDQGDWRU\ SDUDPHWHUV VHFWLRQ IROORZHG E\ WKH YDULDEOH GHFODUDWLRQV RI WKH RSWLRQDO SDUDPHWHUV
)LJXUH  3URFHGXUH 'HFODUDWLRQ ZLWK 2SWLRQDO 3DUDPHWHUV YHUE SURFHGXUH QDPH! ZLWK RSWLRQDO SDUDP GHFODUDWLRQV! LV GHFODUDWLRQV! VWDWHPHQWV! HQG

$VVLJQPHQW RI 2SWLRQDO 3DUDPHWHUV

2SWLRQDO SDUDPHWHUV DUH DVVLJQHG VOLJKWO\ GLIIHUHQWO\ IRU YHUEV DQG TXHVWLRQV 7KLV LV EHFDXVH D YHUE FDOO DFWV DV D VWDWHPHQW ZKLOH D TXHVWLRQ FDOO DFWV DV DQ H[SUHVVLRQ

3URFHGXUHV

:KHQ FDOOLQJ D YHUE RSWLRQDO SDUDPHWHUV DUH DVVLJQHG E\ IROORZLQJ WKH QDPH RI WKH SURFHGXUH E\ WKH NH\ZRUG ZLWK DQG WKHQ OLVWLQJ DQ\ QXPEHU RI DVVLJQPHQW VWDWHPHQWV XQWLO WKH NH\ZRUG HQG LV JLYHQ
)LJXUH  $ 9HUE &DOO ZLWK 2SWLRQDO 3DUDPHWHUV YHUE QDPH! ZLWK DVVLJQPHQW VWDWHPHQWV! HQG

:KHQ FDOOLQJ D TXHVWLRQ RSWLRQDO SDUDPHWHUV DUH DVVLJQHG MXVW DV WKH\ DUH IRU YHUE FDOOV H[FHSW WKDW WKH NH\ZRUG HQG LV QRW XVHG 7KLV V\QWD[ PD\ DW ILUVW DSSHDU D OLWWOH FRQIXVLQJ EHFDXVH LW UHTXLUHV WKDW DVVLJQPHQW VWDWHPHQWV FRPSOHWH ZLWK HQGLQJ VHPLFRORQV DSSHDU LQ WKH PLGGOH RI DQ H[SUHVVLRQ )RU WKDW UHDVRQ LW LV D JRRG LGHD WR VXUURXQG TXHVWLRQ FDOOV WKDW XVH RSWLRQDO SDUDPHWHUV ZLWK SDUHQWKHVHV
)LJXUH  $ 4XHVWLRQ &DOO ZLWK 2SWLRQDO 3DUDPHWHUV YDULDEOH! TXHVWLRQ QDPH! ZLWK DVVLJQPHQW VWDWHPHQWV!

7KH DVVLJQPHQW VWDWHPHQWV WKDW RFFXU LQ WKH DVVLJQPHQW EORFN DUH H[HFXWHG DIWHU WKH RSWLRQDO SDUDPHWHUV KDYH EHHQ FUHDWHG DQG LQLWLDOL]HG ,W LV DV LI WKH DVVLJQ PHQWV ZHUH RFFXUULQJ DW WKH SRLQW RI WKH LV LQ WKH SURFHGXUH GHFODUDWLRQ ULJKW 2SWLRQDO 3DUDPHWHUV



EHIRUH WKH ERG\ RI WKH SURFHGXUH EHJLQV %HFDXVH WKH DVVLJQPHQWV RFFXU LQ WKH FRQWH[W RI WKH SURFHGXUH GHFODUDWLRQ W\SHV WKDW DUH GHILQHG LQ WKH RSWLRQDO SDUDPHWHUV VHFWLRQ RI WKH SURFHGXUH GHFODUDWLRQ DUH DOVR UHFRJQL]HG LQVLGH WKH ZLWK VHFWLRQ RI WKH SURFHGXUH FDOO
/LVWLQJ  8VLQJ 2SWLRQDO 3DUDPHWHUV ZLWK D 9HUE GR WHVW YHUE LQLWBWDEOH LQWHJHU WDEOH>@  0DQGDWRU\ SDUDPHWHU IRU WDEOH DUUD\V ZLOO EH GLVFXVVHG LQ D ODWHU FKDSWHU ZLWK LQWHJHU YDOXH   2SWLRQDO SDUDPHWHU IRU WDEOH FRQWHQWV LV IRU LQWHJHU L PLQ WDEOH  PD[ WDEOH GR WDEOH>L@ YDOXH HQG HQG  LQLWBWDEOH YHUE WHVW LV LQWHJHU WDEOH>@ LQLWBWDEOH WDEOH LQLWBWDEOH WDEOH ZLWK YDOXH  HQG HQG  WHVW  )LOO WDEOH ZLWK V GHIDXOW YDOXH  )LOO WDEOH ZLWK V

/LVWLQJ  8VLQJ 2SWLRQDO 3DUDPHWHUV ZLWK D 4XHVWLRQ GR WHVW LQFOXGH PDWKRUHV  VFDODU TXHVWLRQ DUFKBDUHD VFDODU DUFKBDQJOH ZLWK VFDODU UDGLXV  ERROHDQ LQBUDGLDQV LV IDOVH LV LI LQBUDGLDQV WKHQ DQVZHU SL VTU UDGLXV DUFKBDQJOH   SL HOVH DQVZHU SL VTU UDGLXV DUFKBDQJOH   HQG HQG YHUE WHVW LV VFDODU DUHD DUFKBDUHD  ZLWK LQBUDGLDQV LV WUXH UDGLXV ZULWH DUHD  HQG 



3URFHGXUHV

0DQGDWRU\ .H\ZRUG 3DUDPHWHUV

6RPHWLPHV \RX ZDQW WR UHTXLUH WKDW H[WUD ZRUGV VKRXOG EH LQVHUWHG LQWR WKH SURFHGXUH FDOO WR PDNH WKH SURFHGXUH FDOO PRUH UHDGDEOH 7KHVH H[WUD ZRUGV DUH NQRZQ DV NH\ZRUG SDUDPHWHUV

'HFODUDWLRQ RI 0DQGDWRU\ .H\ZRUG 3DUDPHWHUV

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

$VVLJQPHQW RI 0DQGDWRU\ .H\ZRUG 3DUDPHWHUV

7R DVVLJQ YDOXHV WR NH\ZRUG SDUDPHWHUV VWDWH WKH NH\ZRUG IROORZHG E\ DQ H[SUHVVLRQ WKDW FDQ EH HYDOXDWHG WR SURYLGH D YDOXH IRU WKDW NH\ZRUG ,I WKH SDUDPHWHUV DUH PDQGDWRU\ WKHQ WKH SDUDPHWHU YDOXHV DQG WKHLU FRUUHVSRQGLQJ NH\ZRUGV PXVW EH JLYHQ LQ WKH VDPH RUGHU DV LQ WKH GHFODUDWLRQ 1R PDQGDWRU\ SDUDPHWHU YDOXHV PD\ EH RPLWWHG IURP WKH SURFHGXUH FDOO

3URFHGXUHV

/LVWLQJ  0DQGDWRU\ .H\ZRUG 3DUDPHWHUV GR WHVW YHUE LQLWBWDEOH LQWHJHU WDEOH>@  0DQGDWRU\ SDUDPHWHU IRU WDEOH WR LQWHJHU YDOXH  0DQGDWRU\ NH\ZRUG SDUDPHWHU IRU WDEOH FRQWHQWV QR GHIDXOW LV IRU LQWHJHU L PLQ WDEOH  PD[ WDEOH GR WDEOH>L@ YDOXH HQG HQG  LQLWBWDEOH YHUE WHVW LV LQWHJHU WDEOH>@ LQLWBWDEOH LQLWBWDEOH WDEOH WR  LQLWBWDEOH WDEOH WR  HQG  WHVW  &RPSLOH HUURU  SURFHGXUH FDOO PXVW LQFOXGH WKH PDQGDWRU\  NH\ZRUG IROORZHG E\ WKH SDUDPHWHU
V YDOXH QR GHIDXOW YDOXH  )LOO WDEOH ZLWK V  )LOO WDEOH ZLWK V

0DQGDWRU\ .H\ZRUG 3DUDPHWHUV



2SWLRQDO .H\ZRUG 3DUDPHWHUV

,Q VRPH FDVHV LW LV GHVLUDEOH WR XVH NH\ZRUGV LQ WKH SURFHGXUH FDOO EXW QRW WR UHTXLUH DOO WKH SDUDPHWHUV WR EH JLYHQ ,Q WKLV FDVH \RX FDQ XVH WKH SUHVHQFH RI WKH NH\ZRUG WR VLJQLI\ WKDW \RX ZLVK WR DVVLJQ WKH SDUDPHWHU DQG SURYLGH LWV YDOXH LQ WKH H[SUHVVLRQ WKDW IROORZV $Q\ RSWLRQDO NH\ZRUGV WKDW DUH QRW SUHVHQW LQ WKH SURFHGXUH FDOO GR QRW KDYH WKHLU SDUDPHWHU YDOXHV DVVLJQHG 6LQFH LW LV SRVVLEOH WKDW RSWLRQDO NH\ZRUG SDUDPHWHUV DUH QRW DVVLJQHG LQ WKH SURFHGXUH FDOO WKH\ PXVW DOZD\V KDYH GHIDXOW YDOXHV

'HFODUDWLRQ RI RSWLRQDO NH\ZRUG SDUDPHWHUV

2SWLRQDO NH\ZRUG SDUDPHWHUV DUH GHFODUHG MXVW OLNH WKH PDQGDWRU\ NH\ZRUG SDUDPHWHUV H[FHSW WKDW WKH\ DUH JLYHQ LQLWLDOL]HUV 2SWLRQDO NH\ZRUG SDUDPHWHUV DUH GHFODUHG E\ JLYLQJ WKH NH\ZRUG IROORZHG E\ WKH YDULDEOH GHFODUDWLRQ IROORZHG E\ WKH LQLWLDOL]HU

$VVLJQPHQW RI RSWLRQDO NH\ZRUG SDUDPHWHUV

7KH RSWLRQDO NH\ZRUG SDUDPHWHUV DUH DVVLJQHG OLNH WKH PDQGDWRU\ NH\ZRUG SDUDPHWHUV H[FHSW WKDW WKH RUGHU WKDW WKH NH\ZRUGV DQG SDUDPHWHU YDOXHV FRPH LQ LV IOH[LEOH DQG DQ\ RU DOO RI WKH SDUDPHWHU DVVLJQPHQWV PD\ EH RPLWWHG

/LVWLQJ  $VVLJQLQJ 2SWLRQDO .H\ZRUG 3DUDPHWHUV GR WHVW YHUE LQLWBWDEOH LQWHJHU WDEOH>@  0DQGDWRU\ SDUDPHWHU IRU WDEOH WR LQWHJHU YDOXH   2SWLRQDO NH\ZRUG SDUDPHWHU IRU WDEOH FRQWHQWV ZLWK GHIDXOW LV IRU LQWHJHU L PLQ WDEOH  PD[ WDEOH GR WDEOH>L@ YDOXH HQG HQG  LQLWBWDEOH YHUE WHVW LV LQWHJHU WDEOH>@ LQLWBWDEOH WDEOH LQLWBWDEOH WDEOH WR  LQLWBWDEOH WDEOH WR  HQG  WHVW  )LOO WDEOH ZLWK V WKH GHIDXOW YDOXH  )LOO WDEOH ZLWK V  )LOO WDEOH ZLWK V



3URFHGXUHV

5HIHUHQFH 3DUDPHWHUV

,W LV VRPHWLPHV QHFHVVDU\ WR UHWXUQ GDWD IURP D SURFHGXUH 7KLV LV PRVW HDVLO\ GRQH XVLQJ UHIHUHQFH SDUDPHWHUV 5HIHUHQFH SDUDPHWHUV LQ 20$5 DUH VLPLODU WR UHIHUHQFH SDUDPHWHUV LQ & RU YDU SDUDPHWHUV LQ 3DVFDO 1RWH WKDW -DYD KDV QR DQDORJXH WR UHIHUHQFH SDUDPHWHUV VLQFH -DYD KDV QR JHQHUDOL]HG UHIHUHQFH RU SRLQWHU GDWD W\SH

'HFODUDWLRQ RI 5HIHUHQFH 3DUDPHWHUV

5HIHUHQFH SDUDPHWHUV DUH GHFODUHG MXVW OLNH PDQGDWRU\ SDUDPHWHUV H[FHSW WKDW WKH UHVHUYHG ZRUG UHIHUHQFH SUHFHGHV WKH SDUDPHWHU QDPH :KHQ \RX GR WKLV WKH SDUDPHWHU EHFRPHV D WZR ZD\ OLQN WR WKH YDULDEOH WKDW LV SDVVHG LQ VR DQ\ FKDQJHV WKDW DUH PDGH WR WKH SDUDPHWHU ZLOO EH UHIOHFWHG LQ WKH YDULDEOH SDVVHG LQ ZKHQ WKH SURFHGXUH LV ILQLVKHG H[HFXWLQJ

$VVLJQPHQW RI 5HIHUHQFH 3DUDPHWHUV

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 KRZHYHU ZRXOG QRW EH YDOLG EHFDXVH LQFUHPHQW QHHGV WKH QDPH RI D YDULDEOH WR SODFH WKH UHWXUQHG YDOXH DQG D   LV QRW D YDULDEOH

3URFHGXUHV

/LVWLQJ  8VH RI 5HIHUHQFH 3DUDPHWHUV GR WHVW YHUE VZDS LQWHJHU UHIHUHQFH L LQWHJHU UHIHUHQFH M LV LQWHJHU N L L M M N HQG  VZDS YHUE WHVW LV LQWHJHU D ZULWH D E VZDS D E ZULWH D E HQG  WHVW  E   1RWH WKDW WKH YDOXHV RI D DQG E ZLOO EH FKDQJHG

 D   E   D   E 

5HIHUHQFH 3DUDPHWHUV



2SWLRQDO 5HWXUQ 3DUDPHWHUV

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

7KHUH DUH WZR NLQGV RI RSWLRQDO UHWXUQ SDUDPHWHUV IRUPDWWHG DQG XQIRUPDWWHG 7KH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ WKHVH WZR NLQGV LV VLPLODU WR WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ PDQGDWRU\ DQG RSWLRQDO LQSXW SDUDPHWHUV 0DQGDWRU\ SDUDPHWHUV DUH IRUPDWWHG SDUDPHWHUV EHFDXVH WKH\ DOZD\V PXVW EH OLVWHG LQ WKH VDPH RUGHU ZKHQ FDOOHG 2SWLRQDO SDUDPHWHUV ZKLFK DSSHDU LQ ZLWK VHFWLRQV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

'HFODUDWLRQ RI 2SWLRQDO 5HWXUQ 3DUDPHWHUV

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

$VVLJQPHQW RI 2SWLRQDO 5HWXUQ 3DUDPHWHUV

)RUPDWWHG UHWXUQ SDUDPHWHUV DUH UHWXUQHG E\ IROORZLQJ WKH QDPH RI WKH SURFHGXUH E\ WKH NH\ZRUG UHWXUQ DQG WKHQ OLVWLQJ D QXPEHU RI YDULDEOHV WR UHFHLYH HDFK RI WKH IRUPDWWHG UHWXUQ SDUDPHWHUV 8QIRUPDWWHG UHWXUQ SDUDPHWHUV DUH DWWDLQHG E\ IROORZLQJ WKH UHWXUQ VHFWLRQ RI D SURFHGXUH FDOO ZLWK WKH NH\ZRUG ZLWK IROORZHG E\ D QXPEHU RI DVVLJQPHQW VWDWHPHQWV 7KH DVVLJQPHQW VWDWHPHQWV WKDW RFFXU LQ WKLV EORFN DUH H[HFXWHG DIWHU WKH ERG\ RI WKH SURFHGXUH KDV EHHQ 3URFHGXUHV



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
)LJXUH  3URFHGXUH 'HFODUDWLRQ ZLWK 2SWLRQDO 5HWXUQ 3DUDPHWHUV YHUE SURFHGXUH QDPH! PDQGDWRU\ SDUDPHWHUV DQG NH\ZRUG SDUDPHWHUV LI DQ\! ZLWK RSWLRQDO SDUDPHWHUV LI DQ\! UHWXUQ IRUPDWWHG RSWLRQDO UHWXUQ SDUDPHWHU GHFODUDWLRQV! ZLWK XQIRUPDWWHG RSWLRQDO UHWXUQ SDUDPHWHU GHFODUDWLRQV ! LV GHFODUDWLRQV! VWDWHPHQWV! HQG /LVWLQJ  8VH RI 2SWLRQDO 5HWXUQ 3DUDPHWHUV GR DYHUDJHV YHUE DYHUDJH LQWHJHU Q Q UHWXUQ VFDODU DYHUDJH ZLWK LQWHJHU VXP  LV VXP Q  Q DYHUDJH VXP   HQG  DYHUDJH

3URFHGXUHV

2SWLRQDO 5HWXUQ 3DUDPHWHUV



/LVWLQJ  8VH RI 2SWLRQDO 5HWXUQ 3DUDPHWHUV &RQWLQXHG YHUE DYHUDJHV LV LQWHJHU D VFDODU E  5HWXUQ RQO\ WKH DYHUDJH  DYHUDJH   UHWXUQ E ZULWH DYHUDJH  E   5HWXUQ ERWK WKH DYHUDJH DQG WKH VXP  DYHUDJH   UHWXUQ E ZLWK D VXP HQG ZULWH VXP DYHUDJH  D   E  HQG  DYHUDJHV

6FRSLQJ 0RGLILHUV

:KHQHYHU \RX EHJLQ D QHZ VFRSH ZKLOH SURJUDPPLQJ WKHUH LV D SRVVLELOLW\ WKDW \RX PD\ GHFODUH D QHZ YDULDEOH LQ WKH ORFDO VFRSH WKDW KDV WKH VDPH QDPH DV D YDULDEOH LQ DQ HQFORVLQJ VFRSH DQG WKHUHIRUH KLGHV WKLV RWKHU YDULDEOH 7KLV SKHQRPHQRQ LV VRPHWLPHV NQRZQ DV YDULDEOH VKDGRZLQJ 7KLV SUREOHP KDV WZR SRVVLEOH VROXWLRQV )LUVW \RX FDQ FKRRVH WR UHQDPH WKH ORFDO YDULDEOH WR DYRLG WKH DPELJXLW\ DOWRJHWKHU 6HFRQG \RX FRXOG SUHFHGH WKH YDULDEOH QDPH E\ D VFRSLQJ PRGLILHU LQ RUGHU WR E\SDVV WKH PRVW ORFDO VFRSH DQG UHIHU WR WKH KLGGHQ VFRSH <RX FDQ XVH WZR VFRSLQJ PRGLILHUV IRU WKLV SXUSRVH 8VH WKH ILUVW VFRSLQJ PRGLILHU JOREDO ZKHQHYHU \RX ZDQW WR E\SDVV WKH ORFDO VFRSH DQG UHIHU WR D YDULDEOH LQ WKH JOREDO RU RXWHUPRVW VFRSH

/LVWLQJ  7KH *OREDO 6FRSLQJ 0RGLILHU GR WHVW LQWHJHU L    L   JOREDO L   /RFDO L
VKDGRZV
JOREDO L  :LOO ZULWH WKH YDOXH   :LOO ZULWH WKH YDOXH 

YHUE WHVW LV LQWHJHU L ZULWH L ZULWH L HQG  WHVW

<RX FDQ XVH WKH VHFRQG VFRSLQJ PRGLILHU RQO\ LQ SURFHGXUH FDOOV ZKHQ \RX DUH DVVLJQLQJ RSWLRQDO RU RSWLRQDO UHWXUQ SDUDPHWHUV ,Q WKLV FDVH WKH QHHG LV WR E\SDVV WKH VFRSH RI WKH SURFHGXUH EHLQJ FDOOHG WKH G\QDPLF VFRSH DQG UHIHU



3URFHGXUHV

LQVWHDG WR WKH FRQWH[W RI WKH SODFH LQ WKH SURJUDP ZKHUH WKH SURFHGXUH FDOO LV PDGH WKH VWDWLF VFRSH )RU WKLV \RX XVH WKH VFRSLQJ PRGLILHU VWDWLF
/LVWLQJ  7KH 6WDWLF 6FRSLQJ 0RGLILHU 8VHG ZLWK 2SWLRQDO 3DUDPHWHUV GR WHVW YHUE ZULWHBLQWHJHU ZLWK LQWHJHU L  LV ZULWH L  L  HQG  ZULWHBLQWHJHU YHUE WHVW LV LQWHJHU L   /RFDO L  (QWHULQJ VFRSH RI ZULWHBLQWHJHU  %\SDVV VFRSH RI ZULWHBLQWHJHU WR JHW DW ORFDO L  /HDYLQJ VFRSH RI ZULWHBLQWHJHU

ZULWHBLQWHJHU ZLWK L VWDWLF L HQG HQG  WHVW

/LVWLQJ  7KH 6WDWLF 6FRSLQJ 0RGLILHU 8VHG ZLWK 2SWLRQDO 5HWXUQ 3DUDPHWHUV GR WHVW LQWHJHU TXHVWLRQ IXQFWLRQ UHWXUQ ZLWK ERROHDQ HUURU LV HUURU LV IDOVH DQVZHU  HQG  GRBVWXII YHUE WHVW LV ERROHDQ HUURU  /RFDO YDULDEOH 3URFHGXUHV

LQWHJHU L IXQFWLRQ UHWXUQ ZLWK  (QWHULQJ VFRSH RI GRBVWXII VWDWLF HUURU LV HUURU  %\SDVV VFRSH RI GRBVWXII WR JHW DW ORFDO HUURU   /HDYLQJ VFRSH RI GRBVWXII HQG  WHVW

8VHU'HILQHG 7\SHV $V 3DUDPHWHUV

6RPHWLPHV \RX PD\ ILQG WKDW LW LV FRQYHQLHQW WR KDYH W\SH GHFODUDWLRQV WKDW DUH ORFDO WR D FHUWDLQ SURFHGXUH
V GHFODUDWLRQ H[FHSW IRU EHLQJ DEOH WR DFFHVV WKHP LQ WKH SURFHGXUH FDOO ,Q WKLV VHQVH WKHVH W\SHV EHKDYH OLNH SDUDPHWHUV 7R H[SRUW D W\SH IRU XVH LQ WKH SURFHGXUH FDOO OLVW WKH W\SH GHFODUDWLRQ LQ WKH LQWHUIDFH VHFWLRQ RI WKH SURFHGXUH GHFODUDWLRQ DORQJ ZLWK WKH GHFODUDWLRQV RI WKH SDUDPHWHUV

8VHU'HILQHG 7\SHV $V 3DUDPHWHUV



/LVWLQJ  7\SHV $V 3DUDPHWHUV GR JUHHWLQJV YHUE JUHHWLQJ HQXP ODQJXDJH LV (QJOLVK )UHQFK *HUPDQ LQ ODQJXDJH W\SH ODQJXDJH LV (QJOLVK LV ZKHQ ODQJXDJH LV (QJOLVK ZULWH +HOOR   HQG )UHQFK ZULWH %RQMRXU   HQG *HUPDQ ZULWH *XWHQ 7DJ   HQG HQG HQG  JUHHWLQJ YHUE JUHHWLQJV LV JUHHWLQJ JUHHWLQJ LQ )UHQFK HQG  JUHHWLQJV  7KH GHIDXOW ODQJXDJH LV (QJOLVK  6SHFLI\ ODQJXDJH WR EH )UHQFK

&RQVWDQWV $V 3DUDPHWHUV

-XVW DV LW PD\ EH KDQG\ WR H[SRUW FHUWDLQ W\SHV WR EH XVHG LQ D SURFHGXUH RU SURFHGXUH FDOO LW PD\ DOVR EH FRQYHQLHQW WR H[SRUW FRQVWDQWV 1RWH WKDW VLQFH WKH YDOXHV RI WKH FRQVWDQWV QHYHU FKDQJH LW LV QRW DFWXDOO\ QHFHVVDU\ WR FRS\ WKH YDOXHV RI WKH FRQVWDQWV LQWR WKH ORFDO YDULDEOHV DV ZLWK QRUPDO SDUDPHWHUV VR WKHUH LV QR H[WUD FRVW DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK KDYLQJ WKH FRQVWDQWV EH SDUDPHWHUV LQVWHDG RI JOREDO FRQVWDQWV

/LVWLQJ  &RQVWDQWV $V 3DUDPHWHUV GR ORJDULWKPV LQFOXGH PDWKRUHV  VFDODU TXHVWLRQ ORJDULWKP FRQVW VFDODU H  EDVH VFDODU E H RI VFDODU V LV DQVZHU OQ V  OQ E HQG  ORJDULWKP YHUE ORJDULWKPV LV ZULWH ORJ LQ EDVH H RI   ORJDULWKP EDVH H RI   ZULWH ORJ LQ EDVH  RI   ORJDULWKP EDVH  RI   ZULWH ORJ LQ EDVH  RI   ORJDULWKP EDVH  RI   ZULWH H  H   (UURU  WKH YDOXHV RI FRQVWDQWV OLVWHG DERYH DUH RQO\  DYDLODEOH LQVLGH RI D FDOO WR WKH DERYH TXHVWLRQ

HQG  ORJDULWKPV



3URFHGXUHV

)LQDO 3DUDPHWHUV

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

9DULDEOHV

([DPSOH )LQDO 3DUDPHWHUV

9DULDEOHV  7KHVH YDOXHV DUH SURWHFWHG IRU WKH  OLIHWLPH RI WKLV SURFHGXUH FDOO  7KLV YDOXH LV SURWHFWHG IRU WKH  OLIHWLPH RI WKLV SURFHGXUH FDOO

VFDODU TXHVWLRQ DYHUDJH ILQDO LQWHJHU WDEOH>@ LV LQWHJHU VXP  ILQDO LQWHJHU HQWULHV QXP WDEOH IRU HDFK LQWHJHU L LQ WDEOH GR VXP LWVHOI  L HQG DQVZHU VXP  HQWULHV HQG  DYHUDJH

3URFHGXUHV

6WDWLF 9DULDEOHV

1RUPDOO\ ORFDO YDULDEOHV DUH FUHDWHG HDFK WLPH \RX HQWHU D SURFHGXUH DQG WKH\ GLVDSSHDU ZKHQ \RX OHDYH 7KHUH LV D VSHFLDO W\SH RI ORFDO YDULDEOH KRZHYHU WKDW GRHV QRW GLVDSSHDU ZKHQ WKH SURFHGXUH WHUPLQDWHV 7KLV LV FDOOHG D VWDWLF YDULDEOH 6WDWLF YDULDEOHV DUH VLPLODU WR JOREDO YDULDEOHV EHFDXVH WKH\ DOZD\V H[LVW EXW DUH OLNH ORFDO YDULDEOHV EHFDXVH WKH\ DUH RQO\ YLVLEOH ZLWKLQ WKH SURFHGXUHV VFRSH

3URFHGXUH ,QWHUIDFH 9DULDEOHV

9DULDEOHV PD\ EH UHIHUHQFHV WR RWKHU YDULDEOHV EXW DOVR PD\ EH UHIHUHQFHV WR VHFWLRQV RI FRGH $ SURFHGXUH LQWHUIDFH YDULDEOH OHWV \RX VSHFLI\ D SURFHGXUH HQWLUHO\ LQ WHUPV RI LWV LQWHUIDFH DQG OHWV \RX VSHFLI\ WKH DFWXDO LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ DW D ODWHU WLPH 2U \RX FDQ FKRRVH WR FKDQJH WKH SURFHGXUH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ G\QDPLFDOO\ DV WKH SURJUDP UXQV 7KLV DOORZV D JUHDW DPRXQW RI IOH[LELOLW\ LQ FHUWDLQ VLWXDWLRQV

)LQDO 3DUDPHWHUV

9DULDEOHV



/LVWLQJ  8VH RI 6WDWLF 9DULDEOHV GR WHVW YHUE FRXQW LV VWDWLF LQWHJHU D  D LWVHOI   ZULWH D  D  HQG  FRXQW YHUE WHVW LV IRU LQWHJHU FRXQWHU    GR FRXQW HQG HQG  WHVW  7KLV ZLOO ZULWH RXW WKH LQWHJHUV  WKURXJK 

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
([DPSOH 8VLQJ D 9HUE 3URFHGXUH ,QWHUIDFH 9DULDEOH YHUE DFWLRQ LV ZULWH SHUIRUPLQJ DFWLRQ    HQG  DFWLRQ YHUE DFWLRQ LV ZULWH SHUIRUPLQJ DFWLRQ    HQG  DFWLRQ YHUE DFWLRQ GRHV QRQH LI DFWLRQ GRHV QRQH WKHQ DFWLRQ GRHV DFWLRQ HOVH DFWLRQ GRHV DFWLRQ HQG DFWLRQ  9HUE SURFHGXUH YDULDEOH GHFODUDWLRQ DQG LQLWLDOL]HU  $VVLJQ DFWLRQ RU DFWLRQ WR SURFHGXUH YDULDEOH DFWLRQ  GHSHQGLQJ XSRQ ZKHWKHU LW KDV EHHQ SUHYLRXVO\ DVVLJQHG

 &DOO ZKDWHYHU SURFHGXUH DFWLRQ UHIHUV WR LQ WKLV FDVH DFWLRQ



3URFHGXUHV

([DPSOH 8VLQJ D 4XHVWLRQ 3URFHGXUH ,QWHUIDFH 9DULDEOH LQWHJHU TXHVWLRQ DGG LQWHJHU D E LV UHWXUQ D  E HQG  DGG LQWHJHU TXHVWLRQ PXOW LQWHJHU D E LV UHWXUQ D E HQG  PXOW LQWHJHU TXHVWLRQ I GRHV QRQH LQWHJHU D E HQG LI I GRHV QRQH WKHQ I GRHV DGG HOVH I GRHV PXOW HQG ZULWH I RI  DQG   I    4XHVWLRQ SURFHGXUH YDULDEOH GHFODUDWLRQ DQG LQLWLDOL]HU  3URFHGXUH SDUDPHWHU GHFODUDWLRQV  $VVLJQ DGG RU PXOW WR SURFHGXUH YDULDEOH I  GHSHQGLQJ XSRQ ZKHWKHU LW KDV EHHQ SUHYLRXVO\ DVVLJQHG

 &DOO ZKDWHYHU SURFHGXUH DFWLRQ UHIHUV WR LQ WKLV FDVH DGG 3URFHGXUHV

5HFXUVLRQ

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



/LVWLQJ  5HFXUVLYHO\ 'HILQHG )DFWRULDO )XQFWLRQ GR ZULWHBIDFWRULDOV VFDODU TXHVWLRQ IDFWRULDO RI LQWHJHU Q LV LI Q  WKHQ DQVZHU  HOVH DQVZHU Q IDFWRULDO RI Q   HQG HQG  IDFWRULDO YHUE ZULWHBIDFWRULDOV LV IRU LQWHJHU FRXQWHU    GR ZULWH IDFWRULDO RI  FRXQWHU HQG HQG  ZULWHBIDFWRULDOV

 IDFWRULDO RI FRXQWHU 

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



3URFHGXUHV

0XOWLSOH 3URFHGXUH &DOOV

<RX FDQ FRQFDWHQDWH PXOWLSOH VXFFHVVLYH FDOOV WR WKH VDPH SURFHGXUH LQWR D VLQJOH VWDWHPHQW 7R GR WKLV VHSDUDWH WKH SDUDPHWHU OLVWV E\ FRPPDV 7KLV V\QWD[ LV VRPHWLPHV PRUH UHDGDEOH DQG PRUH FRPSDFW EXW ZLOO IXQFWLRQ H[DFWO\ WKH VDPH DV LI WKH SURFHGXUH FDOOV ZHUH OLVWHG VHSDUDWHO\

([DPSOH 0XOWLSOH 3URFHGXUH &DOOV  7KHVH WKUHH LQGLYLGXDO FDOOV WR WKH VDPH SURFHGXUH   GUDZBOLQH IURP   ! WR   ! GUDZBOLQH IURP   ! WR   ! GUDZBOLQH IURP   ! WR   !   FDQ EH UHSODFHG E\  GUDZBOLQH IURP   ! WR   ! IURP   ! WR   ! IURP   ! WR   !  7KHVH WKUHH REMHFWRULHQWHG FDOOV WR WKH VDPH PHWKRG   VWDFN SXVK WKLQJ VWDFN SXVK WKLQJ VWDFN SXVK WKLQJ   FDQ EH UHSODFHG E\  VWDFN SXVK WKLQJ WKLQJ WKLQJ  7KHVH WZR REMHFWRULHQWHG FDOOV WR WKH VDPH PHWKRG   KDVKWDEOH HQWHU WKLQJ DV IUHG  KDVKWDEOH HQWHU WKLQJ DV EDUQH\    FDQ EH UHSODFHG E\  KDVKWDEOH HQWHU WKLQJ DV IUHG  WKLQJ DV EDUQH\ 

3URFHGXUHV

0XOWLSOH 3URFHGXUH &DOOV





3URFHGXUHV

&+$37(5 

$UUD\V

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
7DEOH  $ 6LPSOH $UUD\ LQWHJHU L>@ >@ L >   @ >@ >@ >@

68 193

23 239

$UUD\V DV 5HIHUHQFH 7\SHV

$UUD\V DUH VLPLODU WR REMHFWV DQG VWUXFWV LQ PDQ\ ZD\V EHFDXVH WKH\ DUH DOO UHIHUHQFH W\SHV 7KLV PHDQV WKDW WKH\ PD\ EH DOORFDWHG DQG GHDOORFDWHG DW DQ\ WLPH GXULQJ WKH H[HFXWLRQ RI WKH SURJUDP $OVR \RX PD\ KDYH PXOWLSOH DUUD\ YDULDEOHV WKDW UHIHU WR WKH VDPH DFWXDO GDWD RU \RX PD\ KDYH DUUD\V WKDW GRQ
W UHIHU WR DQ\ DFWXDO GDWD DW DOO DQG DUH WKHUHIRUH VDLG WR EH QRQH $UUD\V WKDW DUH QRQH PD\ QRW EH DFFHVVHG XQWLO WKH\ DUH DOORFDWHG



$UUD\V OLNH RWKHU UHIHUHQFH W\SHV PD\ EH DOORFDWHG DW WKH WLPH WKDW WKH\ DUH GHFODUHG RU DW DQ\ ODWHU WLPH GXULQJ WKH H[HFXWLRQ RI WKH SURJUDP ,I DQ DUUD\ LV WR EH DOORFDWHG DW VRPH ODWHU WLPH LW LV VWLOO QHFHVVDU\ WR GHFODUH WKH DUUD\ EHIRUHKDQG VR WKDW WKHUH LV D UHIHUHQFH WKDW PD\ EH XVHG WR KDQGOH WKH DUUD\

&UHDWLQJ $UUD\V

$UUD\V DUH GHFODUHG LQ D VLPLODU ZD\ WR QRUPDO YDULDEOHV 7R GHFODUH DQ DUUD\ \RX EHJLQ E\ QDPLQJ WKH W\SH RI WKH DUUD\ HOHPHQWV IROORZHG E\ WKH QDPH RI WKH YDULDEOH MXVW OLNH D UHJXODU GHFODUDWLRQ H[FHSW WKDW DIWHU WKH YDULDEOH QDPH \RX DGG DQ H[SUHVVLRQ RI DUUD\ GLPHQVLRQV WKDW WHOOV KRZ ELJ WKH DUUD\ LV DQG ZKDW WKH PLQLPXP DQG PD[LPXP DUUD\ LQGLFHV DUH 7KH DUUD\ GLPHQVLRQV DUH RI WKH IRUP
> PLQ H[SUHVVLRQ!  PD[ H[SUHVVLRQ! @

ZKHUH PLQ H[SUHVVLRQ HYDOXDWHV WR WKH LQWHJHU WKDW LV WKH LQGH[ RI WKH ILUVW HOHPHQW LQ WKH DUUD\ DQG PD[ H[SUHVVLRQ HYDOXDWHV WR WKH LQWHJHU WKDW LV WKH LQGH[ RI WKH ODVW HOHPHQW LQ WKH DUUD\ ,I WKH PLQLPXP LQGH[ LV JUHDWHU WKDQ WKH PD[LPXP LQGH[ WKH DUUD\ ZLOO KDYH QR HOHPHQWV
([DPSOH 6RPH $UUD\ 'HFODUDWLRQV ERROHDQ IODJV>@ VFDODU UDGLXV> IDFHWV @ YHFWRU SRLQWV>@ FKDU QDPH>@

6LQFH DUUD\ GHFODUDWLRQV DUH GHULYHG IURP UHJXODU YDULDEOH GHFODUDWLRQV \RX FDQ IUHHO\ LQWHUPL[ UHJXODU YDULDEOHV ZLWK DUUD\ YDULDEOHV RI WKH VDPH W\SH LQ WKH VDPH GHFODUDWLRQ )RU H[DPSOH
([DPSOH 0L[LQJ $UUD\ 1RQ$UUD\ 'HFODUDWLRQV

ERROHDQ GRQH LV IDOVH IODJV>@ IRXQG LV IDOVH VFDODU WHPSHUDWXUH UDGLXV>  IDFHWV @ WLPH  YHFWRU FHQWHU   ! SRLQWV>@ GLUHFWLRQ   ! FKDU FK QDPH>@

$FFHVVLQJ $UUD\ (OHPHQWV

2QFH \RX KDYH FUHDWHG \RXU DUUD\ \RX PXVW NQRZ KRZ WR SXW LQGLYLGXDO HOHPHQWV LQWR WKH DUUD\ DQG UHWULHYH WKHP IURP WKH DUUD\ 7KH LQGLYLGXDO HOHPHQWV RI WKH DUUD\ FDQ EH LQGLYLGXDOO\ FKDQJHG ZLWKRXW KDYLQJ WR FKDQJH DOO RI WKH HOHPHQWV RI WKH DUUD\ 7KH DUUD\ HOHPHQWV WKHPVHOYHV DUH WUHDWHG MXVW OLNH LQGLYLGXDO QRQDUUD\ YDULDEOHV 7KLV PHDQV WKDW DUUD\ HOHPHQWV FDQ EH XVHG LQ DVVLJQPHQW VWDWHPHQWV DQG H[SUHVVLRQV MXVW OLNH RUGLQDU\ YDULDEOHV ,Q RUGHU WR $UUD\V



VSHFLI\ DQ DUUD\ HOHPHQW LQVWHDG RI WKH HQWLUH DUUD\ \RX QHHG WR IROORZ WKH QDPH RI WKH DUUD\ YDULDEOH ZLWK DQ DUUD\ GHUHIHUHQFH 7KH DUUD\ GHUHIHUHQFH WHOOV ZKHUH LQ WKH DUUD\ WKH HOHPHQW LV IRXQG 7KH DUUD\ GHUHIHUHQFH LV RI WKH IRUP
YDULDEOHBQDPH! > LQWHJHU H[SUHVVLRQ! @

ZKHUH WKH H[SUHVVLRQ HYDOXDWHV WR DQ LQWHJHU WKDW LV EHWZHHQ WKH PLQLPXP DQG PD[LPXP LQGH[ RI WKH DUUD\ ,I WKH H[SUHVVLRQ LV RXWVLGH RI WKH UDQJH RI WKH DUUD\ WKHQ D UXQWLPH HUURU RFFXUV
/LVWLQJ  8VH RI $UUD\V WR &DOFXODWH $YHUDJHV GR DYHUDJHV LQWHJHU Q  QXPEHUV>Q@

VFDODU TXHVWLRQ DYHUDJH LV LQWHJHU VXP  IRU HDFK LQWHJHU L LQ QXPEHUV GR VXP LWVHOI  L HQG DQVZHU VXP  Q HQG  DYHUDJH YHUE DYHUDJHV LV QXPEHUV>@ QXPEHUV>@ QXPEHUV>@     DYHUDJH 

$UUD\V

ZULWH DYHUDJH HQG  DYHUDJHV

'\QDPLF $UUD\V

)RU PRUH FRPSOLFDWHG SURJUDPPLQJ WDVNV \RX PLJKW RIWHQ ILQG WKDW \RX GRQW NQRZ DW WKH WLPH DQ DUUD\ LV GHFODUHG KRZ PDQ\ HOHPHQWV LW VKRXOG KDYH )RU WKHVH FDVHV LW LV SRVVLEOH WR GHIHU DFWXDOO\ FUHDWLQJ WKH VSDFH IRU WKH DUUD\ HOHPHQWV WR D ODWHU WLPH 7KHVH W\SHV RI DUUD\V DUH NQRZQ DV G\QDPLF DUUD\V 7R VSHFLI\ WKDW \RX GRQW NQRZ KRZ PDQ\ HOHPHQWV WR KDYH LQ WKH DUUD\ DW WKH WLPH RI GHFODUDWLRQ OHDYH WKH VTXDUH EUDFNHWV HPSW\

([DPSOH '\QDPLF $UUD\ 'HFODUDWLRQV LQWHJHU L>@ FKDU QDPH>@ WKLQJ W\SH WKLQJV>@

'\QDPLF $UUD\V



<RX FDQQRW DVVLJQ YDOXHV WR DQ\ RI WKH DUUD\ HOHPHQWV LQGLYLGXDOO\ XQWLO WKH VL]H RI WKH DUUD\ LV VSHFLILHG 7KH GLPHQVLRQV RI WKH DUUD\ DUH VSHFLILHG XVLQJ D GLP VWDWHPHQW 7KH GLP VWDWHPHQW LV IRUPHG DV IROORZV
GLP YDULDEOH QDPH! DUUD\ GLPHQVLRQV! 

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
([DPSOH 'LPHQVLRQLQJ '\QDPLF $UUD\V VWUXFW SDUW KDV FKDU QDPH>@ LQWHJHU LQYHQWRU\BQXPEHU VFDODU SULFH HQG  SDUW LQWHJHU L>@ SDUW W\SH SDUWV>@ LQYHQWRU\>@ GLP L>@ GLP SDUWV>@ GLP QRQH LQYHQWRU\>@ IRU LQWHJHU FRXQWHU  GR QHZ LQYHQWRU\>FRXQWHU@ HQG  '\QDPLF DUUD\ DV D ILHOG RI D VWUXFW

 '\QDPLF DUUD\ GHFODUDWLRQV

 &UHDWHV DUUD\>@ DQG WKHQ FUHDWHV  SDUWV  &UHDWHV DUUD\>@ RI QXOO UHIHUHQFHV WR SDUWV  &UHDWHV ILUVW  RXW RI  SDUWV OHDYLQJ WKH ODVW   UHIHUHQFHV LQ WKH DUUD\ WR EH QRQH

$ FRPPRQ XVH IRU G\QDPLF DUUD\V LV DV SDUDPHWHUV WR SURFHGXUHV ZKHUH WKH DUUD\ VL]H LV GHWHUPLQHG DW WKH VWDUW RI WKH SURFHGXUH (DFK WLPH WKH SURFHGXUH LV H[HFXWHG WKH DUUD\ SDUDPHWHUV PD\ KDYH GLIIHUHQW VL]HV DQG YDOXHV

6PDUW $UUD\V 0LQ 0D[ DQG 1XP

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



$W DQ\ WLPH \RX FDQ DVN ZKDW WKH LQGH[ RI WKH ILUVW DQG ODVW HOHPHQWV RI WKH DUUD\ DUH E\ FDOOLQJ PLQ DQG PD[ ZLWK WKH DUUD\ LQ TXHVWLRQ DV WKH DUJXPHQW 7R ILQG RXW ZKDW WKH VL]H RI WKH DUUD\ PD[  PLQ   LV XVH WKH IXQFWLRQ QXP 7KLV ZD\ DUUD\V DOZD\V NQRZ WKHLU VL]H VR LQVWHDG RI KDYLQJ WR NHHS DURXQG VHSDUDWH YDULDEOHV WR NHHS WUDFN RI WKH DUUD\ VL]H \RX FDQ MXVW DVN WKH DUUD\ IRU LWV GLPHQVLRQV
/LVWLQJ  8VH RI 6PDUW '\QDPLF $UUD\V WR &DOFXODWH $YHUDJHV GR DYHUDJHV VFDODU TXHVWLRQ DYHUDJH LQWHJHU QXPEHUV>@ LV LQWHJHU VXP  IRU LQWHJHU FRXQWHU PLQ QXPEHUV  PD[ QXPEHUV GR VXP LWVHOI  QXPEHUV>FRXQWHU@ HQG DQVZHU VXP  QXP QXPEHUV HQG  DYHUDJH YHUE DYHUDJHV LV ZULWH DYHUDJH ZULWH DYHUDJH ZULWH DYHUDJH HQG DYHUDJHV  DYHUDJH >     @   DYHUDJH >     @   DYHUDJH >  @  $UUD\V

$VVLJQLQJ $UUD\V

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

$UUD\ ([SUHVVLRQV

$V DQ DOWHUQDWLYH WR DVVLJQLQJ RQH DUUD\ WR DQRWKHU \RX FDQ DOVR DVVLJQ DQ DUUD\ D OLVW RI YDOXHV JLYHQ E\ DQ DUUD\ H[SUHVVLRQ $Q DUUD\ H[SUHVVLRQ VSHFLILHV HDFK RI WKH YDOXHV RI WKH HOHPHQWV RI WKH DUUD\ LQVLGH D SDLU RI VTXDUH EUDFNHWV 7KH DUUD\ WKDW \RX DUH DVVLJQLQJ WR PXVW HLWKHU EH QRQH RU KDYH WKH VDPH QXPEHU RI HOHPHQWV DV WKH DUUD\ H[SUHVVLRQ RU HOVH DQ HUURU RFFXUV $UUD\V RI W\SH FKDU FDQ DOVR EH DVVLJQHG E\ SURYLGLQJ D VWULQJ RI FKDUDFWHUV LQVLGH RI GRXEOH TXRWHV

$VVLJQLQJ $UUD\V



:KHQ \RX DVVLJQ DQ XQGLPHQVLRQHG DUUD\ ZLWK DQ DUUD\ H[SUHVVLRQ LWV GHIDXOW PLQLPXP LQGH[ LV  DV LW LV IRU WKH F DUUD\ LQ WKH H[DPSOH EHORZ
([DPSOH $VVLJQLQJ $UUD\V LQWHJHU D>@ E>@ LQWHJHU F>@ >  @  ,QGLFHV IRU F EHFRPH  FKDU PHVVDJH>@ JDPH RYHU  \RX ORVH  FKDU QDPH>@ ZULWH F>@  D >   @ ERR   2. DUUD\V ERWK KDYH  HOHPHQWV  5XQWLPH HUURU DUUD\V DUH RI GLIIHULQJ VL]HV  :ULWHV 

QDPH E D F D

$VVLJQLQJ $UUD\V E\ 5HIHUHQFH

:KHQ \RX XVH WKH RSHUDWRU WR DVVLJQ DUUD\V DV LQ WKH H[DPSOH DERYH WKH SURJUDP LV UHDOO\ FRS\LQJ RQH DUUD\ DQG DVVLJQLQJ WKH GXSOLFDWLRQ WR DQRWKHU $UUD\V KRZHYHU FDQ DOVR EH DVVLJQHG E\ UHIHUHQFH PXFK OLNH UHIHUHQFH YDULDEOHV ,QVWHDG RI XVLQJ WKH UHIHUV WR RSHUDWRU WKDW UHIHUHQFH YDULDEOHV XVH DUUD\V XVH WKH LV RSHUDWRU WR DVVLJQ E\ UHIHUHQFH

:KHQ DUUD\V DUH DVVLJQHG E\ UHIHUHQFH LW GRHVQW PDWWHU ZKHWKHU WKH\ DOUHDG\ KDYH WKH VDPH GLPHQVLRQV RU QRW WKH\ QHHG RQO\ EH RI WKH VDPH W\SH 2QFH DQ DUUD\ LV DVVLJQHG E\ UHIHUHQFH LW WKHQ UHIHUV WR WKH DUUD\ WKDW ZDV DVVLJQHG WR LW VR WKDW D VLQJOH DUUD\ PD\ EH UHIHUUHG WR E\ PXOWLSOH DUUD\ QDPHV
([DPSOH $VVLJQLQJ $UUD\V E\ 5HIHUHQFH LQWHJHU D>@ >     @ LQWHJHU F>@ >  @ FKDU PHVVDJH>@ JDPH RYHU  \RX ORVH  FKDU QDPH>@ LV PHVVDJH ZULWH QDPH  F LV D ZULWH F>@  F>@  ZULWH D>@  :ULWHV JDPH RYHU  \RX ORVH  1RZ D DQG F UHIHU WR WKH VDPH DUUD\  :ULWHV   &KDQJHV WKH WK HOHPHQW RI ERWK F DQG D  :ULWHV   ,QGLFHV IRU D EHFRPH   ,QGLFHV IRU F EHFRPH 



$UUD\V

0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDO $UUD\V

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

)LJXUH  0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDO $UUD\V

D RQHGLPHQVLRQDO DUUD\

D WZRGLPHQVLRQDO DUUD\

D WKUHHGLPHQVLRQDO DUUD\

$UUD\V

7R GHFODUH D PXOWLGLPHQVLRQDO DUUD\ XVH WKH VDPH V\QWD[ DV D VLQJOHGLPHQ VLRQDO DUUD\ EXW ZLWK PXOWLSOH PLQPD[ SDLUV VHSDUDWHG E\ FRPPDV LQVLGH WKH EUDFNHWV RI WKH DUUD\ GLPHQVLRQV H[SUHVVLRQ 7R DFFHVV DQ DUUD\ HOHPHQW \RX PXVW SURYLGH PXOWLSOH LQGLFHV VHSDUDWHG E\ FRPPDV LQVLGH WKH VTXDUH EUDFNHWV RI WKH DUUD\ LQGH[ H[SUHVVLRQ ,I \RX QHHG WR FUHDWH D G\QDPLF DUUD\ \RX PXVW OHDYH RXW WKH PLQPD[ ERXQGV RQ HDFK GLPHQVLRQ LQ WKH DUUD\ VLQFH LW GRHVQ
W PDNH VHQVH WR VSHFLI\ RQH GLPHQVLRQ DQG QRW DQRWKHU RI D PXOWLGLPHQVLRQDO DUUD\
([DPSOH 0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDO $UUD\V LQWHJHU D>@ LQWHJHU E> @ LQWHJHU F>@ GLP F>  @ D>@  E> @  F>  @   2QHGLPHQVLRQDO DUUD\ RI LQWHJHUV  7ZRGLPHQVLRQDO DUUD\ RI LQWHJHUV  7KUHHGLPHQVLRQDO G\QDPLF DUUD\ RI LQWHJHUV  'LPHQVLRQLQJ D PXOWLGLPHQVLRQDO DUUD\  'HUHIHUHQFLQJ D RQHGLPHQVLRQDO DUUD\  'HUHIHUHQFLQJ D WZRGLPHQVLRQDO DUUD\  'HUHIHUHQFLQJ D WKUHHGLPHQVLRQDO DUUD\

0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDO $UUD\V



0LQ 0D[ DQG 1XP ZLWK 0XOWLGLPHQVLRQDO $UUD\V

8VLQJ WKH IXQFWLRQV PLQ DQG PD[ ZLWK PXOWLGLPHQVLRQDO DUUD\V LV D ELW WULFN\ EHFDXVH \RX PXVW NHHS LQ PLQG ZKLFK GLPHQVLRQ RI WKH DUUD\ \RX DUH H[DPLQLQJ <RX FDQ VSHFLI\ ZKLFK GLPHQVLRQ WR UHIHU WR E\ DGGLQJ H[WUD HPSW\ VTXDUH EUDFNHW SDLUV DIWHU WKH QDPH RI WKH DUUD\ ZKLFK LV SDVVHG WR WKH PLQ PD[ RU QXP IXQFWLRQ )RU H[DPSOH LI \RX KDYH WKH IROORZLQJ WKUHH GLPHQVLRQDO DUUD\
LQWHJHU L>  @

7KHQ \RX FDQ ILQG WKH ERXQGV RQ HDFK GLPHQVLRQ RI WKH DUUD\ DV IROORZV
PLQ L PLQ L>@ PLQ L>@    PD[ L PD[ L>@ PD[ L>@   

$UUD\V RI $UUD\V

)RU PRVW DSSOLFDWLRQV LW LV DSSURSULDWH IRU PXOWLGLPHQVLRQDO DUUD\V WR EH VTXDUH 7KHUH DUH D IHZ FDVHV KRZHYHU ZKHUH \RX FDQ YLVXDOL]H \RXU GDWD DV EHORQJLQJ LQ WDEOHV WKDW DUH QRW QHFHVVDULO\ VTXDUH )RU H[DPSOH LI \RX KDYH D WDEOH RI QDPHV WKHQ \RX FRQFHSWXDOO\ KDYH D WZR GLPHQVLRQDO WDEOH RI FKDUDFWHUV ZLWK HDFK URZ KDYLQJ D GLIIHUHQW OHQJWK
)LJXUH  $Q $UUD\ RI $UUD\V

Fred Barney Wilma

Betty
7KH SURSHU ZD\ WR LPSOHPHQW QRQVTXDUH DUUD\V LV E\ FUHDWLQJ DUUD\V RI DUUD\V 7KLV ZD\ HDFK VXEDUUD\ KDV LWV RZQ PLQ DQG PD[ LQIRUPDWLRQ DQG PD\ EH DQ\



$UUD\V

VL]H WKDW LV QHHGHG 7R FUHDWH DQ DUUD\ RI DUUD\V VLPSO\ OLVW WKH DUUD\ GLPHQVLRQV H[SUHVVLRQV DIWHU WKH QDPH RI WKH YDULDEOH LQ WKH GHFODUDWLRQ
([DPSOH $Q $UUD\ RI 6WULQJV $Q $UUD\ RI &KDU $UUD\V FKDU QDPHV>@>@ QDPHV>@ )UHG  QDPHV>@ %DUQH\  QDPHV>@ :LOPD  QDPHV>@ %HWW\  )LJXUH  $ 7ULDQJXODU $UUD\ RI $UUD\V

1 2 4 7 11 16 22 29 37 46

3 5 8 12 17 23 30 38 47

6 9 13 18 24 31 39 48

10 14 19 25 32 40 49

15 20 26 33 41 50

21 27 28 34 35 36 42 43 44 51 52 53

45 54

55

$UUD\V

([DPSOH &UHDWLQJ D 7ULDQJXODU $UUD\ RI $UUD\V LQWHJHU L>@>@ LQWHJHU LQGH[  IRU LQWHJHU URZ PLQ L  PD[ L GR GLP L>URZ@>URZ@ IRU LQWHJHU FROXPQ   URZ GR L>URZ@>FROXPQ@ LQGH[ LQGH[ LWVHOI   HQG HQG

6LQFH FUHDWLQJ DUUD\V RI DUUD\V LV REYLRXVO\ PRUH IOH[LEOH WKDQ VTXDUH PXOWLGL PHQVLRQDO DUUD\V \RX PD\ EH ZRQGHULQJ ZK\ QRW MXVW PDNH DOO DUUD\V
DUUD\V RI DUUD\V
 ,QGHHG WKLV LV ZKDW LV GRQH LQ -DYD )RU PDQ\ DSSOLFDWLRQV SDUWLFXODUO\ VFLHQWLILF DSSOLFDWLRQV ZKHUH ODUJH VTXDUH DUUD\V PD\ EH QHHGHG WKLV LV D YHU\ EDG LGHD 7KLV LV EHFDXVH HDFK VXEDUUD\ DOORFDWLRQ LQ D QRQ VTXDUH DUUD\ KDV D FRVW DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK LW LQ WHUPV RI DOORFDWLQJ WKH DUUD\ DQG LQ WHUPV RI WKH H[WUD PHPRU\ QHHGHG IRU WKH FRQWURO LQIRUPDWLRQ LQFOXGLQJ WKH PLQ DQG PD[ LQGLFHV WKDW DUH VWRUHG LQ HDFK DUUD\ :KLOH WKLV LV QRW SURKLELWLYH IRU VPDOO DUUD\V

$UUD\V RI $UUD\V



OLNH WKRVH \RX PD\ ILQG LQ D SDUWLFXODU EXVLQHVV DSSOLFDWLRQ LW FDQ EHFRPH SURKLELWLYH IRU PRUH GHPDQGLQJ DSSOLFDWLRQV )RU H[DPSOH WKH GHFODUDWLRQ
LQWHJHU L>@>@>@

ZLOO UHVXOW LQ WKH IROORZLQJ  DOORFDWH DQ DUUD\  RI UHIHUHQFHV WR W\SH LQWHJHU>@>@  UHSHDW WKH IROORZLQJ  WLPHV RQFH IRU HDFK HOHPHQW  DOORFDWH DQ DUUD\  RI UHIHUHQFHV WR W\SH LQWHJHU>@  UHSHDW WKH IROORZLQJ  WLPHV RQFH IRU HDFK HOHPHQW  DOORFDWH DQ DUUD\  RI LQWHJHU 7KLV RQH GHFODUDWLRQ ZLOO UHVXOW LQ D WRWDO RI        VHSDUDWH DUUD\V EHLQJ DOORFDWHG VR \RX FDQ VHH WKDW DOORFDWLQJ ODUJH DUUD\V RI DUUD\V RI DUUD\V FDQ EH SRWHQWLDOO\ YHU\ VORZ DQG PHPRU\ FRQVXPSWLYH 7KLV LV ZK\ LWV EHVW WR XVH VTXDUH PXOWLGLPHQVLRQDO DUUD\V ZKHQHYHU SRVVLEOH
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



$UUD\V

$VVLJQLQJ 6XE$UUD\V

6RPHWLPHV \RX ILQG WKDW \RX ZRXOG OLNH WR EH DEOH WR DVVLJQ MXVW D SLHFH RI RQH DUUD\ WR DQRWKHU DUUD\ ,Q RWKHU FRPSXWHU ODQJXDJHV \RX ZRXOG GR WKLV E\ ZULWLQJ D VQLSSHW RI FRGH WR ORRS WKURXJK WKH HOHPHQWV FRS\LQJ WKH GHVLUHG HOHPHQWV RQH E\ RQH ,Q 20$5 KRZHYHU \RX FDQ DXWRPDWLFDOO\ GR WKLV E\ VSHFLI\LQJ D VXEUDQJH RI WKH DUUD\ WR FRS\

([DPSOH $VVLJQLQJ 6XE$UUD\V LQWHJHU L>@ M>@ LQWHJHU D>@>@ LQWHJHU E> @ LQWHJHU F>  @  GLPHQVLRQDO DUUD\V  L M>@ L>@ M>@ L M>@ L>@ M>@ L>@ M>@  GLPHQVLRQDO DUUD\V  D E D E> @ D>@>@

 &RS\ D VXEDUUD\ WR DQ DUUD\  &RS\ D VXEDUUD\ WR DQRWKHU VXEDUUD\  &RS\ DQ LPSOLFLW VXEUDQJH WR DQ DUUD\  &RS\ DQ LPSOLFLW VXEUDQJH WR DQRWKHU LPSOLFLW VXEUDQJH  0RUH LPSOLFLW VXEUDQJHV

 &RS\ D PXOWLGLPHQVLRQDO DUUD\ WR DQ DUUD\ RI DUUD\V  &RS\ D VXESRUWLRQ RI D PXOWLGLPHQVLRQDO DUUD\ WR D  PXOWLGLPHQVLRQDO DUUD\ E> @  &RS\ D VXESRUWLRQ RI D PXOWLGLPHQVLRQDO DUUD\ WR D  VXESRUWLRQ RI DQ DUUD\ RI DUUD\V

$UUD\V

 GLPHQVLRQDO DUUD\V  L F>  @ M F>  @ D F>  @ E F>  @

 &RS\ D URZ RI D PXOWLGLPHQVLRQDO DUUD\  &RS\ D FROXPQ RI D PXOWLGLPHQVLRQDO DUUD\  &RS\ D PXOWLGLPHQVLRQDO VXESRUWLRQ RI D PXOWLGLPHQVLRQDO  DUUD\ WR DQ DUUD\ RI DUUD\V  &RS\ D PXOWLGLPHQVLRQDO VXESRUWLRQ RI D PXOWLGLPHQVLRQDO  DUUD\ WR D PXOWLGLPHQVLRQDO DUUD\

5HVL]LQJ $UUD\V
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



ODUJHU DUUD\ WKH RWKHU GDWD VWUXFWXUHV ZLOO VWLOO UHIHU WR WKH ILUVW DUUD\ ,Q PDQ\ FDVHV \RX PD\ QRW EH DEOH WR ILQG RXW ZKHUH WKHVH UHIHUHQFHV DUH ZLWKRXW FKHFNLQJ HYHU\ SLHFH RI GDWD WKDW LV XVHG E\ \RXU SURJUDP 7KLV LV XVXDOO\ D FRPSOHWHO\ LQIHDVLEOH RSWLRQ
([DPSOH 7KH $UUD\ 5HDOORFDWLRQ 3UREOHP LQWHJHU D>@ E>@ LV D ZULWH EHIRUH   ZULWH PLQ PD[ D ZULWH PLQ PD[ E D LV QRQH GLP D>@ ZULWH DIWHU   ZULWH PLQ PD[ D ZULWH PLQ PD[ E  PLQ D   PD[ D  D DQG E UHIHU WR GLIIHUHQW DUUD\V  PLQ E   PD[ E   PLQ D   PD[ D  D DQG E UHIHU WR WKHVDPH DUUD\  PLQ E   PD[ E 

7KH 5HGLP 6WDWHPHQW

7KH VROXWLRQ WR WKLV SUREOHP LV WR XVH WKH UHGLP VWDWHPHQW 7KH UHGLP VWDWHPHQW ZRUNV MXVW OLNH WKH GLP VWDWHPHQW H[FHSW WKDW LW LV XVHG WR HQODUJH WKH VL]H RI D SUHH[LVWLQJ DUUD\ LQVWHDG RI WR FUHDWH D QHZ DUUD\ ,I WKH UHGLP VWDWHPHQW LV FDOOHG XVLQJ D QXOO DUUD\ WKHQ DQ HUURU ZLOO UHVXOW 6LQFH WKH UHGLP VWDWHPHQW UHVL]HV DQ H[LVWLQJ DUUD\ ZLWKRXW FUHDWLQJ D QHZ RQH DQ\ SUHH[LVWLQJ UHIHUHQFHV WR WKDW DUUD\ ZLOO UHIHU WR WKH QHZ DUUD\ DIWHU WKH DUUD\ LV UHVL]HG
([DPSOH 7KH 5HGLP 6WDWHPHQW LQWHJHU D>@ E>@ LV D ZULWH EHIRUH   ZULWH PLQ PD[ D ZULWH PLQ PD[ E UHGLP D>@ ZULWH DIWHU   ZULWH PLQ PD[ D ZULWH PLQ PD[ E  PLQ D   PD[ D  D DQG E VWLOO UHIHU WR WKH VDPH DUUD\  PLQ E   PD[ E   PLQ D   PD[ D  D DQG E UHIHU WR WKHVDPH DUUD\  PLQ E   PD[ E 



$UUD\V

,QSXW2XWSXW

&+$37(5 

$OWKRXJK LW LV SRVVLEOH WR ZULWH SURJUDPV WKDW DUH VHOIFRQWDLQHG PDQ\ SURJUDPV QHHG WR LQSXW GDWD RU RXWSXW GDWD RU PHVVDJHV WR WKH XVHU 7KH PHWKRGV XVHG WR GR WKLV DUH XVXDOO\ LQFRQVLVWHQW DQG V\VWHPGHSHQGHQW EHFDXVH RI WKH GLIIHU HQFHV LQ RSHUDWLQJ V\VWHPV DQG KDUGZDUH LQYROYHG )RU LQVWDQFH LI \RX DVN WKH FRPSXWHU WR SULQW D PHVVDJH DQG WKHUH DUH QR ZLQGRZV RSHQ ZKHUH GRHV LW JR" 2U LI \RX WU\ WR UHDG D FKDUDFWHU ZKHUH GRHV LW FRPH IURP" $OWKRXJK QRUPDOO\ WKHVH SURFHGXUHV RXWSXW GDWD WR WKH VFUHHQ DQG WDNH GDWD IURP WKH NH\ERDUG RSHUDWLQJ V\VWHPV VXFK DV 81,; DOORZ WKHVH VRXUFHV WR EH UHGLUHFWHG VR WKLV PD\ QRW EH WKH FDVH 20$5 SURYLGHV D VPDOO EXW XVHIXO VHW RI SURFHGXUHV WKDW FDQ VHUYH WKH PDMRULW\ RI ,2 UHODWHG WDVNV $OO LQSXWRXWSXW SURFHGXUHV DUH GHILQHG IRU WKH SULPLWLYH W\SHV FKDU E\WH VKRUW LQWHJHU ORQJ VFDODU GRXEOH FRPSOH[ DQG YHFWRU

,QSXW 7KH 5HDG 6WDWHPHQW

7KH LQSXW SURFHGXUH UHDGV GDWD IURP WKH VWDQGDUG VRXUFH IRU LQSXW ZKLFK LV XVXDOO\ WKH NH\ERDUG ,I \RX DUH UHDGLQJ IURP WKH NH\ERDUG WKHQ WKLV SURFHGXUH ZDLWV XQWLO WKH YDOXHV DUH W\SHG LQ EHIRUH UHWXUQLQJ WR WKH SURJUDP ,I WKH LQFRPLQJ GDWD FDQQRW EH LQWHUSUHWHG DV WKH GHVLUHG W\SH WKHQ DQ HUURU ZLOO RFFXU 7KH IRUP RI D UHDG VWDWHPHQW LV DV IROORZV
)LJXUH  7KH 5HDG 6WDWHPHQW UHDG Y Y Y  Y1   :KHUH Y  Y1 DUH YDULDEOHV  RI D SULPLWLYH W\SH RU DUUD\  RI FKDUV VWULQJ



([DPSOH 7KH 5HDG 6WDWHPHQW LQWHJHU QXPEHU ZULWH LQSXW D QXPEHU WR VTXDUH UHDG QXPEHU ZULWH WKH VTXDUH RI  QXPEHU LV  QXPEHU QXPEHU 

2XWSXW 7KH :ULWH 6WDWHPHQW

7KH RXWSXW SURFHGXUH ZULWH LV VLPLODU WR WKH LQSXW SURFHGXUH UHDG 8QOHVV WKH RXWSXW LV UHGLUHFWHG WR VRPH RWKHU GHVWLQDWLRQ E\ WKH RSHUDWLQJ V\VWHP WKH PHVVDJHV JR WR WKH VWDQGDUG RXWSXW PHDQLQJ WKH FRQVROH RU VFUHHQ :ULWH FDQ WDNH DUJXPHQWV RI DOO RI WKH SULPLWLYH W\SHV ERROHDQ FKDU E\WH VKRUW LQWHJHU ORQJ VFDODU GRXEOH FRPSOH[ DQG YHFWRU SOXV DUUD\V RI FKDUDFWHUV VWULQJV ,I ZULWH LV FDOOHG ZLWK QR DUJXPHQWV WKHQ LW SULQWV D EODQN OLQH 8VXDOO\ ZKHQ RXWSXW PHVVDJHV DUH SULQWHG \RX ZDQW WR JR WR WKH QH[W OLQH DW WKH HQG RI WKH PHVVDJH VR XVXDOO\ WKH ODVW DUJXPHQW LQ D ZULWH VWDWHPHQW LV DQ HPSW\ DUJXPHQW 7KH IRUP RI D ZULWH VWDWHPHQW LV DV IROORZV
)LJXUH  7KH :ULWH 6WDWHPHQW ZULWH H[SU H[SU H[SU  H[SU1  :KHUH H[SU  H[SU1 DUH  H[SUHVVLRQV ZKLFK HYDOXDWH  WR D SULPLWLYH W\SH RU DQ  DUUD\ RI FKDUV VWULQJ

([DPSOH 7KH :ULWH 6WDWHPHQW LQWHJHU 1  D  VFDODU E  FRPSOH[ F  ! ZULWH KHOOR ZRUOG   ZULWH WKH YDOXH RI WKH YDULDEOH 1 LV  1  ZULWH WKH YDOXHV RI D E DQG F DUH  D   E  DQG  F 

3URJUDP $UJXPHQWV

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



,QSXW2XWSXW

SDUDPHWHU DQ DUUD\ RI VWULQJV DUUD\V RI FKDUV WR KROG WKH SURJUDP DUJXPHQWV 7KLV SDUDPHWHU PD\ KDYH DQ\ QDPH WKDW \RX ZLVK EXW LW PXVW EH RI WKH W\SH VWULQJ>@ RU FKDU>@>@ ,I \RX DUH IDPLOLDU ZLWK & QRWH WKDW WKLV LV VLPLODU WR WKH DUJY DUJF FRQYHQWLRQ EXW PRUH HOHJDQW EHFDXVH DUUD\V LQ 20$5 LPSOLFLWO\ NQRZ WKHLU RZQ ERXQGV DQG VL]H VR \RX GRQ
W QHHG D VHSDUDWH SDUDPHWHU IRU WKH VL]H RI WKH DUUD\
/LVWLQJ  $ 3URJUDP 5HFHLYLQJ 3URJUDP $UJXPHQWV GR ZULWHBDUJV W\SH VWULQJ LV FKDU>@ YHUE ZULWHBDUJV VWULQJ W\SH DUJV>@ LV ZULWH 7KH SURJUDP DUJXPHQWV DUH   IRU LQWHJHU FRXQWHU PLQ DUJV  PD[ DUJV GR ZULWH DUJXPHQW>  FRXQWHU @  DUJV>FRXQWHU@  HQG HQG  ZULWHBDUJV

,I LQ +70/ FRGH \RX W\SH QDPH RI 20$5 DSSOHW VKLVK ERRP EDK WKHQ WKH SDUDPHWHU DUJV ZLOO HQG XS UHIHUULQJ WR DQ DUUD\ VL]H >@ WKDW UHIHUV WR WKUHH VWULQJV VKLVK  ERRP  DQG EDK  (DFK VWULQJ RI FKDUDFWHUV VHSDUDWHG E\ VSDFHV WKDW FRPHV DIWHU WKH QDPH RI WKH LQSXW ILOH EHFRPHV DQ HOHPHQW LQ WKH SURJUDP DUJXPHQW DUUD\
,QSXW2XWSXW

3URJUDP $UJXPHQWV





,QSXW2XWSXW

8VHU'HILQHG 7\SHV
7KH SULPLWLYH W\SHV WKDW KDYH EHHQ GHVFULEHG VR IDUFKDU LQWHJHU VFDODU DQG VR IRUWKDUH WKH EDVLV IRU UHSUHVHQWLQJ HYHU\ IRUP RI GDWD WKDW LV XVHG LQ D FRPSXWHU SURJUDP 7KHRUHWLFDOO\ \RX FRXOG ZULWH DQ\ SURJUDP XVLQJ MXVW WKHVH SULPLWLYH W\SHV DQG QR RWKHUV 0RVW DSSOLFDWLRQV KRZHYHU UHTXLUH WKH FRPSXWHU SURJUDP WR GHVFULEH PRUH FRPSOH[ VLWXDWLRQV WKDQ PD\ EH FRQYHQLHQWO\ H[SUHVVHG XVLQJ MXVW WKH SULPLWLYH W\SHV 8VHUGHILQHG W\SHV DUH D JHQHUDO ZD\ RI VWUXFWXULQJ GDWD WR UHSUHVHQW PRUH FRPSOH[ VLWXDWLRQV 7KHUH DUH IRXU EDVLF NLQGV RI XVHUGHILQHG W\SHV LQ 20$5 W\SH DOLDVHV HQXPHUDWHG W\SHV VWUXFWXUHV DQG FODVVHV &ODVVHV DOVR NQRZQ DV VXEMHFWV DUH OLNH VRSKLVWLFDWHG VWUXFWXUHV DQG DUH GHVFULEHG LQ PXFK PRUH GHWDLO LQ WKH ODWHU FKDSWHUV RQ 2EMHFW2ULHQWHG 3URJUDPPLQJ

&+$37(5 

%DVLF 6\QWD[ RI 8VHU'HILQHG 7\SHV

8VHUGHILQHG W\SHV XVH D VOLJKWO\ GLIIHUHQW V\QWD[ WKDQ SULPLWLYH W\SHV 7R GLVWLQ JXLVK XVHUGHILQHG W\SH QDPHV IURP RWKHU LGHQWLILHUV 20$5 UHTXLUHV WKDW XVHU GHILQHG W\SH QDPHV DUH IROORZHG E\ WKH NH\ZRUG W\SH ZKHQ WKH\ DUH XVHG 7KXV D YDULDEOH GHFODUDWLRQ XVLQJ D XVHUGHILQHG W\SH KDV WKH IROORZLQJ V\QWD[
)LJXUH  6\QWD[ RI D 9DULDEOH 'HFODUDWLRQ 8VLQJ D 8VHU'HILQHG 7\SH W\SH QDPH! W\SH YDULDEOH QDPH! RSWLRQDO LQLWLDOL]HU! 



([DPSOH 8VLQJ WKH W\SH .H\ZRUG HQXP PDWHULDO LV SODVWLF JODVV SRUFHODLQ PDWHULDO W\SH MXJBPDWHULDO PDWHULDO W\SH YDVHBPDWHULDO LV JODVV PDWHULDO W\SH SODWHBPDWHULDO LV SRUFHODLQ  $Q HQXPHUDWHG W\SH GHFODUDWLRQ  DV GHVFULEHG LQ D ODWHU VHFWLRQ

%HFDXVH XVHUGHILQHG W\SH QDPHV DUH DOZD\V GLVWLQJXLVKHG IURP LGHQWLILHUV E\ WKH NH\ZRUG W\SH D XVHUGHILQHG W\SH DQG D YDULDEOH RI WKDW W\SH FDQ KDYH WKH VDPH QDPH <RX FDQ HDVLO\ WHOO WKH GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ WKH YDULDEOH QDPH DQG WKH W\SH QDPH EHFDXVH WKH W\SH QDPH PXVW EH IROORZHG E\ WKH NH\ZRUG W\SH
([DPSOH *LYLQJ D 7\SH PDWHULDO W\SH PDWHULDO PDWHULDO LV SODVWLF D 9DULDEOH WKH 6DPH 1DPH  $VVLJQV D YDOXH WR WKH YDULDEOH PDWHULDO

7\SH $OLDVHV

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
)LJXUH  7\SH $OLDV 'HFODUDWLRQ 6\QWD[ W\SH W\SH DOLDV QDPH! LV W\SH QDPH! RSWLRQDO DUUD\ EUDFNHWV! 

([DPSOH 8VLQJ 7\SH $OLDVHV W\SH FRORU LV YHFWRU W\SH VZLWFK LV ERROHDQ W\SH VWULQJ LV FKDU>@ W\SH WDEOH LV LQWHJHU>@ FRQVW ERROHDQ RQ LV WUXH RII LV IDOVH LQWHJHU L>@ FRORU W\SH FRORU   ! VZLWFK W\SH SRZHUBVZLWFK LV RQ VWULQJ W\SH QDPH )UHG  WDEOH W\SH WDEOH LV L  $ YDOLG DVVLJQPHQW EHFDXVH WKH WDEOH W\SH LV HTXLYDOHQW WR DQ LQWHJHU>@



8VHU'HILQHG 7\SHV

(QXPHUDWHG 7\SHV

(QXPHUDWHG W\SHV DUH XVHG WR UHSUHVHQW D VLWXDWLRQ ZKHUH WKHUH DUH D NQRZQ IL[HG QXPEHU RI VWDWHV 6RPH H[DPSOHV RI WKLQJV WKDW ZRXOG EH ZHOO UHSUHVHQWHG E\ HQXPHUDWHG W\SHV DUH GD\V RI WKH ZHHN WKH VHDVRQV RI WKH \HDU WKH VXLWV LQ D GHFN RI FDUGV DQG WKH QXFOHRWLGH EDVH W\SHV LQ D '1$ PROHFXOH ,I \RX GLGQ
W NQRZ DERXW HQXPHUDWHG W\SHV \RX ZRXOG SUREDEO\ UHSUHVHQW WKHVH W\SHV RI VLWXDWLRQV XVLQJ DQ LQWHJHU WR UHSUHVHQW WKH VWDWH DQG GHILQLQJ D VHW RI LQWHJHU FRQVWDQWV IRU WKH YDOXHV RI WKH VWDWHV )RU H[DPSOH ZLQWHU LV VHDVRQ  VSULQJ LV VHDVRQ  DQG VR RQ ,Q ODQJXDJHV OLNH -DYD ZKHUH HQXPHUDWHG W\SHV GR QRW H[LVW WKLV LV KRZ WKH VLWXDWLRQ LV KDQGOHG

([DPSOH 8VLQJ ,QWHJHUV WR 6SHFLI\ D 9DULDEOH ZLWK D )L[HG 1XPEHU RI 6WDWHV FRQVW LQWHJHU VWUDZ  FRQVW LQWHJHU ZRRG  FRQVW LQWHJHU EULFN  LQWHJHU PDWHULDO VWUDZ  GHILQLWLRQV RI WKH SRVVLEOH VWDWHV  

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
8VHU'HILQHG 7\SHV

(QXPHUDWHG 7\SHV



([DPSOH 0LVVHG (UURUV &DXVHG E\ 8VLQJ ,QWHJHUV :KHUH (QXPHUDWHG 7\SHV 6KRXOG %H 8VHG FRQVW LQWHJHU VSULQJ FRQVW LQWHJHU VXPPHU FRQVW LQWHJHU DXWXPQ FRQVW LQWHJHU ZLQWHU      GHILQLWLRQ RI WKH VHDVRQV RI WKH \HDU

FRQVW LQWHJHU KHDUWV  FRQVW LQWHJHU GLDPRQGV  FRQVW LQWHJHU VSDGHV  FRQVW LQWHJHU FORYHUV  LQWHJHU VHDVRQ IDOO LQWHJHU VXLW KHDUWV

 GHILQLWLRQ RI WKH VXLWV RI FDUGV

 PLVWDNHV WKDW DUH 127 FDXJKW E\ WKH FRPSLOHU  VHDVRQ KHDUWV  RRSV  DVVLJQHG HQXP FRQVWDQW WR ZURQJ W\SH VXLW ZLQWHU  RRSV  DVVLJQHG HQXP FRQVWDQW WR ZURQJ W\SH VHDVRQ VXLW  RRSV  DVVLJQHG DQ LQWHJHU W\SH WR DQRWKHU LQWHJHU W\SH VXLW   RRSV  DVVLJQHG YDOXH RXW RI UDQJH

)RUWXQDWHO\ WKHUH LV D VROXWLRQ WR WKH SUREOHP HQXPHUDWHG W\SHV :KHQ \RX GHILQH DQ HQXPHUDWHG W\SH \RX OLVW HDFK RI WKH SRVVLEOH VWDWHV WKDW YDULDEOHV RI WKLV W\SH PD\ KDYH 7KHQ ZKHQ \RX GHFODUH D YDULDEOH RI WKLV W\SH WKH FRPSLOHU DVVXUHV WKDW \RX RQO\ DVVLJQ YDOLG VWDWHV WR WKDW YDULDEOH $OVR WKH FRPSLOHU ZLOO QRW DOORZ \RX WR DVVLJQ WZR YDULDEOHV RI GLIIHULQJ W\SHV WR RQH DQRWKHU VR \RX GRQ
W KDYH WR ZRUU\ DERXW PDNLQJ DQ\ RI WKH PLVWDNHV LOOXVWUDWHG DERYH EHFDXVH WKH FRPSLOHU ZLOO WHOO \RX LI \RX GR VRPHWKLQJ ZURQJ ,Q DGGLWLRQ DQ HQXPHUDWHG W\SH PD\ KDYH WKH YDOXH RI QRQH D NH\ZRUG LQGLFDWLQJ WKDW WKH HQXPHUDWHG YDULDEOH GRHV QRW KDYH D YDOLG VWDWH
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



8VHU'HILQHG 7\SHV

6WUXFWXUHV

$QRWKHU NLQG RI XVHUGHILQHG W\SH LV D VWUXFWXUH 20$5 VWUXFWXUHV DUH VLPLODU WR VWUXFWXUHV LQ & RU UHFRUGV LQ 3DVFDO 6WUXFWXUHV DOORZ \RX WR JURXS WRJHWKHU D VHW RI UHODWHG GDWD LQWR RQH FRQFHSWXDO XQLW &RQVLGHU IRU H[DPSOH KRZ \RX PLJKW UHSUHVHQW VRPHWKLQJ OLNH WKH VL]H DQG VKDSH RI D EXWWRQ RQ WKH VFUHHQ <RX FRXOG NHHS WUDFN RI WKH KRUL]RQWDO DQG YHUWLFDO ORFDWLRQ DQG WKH OHQJWK DQG ZLGWK RI WKH EXWWRQ DV D VHW RI LQWHJHU YDULDEOHV %XW WKDW
V DOUHDG\ IRXU YDULDEOHV MXVW IRU RQH EXWWRQ ,Q SUDFWLFH \RX RIWHQ ILQG WKDW \RX QHHG WR XVH D JURXS RI PDQ\ PRUH WKDQ MXVW IRXU YDULDEOHV WR UHSUHVHQW VRPH FRQFHSWV <RXU EXWWRQ IRU H[DPSOH FRXOG DOVR KDYH D ODEHO D FRORU DQG D IRQW DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK LW ,I \RX KDG WR H[SOLFLWO\ GHFODUH DQG QDPH YDULDEOHV IRU HDFK RI WKHVH SURSHUWLHV WKHQ LW ZRXOG VRRQ EHFRPH XQPDQDJHDEOH

6WUXFWXUHV DOORZ \RX WR FUHDWH D VRUW RI GDWD WHPSODWH IRU DQ LGHD DQG WKHQ RQFH WKH WHPSODWH LV GHFODUHG \RX FDQ FUHDWH PXOWLSOH LQVWDQFHV RI WKLV LGHD HDFK ZLWK LWV RZQ LQGLYLGXDO VHW RI GDWD
([DPSOH 'HFODUDWLRQV RI 7ZR %XWWRQV ZLWKRXW WKH 8VH RI 6WUXFWXUHV FKDU EXWWRQBODEHO>@ LQWHJHU EXWWRQBKFHQWHU EXWWRQBYFHQWHU LQWHJHU EXWWRQBKVL]H EXWWRQBYVL]H FKDU EXWWRQBODEHO>@ LQWHJHU EXWWRQBKFHQWHU EXWWRQBYFHQWHU LQWHJHU EXWWRQBKVL]H EXWWRQBYVL]H ([DPSOH 'HFODUDWLRQV RI 7ZR %XWWRQV ZLWK WKH 8VH RI 6WUXFWXUHV VWUXFW SL[HO KDV LQWHJHU + 9 HQG  SL[HO VWUXFW EXWWRQ KDV FKDU ODEHO>@ SL[HO W\SH FHQWHU VL]H YDULDEOHV HQG  EXWWRQ EXWWRQ W\SH EXWWRQ EXWWRQ YDULDEOHV  $ VWUXFWXUH W\SH GHFODUDWLRQ SL[HO LV D QHZ VWUXFWXUH W\SH 8VHU'HILQHG 7\SHV

 $ VWUXFWXUH W\SH GHFODUDWLRQ EXWWRQ LV D QHZ VWUXFWXUH W\SH  $ VWUXFWXUH YDULDEOH GHFDODUDWLRQ FHQWHU DQG VL]H DUH QHZ

 $ VWUXFWXUH YDULDEOH GHFODUDWLRQ EXWWRQ DQG EXWWRQ DUH QHZ

$FFHVVLQJ D 6WUXFWXUH
V )LHOGV

(DFK RI WKH GDWD HOHPHQWV RU ILHOGV LQ D VWUXFWXUH KDV D QDPH MXVW OLNH D UHJXODU YDULDEOH $ ILHOG LV DFFHVVHG E\ JLYLQJ WKH QDPH RI WKH VWUXFWXUH YDULDEOH IROORZHG E\ D VLQJOH TXRWH DQG D OHWWHU V IROORZHG E\ WKH QDPH RI WKH ILHOG 7KH VLQJOH

6WUXFWXUHV



TXRWH DQG OHWWHU V DUH WRJHWKHU NQRZQ DV WKH DSRVWURSKH V RSHUDWRU ZKLFK LV XVHG WR GHQRWH SRVVHVVLRQ DV LQ (QJOLVK
([DPSOH $FFHVVLQJ D 6WUXFWXUHV )LHOGV SL[HO W\SH VFUHHQBFHQWHU VFUHHQBFHQWHU
V +  VFUHHQBFHQWHU
V 9  ZULWH FHQWHU RI WKH VFUHHQ

 VFUHHQBFHQWHU
V +   VFUHHQBFHQWHU
V 9 

6LQFH VWUXFWXUHV PD\ DOVR FRQWDLQ RWKHU VWUXFWXUHV \RX PD\ KDYH WR GHUHIHUHQFH D VWUXFWXUH PXOWLSOH WLPHV WR JHW DW WKH ILHOG \RX QHHG )RU H[DPSOH
([DPSOH $FFHVVLQJ D 1HVWHG 6WUXFWXUHV )LHOGV EXWWRQ W\SH EXWWRQ EXWWRQ
V ODEHO TXLW  EXWWRQ
V VL]H
V +  EXWWRQ
V VL]H
V 9   D VLQJOH ILHOG GHUHIHUHQFH  PXOWLSOH ILHOG GHUHIHUHQFHV

7KH :LWK 6WDWHPHQW

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
)LJXUH  7KH :LWK 6WDWHPHQW ZLWK VWUXFW H[SUHVVLRQ! GR GHFODUDWLRQV! VWDWHPHQWV! HQG

:LWK VWDWHPHQWV PD\ EH QHVWHG LQ ZKLFK FDVH WKH SULRULW\ JRHV WR WKH LQQHUPRVW EORFN ,I \RX DUH IDPLOLDU ZLWK 3DVFDO QRWH WKDW 20$5V ZLWK VWDWHPHQW GLIIHUV IURP 3DVFDO
V EHFDXVH LW UHTXLUHV WKH LWV SURQRXQ WR H[SOLFLWO\ UHIHU WR D ILHOG LQVWHDG RI KDYLQJ DQ\ XQUHVROYHG LGHQWLILHU LPSOLFLWO\ UHIHU WR D ILHOG RI WKH REMHFW 7KLV PDNHV 20$5V ZLWK VWDWHPHQW PXFK VDIHU EHFDXVH \RX GRQW KDYH WR



8VHU'HILQHG 7\SHV

ZRUU\ DERXW D UHIHUHQFH WR D ORFDO YDULDEOH LQVLGH RI D ZLWK EORFN UHIHUULQJ WR D VWUXFWXUH PHPEHU E\ PLVWDNH
([DPSOH 8VLQJ D :LWK 6WDWHPHQW EXWWRQ W\SH EXWWRQ ZLWK EXWWRQ GR LWV ODEHO TXLW  ZLWK LWV FHQWHU GR LWV +  LWV 9  ZULWH EXWWRQ
V FHQWHU HQG  ZLWK HQG  ZLWK

 LWV +   LWV 9 

$VVLJQLQJ 6WUXFWXUHV
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
([DPSOH $VVLJQLQJ 6WUXFWXUHV SL[HO W\SH SL[HO SL[HO W\SH SL[HO SL[HO W\SH SL[HO SL[HO
V +  SL[HO
V 9  SL[HO SL[HO SL[HO LV SL[HO SL[HO
V +  ZULWH + RI SL[HO  SL[HO
V +  ZULWH + RI SL[HO  SL[HO
V +  ZULWH + RI SL[HO  SL[HO
V +   SL[HO LV D FRS\ RI SL[HO  SL[HO UHIHUV WR SL[HO  ZULWHV RXW   ZULWHV RXW   ZULWHV RXW  8VHU'HILQHG 7\SHV

6WUXFWXUHV



3ULPLWLYH 7\SHV DQG 5HIHUHQFH 7\SHV

6WUXFWXUHG W\SHV VWUXFWXUHV VXEMHFWV DQG DUUD\V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

8QDOORFDWHG 2EMHFWV

,Q RUGHU WR VLJQLI\ WR WKH FRPSXWHU WKDW DQ REMHFW LV QR ORQJHU QHHGHG DQG PD\ EH UHFODLPHG \RX FDQ DVVLJQ WKH UHIHUHQFH WR LW D VSHFLDO YDOXH FDOOHG QRQH WKDW LQGLFDWHV WKDW WKH UHIHUHQFH QR ORQJHU UHIHUV WR DQ\ VWUXFWXUH LQVWDQFH ,I D UHIHUHQFH WR D VWUXFWXUH LV QRQH WKHQ \RX PD\ QRW DFFHVV DQ\ RI LWV ILHOGV EHFDXVH LW LV QRW YDOLG ,I \RX WU\ WR DFFHVV D ILHOG RI D VWUXFWXUH WKDW LV QRQH GHDOORFDWHG LQYDOLG WKHQ D UXQWLPH HUURU UHVXOWV 8QXVHG REMHFWV DUH HYHQWXDOO\ UHFODLPHG E\ D VSHFLDO PHFKDQLVP NQRZQ DV WKH JDUEDJH FROOHFWRU DQG UHXVHG E\ WKH V\VWHP

([DPSOH )UHHLQJ D 6WUXFWXUH IRU 'HDOORFDWLRQ EXWWRQ W\SH EXWWRQ EXWWRQ

V ODEHO TXLW  EXWWRQ LV QRQH ZULWH EXWWRQ
V ODEHO  EXWWRQ
V ODEHO 

 UXQWLPH HUURU  EXWWRQ LV QRQH

1RUPDOO\ ZKHQ \RX GHFODUH D VWUXFWXUH WKH VWUXFWXUH LV DXWRPDWLFDOO\ DOORFDWHG IRU \RX MXVW DV D SULPLWLYH W\SH VXFK DV DQ LQWHJHU RU FKDU ZRXOG EH 6LQFH REMHFWV PD\ EH FUHDWHG G\QDPLFDOO\ DV WKH SURJUDP UXQV \RX PD\ ZLVK WR GHIHU WKH FUHDWLRQ RI WKH REMHFW XQWLO ODWHU ZKHQ LW LV PRUH DSSURSULDWH WR DOORFDWH WKH VWUXFWXUH 7KLV LV GRQH E\ LQLWLDOL]LQJ WKH VWUXFWXUH WR QRQH LQVLGH RI WKH LQLWLDOL]HU SRUWLRQ RI WKH GHFODUDWLRQ



8VHU'HILQHG 7\SHV

'\QDPLFDOO\ &UHDWLQJ 2EMHFWV

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 ,I \RX WU\ WR QHZ DQ REMHFW WKDW DOUHDG\ UHIHUV WR DQ DOORFDWHG REMHFW WKHQ D UXQWLPH HUURU UHVXOWV

([DPSOH '\QDPLFDOO\ $OORFDWLQJ 2EMHFWV EXWWRQ W\SH EXWWRQ LV QRQH QHZ EXWWRQ EXWWRQ
V ODEHO QHZ EXWWRQ TXLW 

 HUURU  EXWWRQ LV DOUHDG\ DOORFDWHG QRW QRQH 8VHU'HILQHG 7\SHV

&UHDWLQJ 0XOWLSOH 5HIHUHQFHV WR DQ 2EMHFW

<RX FDQ YLVXDOL]H D YDULDEOH RI D UHIHUHQFH W\SH HLWKHU D VWUXFWXUH RU D FODVV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

'\QDPLFDOO\ &UHDWLQJ 2EMHFWV



([DPSOH &UHDWLQJ 0XOWLSOH 5HIHUHQFHV WR D 6WUXFWXUH EXWWRQ W\SH EXWWRQ EXWWRQ W\SH EXWWRQ LV EXWWRQ EXWWRQ W\SH EXWWRQ LV QRQH  FUHDWHV D VWUXFWXUH UHIHUUHG WR E\ EXWWRQ  FUHDWHV DQRWKHU UHIHUHQFH WR EXWWRQ  FUHDWHV D UHIHUHQFH WR QRQH

EXWWRQ LV EXWWRQ  EXWWRQ DQG EXWWRQ VKDUH GDWD ZLWK EXWWRQ EXWWRQ
V QDPH TXLW  ZULWH EXWWRQ
V QDPH  EXWWRQ
V QDPH   SULQWV WKH QDPH RI EXWWRQ VDPH DV EXWWRQ ZULWH EXWWRQ
V QDPH  EXWWRQ
V QDPH   SULQWV WKH QDPH RI EXWWRQ VDPH DV EXWWRQ

6LQFH DUUD\V DUH DOVR FRQVLGHUHG WR EH VWUXFWXUHG W\SHV \RX PD\ DOVR FUHDWH PXOWLSOH UHIHUHQFHV WR DUUD\V $UUD\V DUH VRPHZKDW VLPSOHU WKDQ VWUXFWXUHV RU FODVVHV WKRXJK EHFDXVH \RX PD\ QHYHU KDYH FLUFXODU UHIHUHQFHV )RU H[DPSOH \RX PD\ KDYH D VWUXFWXUH ZKHUH RQH RI WKH ILHOGV LV DFWXDOO\ D UHIHUHQFH WR WKH RULJLQDO VWUXFWXUH :LWK DUUD\V WKLV LV QRW SRVVLEOH EHFDXVH WKH GLPHQVLRQV RI WKH HOHPHQWV DUH DOZD\V OHVV WKDQ WKH GLPHQVLRQV RI WKH RULJLQDO DUUD\
([DPSOH &UHDWLQJ 0XOWLSOH 5HIHUHQFHV WR DQ $UUD\ LQWHJHU L>@ LQWHJHU M>@ LV L L>@  ZULWH YDOXH RI M>@  M>@   DUUD\ M VKDUHV GDWD ZLWK DUUD\ L  YHULI\ WKDW WKH FRQWHQWV RI M DUH WKH VDPH DV WKH FRQWHQWV RI L

)UHHLQJ 2EMHFWV

5HPHPEHU WKDW UHIHUHQFH W\SHV DUH DOORFDWHG HLWKHU E\ WKHLU GHFODUDWLRQV RU E\ D IROORZLQJ QHZ VWDWHPHQW $W VRPH SRLQW ZKHQ \RX DUH ILQLVKHG XVLQJ WKHVH REMHFWV \RX DUH JRLQJ WR ZDQW WR UHWXUQ WKHP WR WKH V\VWHP IRU UHXVH ,I \RX DUH D & SURJUDPPHU WKHQ \RX NQRZ WKDW HDFK FDOO WR QHZ VKRXOG HYHQWXDOO\ EH IROORZHG E\ D GHOHWH FRPPDQG WR GHDOORFDWH HDFK REMHFW

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



8VHU'HILQHG 7\SHV

 5HIHUHQFHV WR DQ REMHFW DUH DOVR LPSOLFLWO\ UHPRYHG ZKHQ \RX KDYH D VWUXFWXUH WKDW FRQWDLQV UHIHUHQFHV WR RWKHU VWUXFWXUHV :KHQ WKH UHIHUHQFHV WR WKH SDUHQW VWUXFWXUH DUH UHPRYHG WKHQ DQ\ RI LWV ILHOGV QRW UHIHUHQFHG HOVHZKHUH ZLOO EH IUHHG XS IRU UHF\FOLQJ
/LVWLQJ  ,PSOLFLWO\ )UHHLQJ 2EMHFWV GR WHVW LQWHJHU L>@ YHUE GRBVWXII LV  ZKHQ WKLV SURFHGXUH HQGV M DQG N GLVDSSHDU 6LQFH WKH YDULDEOH L DOVR UHIHUHQFHV WKH DUUD\  >   @ WKLV DUUD\ SHUVLVWV DIWHU WKH SURFHGXUH LV ILQLVKHG 7KH RWKHU DUUD\ >   @  LV UHF\FOHG EHFDXVH WKH RQO\ UHIHUHQFH WR LW M KDV GLVDSSHDUHG LQWHJHU M>@ >   @ LQWHJHU N>@ >   @ L LV N HQG  GRBVWXII  OHW WKH H[WHUQDO YDULDEOH L VKDUH WKH DUUD\ >   @

YHUE WHVW LV GRBVWXII ZULWH PLQ PD[ L HQG  WHVW

 PLQ L   PD[ L 

7HVWLQJ 2EMHFW $OORFDWLRQ

2IWHQ \RX QHHG WR FKHFN ZKHWKHU DQ REMHFW KDV EHHQ DOORFDWHG EHIRUH \RX SHUIRUP VRPH RSHUDWLRQ ZLWK LW 2QH ZD\ WR GR VR ZRXOG EH WR XVH WKH IROORZLQJ V\QWD[
8VHU'HILQHG 7\SHV

([DPSOH 7HVWLQJ :KHWKHU DQ 2EMHFW +DV %HHQ $OORFDWHG LI EXWWRQ LVQW QRQH WKHQ ^RSHUDWLRQV LQYROYLQJ EXWWRQ` HQG

$V DQ DOWHUQDWLYH WR WKH SHFXOLDU GRXEOHQHJDWLYH V\QWD[ LQ WKH H[DPSOH DERYH 20$5 SURYLGHV D VRPH RSHUDWRU ZKLFK ZRUNV OLNH D ERROHDQ TXHVWLRQ WDNLQJ DQ REMHFW YDULDEOH DV LWV SDUDPHWHU DQG DQVZHULQJ WUXH LI WKH REMHFW KDV EHHQ DOORFDWHG %\ XVLQJ VRPH ZKHUH DSSURSULDWH \RX FDQ PDNH \RXU FRGH PRUH UHDGDEOH DQG (QJOLVKOLNH
([DPSOH 7HVWLQJ 2EMHFW $OORFDWLRQ 8VLQJ WKH VRPH 2SHUDWRU LI VRPH EXWWRQ WKHQ ^RSHUDWLRQV LQYROYLQJ EXWWRQ` HQG

7HVWLQJ 2EMHFW $OORFDWLRQ





8VHU'HILQHG 7\SHV

,QWURGXFWLRQ WR 2EMHFW2ULHQWHG 3URJUDPPLQJ

7KLV FKDSWHU LQWURGXFHV WKH EDVLF HOHPHQWV RI 20$5V REMHFWRULHQWHG IHDWXUHV 7KH EDVLF LGHD EHKLQG REMHFWRULHQWHG SURJUDPPLQJ 223 LV WKDW LQVWHDG RI KDYLQJ WKH GDWD DQG LQVWUXFWLRQV IRU HDFK FRQFHSWXDO HQWLW\ VSUHDG WKURXJKRXW WKH SURJUDP RU JURXSHG WRJHWKHU VLPSO\ E\ FRQYHQWLRQ WKHUH RXJKW WR EH DQ H[SOLFLW VWUXFWXUHG PHWKRG RI JURXSLQJ WRJHWKHU GDWD DQG LQVWUXFWLRQV WKDW EHORQJ WR D SDUWLFXODU LGHD ,Q 20$5 DV LQ RWKHU REMHFWRULHQWHG ODQJXDJHV \RX FDQ SDFNDJH GDWD DQG LQVWUXFWLRQV LQ FRQFHSWXDO XQLWV FDOOHG FODVVHV (DFK FODVV VHUYHV DV RQH FRPSOHWH FRPSXWDWLRQDO GHVFULSWLRQ RI DQ LGHD

&+$37(5 

&ODVV &RPSRQHQWV 0HWKRGV 0HPEHUV

7KH WZR PDLQ FRPSRQHQWV RI D FODVV DUH WKH GDWD DQG WKH LQVWUXFWLRQV WKDW DUH XVHG WR UHSUHVHQW DQ REMHFW 7KH GDWD FRQVLVWV RI D QXPEHU RI GDWD ILHOGV MXVW OLNH LQ D VWUXFWXUH 7KH GDWD ILHOGV WKDW EHORQJ WR D FODVV DUH NQRZQ DV LWV PHPEHUV 7KH LQVWUXFWLRQV WKDW EHORQJ WR D FODVV DUH SDFNDJHG DV D VHULHV RI SURFHGXUHV WKDW RQO\ REMHFWV RI WKDW SDUWLFXODU FODVV PD\ LQYRNH 7KH SURFHGXUHV WKDW EHORQJ WR D FODVV DUH NQRZQ DV LWV PHWKRGV



&ODVV 'HFODUDWLRQV ,QWHUIDFH ,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ

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

1RWH WKDW WKLV RUJDQL]DWLRQ LV GLIIHUHQW IURP -DYD ZKHUH DOO RI WKH FRGH IRU WKH FODVV LV EXQFKHG WRJHWKHU LQ RQFH SODFH DQG \RX KDYH WR VHDUFK WKURXJK DOO RI WKH FRGH LQ WKH FODVV WR ILQG ZKLFK WKLQJV DUH YLVLEOH IURP RXWVLGH WKH FODVV DQG ZKLFK WKLQJV DUH PHUHO\ SULYDWH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ GHWDLOV 6RPHWLPHV WKLV VKRUW FRPLQJ LV DOOHYLDWHG E\ KDYLQJ VRSKLVWLFDWHG FRGH GHYHORSPHQW HQYLURQPHQWV WKDW OHW \RX KLGH WKH PHWKRG LPSOHPHQWDWLRQV XQOHVV \RX QHHG WR VHH WKHP +RZHYHU LW LV JHQHUDOO\ EHWWHU WR KDYH WKLV VWUXFWXUH LPSRVHG E\ WKH ODQJXDJH LWVHOI ,Q & WKH FODVV LQWHUIDFH LV EURXJKW WRJHWKHU LQ RQH SODFH DV LQ 20$5 EXW WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ PD\ EH VFDWWHUHG DERXW RU HYHQ LQ PXOWLSOH ILOHV
)LJXUH  7KH %DVLF &ODVV 'HFODUDWLRQ VXEMHFW QDPH! GRHV PHWKRGV! KDV PHPEHUV! LV LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ! HQG

 7KH LQWHUIDFH SRUWLRQ  LQWURGXFHV WKH  PHWKRGV DQG PHPEHUV

 ,QWURGXFWLRQ WR 2EMHFW2ULHQWHG 3URJUDPPLQJ

([DPSOH $ &ODVV RI &LUFOHV VXEMHFW FLUFOH GRHV  0HWKRGV YHUE SULQW YHUE PRYH WR YHFWRU ORFDWLRQ HQG VFDODU TXHVWLRQ FLUFXPIHUHQFH VFDODU TXHVWLRQ DUHD KDV  0HPEHUV YHFWRU FHQWHU   ! SXEOLF VFDODU UDGLXV  LV  ,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ YHUE SULQW LV ZULWH FLUFOH ZLWK   ZULWH FHQWHU  FHQWHU  ZULWH UDGLXV  UDGLXV  ZULWH FLUFXPIHUHQFH  FLUFXPIHUHQFH  ZULWH DUHD  DUHD  HQG  SULQW YHUE PRYH WR YHFWRU ORFDWLRQ LV FHQWHU ORFDWLRQ HQG  PRYH VFDODU TXHVWLRQ FLUFXPIHUHQFH LV DQVZHU   UDGLXV HQG  FLUFXPIHUHQFH VFDODU TXHVWLRQ DUHD LV DQVZHU  UDGLXV UDGLXV HQG  DUHD HQG  FLUFOH

&ODVV ,QVWDQFHV 2EMHFWV

7KH FODVV GHILQHV HYHU\WKLQJ WKDW WKH FRPSXWHU QHHGV WR NQRZ DERXW D FHUWDLQ FRQFHSW 7KH FODVV GRHVQ
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

,QWURGXFWLRQ WR 2EMHFW 2ULHQWHG 3URJUDPPLQJ

&ODVV ,QVWDQFHV 2EMHFWV



LV FUHDWHG 7KH FODVV LWVHOI LV OLNH D WHPSODWH WKDW GHVFULEHV KRZ WR FUHDWH WKHVH FROOHFWLRQV RI GDWD RU REMHFWV
([DPSOH &UHDWLQJ ,QVWDQFHV RI D &ODVV FLUFOH W\SH FLUFOH FLUFOH W\SH FLUFOH FLUFOH

,QYRNLQJ DQ 2EMHFW
V 0HWKRGV

,Q 20$5 WR LQYRNH DQ REMHFW

V PHWKRG \RX VLPSO\ VWDWH WKH QDPH RI WKH REMHFW IROORZHG E\ WKH PHWKRG QDPH DQG WKH PHWKRG
V SDUDPHWHUV LI DQ\ 1RWH WKDW WKH GRW RSHUDWRU RU DQ\ RWKHU RSHUDWRU LV QRW UHTXLUHG DV LW LV LQ -DYD RU & 7KH QDPH RI WKH PHWKRG VLPSO\ IROORZV WKH QDPH RI WKH REMHFW ,Q 20$5 ZKHQ RQH RI WKHVH REMHFWV LV XVHG LQ FRQMXQFWLRQ ZLWK RQH RI LWV PHWKRGV WKHQ LW LV NQRZQ DV D VXEMHFW EHFDXVH IURP WKH VWDQGSRLQW RI (QJOLVK JUDPPDU WKLV LV D PRUH DFFXUDWH GHVFULSWLRQ RI LWV UROH LQ WKH VWDWHPHQW

([DPSOH ,QYRNLQJ 0HWKRGV WKH 6XEMHFW9HUE )RUPDW FLUFOH W\SH FLUFOH FLUFOH SULQW ZULWH DUHD  FLUFOH DUHD   &DOO D VXEMHFW
V YHUE PHWKRGV  &DOO D VXEMHFW
V TXHVWLRQ PHWKRGV

,I \RX DUH XVHG WR SURJUDPPLQJ LQ D QRQREMHFWRULHQWHG ODQJXDJH VXFK DV 3DVFDO RU & LW PD\ VHHP VWUDQJH WKDW WKH FLUFOH
V PHWKRG DUHD LV DEOH WR VD\ DQ\WKLQJ DW DOO DERXW WKH FLUFOH VLQFH LW KDV QR SDUDPHWHUV ,Q IDFW WKH PHWKRG GRHV KDYH D SDUDPHWHU DQ LQYLVLEOH SDUDPHWHU :KHQHYHU D PHWKRG LV FDOOHG E\ D VXEMHFW LQ WKLV ZD\ WKH VXEMHFW LPSOLFLWO\ EHFRPHV WKH ILUVW SDUDPHWHU WR WKH PHWKRG FDOO $OO QRUPDO SURFHGXUHV OLVWHG DV PHWKRGV RI D SDUWLFXODU FODVV KDYH WKLV LPSOLFLW REMHFW SDUDPHWHU DQG PD\ DFFHVV WKH REMHFWV PHPEHUV 7KLV ZLOO EH FRYHUHG PRUH ODWHU LQ WKH VHFWLRQ RQ REMHFWLYH PHWKRGV
)LJXUH  &RPSDULQJ 20$5 ZLWK (QJOLVK *UDPPDWLFDO 6WUXFWXUH 9HUE 9HUE 2EMHFWV 6XEMHFW 9HUE 6XEMHFW 9HUE 2EMHFWV (QJOLVK 6WRS 'HVWUR\ WKH GRFXPHQW )UHG ZULWHV )UHG ZULWHV GRFXPHQWV 20$5 TXLW IUHH KDVKWDEOH KDVKWDEOH LQLWLDOL]H KDVKWDEOH HQWHU WKLQJ DV )UHG 

 ,QWURGXFWLRQ WR 2EMHFW2ULHQWHG 3URJUDPPLQJ

$FFHVVLQJ DQ 2EMHFW
V 0HPEHUV

$Q REMHFWV PHPEHUV DUH PXFK OLNH WKH GDWD ILHOGV RI D VWUXFWXUH 7R DFFHVV DQ REMHFW
V PHPEHUV \RX XVH WKH VDPH V\QWD[ DV LV XVHG WR DFFHVV D VWUXFWXUHV ILHOGV WKH REMHFW QDPH IROORZHG E\ WKH
V RSHUDWRU IROORZHG E\ WKH QDPH RI WKH PHPEHU 0RVW ZHOOGHVLJQHG FODVVHV UHTXLUH LQYRNLQJ WKH FODVV PHWKRGV WR PDQLSXODWH LWV GDWD LQVWHDG RI DOORZLQJ GLUHFW DFFHVV WR LWV PHPEHUV 7KHUH PD\ EH LQVWDQFHV KRZHYHU ZKHQ \RX ZDQW WR DFFHVV WKH PHPEHUV RI DQ REMHFW GLUHFWO\

([DPSOH $FFHVVLQJ 0HPEHUV FLUFOH W\SH FLUFOH FLUFOH

V UDGLXV  ZULWH UDGLXV  FLUFOH
V UDGLXV 

)URP RXWVLGH RI D FODVV GHFODUDWLRQ DQ REMHFW VHHPV D ORW OLNH D VWUXFWXUH ,QVLGH RI WKH FODVV PHWKRG GHFODUDWLRQV KRZHYHU \RX PD\ KDYH QRWLFHG WKDW WKHUH LV VRPHWKLQJ VWUDQJH JRLQJ RQ 7DNH D ORRN DW WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ VHFWLRQ RI WKH FLUFOH FODVV 1RWH WKDW LQVLGH RI D PHWKRG GHFODUDWLRQ WKH PHPEHUV RI WKDW FODVV DUH UHIHUUHG WR GLUHFWO\ ZLWKRXW DQ\ UHIHUHQFH WR WKH REMHFW WR ZKLFK WKH\ EHORQJ
([DPSOH $FFHVVLQJ WKH 0HPEHUV RI DQ 2EMHFW ,QVLGH RI WKH &ODVV 'HFODUDWLRQ YHUE SULQW LV ZULWH FLUFOH ZLWK   ZULWH FHQWHU  FHQWHU  ZULWH UDGLXV  UDGLXV  ZULWH FLUFXPIHUHQFH  FLUFXPIHUHQFH  ZULWH DUHD  DUHD  HQG  SULQW

 &HQWHU RI ZKDW"  5DGLXV RI ZKDW"  &LUFXPIHUHQFH RI ZKDW"  $UHD RI ZKDW"

+RZ GRHV WKH FRPSLOHU NQRZ ZKDW REMHFW WR JHW WKHVH PHPEHUV IURP LI WKHUH DUH QR SDUDPHWHUV WR WKH PHWKRG" 7KH FXOSULW KHUH LV RQFH DJDLQ WKH LQYLVLEOH SDUDPHWHU WKDW ZDV PHQWLRQHG DERYH 5HPHPEHU WKDW ZKHQ D PHWKRG LV FDOOHG LW LV FDOOHG IURP DQ REMHFW WKDW EHFRPHV DQ LQYLVLEOH SDUDPHWHU WR WKH PHWKRG 6R WKH DERYH FRGH LV DFWXDOO\ FRPSLOHG DV
([DPSOH 0DNLQJ WKH ,PSOLFLW 3DUDPHWHU LQ WKH &RGH $ERYH ([SOLFLW YHUE SULQW FLUFOH W\SH FLUFOH  ,QYLVLEOH LPSOLFLW FLUFOH SDUDPHWHU LV ZULWH FLUFOH ZLWK   ZULWH FHQWHU  FLUFOH
V FHQWHU   0HPEHU RI LQYLVLEOH FLUFOH SDUDPHWHU ZULWH UDGLXV  FLUFOH
V UDGLXV   0HPEHU RI LQYLVLEOH FLUFOH SDUDPHWHU ZULWH FLUFXPIHUHQFH  FLUFOH FLUFXPIHUHQFH   &DOO PHWKRG ZLWK LQYLVLEOH SDUDPHWHU ZULWH DUHD  FLUFOH DUHD   &DOO PHWKRG ZLWK LQYLVLEOH SDUDPHWHU HQG  SULQW

,QWURGXFWLRQ WR 2EMHFW 2ULHQWHG 3URJUDPPLQJ

$FFHVVLQJ DQ 2EMHFW
V 0HPEHUV



1R WKLV 3DUDPHWHU

20$5V LQYLVLEOH SDUDPHWHU LV YHU\ VLPLODU WR WKH LPSOLFLW WKLV SDUDPHWHU LQ -DYD DQG & ,Q 20$5 KRZHYHU LQVWHDG RI PDNLQJ XS DQ DUELWUDU\ QDPH IRU WKH LQYLVLEOH SDUDPHWHU LW LV VLPSO\ JLYHQ WKH QDPH RI WKH FODVV VR LI WKH FODVV QDPH LV FLUFOH WKHQ WKH SDUDPHWHU LV D FLUFOH W\SH FLUFOH ,I WKH FODVV QDPH ZHUH VTXDUH WKHQ WKHUH ZRXOG EH D VTXDUH W\SH VTXDUH SDUDPHWHU LQ HYHU\ QRUPDO PHWKRG GHFODUDWLRQ RI WKH VTXDUH FODVV

&RQVWUXFWRUV

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

/LVWLQJ  $ &ODVV ZLWK D &RQVWUXFWRU GR WHVW VXEMHFW WKLQJ GRHV YHUE QHZ KDV SXEOLF LQWHJHU LG LV YHUE QHZ LV VWDWLF LQWHJHU FRXQWHU  FRXQWHU LWVHOI   LG FRXQWHU HQG  QHZ HQG  WKLQJ YHUE WHVW LV WKLQJ W\SH WKLQJ WKLQJ ZULWH WKLQJ
V LG ZULWH WKLQJ
V LG HQG  WHVW  WKLQJ
V LG   WKLQJ
V LG   6KRXOG ZULWH RXW   6KRXOG ZULWH RXW   FRQVWUXFWRU

2IWHQ ZKHQ \RX GHILQH D FRQVWUXFWRU \RX ILQG WKDW VRPH H[WUD LQIRUPDWLRQ PXVW EH SURYLGHG WR WKH FRQVWUXFWRU LQ WKH IRUP RI SDUDPHWHUV ,Q WKLV FDVH WKH V\QWD[ IRU WKH REMHFW GHFODUDWLRQV UHTXLUHV WKDW WKH SDUDPHWHUV EH JLYHQ LPPHGLDWHO\ IROORZLQJ WKH QDPH RI WKH QHZ REMHFW LQVWDQFH YDULDEOH ,W
V VRUW RI OLNH D YDULDEOH GHFODUDWLRQ DQG PHWKRG FDOO FRPELQHG LQWR RQH

 ,QWURGXFWLRQ WR 2EMHFW2ULHQWHG 3URJUDPPLQJ

([DPSOH $ &ODVV ZLWK D 3DUDPHWHUL]HG &RQVWUXFWRU VXEMHFW FLUFOH GRHV  0HWKRGV  YHUE QHZ DW YHFWRU FHQWHU   ! ZLWK VFDODU UDGLXV  HQG KDV  0HPEHUV  YHFWRU FHQWHU   ! VFDODU UDGLXV  LV  ,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ  YHUE QHZ DW YHFWRU FHQWHU   ! ZLWK VFDODU UDGLXV  LV FLUFOH
V FHQWHU FHQWHU FLUFOH
V UDGLXV UDGLXV HQG  QHZ HQG  WKLQJ ([DPSOH ,QVWDQWLDWLQJ 2EMHFWV ZLWK D 3DUDPHWHUL]HG &RQVWUXFWRU YHUE WHVW LV FLUFOH W\SH FLUFOH FLUFOH W\SH FLUFOH DW   ! FLUFOH W\SH FLUFOH DW   ! ZLWK UDGLXV  HQG HQG  WHVW  8VH GHIDXOW YDOXHV IRU FRQVWUXFWRU SDUDPHWHUV  6HW ILUVW FRQVWUXFWRU SDUDPHWHU  6HW ERWK FRQVWUXFWRU SDUDPHWHUV

,I D FODVV KDV D FRQVWUXFWRU WKDW KDV PDQGDWRU\ SDUDPHWHUV GHILQHG WKHQ ZKHUHYHU DQ REMHFW RI WKH FODVV LV FUHDWHG DSSURSULDWH SDUDPHWHU YDOXHV PXVW IROORZ WR VDWLVI\ WKH QHHGV RI WKH FRQVWUXFWRU ,Q WKH H[DPSOH DERYH LI WKH FLUFOH FODVV
V FRQVWUXFWRU KDG PDQGDWRU\ SDUDPHWHUV IRU WKH ORFDWLRQ DQG UDGLXV RI WKH FLUFOH WKHQ \RX FRXOG QRW LQVWDQWLDWH D FLUFOH ZLWKRXW LQFOXGLQJ H[SUHV VLRQV IRU WKHVH SDUDPHWHUV

,QWURGXFWLRQ WR 2EMHFW 2ULHQWHG 3URJUDPPLQJ

&RQVWUXFWRUV



'HVWUXFWRUV

6RPHWLPHV \RX PD\ KDYH D FODVV RI REMHFW IRU ZKLFK \RX ZLVK WR SHUIRUP VRPH W\SH RI FOHDQXS RSHUDWLRQV ZKHQ DQ LQVWDQFH RI WKH FODVV LV GHVWUR\HG )RU PRVW QRUPDO REMHFWV DQ\ QHFHVVDU\ FOHDQXS RSHUDWLRQV DUH FDUULHG RXW E\ WKH JDUEDJH FROOHFWRU ZKLFK IUHHV XS PHPRU\ IRU DQ\ VXEREMHFWV WKDW DUH XVHG E\ WKH IUHHG REMHFW &HUWDLQ RWKHU W\SHV RI REMHFWVIRU H[DPSOH ILOHV RU QHWZRUN VRFNHWV PD\ FRQWDLQ UHVRXUFHV IRU ZKLFK VRPH VSHFLDO W\SH RI ILQDOL]DWLRQ LV UHTXLUHG ZKHQ WKHVH REMHFWV DUH IUHHG

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
/LVWLQJ  ,QYRNLQJ WKH *DUEDJH &ROOHFWRU DQG 'HVWUXFWRUV GR WHVW VXEMHFW WKLQJ GRHV YHUE QHZ YHUE IUHH KDV SXEOLF LQWHJHU LQGH[ LV LQWHJHU FRXQWHU 

 FRQVWUXFWRU  GHVWUXFWRU   FRXQWHU RI QXPEHU RI REMHFWV DOORFDWHG

YHUE QHZ LV FRXQWHU LWVHOI   ZULWH FRQVWUXFWLQJ WKLQJ LQGH[ FRXQWHU HQG  QHZ YHUE IUHH LV ZULWH GHVWUXFWLQJ WKLQJ FRXQWHU LWVHOI   HQG  IUHH

 FRXQWHU 

 LQGH[ 

ZULWH LQLWLDOL]LQJ FODVV   ZULWH LQLWLDO FRXQWHU  FRXQWHU  HQG  WKLQJ

 ,QWURGXFWLRQ WR 2EMHFW2ULHQWHG 3URJUDPPLQJ

/LVWLQJ  ,QYRNLQJ WKH *DUEDJH &ROOHFWRU DQG 'HVWUXFWRUV &RQWLQXHG YHUE WHVW LV WKLQJ W\SH WKLQJ LV QRQH LQWHJHU FRXQWHU  ZKLOH WUXH GR QHZ WKLQJ WKLQJ LV QRQH FRXQWHU LWVHOI    FROOHFW JDUEDJH HYHU\  LWHUDWLRQV  LI FRXQWHU  WKHQ UHQHZ  GR JDUEDJH FROOHFWLRQ FRXQWHU  HQG

HQG HQG  WHVW

'HVWUXFWRUV



 ,QWURGXFWLRQ WR 2EMHFW2ULHQWHG 3URJUDPPLQJ

,QWHUPHGLDWH 2EMHFW2ULHQWHG 3URJUDPPLQJ

7KLV VHFWLRQ H[DPLQHV WZR RI WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQW IHDWXUHV RI REMHFWRULHQWHG SURJUDPPLQJ LQKHULWDQFH DQG HQFDSVXODWLRQ

&+$37(5 

&RGH 5HXVH DQG 5REXVWQHVV

,Q ODUJH VFDOH SURJUDPPLQJ SURMHFWV \RX RIWHQ UXQ LQWR WZR PDMRU SUREOHPV 7KH ILUVW LV WKDW LW LV UDWKHU GLIILFXOW WR PRGLI\ DQG UHXVH H[LVWLQJ FRGH <RX FDQ ILQG H[LVWLQJ FRGH IRU GRLQJ MXVW DERXW HYHU\ LPDJLQDEOH WKLQJ 3URJUDPV KRZHYHU DUH YHU\ FRPSOH[ LQWULFDWHO\ FRQQHFWHG WKLQJV OLNH WKH VSDJKHWWL ZLULQJ LQVLGH RI DQ ROG VWHUHR V\VWHP ,I \RX ZDQW D SDUWLFXODU VHW RI IHDWXUHV LQ \RXU SURJUDP \RX RIWHQ ILQG WKDW LW LV HDVLHU DQG OHVV HUURUSURQH DQG GDQJHURXV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
V HQFDSVX ODWLRQ SULPLWLYHV PDNH LW SRVVLEOH WR FUHDWH UREXVW EXOOHWSURRI FODVVHV WKDW FDQ EH XVHG ZLWKRXW EHLQJ FRQFHUQHG DERXW WKHVH LVVXHV 2EMHFWRULHQWHG SURJUDPPLQJ LV DQ HIIRUW WR PDNH FRGH PRUH UREXVW DQG PRUH UHXVDEOH WKURXJK LQKHULWDQFH DQG HQFDSVXODWLRQ



,QKHULWDQFH

7KH EDVLF LGHD EHKLQG LQKHULWDQFH LV WKDW \RX FDQ FUHDWH FODVVHV WKDW DUH GHULYHG IURP H[LVWLQJ FODVVHV LQVWHDG RI ZULWLQJ HDFK RQH IURP VFUDWFK 7KHVH GHULYHG FODVVHV LQKHULW WKH IXQFWLRQDOLW\ RI WKH FODVV IURP ZKLFK WKH\ DUH GHULYHG WKH SDUHQW FODVV EXW WKH\ PD\ DOVR H[WHQG RU RYHUULGH WKH IXQFWLRQDOLW\ RI WKHLU SDUHQW FODVV ,I D FODVV H[WHQGV DQRWKHU FODVV WKDW PHDQV WKDW LW KDV DGGLWLRQDO GDWD DQGRU PHWKRGV WKDW WKH SDUHQW GRHV QRW KDYH ,I D FODVV RYHUULGHV LWV SDUHQW FODVV
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

([WHQGLQJ D &ODVV

7R DGG QHZ IHDWXUHV WR DQ H[LVWLQJ FODVV \RX FUHDWH D QHZ FODVV WKDW H[WHQGV WKH IHDWXUHV RI WKH ROG FODVV 7KLV QHZ FODVV LV NQRZQ DV D VXEFODVV EHFDXVH LW LV D PRUH VSHFLILF YHUVLRQ RI WKH PRUH JHQHUDO FODVV WKDW LW ZDV GHULYHG IURP 7KLV WHUPLQRORJ\ PD\ EH D OLWWOH FRQIXVLQJ EHFDXVH D VXEFODVV DFWXDOO\ KDV D VXSHUVHW RI WKH IXQFWLRQDOLW\ RI LWV SDUHQW FODVV $ VXEFODVV LV OHVV JHQHUDO EXW KDV PRUH VWXII WKDQ LWV SDUHQW FODVV 7R FUHDWH D QHZ VXEFODVV XVH WKH IROORZLQJ IRUPDW
)LJXUH  7KH %DVLF 6XEFODVV 'HFODUDWLRQ VXEMHFW QDPH! H[WHQGV SDUHQW FODVV! GRHV PHWKRGV! KDV PHPEHUV! LV LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ! HQG  &ODVV ZKLFK WKLV FODVV LV  GHULYHG IURP  7KH LQWHUIDFH SRUWLRQ  PHWKRGV DQG PHPEHUV 

$OO FODVVHV DUH FRQVLGHUHG WR EH LPSOLFLWO\ GHULYHG IURP D EDVH FODVV WKH VXEMHFW FODVV ,I \RX GRQ
W KDYH DQ H[WHQGV FODXVH LQ \RXU FODVV GHFODUDWLRQ WKHUH LV DQ LQYLVLEOH H[WHQGV VXEMHFW FODXVH WKDW LV LPSOLFLWO\ DGGHG IRU \RX 1RWH WKDW ZKHQ \RX H[WHQG D FODVV \RX LQKHULW QRW RQO\ WKH IXQFWLRQDOLW\ RI WKH VXSHUFODVV EXW \RX DOVR LQKHULW WKH IXQFWLRQDOLW\ RI HYHU\ VXSHUFODVV DOO WKH ZD\ WR WKH URRW 7KH ZD\ WR WKLQN DERXW LW LV WKDW LI FODVV % H[WHQGV FODVV $ WKHQ DQ LQVWDQFH RI % ,6 DQ LQVWDQFH RI $ )RU H[DPSOH LI \RX KDYH DQ HPSOR\HH FODVV WKDW H[WHQGV

 ,QWHUPHGLDWH 2EMHFW2ULHQWHG 3URJUDPPLQJ

WKH FODVV SHUVRQ WKHQ HDFK HPSOR\HH ,6 D SHUVRQ /LNHZLVH LI \RX H[WHQG WKH HPSOR\HH FODVV E\ DQ H[HFXWLYH FODVV WKHQ HDFK H[HFXWLYH LV DQ HPSOR\HH DQG LV DOVR D SHUVRQ
([DPSOH ([WHQGLQJ D &ODVV VXEMHFW SHUVRQ GRHV  &RQVWUXFWRU  YHUE QHZ QDPHG FKDU QDPH>@ ZLWK LQWHJHU ELUWK\HDU  HQG  QHZ  0HWKRGV WR UHWUHLYH SULYDWH LQIRUPDWLRQ  LQWHJHU TXHVWLRQ JHWBELUWK\HDU FKDU QDPH>@ LQWHJHU ELUWK\HDU  &RQVWUXFWRU  YHUE QHZ QDPHG FKDU QDPH>@ ZLWK LQWHJHU ELUWK\HDU  LV ZULWH QHZ SHUVRQ   SHUVRQ
V QDPH QDPH SHUVRQ
V ELUWK\HDU ELUWK\HDU HQG  QHZ

KDV LV

 0HWKRGV WR UHWUHLYH SULYDWH LQIRUPDWLRQ  LQWHJHU TXHVWLRQ JHWBELUWK\HDU LV DQVZHU ELUWK\HDU HQG  JHWBELUWK\HDU HQG  SHUVRQ

,QWHUPHGLDWH 2EMHFW 2ULHQWHG 3URJUDPPLQJ

([WHQGLQJ D &ODVV



([DPSOH ([WHQGLQJ D &ODVV &RQWLQXHG VXEMHFW HPSOR\HH H[WHQGV SHUVRQ GRHV  &RQVWUXFWRU  YHUE QHZ QDPHG FKDU QDPH>@ ZLWK LQWHJHU ELUWK\HDU  VDODU\ HQG  QHZ



KDV LV

 0HWKRGV WR UHWUHLYH SULYDWH LQIRUPDWLRQ  LQWHJHU TXHVWLRQ JHWBZDJHV LQWHJHU VDODU\  &RQVWUXFWRU  YHUE QHZ QDPHG FKDU QDPH>@ ZLWK LQWHJHU ELUWK\HDU  VDODU\  LV  &DOO VXSHUFODVV FRQVWUXFWRU  SHUVRQ QHZ QDPHG QDPH ZLWK ELUWK\HDU VWDWLF ELUWK\HDU HQG  ,QLWLDOL]H HPSOR\HH PHPEHUV  ZULWH QHZ HPSOR\HH   HPSOR\HH
V VDODU\ VDODU\ HQG  QHZ

 0HWKRGV WR UHWUHLYH SULYDWH LQIRUPDWLRQ  LQWHJHU TXHVWLRQ JHWBZDJHV LV DQVZHU VDODU\ HQG  JHWBZDJHV HQG  HPSOR\HH

 ,QWHUPHGLDWH 2EMHFW2ULHQWHG 3URJUDPPLQJ

([DPSOH ([WHQGLQJ D &ODVV &RQWLQXHG VXEMHFW H[HFXWLYH H[WHQGV HPSOR\HH GRHV  &RQVWUXFWRU  YHUE QHZ QDPHG FKDU QDPH>@ ZLWK LQWHJHU ELUWK\HDU  VDODU\ HQG  QHZ

 VWRFNBRSWLRQV



KDV LV

 0HWKRGV WR UHWUHLYH SULYDWH LQIRUPDWLRQ  LQWHJHU TXHVWLRQ JHWBZDJHV LQWHJHU TXHVWLRQ JHWBSHUNV LQWHJHU VWRFNBRSWLRQV  &RQVWUXFWRU  YHUE QHZ QDPHG FKDU QDPH>@ ZLWK LQWHJHU ELUWK\HDU  VDODU\  VWRFNBRSWLRQV LV  &DOO VXSHUFODVV FRQVWUXFWRU  HPSOR\HH QHZ QDPHG QDPH ZLWK ELUWK\HDU VWDWLF ELUWK\HDU VDODU\ VWDWLF VDODU\ HQG  ,QLWLDOL]H H[HFXWLYH PHPEHUV  ZULWH QHZ H[HFXWLYH   H[HFXWLYH
V VWRFNBRSWLRQV VWRFNBRSWLRQV HQG  QHZ  0HWKRGV WR UHWUHLYH SULYDWH LQIRUPDWLRQ  LQWHJHU TXHVWLRQ JHWBZDJHV LV DQVZHU VDODU\  VWRFNBRSWLRQV HQG  JHWBZDJHV ,QWHUPHGLDWH 2EMHFW 2ULHQWHG 3URJUDPPLQJ



LQWHJHU TXHVWLRQ JHWBSHUNV LV DQVZHU VWRFNBRSWLRQV HQG  JHWBSHUNV HQG  H[HFXWLYH

([WHQGLQJ D &ODVV



)LJXUH  $ 6LPSOH &ODVV +LHUDUFK\

FODVV SHUVRQ

FODVV HPSOR\HH

FODVV FRQWUDFWRU

FODVV H[HFXWLYH

,Q WKH H[DPSOH DERYH \RX KDYH D VLPSOLILHG FODVV KLHUDUFK\ WKDW PLJKW EH XVHG WR UHSUHVHQW D FRUSRUDWH KLHUDUFK\ IRU D SD\UROO DSSOLFDWLRQ SHUKDSV 7KH FODVVHV HPSOR\HH DQG FRQWUDFWRU LQKHULW WKH PHPEHUV DQG PHWKRGV RI FODVV SHUVRQ 7KDW PHDQV WKDW DQ HPSOR\HH RU FRQWUDFWRU FDQ GR HYHU\WKLQJ WKDW D SHUVRQ FDQ GR VXFK DV KDYH D QDPH ELUWKGD\ VRFLDO VHFXULW\ QXPEHU HWF ,Q DGGLWLRQ WKH HPSOR\HH DQG FRQWUDFWRU FODVVHV KDYH DGGLWLRQDO FDSDELOLWLHV WKDW QRUPDO SHUVRQV GR QRW KDYH JHWWLQJ ZDJHV IRU H[DPSOH 0HPEHUV RI WKH H[HFXWLYH FODVV KDYH DOO RI WKHVH FDSDELOLWLHV SOXV PRUH )RU H[DPSOH RQO\ H[HFXWLYHV FDQ JHW SHUNV DQG KDYH VWRFN RSWLRQV

&RQVWUXFWRU &KDLQLQJ

:KHQ \RX FUHDWH D QHZ FODVV E\ H[WHQGLQJ DQ H[LVWLQJ FODVV LW LQKHULWV DOO RI WKH PHPEHUV RI WKDW H[LVWLQJ FODVV DQG WKHUHIRUH \RX PXVW PDNH VXUH WKDW WKH LQWHJULW\ RI WKRVH PHPEHUV LV PDLQWDLQHG 7KLV OHDGV WR WKH UHTXLUHPHQW WKDW FRQVWUXFWRUV PXVW EH FDOOHG QRW RQO\ WR LQLWLDOL]H WKH PHPEHUV RI REMHFWV RI WKHLU RZQ FODVV EXW DOVR WR LQLWLDOL]H WKH PHPEHUV RI REMHFWV EHORQJLQJ WR DQ\ FODVVHV WKDW DUH GHULYHG IURP WKLV FODVV 7KLV LV NQRZQ DV FRQVWUXFWRU FKDLQLQJ

([DPSOH &RQVWUXFWRU &KDLQLQJ VXEMHFW VXEFODVV H[WHQGV VXSHUFODVV GRHV YHUE QHZ KDV LQWHJHU VWXII LV YHUE QHZ LV VXSHUFODVV QHZ VWXII  HQG HQG  VXEFODVV

 7KLV LV D FODVV ZLWK D FRQVWUXFWRU GHILQHG  7KLV VXEFODVV PXVW KDYH LWV RZQ FRQVWUXFWRU GHILQHG VLQFH  LWV VXSHUFODVV KDV D FRQVWUXFWRU GHILQHG  7KH ILUVW OLQH RI WKH VXEFODVVV FRQVWUXFWRU PXVW EH D FDOO  WR LWV VXSHUFODVVV FRQVWUXFWRU WR LQLWLDOL]H LWV LQKHULWHG PHPEHUV  $IWHU \RX FDQ LQLWLDOL]H WKH VXEFODVVV QRQLQKHULWHG PHPEHUV

 ,QWHUPHGLDWH 2EMHFW2ULHQWHG 3URJUDPPLQJ

7KH ZD\ WKDW FRQVWUXFWRU FKDLQLQJ LV HQIRUFHG LV WR UHTXLUH WKH ILUVW OLQH RI DQ\ FRQVWUXFWRU WKDW EHORQJV WR D FODVV ZLWK D VXSHUFODVV FRQVWUXFWRU WR FDOO WKDW VXSHUFODVV FRQVWUXFWRU EHIRUH GRLQJ DQ\WKLQJ HOVH ,Q WKH H[DPSOH KLHUDUFK\ DERYH VLQFH DQ H[HFXWLYH LV DOVR DQ HPSOR\HH ZKLFK LV DOVR D SHUVRQ ZKHQHYHU WKH H[HFXWLYHV FRQVWUXFWRU LV FDOOHG LW PXVW ILUVW FDOO WKH HPSOR\HH FRQVWUXFWRU ZKLFK PXVW ILUVW FDOO WKH SHUVRQ FRQVWUXFWRU

2YHUULGLQJ 0HWKRGV

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
([DPSOH 8VLQJ 0HWKRG 2YHUULGLQJ H[HFXWLYH W\SH SUHVLGHQW QDPHG ERE ZLWK ELUWK\HDU  VDODU\  VWRFNBRSWLRQV  HQG HPSOR\HH W\SH PDQDJHU QDPHG VDOO\ ZLWK ELUWK\HDU  VDODU\  HQG ZULWH 6DOO\V ZDJHV  PDQDJHU JHWBZDJHV  ZULWH %REV ZDJHV  SUHVLGHQW JHWBZDJHV  ZULWH %REV SHUNV  SUHVLGHQW JHWBSHUNV  ZULWH 6DOO\V SHUNV  PDQDJHU JHWBSHUNV   ,QVWDQFHV RI FODVV H[HFXWLYH

 ,QVWDQFHV RI FODVV HPSOR\HH

,QWHUPHGLDWH 2EMHFW 2ULHQWHG 3URJUDPPLQJ

 &DOOV HPSOR\HHV JHWBZDJHV PHWKRG  &DOO H[HFXWLYHV JHWBZDYHV PHWKRG LQVWHDG  RI WKH HPSOR\HHV JHWBZDJHV PHWKRG  &RPSLOH HUURU  HPSOR\HHV KDYH QR SHUNV

2YHUULGLQJ 0HWKRGV



'\QDPLF %LQGLQJ

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
([DPSOH '\QDPLF %LQGLQJ HPSOR\HH W\SH VHFUHWDU\ QDPHG VX]LH  VDOHVSHUVRQ QDPHG PDJJLH  PDQDJHU QDPHG MRH  H[HFXWLYH W\SH SUHVLGHQW QDPHG OHR  FHR QDPHG EDUE  LQWHJHU VXP   7DEOH RI UHIHUHQFHV WR HPSOR\HHV HPSOR\HH W\SH VWDII>@ LV >PDQDJHU SUHVLGHQW VHFUHWDU\ FHR VDOHVSHUVRQ@  &RGH WR VXP ZDJHV RI VWDII IRU HDFK HPSOR\HH W\SH HPSOR\HH LQ VWDII GR  +HUH JHWBZDJHV ZLOO HLWKHU H[HFXWH WKH HPSOR\HH
V LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RU  WKH H[HFXWLYH
V LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ GHSHQGLQJ XSRQ WKH W\SH RI WKH HPSOR\HH  VXP LWVHOI  HPSOR\HH JHWBZDJHV HQG

9DULDEOH 6KDGRZLQJ

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

 ,QWHUPHGLDWH 2EMHFW2ULHQWHG 3URJUDPPLQJ

<RX FDQ KRZHYHU UHIHU WR VKDGRZHG PHPEHUV E\ JLYLQJ WKH IXOO QDPH RI WKH PHPEHU 5HFDOO WKDW ZKHQ UHIHUULQJ WR D YDULDEOH LQVLGH RI D FODVV LI WKH YDULDEOH QDPH LV QRW IRXQG LQ WKH PHWKRG
V ORFDO YDULDEOHV WKHQ LW LV DVVXPHG LPSOLFLWO\ WR EH D PHPEHU RI WKH FXUUHQW FODVV 7R VSHFLI\ WKDW ZKDW \RX UHDOO\ ZDQW LV WKH PHPEHU RI WKH FODVV WKDW \RX DUH H[WHQGLQJ \RX MXVW H[SOLFLWO\ GHUHIHUHQFH WKH FODVV WKDW \RX ZLVK WR UHIHU WR
([DPSOH $FFHVVLQJ 6KDGRZHG 0HPEHUV VXEMHFW SHUVRQ GRHV YHUE SULQW KDV FKDU QDPH>@ LQWHJHU LG LV YHUE SULQW LV ZULWH QDPH ZLWK VRFLDO VHFXULW\ QXPEHU HQG  SULQW HQG  SHUVRQ

 LG 

VXEMHFW HPSOR\HH H[WHQGV SHUVRQ GRHV YHUE SULQW KDV LQWHJHU LG  6KDGRZV SHUVRQ
V LG LV YHUE SULQW LV  ,PSOLFLWO\ UHIHUV WR SHUVRQ
V QDPH EHFDXVH WKHUH LV QR HPSOR\HH QDPH PHPEHU ZULWH QDPH  ([SOLFLWO\ UHIHUV WR SHUVRQ
V LG ZULWH ZLWK VRFLDO VHFXULW\ QXPEHU  SHUVRQ
V LG   LG 

 ,PSOLFLWO\ UHIHUV WR HPSOR\HH

V LG ZULWH DQG HPSOR\HH LGHQWLILFDWLRQ QXPEHU HQG  SULQW HQG  HPSOR\HH

0HWKRG 2YHUULGLQJ 9V 0HPEHU 6KDGRZLQJ

,QWHUPHGLDWH 2EMHFW 2ULHQWHG 3URJUDPPLQJ

:KHQ \RX GHFODUH D QHZ FODVV \RX PD\ GHFODUH QHZ PHWKRGV ZLWK WKH VDPH QDPHV DV PHWKRGV RI WKH SDUHQW FODVV 7KLV LV FDOOHG RYHUULGLQJ <RX FDQ DOVR FUHDWH QHZ PHPEHUV ZLWK WKH VDPH QDPHV DV PHPEHUV RI WKH SDUHQW FODVV 7KLV LV FDOOHG VKDGRZLQJ 6LQFH WKHVH WZR VLWXDWLRQV DULVH IURP VLPLODU FLUFXP VWDQFHV LW PD\ EH HDV\ WR JHW WKHP FRQIXVHG +RZHYHU PHWKRG RYHUULGLQJ DQG PHPEHU VKDGRZLQJ DUH UHVROYHG LQ GLVWLQFWO\ GLIIHUHQW ZD\V VR LW LV LPSRUWDQW WR XQGHUVWDQG WKH GLIIHUHQFH

0HWKRG 2YHUULGLQJ 9V 0HPEHU 6KDGRZLQJ



:KHQ PHWKRGV DUH RYHUULGGHQ WKH ZD\ WKDW WKH FRUUHFW PHWKRG LV GHWHUPLQHG LV DW UXQ WLPH GHSHQGLQJ XSRQ WKH W\SH RI WKH REMHFW WKLV PHFKDQLVP LV FDOOHG G\QDPLF ELQGLQJ ,Q WKH FDVH RI VKDGRZHG YDULDEOHV KRZHYHU WKH GHWHUPLQDWLRQ RI H[DFWO\ ZKLFK YDULDEOH LV UHIHUHQFHG LV GHWHUPLQHG FRPSOHWHO\ DW FRPSLOH WLPH 7KLV LV WKH FUXFLDO GLIIHUHQFH 9DULDEOHV DUH GHWHUPLQHG DW FRPSLOH WLPH DQG PHWKRGV DUH GHWHUPLQHG DW UXQ WLPH
/LVWLQJ  0HWKRG 2YHUULGLQJ 9V 0HPEHU 6KDGRZLQJ GR WHVW VXEMHFW $ GRHV LQWHJHU TXHVWLRQ JHWBYDOXH KDV SXEOLF LQWHJHU L  LV LQWHJHU TXHVWLRQ JHWBYDOXH LV DQVZHU L HQG  JHWBYDOXH HQG  VXEMHFW $ VXEMHFW % H[WHQGV $ GRHV LQWHJHU TXHVWLRQ JHWBYDOXH KDV SXEOLF LQWHJHU L  LV LQWHJHU TXHVWLRQ JHWBYDOXH LV DQVZHU L HQG  JHWBYDOXH HQG  VXEMHFW % YHUE WHVW LV $ W\SH $ LV QRQH % W\SH % ZULWH %
V L  %
V L  ZULWH %
V YDOXH  % JHWBYDOXH  $ LV % ZULWH $
V L  $
V L  ZULWH $
V YDOXH  $ JHWBYDOXH  HQG  WHVW  5HIHUHQFHV %
V L SULQWV   &DOOV %
V JHWBYDOXH SULQWV   6WLOO UHIHUHQFHV $
V L SULQWV   &DOOV %
V JHWBYDOXH SULQWV 

7\SH &DVWLQJ

6RPHWLPHV LW LV GHVLUDEOH WR FRQYHUW EHWZHHQ REMHFWV RI UHODWHG W\SHV 7KLV LV XVHIXO ZKHQ \RX QHHG D SLHFH RI FRGH WR KDQGOH WKH PRVW JHQHUDO SRVVLEOH FDVH IRU D IDPLO\ RI UHODWHG W\SHV RI REMHFW )RU H[DPSOH \RX FRXOG ZULWH D SLHFH RI FRGH WKDW VWRUHG REMHFWV RI \RXU SHUVRQ FODVV LQWR D GLUHFWRU\ :KHQ \RX HQWHUHG REMHFWV LQWR WKLV GLUHFWRU\ \RX FRXOG HQWHU SHUVRQV EXW \RX FRXOG DOVR HQWHU

 ,QWHUPHGLDWH 2EMHFW2ULHQWHG 3URJUDPPLQJ

HPSOR\HHV RU H[HFXWLYHV EHFDXVH WKH\ DUH DIWHU DOO SHUVRQV :KHQ \RX UHPRYHG WKH SHUVRQV IURP WKH GLUHFWRU\ KRZHYHU \RX ZRXOG KDYH WR H[SOLFLWO\ FRQYHUW WKHP WR WKH DSSURSULDWH W\SH EHFDXVH WKRXJK DOO H[HFXWLYHV DUH SHUVRQV IRU H[DPSOH QRW DOO SHUVRQV DUH H[HFXWLYHV

:KHQ \RX FDVW RQH W\SH WR DQRWKHU W\SH D FKHFN LV PDGH WR PDNH VXUH WKDW WKH W\SHV DUH DFWXDOO\ FRPSDWLEOH ,I WKLV LV QRW WUXH WKHQ D UXQWLPH HUURU RFFXUV $Q REMHFW PD\ RQO\ EH FDVW WR D UHODWHG W\SH LQ LWV FODVV KLHUDUFK\ ,I DQ DWWHPSW LV PDGH WR FDVW D W\SH WR D WRWDOO\ XQUHODWHG W\SH WKHQ D FRPSLOHWLPH HUURU LV LVVXHG VLQFH WKLV PD\ QHYHU EH SHUIRUPHG $ W\SH FDVW LV IRUPHG E\ SODFLQJ WKH QDPH RI WKH W\SH WKDW \RX ZLVK WR FDVW WR IROORZHG E\ WKH NH\ZRUG W\SH LQ IURQW RI WKH QDPH RI WKH REMHFW WKDW \RX ZLVK WR FDVW 7KLV UHWXUQV DQ REMHFW RI WKH GHVLUHG W\SH RU LVVXHV D UXQWLPH HUURU LI WKH REMHFW LV QRW RI WKH GHVLUHG W\SH DW WKH WLPH WKH FDVW LV SHUIRUPHG
([DPSOH ,PSOLFLW ([SOLFLW &DVWLQJ EHWZHHQ 5HODWHG 7\SHV

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
W EHFDXVH  IURP WKH OLQHV DERYH \RX FDQ VHH WKDW SHUVRQ UHIHUV WR  DQ H[HFXWLYH  &RPSLOH HUURU  D SHUVRQ PD\ QHYHU EH FDVW WR W\SH  FLUFOH VLQFH WKH\ DUH XQUHODWHG

FLUFOH LV FLUFOH W\SH SHUVRQ

7\SH 4XHU\LQJ

6RPHWLPHV LQVWHDG RI DWWHPSWLQJ WR EOLQGO\ FDVW RQH REMHFW W\SH WR DQRWKHU REMHFW W\SH \RX ZRXOG OLNH WR WHVW WKH W\SH RI WKH REMHFW ILUVW WR VHH LI LW LV VXLWDEOH IRU WKH RSHUDWLRQ \RXUH DWWHPSWLQJ WR SHUIRUP

,QWHUPHGLDWH 2EMHFW 2ULHQWHG 3URJUDPPLQJ

:KHQ TXHU\LQJ WKH W\SH RI DQ REMHFW \RX FDQ RQO\ WHVW WR VHH LI DQ REMHFW LV RI D UHODWHG FODVV ,I \RX WU\ WR WHVW IRU DQ REMHFW EHLQJ RI D WRWDOO\ XQUHODWHG FODVV WKHQ D FRPSLOHWLPH HUURU UHVXOWV EHFDXVH WKLV FDQ QHYHU EH WUXH )RU H[DPSOH \RX FDQ WHVW WR VHH ZKHWKHU DQ REMHFW RI W\SH SHUVRQ LV RI W\SH H[HFXWLYH EHFDXVH VRPHWLPHV D SHUVRQ PD\ EH DOVR EH DQ H[HFXWLYH ,I \RX WU\ WR WHVW ZKHWKHU D SHUVRQ LV RI W\SH FLUFOH KRZHYHU D FRPSLOHWLPH HUURU UHVXOWV VLQFH WKLV FDQ QHYHU EH WKH FDVH 7\SH 4XHU\LQJ



$ W\SH TXHU\ UHWXUQV D ERROHDQ YDOXH DQG LV IRUPHG E\ SODFLQJ WKH QDPH RI WKH W\SH WR TXHU\ IRU IROORZHG E\ WKH NH\ZRUG W\SH DQG WKH QDPH RI WKH REMHFW WKDW \RX ZLVK WR TXHU\ 7KH W\SH TXHU\LQJ IXQFWLRQ LV YHU\ PXFK OLNH WKH LQVWDQFHRI RSHUDWRU LQ -DYD
([DPSOH 7\SH 4XHU\LQJ SHUVRQ W\SH ZRUNHU LV QRQH HPSOR\HH W\SH PDQDJHU H[HFXWLYH W\SH FHR ZRUNHU LV PDQDJHU ZRUNHU LV FHR  2N EHFDXVH HPSOR\HHV DUH SHUVRQV  2N EHFDXVH H[HFXWLYHV DUH SHUVRQV

LI H[HFXWLYH W\SH ZRUNHU WKHQ  &DVW SHUVRQ WR H[HFXWLYH EHIRUH FDOOLQJ H[HFXWLYH PHWKRG RQ SHUVRQ  ZULWH H[HFXWLYH SHUNV  H[HFXWLYH W\SH ZRUNHU JHWBSHUNV  HQG LI FLUFOH W\SH ZRUNHU WKHQ  &RPSLOHWLPH W\SH TXHU\LQJ HUURU ZULWH SHUVRQV UDGLXV  FLUFOH W\SH ZRUNHU JHWBUDGLXV  &RPSLOHWLPH W\SH FDVWLQJ HUURU HQG

(QFDSVXODWLRQ

2QH PDMRU VRXUFH RI EXJV LQ SURJUDPPLQJ LV LQDGYHUWHQW PLVXVH RI YDULDEOHV 7KH EDVLF DLP RI HQFDSVXODWLRQ LV WR VKLHOG GDWD EHORQJLQJ WR DQ REMHFW IURP XQZDQWHG WDPSHULQJ IURP RWKHU DUHDV RI WKH SURJUDP 6LQFH D FODVV GHVFULSWLRQ NQRZV ZKLFK PHWKRGV EHORQJ WR WKH FODVV LW FDQ JUDQW DFFHVV WR WKH REMHFW
V SULYDWH YDULDEOHV RQO\ WR WKRVH PHWKRGV WKDW KDYH D OHJLWLPDWH ULJKW WR FKDQJH WKRVH YDULDEOHV 7KLV PDNHV LW SRVVLEOH WR FUHDWH VROLG
EXOOHWSURRI
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
W KDYH WR ZRUU\ DERXW WKH SRVVLELOLW\ RI DQRWKHU SDUW RI WKH SURJUDP FKDQJLQJ WKLV FRXQWHU E\ PLVWDNH 7KLV LV ZKDW HQFDSVXODWLRQ LV DOO DERXW

3XEOLF

(DFK FODVV KDV D FROOHFWLRQ RI PHPEHUV WKDW DUH XVHG LQWHUQDOO\ E\ WKH PHWKRGV RI WKH FODVV EXW PD\ RU PD\ QRW EH LQWHQGHG WR EH VHHQ RXWVLGH RI WKH FODVV

3URWHFWHG 0HPEHUV

 ,QWHUPHGLDWH 2EMHFW2ULHQWHG 3URJUDPPLQJ

%\ GHIDXOW WKH PHPEHUV RI D FODVV DUH KLGGHQ IURP WDPSHULQJ IURP RXWVLGH RI WKH FODVV EHFDXVH WKDW LV VDIHU 7KHVH PHPEHUV DUH VDLG WR EH SURWHFWHG ,I \RX ZLVK WR JUDQW DFFHVV WR D FODVV
V PHPEHUV IURP RXWVLGH \RX PXVW GHVLJQDWH WKRVH PHPEHUV DV SXEOLF 3XEOLF PHPEHUV PD\ DOZD\V EH DFFHVVHG DQG DUH WKHUHIRUH VLPLODU WR WKH ILHOGV RI D VWUXFWXUH ZKLFK DUH DOZD\V LPSOLFLWO\ SXEOLF
([DPSOH $ &ODVV ZLWK 3XEOLF DQG 3URWHFWHG 0HPEHUV VXEMHFW FLUFOH GRHV YHUE QHZ DW YHFWRU ORFDWLRQ   ! ZLWK VFDODU UDGLXV  HQG VFDODU TXHVWLRQ JHWBDUHD KDV SXEOLF YHFWRU ORFDWLRQ  7KLV LV D SXEOLF PHPEHU VFDODU UDGLXV UDGLXVBVTXDUHG  7KHVH DUH SURWHFWHG PHPEHUV E\ GHIDXOW LV YHUE QHZ DW YHFWRU ORFDWLRQ   ! ZLWK VFDODU UDGLXV  LV FLUFOH
V ORFDWLRQ ORFDWLRQ FLUFOH
V UDGLXV UDGLXV FLUFOH
V UDGLXVBVTXDUHG UDGLXV UDGLXV HQG  QHZ VFDODU TXHVWLRQ JHWBDUHD LV DQVZHU  UDGLXVBVTXDUHG HQG  JHWBDUHD HQG  FLUFOH ([DPSOH $FFHVVLQJ 0HPEHUV RI D &ODVV ZLWK 3URWHFWHG )LHOG FLUFOH W\SH FLUFOH DW   ! ZLWK UDGLXV  HQG FLUFOH
V ORFDWLRQ   !  0RYH FLUFOH FLUFOH
V UDGLXV   &RPSLOH HUURU   7KH FLUFOH
V UDGLXV FDQ QRW EH DFFHVVHG OLNH WKLV EHFDXVH LW LV SURWHFWHG  7KH UHDVRQ IRU WKLV PHPEHU EHLQJ SURWHFWHG LV WKDW ZKHQHYHU UDGLXV LV  FKDQJHG UDGLXVBVTXDUHG VKRXOG EH FKDQJHG DOVR WR NHHS WKH PHPEHUV  RI WKH FLUFOH FRQVLVWHQW

,QWHUPHGLDWH 2EMHFW 2ULHQWHG 3URJUDPPLQJ

$OWKRXJK WKH UDGLXV PHPEHU RI WKH FLUFOH FODVV PD\ QRW EH DFFHVVHG IURP DQ\ DUELWUDU\ ORFDWLRQ LQ WKH SURJUDP OLNH WKH SXEOLF PHPEHUV WKHUH LV RQH SODFH RXWVLGH RI WKH FODVV GHFODUDWLRQ ZKHUH LW FDQ EH DFFHVVHG LQVLGH WKH GHFODUDWLRQV RI VXEFODVVHV RI WKH FLUFOH FODVV 7KH VFRSH RI D SURWHFWHG PHPEHU LQFOXGHV DOO

3XEOLF

3URWHFWHG 0HPEHUV



FODVVHV WKDW DUH GHULYHG IURP WKH FODVV LQ ZKLFK WKH SURWHFWHG PHPEHU ZDV GHFODUHG
([DPSOH $FFHVVLQJ WKH 3URWHFWHG )LHOG RI D 3DUHQW &ODVV VXEMHFW HOOLSVH H[WHQGV FLUFOH GRHV YHUE QHZ DW YHFWRU ORFDWLRQ   ! ZLWK VFDODU PDMRUBUDGLXV  PLQRUBUDGLXV  HQG VFDODU TXHVWLRQ JHWBDUHD KDV VFDODU PLQRUBUDGLXV LV YHUE QHZ DW YHFWRU ORFDWLRQ   ! ZLWK VFDODU PDMRUBUDGLXV  PLQRUBUDGLXV  LV HOOLSVH
V ORFDWLRQ ORFDWLRQ HOOLSVH
V UDGLXV PDMRUBUDGLXV HOOLSVH
V UDGLXVBVTXDUHG UDGLXV UDGLXV HOOLSVH
V PLQRUBUDGLXV PLQRUBUDGLXV HQG  QHZ VFDODU TXHVWLRQ JHWBDUHD LV DQVZHU  UDGLXV PLQRUBUDGLXV HQG  JHWBDUHD HQG  HOOLSVH

 $FFHVV SXEOLF PHPEHU RI FLUFOH FODVV  $FFHVV SURWHFWHG PHPEHU RI FLUFOH FODVV  $FFHVV SURWHFWHG PHPEHU RI FLUFOH FODVV  $FFHVV SURWHFWHG PHPEHU RI HOOLSVH FODVV

3ULYDWH 0HPEHUV

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

 ,QWHUPHGLDWH 2EMHFW2ULHQWHG 3URJUDPPLQJ

)LJXUH  7KH %DVLF 6XEFODVV 'HFODUDWLRQ VXEMHFW QDPH! H[WHQGV SDUHQW FODVV! GRHV PHWKRGV! KDV SXEOLF DQG SURWHFWHG PHPEHUV! SULYDWH SULYDWH PHPEHUV! LV LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ! HQG

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
([DPSOH $ &ODVV ZLWK 3XEOLF 3URWHFWHG DQG 3ULYDWH 0HWKRGV VXEMHFW FLUFOH GRHV YHUE QHZ DW YHFWRU ORFDWLRQ   ! ZLWK VFDODU UDGLXV  HQG VFDODU TXHVWLRQ JHWBDUHD KDV SXEOLF YHFWRU ORFDWLRQ  7KLV LV D SXEOLF PHPEHU VFDODU UDGLXV UDGLXVBVTXDUHG  7KHVH DUH SURWHFWHG PHPEHUV E\ GHIDXOW SULYDWH VFDODU DUHD  7KLV LV D SULYDWH PHPEHU LV YHUE QHZ DW YHFWRU ORFDWLRQ   ! ZLWK VFDODU UDGLXV  LV FLUFOH
V ORFDWLRQ ORFDWLRQ FLUFOH
V UDGLXV UDGLXV FLUFOH
V UDGLXVBVTXDUHG UDGLXV UDGLXV FLUFOH
V DUHD  UDGLXVBVTXDUHG HQG  QHZ

,QWHUPHGLDWH 2EMHFW 2ULHQWHG 3URJUDPPLQJ

3ULYDWH 0HPEHUV



([DPSOH $ &ODVV ZLWK 3XEOLF 3URWHFWHG DQG 3ULYDWH 0HWKRGV &RQWLQXHG VFDODU TXHVWLRQ JHWBDUHD LV DQVZHU FLUFOH
V DUHD HQG  JHWBDUHD HQG  FLUFOH

3XEOLF

$OWKRXJK LW LV JHQHUDOO\ OHVV XVHIXO WR UHVWULFW DFFHVV WR D FODVV

V PHWKRGV WKDQ LW LV WR UHVWULFW DFFHVV WR D FODVV
V PHPEHUV \RX PLJKW RFFDVLRQDOO\ ILQG LW FRQYH QLHQW WR GR VR )RU H[DPSOH VRPHWLPHV D FODVV SURYLGHV VSHFLDO DFFHVV IXQFWLRQV WKDW DUH XVHIXO WR VXEFODVVHV EXW WKDW DUH QRW JHQHUDOO\ WR EH XVHG E\ XVHUV RI WKH FODVV $FFHVV WR D FODVV
V PHWKRGV LV UHVWULFWHG LQ D ZD\ VLPLODU WR FODVV PHPEHU UHVWULFWLRQ E\ SODFLQJ D YLVLELOLW\ PRGLILHU EHIRUH WKH GHFODUDWLRQ

3URWHFWHG 0HWKRGV

%\ GHIDXOW WKH PHWKRGV RI D FODVV DUH SXEOLF <RX PD\ PDNH WKHP SURWHFWHG E\ SODFLQJ WKH NH\ZRUG SURWHFWHG EHIRUH WKHLU GHFODUDWLRQV LQ WKH LQWHUIDFH 1RWH WKDW WKLV GHIDXOW LV WKH RSSRVLWH RI WKH GHIDXOW IRU PHPEHUV ZKLFK DUH SURWHFWHG E\ GHIDXOW 7KLV PDNHV VHQVH EHFDXVH LW LV JHQHUDOO\ OHVV LPSRUWDQW WR SURWHFW PHWKRGV WKDQ WR SURWHFW PHPEHUV DQG DOVR EHFDXVH PHWKRGV DUH PRVW RIWHQ SXEOLF VLQFH WKH\ DUH WKH SUHIHUUHG ZD\ WR LQWHUDFW ZLWK D FODVV UDWKHU WKDQ WR DFFHVV WKH PHPEHUV
([DPSOH $ &ODVV ZLWK 3URWHFWHG 0HWKRGV VXEMHFW FLUFOH GRHV YHUE QHZ DW YHFWRU ORFDWLRQ   ! ZLWK VFDODU UDGLXV  HQG

 $ SXEOLF PHWKRG E\ GHIDXOW

KDV LV

 $ SURWHFWHG PHWKRG QRWH WKH

SURWHFWHG
NH\ZRUG  7KLV PHWKRG PD\ RQO\ EH FDOOHG LQVLGH RI PHWKRGV  RI WKLV FODVV RU RI D FODVV GHULYHG IURP WKLV FODVV SURWHFWHG VFDODU TXHVWLRQ JHWBDUHD SXEOLF YHFWRU ORFDWLRQ VFDODU UDGLXV UDGLXVBVTXDUHG  7KLV LV D SXEOLF PHPEHU  7KHVH DUH SURWHFWHG PHPEHUV E\ GHIDXOW

YHUE QHZ DW YHFWRU ORFDWLRQ   ! ZLWK VFDODU UDGLXV  LV FLUFOH

V ORFDWLRQ ORFDWLRQ FLUFOH
V UDGLXV UDGLXV FLUFOH
V UDGLXVBVTXDUHG UDGLXV UDGLXV HQG  QHZ

 ,QWHUPHGLDWH 2EMHFW2ULHQWHG 3URJUDPPLQJ

([DPSOH $ &ODVV ZLWK 3URWHFWHG 0HWKRGV &RQWLQXHG VFDODU TXHVWLRQ JHWBDUHD LV DQVZHU  UDGLXVBVTXDUHG HQG  JHWBDUHD HQG  FLUFOH

3ULYDWH 0HWKRGV

3ULYDWH PHWKRGV DUH PHWKRGV WKDW DUH XVHG RQO\ LQ WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI D FODVV DQG DUH RI QR FRQFHUQ WR XVHUV RI WKH FODVV RU HYHQ WR VXEFODVVHV RI WKLV FODVV 3ULYDWH PHWKRGV DUH GLVWLQJXLVKHG IURP SXEOLF RU SURWHFWHG PHWKRGV RI WKH FODVV E\ EHLQJ GHILQHG VROHO\ LQVLGH RI WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ SRUWLRQ RI WKH FODVV GHFODUDWLRQ DQG KDYH QR IRUZDUG GHFODUDWLRQ LQ WKH LQWHUIDFH SRUWLRQ

([DPSOH $ &ODVV ZLWK D 3ULYDWH 0HPEHU VXEMHFW FLUFOH GRHV YHUE QHZ  $ SXEOLF PHWKRG E\ GHIDXOW DW YHFWRU ORFDWLRQ   ! ZLWK VFDODU UDGLXV  HQG KDV SXEOLF YHFWRU ORFDWLRQ  7KLV LV D SXEOLF PHPEHU VFDODU UDGLXV UDGLXVBVTXDUHG  7KHVH DUH SURWHFWHG PHPEHUV E\ GHIDXOW LV YHUE QHZ DW YHFWRU ORFDWLRQ   ! ZLWK VFDODU UDGLXV  LV FLUFOH
V ORFDWLRQ ORFDWLRQ FLUFOH
V UDGLXV UDGLXV FLUFOH
V UDGLXVBVTXDUHG UDGLXV UDGLXV HQG  QHZ VFDODU TXHVWLRQ JHWBDUHD LV DQVZHU  UDGLXVBVTXDUHG HQG  JHWBDUHD HQG  FLUFOH  7KLV LV D SULYDWH PHWKRG EHFDXVH LW GRHV QRW  KDYH D IRUZDUG GHFODUDWLRQ LQ WKH LQWHUIDFH  SRUWLRQ OLVWHG DW WKH WRS RI WKH FODVV GHFODUDWLRQ ,QWHUPHGLDWH 2EMHFW 2ULHQWHG 3URJUDPPLQJ

3ULYDWH 0HWKRGV



6XPPDU\ RI $FFHVV /HYHOV

$V D JHQHUDO UXOH \RX VKRXOG XVH WKH KLJKHVW OHYHO RI SURWHFWLRQ IRU D PHPEHU RU PHWKRG WKDW \RX FDQ ZLWKRXW UHVWULFWLQJ WKH FODVV
V IXQFWLRQDOLW\ +HUH LV D WDEOH VXPPDUL]LQJ WKH YLVLELOLW\ RI D FODVV
V PHWKRGV DQG PHPEHUV XQGHU GLIIHULQJ FLUFXPVWDQFHV
7DEOH  6XPPDU\ RI $FFHVV /HYHOV 6LWXDWLRQ YLVLEOH LQVLGH RI LWV RZQ FODVV YLVLEOH LQVLGH RI D VXEFODVV YLVLEOH DQ\ZKHUH LQ WKH SURJUDP 3XEOLF <HV <HV <HV 3URWHFWHG <HV <HV 1R 3ULYDWH <HV 1R 1R

 ,QWHUPHGLDWH 2EMHFW2ULHQWHG 3URJUDPPLQJ

$GYDQFHG 2EMHFW2ULHQWHG 3URJUDPPLQJ

2EMHFWLYH 0HWKRGV
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

&+$37(5 

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



DQ\ RI WKH FODVV

V PHPEHUV 7KH\ PD\ KRZHYHU UHIHU WR DQ\ FODVV YDULDEOHV OLVWHG LQ WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ VHFWLRQ RI WKH FODVV VLQFH WKHVH DUH QRW VSHFLILF WR HDFK LQGLYLGXDO REMHFW EXW LQVWHDG DUH LQVWDQWLDWHG RQFH MXVW OLNH QRUPDO YDULDEOHV
([DPSOH $ &ODVV ZLWK 2EMHFWLYH 0HWKRGV VXEMHFW FLUFOH GRHV YHUE QHZ ZLWK VFDODU UDGLXV  HQG REMHFWLYH LQWHJHU TXHVWLRQ JHWBQXPEHU REMHFWLYH YHUE ZULWHBQXPEHU KDV VFDODU UDGLXV LV LQWHJHU QXPEHUBRIBFLUFOHV  YHUE QHZ ZLWK VFDODU UDGLXV  LV FLUFOH
V UDGLXV UDGLXV QXPEHUBRIBFLUFOHV LWVHOI   HQG  QHZ REMHFWLYH LQWHJHU TXHVWLRQ JHWBQXPEHU LV DQVZHU QXPEHUBRIBFLUFOHV HQG  JHWBQXPEHU REMHFWLYH YHUE ZULWHBQXPEHU LV ZULWH QXPEHU RI FLUFOHV  QXPEHUBRIBFLUFOHV  ZULWH UDGLXV RI FLUFOH  UDGLXV   (UURU  FDQQRW UHIHU WR PHPEHUV RI WKH REMHFW HQG  ZULWHBQXPEHU HQG  FLUFOH

6LQFH WKHVH REMHFWLYH PHWKRGV DUH QRW VSHFLILF WR DQ REMHFW WKH TXHVWLRQ LV KRZ DUH WKH\ FDOOHG" 7R FDOO DQ REMHFWLYH PHWKRG \RX PXVW SUHFHGH WKH PHWKRG QDPH ZLWK WKH QDPH RI WKH FODVV IROORZHG E\ WKH
V RSHUDWRU LQVWHDG RI MXVW WKH QDPH RI DQ REMHFW 7KH IXOO QDPH RI DQ\ W\SH FRQVLVWV RI WKH QDPH JLYHQ WR WKH W\SH LQ WKH GHFODUDWLRQ IROORZHG E\ WKH NH\ZRUG W\SH WR VLJQLI\ WKDW LW LV WKH QDPH RI D W\SH DQG QRW D YDULDEOH
([DPSOH &DOOLQJ 2EMHFWLYH 0HWKRGV LQWHJHU L FLUFOH W\SH
V ZULWHBQXPEHU L FLUFOH W\SH
V JHWBQXPEHU  FDOOLQJ D YHUE PHWKRG  FDOOLQJ D TXHVWLRQ PHWKRG

5HIHUHQFH 0HWKRGV

1RUPDOO\ DQ REMHFW UHIHUHQFH LV SDVVHG WR HDFK PHWKRG LQ D FODVV ZKLFK HQDEOHV WKH PHWKRG WR DFFHVV WKH PHPEHUV RI WKH REMHFW :KDW LI \RX ZDQW WKH PHWKRG WR FKDQJH QRW MXVW WKH REMHFWV PHPEHUV EXW WKH DFWXDO REMHFW UHIHUHQFH IURP

 $GYDQFHG 2EMHFW2ULHQWHG 3URJUDPPLQJ

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
V L  WKLQJ
V L  ZULWH WKLQJ WKLQJ  WKLQJ
V L   WKLQJ
V L  WKLQJ VZDS WKLQJ ZULWH WKLQJ WKLQJ  WKLQJ
V L   WKLQJ
V L  HQG  WHVW

$GYDQFHG 2EMHFW 2ULHQWHG 3URJUDPPLQJ

5HIHUHQFH 0HWKRGV



'LVDEOLQJ '\QDPLF %LQGLQJ

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

([DPSOH 'LVDEOLQJ '\QDPLF %LQGLQJ VXEMHFW ILJXUH GRHV YHUE LQLW KDV YHFWRU FRORU LV YHUE LQLW LV FRORU   ! HQG  LQLW HQG  ILJXUH VXEMHFW FLUFOH H[WHQGV ILJXUH GRHV YHUE LQLW KDV VFDODU UDGLXV LV YHUE LQLW LV FLUFOH
V UDGLXV  ILJXUH VWDWLF LQLW HQG  LQLW HQG  FLUFOH

 ZLWKRXW WKH
VWDWLF
NH\ZRUG WR IRUFH VWDWLF ELQGLQJ WKLV  ZRXOG FDOO FLUFOH
V LQLW ZKLFK ZRXOG UHVXOW LQ LQILQLWH UHFXUVLRQ

)LQDO 0HWKRGV

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

 $GYDQFHG 2EMHFW2ULHQWHG 3URJUDPPLQJ

RYHUULGGHQ ODEHO WKH PHWKRG DV ILQDO 7KH ILQDO NH\ZRUG FRPHV GLUHFWO\ EHIRUH WKH QDPH RI WKH PHWKRG )RU H[DPSOH
([DPSOH )LQDO 0HWKRG 'HFODUDWLRQ VXEMHFW FLUFOH GRHV ILQDO VFDODU TXHVWLRQ JHWBDUHD KDV VFDODU UDGLXV LV VFDODU TXHVWLRQ JHWBDUHD LV DQVZHU  UDGLXV UDGLXV HQG  JHWBDUHD HQG  FLUFOH

)LQDO &ODVVHV

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

([DPSOH )LQDO &ODVV 'HFODUDWLRQ ILQDO VXEMHFW FLUFOH GRHV  DOO PHWKRGV DUH LPSOLFLWO\ ILQDO PHWKRGV  VFDODU TXHVWLRQ JHWBDUHD KDV VFDODU UDGLXV LV VFDODU TXHVWLRQ JHWBDUHD LV DQVZHU  UDGLXV UDGLXV HQG  JHWBDUHD HQG  FLUFOH

$EVWUDFW 0HWKRGV

$GYDQFHG 2EMHFW 2ULHQWHG 3URJUDPPLQJ

6RPHWLPHV ZKHQ \RX KDYH D VHW RI FODVVHV \RX ILQG WKDW WKH\ VKDUH D FRPPRQ VHW RI IHDWXUHV 7KH FRUUHFW WKLQJ WR GR LQ VXFK D FDVH LV WR IDFWRU RXW FRPPRQ PHPEHUV DQG PHWKRGV LQWR D EDVH FODVV IURP ZKLFK WKH RWKHUV LQKHULW WKH FRPPRQ IHDWXUHV :KHQ WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI WKHVH FRPPRQ IHDWXUHV LV DFWXDOO\ VSHFLILF WR HDFK VXEFODVV KRZHYHU \RX FDQ
W UHDOO\ SURYLGH D YDOLG LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ IRU WKH EDVH FODVV ,Q WKLV FDVH \RX ZRXOG OLNH WR VSHFLI\ DQ LQWHUIDFH IRU WKHVH PHWKRGV ZLWKRXW SURYLGLQJ DQ LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ ZLWK WKH )LQDO &ODVVHV



XQGHUVWDQGLQJ WKDW DQ\ FODVV WKDW H[WHQGV WKLV FODVV PXVW SURYLGH LWV RZQ LPSOH PHQWDWLRQ 0HWKRGV RI WKLV W\SH DUH FDOOHG DEVWUDFW PHWKRGV EHFDXVH WKH\ ODFN DQ\ LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ

$EVWUDFW &ODVVHV

$Q\ FODVV WKDW FRQWDLQV DEVWUDFW PHWKRGV PXVW EH ODEHOOHG DV DEVWUDFW $EVWUDFW FODVVHV PD\ FRQWDLQ DEVWUDFW PHWKRGV DQG QRQDEVWUDFW PHWKRGV $EVWUDFW PHWKRG GHFODUDWLRQV LQ D DQ DEVWUDFW FODVVV LQWHUIDFH VHFWLRQ DUH SUHFHGHG E\ WKH NH\ZRUG DEVWUDFW :KHQ D QRQDEVWUDFW FODVV H[WHQGV DQ DEVWUDFW FODVV LW PXVW SURYLGH DQ LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ IRU HDFK RI WKH DEVWUDFW PHWKRGV $EVWUDFW FODVVHV DUH DOVR GLIIHUHQW IURP QRUPDO FODVVHV EHFDXVH WKH\ PD\ QRW EH LQVWDQWLDWHG ,W GRHVQ
W UHDOO\ PDNH VHQVH WR FUHDWH DQ LQVWDQFH RI DQ DEVWUDFW FODVV EHFDXVH WKH FODVV LV QRW \HW IXOO\ GHILQHG VLQFH LWV PHWKRGV KDYH QR LPSOH PHQWDWLRQV <RX PD\ KRZHYHU KDYH UHIHUHQFHV WR DQ DEVWUDFW FODVV WKDW FDQ EH GLUHFWHG WR UHIHU WR LQVWDQFHV RI DQ\ QRQDEVWUDFW FODVV WKDW LV GHULYHG IURP WKH DEVWUDFW FODVV $EVWUDFW FODVVHV DUH PHDQW WR SURYLGH D PHFKDQLVP IRU GHILQLQJ D VSHFLILFDWLRQ IRU D VHW RI IHDWXUHV RI D FODVV ZLWKRXW DFWXDOO\ GHILQLQJ WKH GHWDLOV RI WKH FODVV
)LJXUH  $Q $EVWUDFW &ODVV 'HFODUDWLRQ DEVWUDFW VXEMHFW QDPH! H[WHQGV SDUHQW FODVV! GRHV DEVWUDFW DQG QRQDEVWUDFW PHWKRGV! KDV PHPEHUV! LV LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI DQ\ QRQDEVWUDFW PHWKRGV! HQG

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

 $GYDQFHG 2EMHFW2ULHQWHG 3URJUDPPLQJ

NLQG RI ILJXUH WKDW \RX PD\ FKRRVH WR FUHDWH WKHUH LV QR JHQHUDO LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI WKHVH PHWKRGV IRU WKH FODVV ILJXUH 7KLV FDOOV IRU DQ DEVWUDFW FODVV
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 VTXDUH W\SH VTXDUH  ZKLFK H[WHQG WKH DEVWUDFW FODVV ILJXUH ILJXUH LV FLUFOH ILJXUH LV VTXDUH ZULWH ILJXUH
V DUHD  ILJXUH JHWBDUHD   FDOOLQJ DQ DEVWUDFW PHWKRG $GYDQFHG 2EMHFW 2ULHQWHG 3URJUDPPLQJ

,QWHUIDFHV

7KH DELOLW\ RI RQH FODVV WR H[WHQG DQRWKHU FODVV DOORZV QHZ IRUPV RI H[SUHVVLRQ LQ WHUPV RI VSHFLI\LQJ \RXU GDWD (DFK FODVV FDQ RQO\ H[WHQG RQH RWKHU FODVV KRZHYHU 6RRQHU RU ODWHU KRZHYHU \RX DUH JRLQJ WR UXQ LQWR WKH VLWXDWLRQ ZKHUH \RX ZDQW D FODVV WR LQKHULW IXQFWLRQDOLW\ IURP WZR GLIIHUHQW VRXUFHV 7KLV SUHVHQWV D SUREOHP ,I \RX ZHUH WR DOORZ D FODVV WR LQKHULW PHWKRGV DQG ,QWHUIDFHV



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 DQG FRQVWDQWV 7KLV LV FDOOHG DQ LQWHUIDFH $Q LQWHUIDFH LV GHFODUHG VLPLODUO\ WR D FODVV
)LJXUH  $Q ,QWHUIDFH 'HFODUDWLRQ LQWHUIDFH QDPH! GRHV LPSOLFLWO\ DEVWUDFW PHWKRGV! KDV FRQVWDQW PHPEHUV! HQG

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

 $GYDQFHG 2EMHFW2ULHQWHG 3URJUDPPLQJ

)LJXUH  $ &ODVV ,QKHULWLQJ IURP D 3DUHQW &ODVV DQG ,QWHUIDFHV VXEMHFW QDPH! H[WHQGV SDUHQW FODVV! LPSOHPHQWV LQWHUIDFHV! GRHV PHWKRGV! KDV PHPEHUV! LV LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ! HQG

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
V IXQFWLRQDOLW\

8VLQJ &RQVWDQWV LQ ,QWHUIDFHV

$QRWKHU XVHIXO DSSOLFDWLRQ RI LQWHUIDFHV LV WR SDFNDJH JURXSV RI FRQVWDQWV %\ SXWWLQJ WKH FRQVWDQWV LQ DQ LQWHUIDFH \RX DYRLG WKH SRWHQWLDO QDPH FODVKHV WKDW \RX PLJKW KDYH LI \RX MXVW KDG WKH FRQVWDQWV GHFODUHG DV JOREDO YDULDEOHV 6LQFH HDFK FODVV PD\ LPSOHPHQW DV PDQ\ LQWHUIDFHV DV LW OLNHV LW FDQ LPSOHPHQW DQ\ QXPEHU RI WKHVH FRQVWDQW SDFNDJHV

([DPSOH 8VLQJ &RQVWDQWV LQ ,QWHUIDFHV LQWHUIDFH PDWKBFRQVWDQWV KDV FRQVW VFDODU SL  FRQVW VFDODU H  HQG  PDWKBFRQVWDQWV LQWHUIDFH SK\VLFVBFRQVWDQWV KDV FRQVW VFDODU SODQNVBFRQVW   A  FRQVW VFDODU EROW]PDQQVBFRQVW   A  HQG  SK\VLFVBFRQVWDQWV

$GYDQFHG 2EMHFW 2ULHQWHG 3URJUDPPLQJ

8VLQJ &RQVWDQWV LQ ,QWHUIDFHV



([DPSOH 8VLQJ &RQVWDQWV LQ ,QWHUIDFHV &RQWLQXHG VXEMHFW WKLQJ LPSOHPHQWV PDWKBFRQVWDQWV LV YHUE ZULWHBFRQVWDQWV LV  7KLV FRQVWDQW FDQ EH DFFHVVHG GLUHFWO\ EHFDXVH WKLV FODVV  LPSOHPHQWV WKH PDWKBFRQVWDQWV LQWHUIDFH  ZULWH SL  SL   7KLV FRQVWDQW PXVW EH DFFHVVHG WKURXJK WKH QDPH RI  LWV LQWHUIDFH EHFDXVH WKLV FODVV GRHV QRW LPSOHPHQW  WKDW LQWHUIDFH SK\VLFVBFRQVWDQWV  ZULWH SODQN
V FRQVWDQW  SK\VLFVBFRQVWDQWV W\SH
V SODQNVBFRQVW  HQG  ZULWHBFRQVWDQWV HQG  WKLQJ

6WDWLF ,QLWLDOL]HUV

<RX
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

 $GYDQFHG 2EMHFW2ULHQWHG 3URJUDPPLQJ

/LVWLQJ  $ 6WDWLF ,QLWLDOL]HU GR WHVW LQFOXGH PDWKRUHV  VXEMHFW TXLNWULJ GRHV REMHFWLYH VFDODU TXHVWLRQ TXLNVLQ VFDODU [ HQG LV VFDODU WDEOH>@ REMHFWLYH VFDODU TXHVWLRQ TXLNVLQ VFDODU [ LV DQVZHU WDEOH>WUXQF [ PRG @ HQG  TXLFNVLQ  VWDWLF LQLWLDOL]HU  IRU LQWHJHU FRXQWHU    GR WDEOH>FRXQWHU@ VLQ FRXQWHU HQG HQG  TXLNWULJ YHUE WHVW LV ZULWH TXLFN VLQ RI  ZULWH TXLFN VLQ RI  HQG  WHVW  TXLNWULJ W\SH
V TXLNVLQ    TXLNWULJ W\SH
V TXLNVLQ  

$GYDQFHG 2EMHFW 2ULHQWHG 3URJUDPPLQJ

6WDWLF ,QLWLDOL]HUV



 $GYDQFHG 2EMHFW2ULHQWHG 3URJUDPPLQJ

*ORVVDU\
$ %

$OJRULWKP

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 WKH DUJXPHQW RI WKH IXQFWLRQ LV  ,Q 20$5 DUJXPHQWV WR SURFHGXUHV DUH W\SLFDOO\ FDOOHG SDUDPHWHUV 3URJUDP DUJXPHQWV DUH WKH WH[W FRPPDQGV SDVVHG LQWR D SURJUDP IURP D FRPPDQG OLQH RU +70/ FRGH

%RROHDQ DOJHEUD LV D V\VWHP GHYHORSHG E\ *HRUJH %RROH WR H[SUHVV ORJLFDO UHODWLRQV %RROHDQ DOJHEUD WDNHV DV DUJXPHQWV %RROHDQ YDOXHV ZKLFK FDQ EH HLWKHU WUXH RU IDOVH DQG FRPELQHV WKHP XVLQJ WKH RSHUDWRUV QRW DQG DQG RU WR \LHOG %RROHDQ UHVXOWV

%RROHDQ

&RQGLWLRQDO 6WDWHPHQW

&

$UJXPHQW

&RQGLWLRQDO VWDWHPHQWV DUH VWDWHPHQWV WKDW WHVW LI D FHUWDLQ FRQGLWLRQ LV WUXH DQG LI VR SHUIRUPV VRPH DFWLRQ 7KH WHVW LV GRQH E\ HYDOXDWLQJ D %RROHDQ H[SUHVVLRQ WR \LHOG D %RROHDQ YDOXH DQG WKH VWDWHPHQWV DUH H[HFXWHG GHSHQGLQJ XSRQ WKH YDOXH RI WKH %RROHDQ H[SUHVVLRQ

&RPSOH[ 1XPEHUV

7KH FRPSOH[ QXPEHU V\VWHP ZDV GHYHORSHG WR SURYLGH IRU WKH UHSUHVHQ WDWLRQ RI WKH URRWV RI QHJDWLYH QXPEHUV *ORVVDU\



7\SLFDOO\ VTXDUH URRWV DUH RQO\ GHILQHG IRU SRVLWLYH QXPEHUV DQG WKH VTXDUH URRW RI D QHJDWLYH QXPEHU LV XQGHILQHG EHFDXVH WKHUH DUH QR UHDO QXPEHUV ZKLFK ZKHQ VTXDUHG \LHOG D QHJDWLYH QXPEHU 7KH FRPSOH[ QXPEHU V\VWHP LQWURGXFHV D QHZ QXPEHU GHVLJQDWHG L ZKLFK LV GHILQHG WR EH WKH VTXDUH URRW RI  7KHQ ZKHQ \RX DVN ZKDW WKH VTXDUH URRW RI  LV WKH DQVZHU LV L EHFDXVH ! LV  DQG L! LV  VR L! LV  $OO FRPSOH[ QXPEHUV PD\ EH H[SUHVVHG LQ WKH IRUP D  E L ZKHUH D LV WKH UHDO SDUW DQG E LV WKH LPDJLQDU\ SDUW 7KLV V\VWHP PD\ DW ILUVW VHHP DUELWUDU\ DQG XVHOHVV EXW FRPSOH[ QXPEHUV ILQG D QXPEHU RI XVHV LQ VFLHQFH DQG HQJLQHHULQJ DQG DUH WKH EDVLV RI WKH IUDFWDO LPDJHV WKDW FRPH IURP WKH PDWKHPDWLFDO HQWLW\ NQRZQ DV WKH 0DQGOHEURW VHW

YHFWRU D E F YHFWRU G H I YHFWRU FURVV YHFWRU L M N ZKHUH L E I  H F M F G  D I N D H  E G

'RW 3URGXFW

'

&URVV 3URGXFW

7KH FURVV SURGXFW LV D PDWKHPDWLFDO RSHUDWLRQ WKDW LV GHILQHG EHWZHHQ WZR WKUHH GLPHQVLRQDO YHFWRUV 7KH UHVXOW LV D QHZ YHFWRU WKDW LV SHUSHQGLFXODU WR ERWK RI WKH RWKHU WZR YHFWRUV 7KH OHQJWK PDJQLWXGH RI WKH FURVV SURGXFW LV HTXDO WR WKH SURGXFW RI WKH OHQJWKV RI WKH WZR RSHUDQGV WLPHV WKH VLQH RI WKH DQJOH EHWZHHQ WKHP 7KH FURVV SURGXFW LV VRPHWLPHV FDOOHG WKH YHFWRU SURGXFW EHFDXVH WKH UHVXOW LV D YHFWRU 7KH FURVV SURGXFW LV FDOFXODWHG DV IROORZV

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
YHFWRU YHFWRU X X X Y Y Y

YHFWRU GRW YHFWRU X Y  X Y  X Y

 *ORVVDU\

([SUHVVLRQ

([SUHVVLRQV DUH FRPELQDWLRQV RI YDULDEOHV XVLQJ RSHUDWRUV DQG IXQFWLRQV WR \LHOG QHZ YDOXHV $Q H[SUHVVLRQ LV OLNH RQH KDOI RI D PDWKHPDWLFDO IRUPXOD )RU H[DPSOH WKH H[SUHVVLRQ     LV DQ H[SUHVVLRQ WKDW HYDOXDWHV WR WKH YDOXH  ([SUHVVLRQV FDQ DOZD\V EH HYDOXDWHG WR \LHOG YDOXHV 7KH W\SH RI GDWD WKDW LV JHQHUDWHG E\ WKH H[SUHVVLRQ LV RIWHQ XVHG WR GHVFULEH WKH H[SUHVVLRQ VR \RX PD\ KDYH %RROHDQ H[SUHVVLRQV VFDODU H[SUHVVLRQV HWF ([SUHVVLRQV UHTXLUH WKDW WKH SURSHU W\SH RI GDWD LV XVHG ZLWK WKH RSHUDWRUV VR VRPH H[SUHV VLRQV DUH QRW YDOLG )RU H[DPSOH WKH H[SUHVVLRQ WUXH  LV LQYDOLG EHFDXVH \RX FDQ QRW XVH %RROHDQV ZLWK WKH PXOWLSOLFDWLRQ RSHUDWRU

*OREDO 9DULDEOH

$ JOREDO YDULDEOH LV D YDULDEOH WKDW FDQ EH DFFHVVHG DQ\ZKHUH LQ D SURJUDP 7KH FRGH RI D SURJUDP LV QRUPDOO\ GLYLGHG LQWR YDULRXV SURFHGXUHV HDFK RI ZKLFK PD\ KDYH LWV RZQ ORFDO YDULDEOHV WKDW RQO\ LW FDQ DFFHVV %HFDXVH DOO SURFH GXUHV FDQ DFFHVV JOREDO YDULDEOHV JOREDO YDULDEOHV FDQ EH XVHG WR VKDUH GDWD EHWZHHQ GLIIHUHQW SURFHGXUHV *HQHUDOO\ WKRXJK LWV D JRRG LGHD QRW WR XVH JOREDO YDULDEOHV LI WKH\ FDQ EH DYRLGHG %HFDXVH JOREDO YDULDEOHV FDQ EH FKDQJHG DQ\ZKHUH LQ WKH SURJUDP LWV PRUH OLNHO\ WKDW WKHLU YDOXHV FRXOG EH DFFLGHQWDOO\ FKDQJHG FDXVLQJ REQR[ LRXVO\ FU\SWLF EXJV

)XQFWLRQ

,GHQWLILHU

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

$Q LGHQWLILHU LV DQ\ QDPH WKDW \RX VXSSO\ IRU D YDULDEOH SURFHGXUH RU DQ\ RWKHU XVHU GHILQHG HQWLW\ UHTXLULQJ D QDPH 7KH UXOHV IRU FUHDWLQJ QHZ LGHQWL ILHUV DUH WKDW  WKH\ PXVW QRW PDWFK D UHVHUYHG ZRUG DQG  WKH\ PXVW EHJLQ ZLWK D OHWWHU DQG PD\ EH IROORZHG E\ OHWWHUV QXPEHUV RU WKH XQGHUVFRUH FKDUDFWHU ,Q DGGLWLRQ WKH LGHQWLILHU PXVW EH XQLTXH PHDQLQJ WKDW WKHUH DUH QR RWKHU LGHQWLILHUV ZLWK WKDW QDPH WKDW DUH GHFODUHG LQ WKH VDPH VFRSH

,PDJLQDU\ 1XPEHUV

,PDJLQDU\ QXPEHUV DUH QXPEHUV WKDW DUH IRUPHG E\ WDNLQJ WKH URRWV RI QHJDWLYH QXPEHUV $OO LPDJLQDU\ QXPEHUV FDQ EH H[SUHVVHG DV WKH SURGXFW RI D UHDO QXPEHU WLPHV WKH QXPEHU L ZKLFK LV GHILQHG DV WKH VTXDUH URRW RI  ,PDJLQDU\ QXPEHUV IRUP WKH LPDJLQDU\ *ORVVDU\



SDUW RI FRPSOH[ QXPEHUV :KHQ LPDJLQDU\ QXPEHUV DQG UHDO QXPEHUV DUH DGGHG WRJHWKHU WKH UHVXOW LV D FRPSOH[ QXPEHU

,QWHJHU

,QWHJHUV DUH WKH VHW RI DOO QHJDWLYH DQG SRVLWLYH ZKROH QXPEHUV LQFOXGLQJ ]HUR      HWF ,QWHJHUV DUH VRPHWLPHV FDOOHG WKH FRXQWLQJ QXPEHUV ,QWHJHUV DUH D VXEVHW RI UHDO QXPEHUV DQG FRPSOH[ QXPEHUV 5HDO QXPEHUV VFDODUV GLIIHU IURP LQWHJHUV LQ WKDW UHDO QXPEHUV PD\ KDYH D IUDFWLRQDO SDUW &RPSOH[ QXPEHUV GLIIHU IURP LQWHJHUV EHFDXVH FRPSOH[ QXPEHUV KDYH DQ LPDJLQDU\ SDUW WKDW LQWHJHUV DUH QRW FDSDEOH RI UHSUHVHQWLQJ

YDULDEOHV RQO\ OLYH ZLWKLQ D VLQJOH SURFHGXUH \RX GRQW QHHG WR ZRUU\ DERXW RWKHU SURFHGXUHV LQDGYHUWHQWO\ FKDQJLQJ WKHP $OPRVW DOO YDULDEOHV LQ D W\SLFDO SURFHGXUDO ODQJXDJH DUH ORFDO YDULDEOHV

3DUDPHWHU

.H\ZRUGV DUH LGHQWLILHUV WKDW VHUYH WR LQGLFDWH WKDW VRPHWKLQJ VSHFLDO LV IROORZLQJ WKH NH\ZRUG .H\ZRUGV FDQ EH XVHG LQ 20$5 SURFHGXUH FDOOV WR LQGLFDWH WKDW VRPH SDUDPHWHU YDOXHV DUH IROORZLQJ )RU H[DPSOH LQ WKH SURFHGXUH FDOO URWDWH E\  DURXQG   ! WKH NH\ZRUG E\ VLJQLILHV WKDW DQ DQJOH PHDVXUH IROORZV DQG WKH NH\ZRUG DURXQG VLJQLILHV WKDW WKH D[LV RI URWDWLRQ IROORZV 7KH XVH RI NH\ZRUGV FDQ PDNH SURFHGXUH FDOOV PXFK PRUH UHDGDEOH EHFDXVH WKH\ LQWHUVSHUVH ZRUGV ZLWK WKH QXPHULFDO YDOXHV

.H\ZRUG

$ SDUDPHWHU LV D QXPEHU WKDW GHILQHV DQ LQVWDQFH RI DQ REMHFW 3DUDPHWHUV DUH SDVVHG LQWR SURFHGXUHV DQG LI WKH SURFHGXUH GRHV QRW UHO\ RQ DQ\ JOREDO FRQGLWLRQV WKH SDUDPHWHUV FRPSOHWHO\ GHWHUPLQH WKH EHKDYLRU RI WKH SURFHGXUH 6LPLODUO\ LI WZR REMHFWV DUH FUHDWHG ZLWK WKH VDPH SDUDPHWHUV WKHQ WKH\ ZLOO EH LGHQWLFDO 3DUDPHWHUV IXQFWLRQ DV D VRUW RI LQWHUIDFH WR OLQN YDULRXV SURFHGXUHV WRJHWKHU LQ D VWUXF WXUHG ZD\

3UHFHGHQFH

/RFDO 9DULDEOH

3UHFHGHQFH LQ LWV PDWKHPDWLFDO VHQVH LV WKH RUGHU LQ ZKLFK RSHUDWRUV DUH DSSOLHG WR GDWD ,QVWHDG RI VLPSO\ EHLQJ DSSOLHG LQ D OHIWWRULJKW RUGHU VRPH RSHUDWRUV WDNH SUHFHGHQFH RYHU RWKHUV DQG DUH DOZD\V DSSOLHG ILUVW QR PDWWHU ZKHUH WKH\ FRPH LQ WKH H[SUHVVLRQ )RU H[DPSOH PXOWLSOLFDWLRQ WDNHV SUHFH GHQFH RYHU DGGLWLRQ VR WKH H[SUHVVLRQ     ZLOO EH HYDOXDWHG DV         LQVWHDG RI        ,I WZR RSHUDWRUV KDYH WKH VDPH SUHFHGHQFH OHYHO WKHQ WKH\ DUH DSSOLHG LQ D OHIWWRULJKW RUGHU

3URFHGXUH

$ ORFDO YDULDEOH LV D YDULDEOH WKDW H[LVWV RQO\ LQVLGH WKH VFRSH RI D SDUWLFXODU SURFHGXUH /RFDO YDULDEOHV HQFRXUDJH EHWWHU VDIHU SURJUDPPLQJ EHFDXVH LI D

$ SURFHGXUH LV D GHOLPLWHG VHFWLRQ RI D SURJUDP WKDW LV GHVLJQHG WR GR RQH SDUWLFXODU WDVN 3URFHGXUHV LQ 20$5 FRPH LQ D YDULHW\ RI IODYRUV WKDW HDFK KDYH FHUWDLQ UHVWULFWLRQV DQG FDSDELOLWLHV

 *ORVVDU\

WR DFFRPSOLVK GLIIHUHQW WDVNV 7KH GLIIHUHQW W\SHV RI SURFHGXUHV DUH YHUEV TXHVWLRQV VKDGHUV VKDSHV SLFWXUHV DQG DQLPV

6FDODU

$ VFDODU LV DQ\ QXPEHU ZLWK RU ZLWKRXW D IUDFWLRQDO SDUW ,Q PDWKHPDWLFV WKHVH DUH NQRZQ DV UHDO QXPEHUV 5HDO QXPEHUV LQFOXGH WKH VHW RI LQWHJHUV RU ZKROH QXPEHUV UDWLRQDO QXPEHUV ZKLFK FDQ DOZD\V EH H[SUHVVHG DV D UDWLR RI ZKROH QXPEHUV DQG WUDQVFHQGHQWDO QXPEHUV VXFK DV RU H ZKLFK FDQ QRW EH ZULWWHQ DV ILQLWH H[SUHVVLRQV RI ZKROH QXPEHUV

D XQLTXH LGHQWLILHU &RPSXWDWLRQV DUH GRQH E\ SHUIRUPLQJ YDULRXV PDWKH PDWLFDO RU ORJLFDO RSHUDWLRQV RQ WKH YDULDEOHV DQG PRYLQJ GDWD DURXQG EHWZHHQ WKH YDULDEOHV $OO RI WKH GDWD WKDW WKH FRPSXWHU SURJUDP NQRZV DERXW PXVW EH VWRUHG LQ YDULDEOHV 7KHUH DUH GLIIHUHQW W\SHV RI GDWD WKDW FDQ EH UHSUH VHQWHG VXFK DV %RROHDQV FKDUDFWHUV LQWHJHUV VFDODUV FRPSOH[ QXPEHUV DQG YHFWRUV (DFK YDULDEOH LV RI D FHUWDLQ W\SH WKDW PD\ QRW FKDQJH DQG YDULDEOHV RI RQH W\SH PD\ QRW KROG YDOXHV RI DQ\ RWKHU W\SH

9HFWRU

603/

7KH SURJUDPPLQJ ODQJXDJH WKDW ZDV ODWHU FDOOHG 6$*( DQG LV QRZ 20$5

6WULQJ

$ VWULQJ LQ FRPSXWHU SURJUDPPLQJ LV VLPSO\ D VHW RI FKDUDFWHUV JURXSHG LQ DQ DUUD\ 6WULQJV DUH XVHG WR KROG WH[W

9DULDEOH

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

,Q FRPSXWHU SURJUDPPLQJ D YDULDEOH LV D VLQJOH VWRUDJH XQLW IRU GDWD ODEHOOHG E\

*ORVVDU\



 *ORVVDU\

,QGH[
$
FUHDWLQJ 72 G\QDPLF 73 H[SUHVVLRQV RI 75 IUHHLQJ 96 PD[ 74 PLQ 74 PXOWLGLPHQVLRQDO 77 QRQVTXDUH 78 QXP 74 RI DUUD\V 78 UHIHUULQJ WR QRQH 71 UHVL]LQJ 81 VPDUW DUUD\V 6, 74 DVLQ IXQFWLRQ 24 DVVLJQPHQW RI DUUD\V 75 RI VWUXFWXUHV 93 RI VXEDUUD\V 81 DVVLJQPHQW RSHUDWRUV 29, 30 DVVLJQPHQW VWDWHPHQWV 29 DWDQ IXQFWLRQ 24
by reference 76

DEV IXQFWLRQ 24 DEVWUDFW FODVVHV 132 DEVWUDFW PHWKRGV 131 DFFHVVLQJ DUUD\ HOHPHQWV 72 ILHOGV RI D VWUXFW 92 PHPEHUV RI DQ REMHFW 103 DFRV IXQFWLRQ 24 $GD SURJUDPPLQJ ODQJXDJH 4 DOJRULWKP 139 DOORFDWLRQ H[SOLFLW 95 LPSOLFLW 6 DQG RSHUDWRU 19 DQLPV 14 DQVZHU VWDWHPHQWV 49 DSRVWURSKH V RSHUDWRU 92 DUFKLWHFWXUH LQGHSHQGHQFH 3 DUJXPHQWV 139 DUUD\V DFFHVVLQJ DUUD\ HOHPHQWV 72 DOORFDWLRQ 6 DV UHIHUHQFH W\SHV 71 DVVLJQLQJ E\ UHIHUHQFH 76 DVVLJQPHQW 75
of sub-arrays 81

EDVH FODVV WKH 110 ELQGLQJ G\QDPLF 116 GLVDEOLQJ 130 ,QGH[



EORFN FRPPHQWV 16 ERROHDQ 139 GDWD W\SH 18 RSHUDWRUV 19 EUHDN VWDWHPHQWV 43 E\WH GDWD W\SH 21 PDWK IXQFWLRQV 22 RSHUDWRUV 22

RI D YHFWRU 26 FRQGLWLRQDO VWDWHPHQWV 34, 139 FRQVWDQWV 27 DV SDUDPHWHUV 64 LQ LQWHUIDFHV 135 FRQVWUXFWRUV 95, 104 FRQWLQXH VWDWHPHQWV 43 FRV IXQFWLRQ 24 FURVV SURGXFW 140 FURVV SURGXFW RSHUDWRU 26

&

& SURJUDPPLQJ ODQJXDJH 1, 3 & SURJUDPPLQJ ODQJXDJH 1 FDVH VHQVLWLYLW\ 11 FDVH VWDWHPHQWV 37 FDVWLQJ 118 FKDU FKDULQWHJHU FRQYHUVLRQ IXQFWLRQV GDWD W\SH 20 FODVVHV 99 DEVWUDFW FODVVHV 132 FRQVWUXFWRUV 104 GHVWUXFWRUV 105 H[WHQGLQJ 110 ILQDO FODVVHV 131 KLHUDUFKLHV 110 LQWHUIDFHV RI 6, 100 PHPEHUV 99 PHWKRGV 99
accessing 103 shadowing 116 invoking 102 overriding 115

'

20

VXPPDU\ RI DFFHVV OHYHOV 125 FRPPDQG OLQH DUJXPHQWV 84 FRPPHQWV 15 FRPSDFW H[SUHVVLRQV 31 FRPSOH[ GDWD W\SH 24 H[WUDFWLQJ WKH FRPSRQHQWV RI 25 RSHUDWRUV 25 FRPSOH[ QXPEHUV 139 FRPSRQHQWV RI D FRPSOH[ 25

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

 ,QGH[

GLVDEOLQJ 130

HQFDSVXODWLRQ 109, 120 VXPPDU\ RI DFFHVV OHYHOV 125 HQXPHUDWHG W\SHV 89 H[FHSWLRQ KDQGOLQJ 7 H[LW VWDWHPHQWV 45 H[S IXQFWLRQ 24 H[SRQHQWV 24 H[SUHVVLRQV 30, 141 DUUD\ H[SUHVVLRQV 75 FRPSDFW H[SUHVVLRQV 31 VKRUWFLUFXLW H[SUHVVLRQV 32 H[SUHVVLYHQHVV 4 H[WHQGLQJ D FODVV 110 H[WHQGV NH\ZRUG 110

JHQHUDO SXUSRVH 3 JOREDO GHFODUDWLRQV 47 JOREDO VFRSLQJ PRGLILHU 62 JOREDO YDULDEOHV 7, 47, 141 SUREOHPV ZLWK 51

+ ,

KHDGHU 12

ILHOGV RI D FODVV 99 RI D VWUXFWXUH 92 ILOHV 12 ILQDO FODVVHV 131 ILQDO PHWKRGV 130 ILQDO SDUDPHWHUV 65 ILQDO YDULDEOHV 65 IORDWLQJSRLQW QXPEHUV 23 IRU VWDWHPHQWV 40 IRUHDFK VWDWHPHQWV 42 IRUPDW 11 IRUZDUG GHFODUDWLRQV 6 IUHH IRUPDWWLQJ 11 IUHHLQJ REMHFWV 96 IXQFWLRQ SRLQWHUV 66 IXQFWLRQV 49, 141 LQWHJHU PDWK IXQFWLRQV 22 VFDODU PDWK IXQFWLRQV 24

LDEV IXQFWLRQ 22 LGHQWLILHUV 10, 141 LI VWDWHPHQWV 34 LIWKHQ 35 LIWKHQHOVH 35 LIWKHQHOVHLI 36 LIWKHQHOVHLIHOVH 37 LPDJ IXQFWLRQ 25 LPDJLQDU\ QXPEHUV 141 LPSOHPHQWV FODXVH 134 LQFOXGH GLUHFWLYH 15 LQILQLWH ORRSV 40 LQKHULWDQFH 109, 110 LQLWLDOL]HUV 95 VWDWLF LQLWLDOL]HUV 136 LQVWDQFHV RI D FODVV 101 LQWHJHU 142 GDWD W\SH 21 PDWK IXQFWLRQV 22 RSHUDWRUV 22 LQWHUIDFHV 133 RI FODVVHV 6, 100 RI SURFHGXUHV 51 LV RSHUDWRU 19, 20, 29 LVQW RSHUDWRU 19 LVTU IXQFWLRQ 22 LWV 32 LWVHOI 32

JDUEDJH FROOHFWLRQ 94, 96 ,QGH[



-DYD SURJUDPPLQJ ODQJXDJH 2, 3

NH\ZRUG 142 NH\ZRUG SDUDPHWHUV PDQGDWRU\ 57 RSWLRQDO 58

OLQH FRPPHQWV 16 OQ IXQFWLRQ 24 ORFDO GHFODUDWLRQV 47 ORFDO YDULDEOH 142 ORJ IXQFWLRQ 24 ORQJ GDWD W\SH 21 PDWK IXQFWLRQV 22 RSHUDWRUV 22 ORRSLQJ VWDWHPHQWV 39

PHWKRGV 99 DEVWUDFW PHWKRGV 131 ILQDO PHWKRGV 130 LQYRNLQJ 102 REMHFWLYH PHWKRGV 127 RYHUULGLQJ 115 SULYDWH 125 SURWHFWHG 124 SXEOLF 124 UHIHUHQFH PHWKRGV 128 VXPPDU\ RI DFFHVV OHYHOV 125 PLQ 74 ZLWK PXOWLGLPHQVLRQDO DUUD\V 78 PRG RSHUDWRU 22 PXOWLGLPHQVLRQDO DUUD\V 77 PXOWLSOH SURFHGXUH FDOOV 69 PXOWLSOH UHIHUHQFHV 96

PDQGDWRU\ NH\ZRUG SDUDPHWHUV 57 PDQGDWRU\ SDUDPHWHUV 53 PDWKRUHV 22, 24 PD[ 74 ZLWK PXOWLGLPHQVLRQDO DUUD\V 78 PHPEHU VKDGRZLQJ 116 YHUVHV PHWKRG RYHUULGLQJ 117 PHPEHUV 99 DFFHVVLQJ 103 SULYDWH 122 SURWHFWHG 120 SXEOLF 120 VXPPDU\ RI DFFHVV OHYHOV 125 PHPRU\ DOORFDWLRQ 95 PDQDJHPHQW 5
explicit 95 implicit 6

QHVWHG DUUD\V 78 QHVWHG VFRSHV 47 QHZ VWDWHPHQWV 95 QRQH 27, 94 QRW RSHUDWRU 19 QXOO 27 QXP 74 ZLWK PXOWLGLPHQVLRQDO DUUD\V 78

REMHFWLYH PHWKRGV 127 REMHFWRULHQWHG SURJUDPPLQJ 5, 99 HQFDSVXODWLRQ 120 LQKHULWDQFH 109 REMHFWV 101 DFFHVVLQJ PHPEHUV 103 DOORFDWLRQ 6 FUHDWLQJ 102 FUHDWLQJ G\QDPLFDOO\ 95 FUHDWLQJ PXOWLSOH UHIHUHQFHV 96 IUHHLQJ 96 JHQHUDO GHILQLWLRQ 94 LQYRNLQJ PHWKRGV 102 WHVWLQJ DOORFDWLRQ 97

 ,QGH[

XQDOORFDWHG 94 20$5 GHVLJQ SKLORVRSK\ 2 GLIIHUHQFHV IURP -DYD 6 ILOHV

resource files 12 source files 12 structure 12 types 12

IRUPDW 11 VLPLODULWLHV WR -DYD 5 YRFDEXODU\ 9 RSHUDWRUV ERROHDQ 19 E\WH 22 FRPSOH[ 25 GRXEOH 23 LQWHJHU 22 ORQJ 22 SUHFHGHQFH 31 UHODWLRQDO 19 VFDODU 23 VKRUW 22 YHFWRU 26 RSWLRQDO SDUDPHWHUV 54 NH\ZRUG SDUDPHWHUV 58 UHWXUQ SDUDPHWHUV 60 RU RSHUDWRU 19 25(6 ILOHV 12 RYHUULGLQJ PHWKRGV 115 YHUVHV PHPEHU VKDGRZLQJ 117

SHUSHQGLFXODU FRPSRQHQW RSHUDWRU 26 SLFWXUHV 14 SRLQWHUV 27 SUHFHGHQFH RI RSHUDWRUV 31, 142 SULPLWLYH GDWD W\SHV 18 DQG UHIHUHQFH W\SHV 94 SULYDWH PHPEHUV 122 PHWKRGV 125 SURFHGXUH LQWHUIDFH YDULDEOHV 65 SURFHGXUH LQWHUIDFHV 51 SURFHGXUHV 12, 142 DQLPV 14 PXOWLSOH FDOOV 69 SLFWXUHV 14 TXHVWLRQV 14, 49 VKDGHUV 14 VKDSHV 14 YHUEV 14, 48 SURJUDP DUJXPHQWV 84 SURJUDP KHDGHU 12 SURQRXQV 32 SURWHFWHG PHPEHUV 120 PHWKRGV 124 SXEOLF PHPEHUV 120 PHWKRGV 124

4 5

TXHVWLRQV 14, 49

SDUDOOHO FRPSRQHQW RSHUDWRU 26 SDUDPHWHUV 51, 142 FRQVWDQWV 64 ILQDO 65 NLQGV RI SDUDPHWHUV 52 PDQGDWRU\ 53 PDQGDWRU\ NH\ZRUG 57 RSWLRQDO 54 RSWLRQDO NH\ZRUG 58 RSWLRQDO UHWXUQ 60 UHIHUHQFH 59 XVHUGHILQHG W\SHV DV 63

UHDG VWDWHPHQWV 83 UHDO IXQFWLRQ 25 UHFXUVLRQ 67 UHGLP VWDWHPHQW 82 UHIHUHQFH PHWKRGV 128 UHIHUHQFH SDUDPHWHUV 59 UHIHUHQFH W\SHV YV SULPLWLYH W\SHV 94 UHIHUHQFH YDULDEOHV 27 UHIHUV WR RSHUDWRU 27, 29 UHODWLRQDO RSHUDWRUV 19 ,QGH[



5HQGHUPDQ 4 UHQHZ VWDWHPHQWV 106 UHVHUYHG ZRUGV 9 UHVRXUFH ILOHV 12 GLIIHUHQFH IURP VRXUFH ILOHV 12 UHWXUQ SDUDPHWHUV 60 UHWXUQ VWDWHPHQWV 45 UHXVH RI FRGH 109 UREXVWQHVV RI FRGH 109 URXQG IXQFWLRQ 22

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

H[LW VWDWHPHQWV 45 IRU VWDWHPHQWV 40 LI VWDWHPHQWV 34 ORRSLQJ VWDWHPHQWV 39 QHZ VWDWHPHQWV 95 UHDG VWDWHPHQWV 83 UHGLP VWDWHPHQWV 82 UHQHZ VWDWHPHQWV 106 UHWXUQ VWDWHPHQWV 45 ZKHQ VWDWHPHQWV 37 ZKLOH VWDWHPHQWV 40 ZLWK VWDWHPHQWV 92 ZULWH VWDWHPHQWV 84 VWDWLF ELQGLQJ IRUFLQJ 130 VWDWLF LQLWLDOL]HUV 136 VWDWLF VFRSLQJ PRGLILHU 63 VWDWLF YDULDEOHV 65 VWULQJV 20, 143 VWUXFWXUHV 91 DFFHVVLQJ WKH ILHOGV RI 92 DVVLJQLQJ 93 GHFODULQJ 92 ZLWK VWDWHPHQWV 92 VXEMHFW FODVV WKH 110 VXEMHFWV 100, 102 V\PEROV 11

WDQ IXQFWLRQ 24 WKLV 104 WKUHDGV 7 WULJRQRPHWULF IXQFWLRQV 24 WUXQF IXQFWLRQ 22 W\SH DOLDVHV 88 W\SH FDVWLQJ 118 W\SH NH\ZRUG 87, 119 W\SH TXHU\LQJ 119 W\SHV FODVVHV 99 HQXPHUDWHG W\SHV 89 SULPLWLYH GDWD W\SHV 18
byte 21 complex 24 double 23 integer 21

 ,QGH[

VWUXFWXUHV 91 VXEMHFWV 100 W\SH DOLDVHV 88 XVHUGHILQHG

long 21 scalar 23 short 21 vector 25

as parameters 63

YDULDEOHV 17, 143 ILQDO 65 SURFHGXUH LQWHUIDFH YDULDEOHV 65 VKDGRZLQJ 62, 116 VWDWLF 65 YHFWRU 143 DFFHVVLQJ WKH FRPSRQHQWV RI 26 GDWD W\SH 25 RSHUDWRUV 26 YHUEV 14, 48 YRFDEXODU\ RI 20$5 9 950/ 4

XVHUGHILQHG W\SHV DV SDUDPHWHUV 63 FODVVHV 99 HQXPHUDWHG W\SHV 89 VWUXFWXUHV 91 V\QWD[ RI 87 W\SH DOLDVHV 88

ZKHQ VWDWHPHQWV 37 ZKHQHOVH VWDWHPHQW 39 ZKLOH VWDWHPHQWV 40 ZLWK VWDWHPHQWV 92 ZULWH VWDWHPHQWV 84

YDU SDUDPHWHUV 7

,QGH[



 ,QGH[