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    1.parallel Processing

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    Parallel processing involves performing multiple tasks simultaneously to improve performance. It has advantages over sequential processing like faster execution times and improved cost effectiveness. There are different levels of parallelism including job, task, instruction, and intra-instruction levels. Parallelism can be achieved through techniques like using multiple functional units, pipelining within the CPU, overlapping CPU and I/O operations, hierarchical memory systems, and multiprogramming.

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    1.parallel Processing

    Uploaded by

    dev chauhan
    4K views20 pages
    Parallel processing involves performing multiple tasks simultaneously to improve performance. It has advantages over sequential processing like faster execution times and improved cost effectiveness. There are different levels of parallelism including job, task, instruction, and intra-instruction levels. Parallelism can be achieved through techniques like using multiple functional units, pipelining within the CPU, overlapping CPU and I/O operations, hierarchical memory systems, and multiprogramming.

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    1.Parallel Processing

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    Parallel processing involves performing multiple tasks simultaneously to improve performance. It has advantages over sequential processing like faster execution times and improved cost effectiveness. There are different levels of parallelism including job, task, instruction, and intra-instruction levels. Parallelism can be achieved through techniques like using multiple functional units, pipelining within the CPU, overlapping CPU and I/O operations, hierarchical memory systems, and multiprogramming.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    4K views20 pages

    1.parallel Processing

    Uploaded by

    dev chauhan
    Parallel processing involves performing multiple tasks simultaneously to improve performance. It has advantages over sequential processing like faster execution times and improved cost effectiveness. There are different levels of parallelism including job, task, instruction, and intra-instruction levels. Parallelism can be achieved through techniques like using multiple functional units, pipelining within the CPU, overlapping CPU and I/O operations, hierarchical memory systems, and multiprogramming.

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    of 20

    Parallel Processing

    Parallel Processing
    • It is an efficient form of information processing
    which emphasizes the exploitation of concurrent
    events in the computing process.

    • Purpose of parallel processing


    – To speed up the computer processing capability
    – To increase its throughput

    • Advantages over sequential processing


    – Cost effective
    – Improved performance ,i.e., faster execution time
    Concurrency implies parallelism, simultaneity,
    and pipelining

    – Parallel events occur in multiple resources


    during the same time interval
    – Simultaneous events may occur at the same
    time instant
    – Pipelined events may occur in overlapped
    time spans
    • Note that parallel processing differs from
    multitasking, in which a single CPU
    executes several programs at once.

    • Parallel processing is also called parallel


    computing.
    4 levels of parallel processing
    • Job or Program level
    • Task or procedure level
    • Interinstruction level
    • Intrainstruction level
    Distributed Processing is a form of parallel
    processing in a special environment.
    Parallelism in Uniprocessor System
    Basic Uniprocessor System
    • A typical Uniprocessor (super
    minicomputer) consists of 3 major
    components:
    – Main memory
    – CPU
    – I/O subsystem
    • Uniprocessor : Mainframe IBM
    – Main memory: 4 LSUs, storage controller
    – Peripherals are connected to the I/O channels
    – Operation with the CPU is asynchronous
    Parallel Processing Mechanisms
    • Multiplicity of functional units
    • Parallelism and pipelining within the CPU
    • Overlapped CPU and I/O operations
    • Use of hierarchical memory system
    • Balancing of subsystem bandwidth
    • Multiprogramming and Time-sharing
    1.Multiplicity of functional units

    • Use of multiple processing elements


    under one controller
    • Many of the ALU functions can be
    distributed to multiple specialized units
    • These multiple Functional Units are
    independent of each other
    Example:

    • IBM 360/91
    – 2 parallel execution units
    • Fixed point arithmetic
    • Floating point arithmetic(2 Functional units)
    – Floating point add-sub
    – Floating point multiply-div
    2.Parallelism & pipelining within the
    CPU
    • Parallelism is provided by building parallel
    adders in almost all ALUs

    • Pipelining
    – Each task is divided into subtasks which can
    be executed in parallel
    3.Overlapped CPU and I/O operations

    • I/O operations can be performed


    simultaneously with the CPU
    computations by using
    – separate I/O controllers
    – I/O channels
    – I/O processors
    DMA-Cycle-stealing

    • Perform I/O transaction between the


    device and the main memory without the
    intervention of the CPU
    – I/O controller will generate a sequence of
    memory addresses
    – CPU is responsible for initiating the block
    transfer
    – CPU is notified, when the transfer is complete
    Use of I/O Processor : achieves maximum
    concurrency

    • I/O subsys is facilitated by an IOP


    • CPU is free to proceed with its primary task
    • IOP consists of:
    – I/O processor
    – I/O channels
    • I/O processor is attached directly to system bus
    • I/O processor is capable of executing I/O
    requests
    4.Use of hierarchical memory system

    • Speed of CPU = 1000 times speed of


    Main memory
    • hierarchical memory structure is used
    to close up the speed gap
    – Cache memory
    – Virtual memory
    – Parallel memories for array processors
    5.Balancing of subsystem bandwidth

    • Balancing bandwidth between main


    memory and CPU
    • Balancing bandwidth between main
    memory and I/O
    6.Multiprogramming and Time-sharing

    • Multiprogramming
    – Mix the execution of various types of
    programs (I/o bound, CPU bound)
    – The interleaving of CPU and I/O operations
    across several programs
    • Time-sharing
    – Time-sharing OS is used to avoid high-priority
    programs occupying the CPU for long
    – Fixed or variable time-slices are used
    – Creates a concept of virtual processors
    Parallel Computer Models
    • Pipeline Computers
    • Array Computers
    • Multiprocessor Computers
    Performance of parallel computers

    • Parallel computers with n identical


    processors do not have speeds n times
    faster than a single processor computer,
    but less than n
    • Speeds range from log2n to n/ln n

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