RC Detailing to EC2

Jenny Burridge
MA CEng MICE MIStructE Head of Structural Engineering

R C Detailing to Eurocode 2
Eurocodes & Standards Materials, Cover & Detailing Cracking and minimum steel Anchorage & Laps + Worked Example Beams, Slabs, Columns & Walls Detailing comparison BS8110 & EC2 Resources

Standards
BS EN 13670 Execution of Structures

BS EN 206-1 Specifying Concrete

BS EN 1992 Design of concrete structures Part 1-1: General & buildings Fire design Bridges Liquid retaining BS 4449 Reinforcing Steels BS EN 10080 Reinforcing Steels

BS 8500 Specifying Concrete

Part 1-2: Part 2: Part 3:

PD 6687-1 (Parts 1 & 3) PD 6687-2 ( Part 2) National Annex BS 8666 Reinforcement Scheduling

Eurocode 2 - contents
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. General Basis of design Materials Durability and cover to reinforcement Structural analysis Ultimate limit state Serviceability limit state Detailing of reinforcement and prestressing tendons General Detailing of member and particular rules Additional rules for precast concrete elements and structures Lightweight aggregated concrete structures Plain and lightly reinforced concrete structures

Eurocode 2 - Annexes
A. B. C. D. (Informative) (Informative) (Normative) (Informative) Modification of partial factors for materials Creep and shrinkage strain Reinforcement properties Detailed calculation method for prestressing steel relaxation losses Indicative Strength Classes for durability Reinforcement expressions for in-plane stress conditions Soil structure interaction Global second order effects in structures Analysis of flat slabs and shear walls Examples of regions with discontinuity in geometry or action (Detailing rules for particular situations) EC2 Annex J - replaced by Annex B in PD 6687

E. (Informative) F. (Informative) G. H. I. J. (Informative) (Informative) (Informative) (Informative)

Reinforcement

EC2 does not cover the use of plain or mild steel reinforcement

Principles and Rules are given for deformed bars, decoiled rods, welded fabric and lattice girders.

EN 10080 provides the performance characteristics and testing methods but does not specify the material properties. These are given in Annex C of EC2

Properties of reinforcement (Annex C)

Product form Bars and de-coiled rods Wire Fabrics

Class
Characteristic yield strength fyk or f0,2k (MPa) k = (ft/fy)k

400 to 600 1,05 2,5 1,08 5,0 1,15 <1,35 7,5 1,05 2,5 1,08 5,0 1,15 <1,35 7,5

Characteristic strain at maximum force, uk (%) Fatigue stress range (N = 2 x 106) (MPa) with an upper limit of 0.6fyk

150

100

The UK has chosen a maximum value of characteristic yield strength, fyk, = 600 MPa, but 500 MPa is the value assumed in BS 4449 and 4483 for normal supply.

Extract BS 8666

Reinforcement

Min. Mandrel Dia. for bent bars

EC2: Cl. 8.3

Minimum mandrel size, m

To avoid damage to bar is Bar dia 16mm Mandrel size 4 x bar diameter Bar dia > 16mm Mandrel size 7 x bar diameter The bar should extend at least 5 diameters beyond a bend To avoid failure of the concrete inside the bend of the bar: m,min Fbt ((1/ab) +1/(2 )) / fcd Bearing stress inside bends Fbt ultimate force in a bar at the start of a bend ab for a given bar is half the centre-to-centre distance between bars. For a bar adjacent to the face of the member, ab should be taken as the cover plus /2

Min. Mandrel Dia. for bent bars

EC2: Cl. 8.3

Minimum mandrel size, m

Stress inside bends

Mandrel size need not be checked to avoid concrete failure if : anchorage does not require more than 5 past end of bend bar is not the closest to edge face and there is a cross bar inside bend mandrel size is at least equal to the recommended minimum value

EC2 - Cover
Nominal cover
Nominal cover, cnom Minimum cover, cmin
cmin = max {cmin,dur; cmin,b ; 10 mm} durability as per BS 8500 bond

Allowance for deviation, cdev

10 mm Recommended

Axis distance, a
Fire protection Tables in Section 5 of part 1-2
13

Allowance in Design for Deviation

cdev: Allowance for deviation = 10mm
A reduction in cdev may be permitted: for a quality assurance system, which includes measuring concrete cover, 10 mm cdev 5 mm where very accurate measurements are taken and non conforming members are rejected (eg precast elements) 10 mm cdev 0 mm

Tolerances (in BS8666)

Control of Cracking
EC2: Cl. 7.3

In Eurocode 2 cracking is controlled in the following ways: Minimum areas of reinforcement cl 7.3.2 & Equ 7.1 As,mins = kckfct,effAct this is the same as Crack width limits (Cl. 7.3.1 and National Annex). These limits can be met by either: direct calculation (Cl. 7.3.4) crack width is Wk Used for liquid retaining structures deemed to satisfy rules (Cl. 7.3.3) Note: slabs 200mm depth are OK if As,min is provided.

Minimum Reinforcement Area

EC2: Cl. 9.2.1.1, Eq 9.1N The minimum area of reinforcement for slabs (and beams) is given by:

A s,min

0.26 fctm b t d 0.0013 b t d fyk

Crack Control Without Direct EC2: Cl. 7.3.3 Calculation

Provide minimum reinforcement. Crack control may be achieved in two ways: limiting the maximum bar diameter using Table 7.2N limiting the maximum bar spacing using Table 7.3N

Note: For cracking due to restraint use only max bar size

Minimum spacing of bars

EC2: Cl. 8.2 Clear horizontal and vertical distance , (dg +5mm) or 20mm For separate horizontal layers the bars in each layer should be located vertically above each other. There should be room to allow access for vibrators and good compaction of concrete.

Ultimate bond stress

EC2: Cl. 8.4.2 The design value of the ultimate bond stress, fbd = 2.25 12fctd where fctd should be limited to C60/75 1 =1 for good and 0.7 for poor bond conditions 2 = 1 for 32, otherwise (132- )/100
Direction of concreting Direction of concreting

250

a) 45 90
Direction of concreting

c) h > 250 mm
Direction of concreting
300

b) h 250 mm

d) h > 600 mm

unhatched zone good bond conditions hatched zone - poor bond conditions

Basic required anchorage length

EC2: Cl. 8.4.3

lb,rqd = ( / 4) (sd / fbd) where sd is the design stress of the bar at the position from where the anchorage is measured. For bent bars lb,rqd should be measured along the centreline of the bar

Design Anchorage Length, lbd

EC2: Cl. 8.4.4 lbd = 1 2 3 4 5 lb,rqd lb,min However: (2 3 5) 0.7 lb,min > max(0.3lb,rqd ; 10, 100mm)

Alpha values
EC2: Table 8.2

Cover (see fig 8.3)

Confinement (see fig 8.4) (Ast-Ast,min)/As

Pressure

Table 8.2 - Cd & K factors

EC2: Figure 8.3

EC2: Figure 8.4

Anchorage of links
EC2: Cl. 8.5

Design Lap Length, l0 (8.7.3)

EC2: Cl. 8.7.3 l0 = 1 2 3 5 6 lb,rqd l0,min

1 2 3 5 are as defined for anchorage length 6 = (1/25)0,5 but between 1.0 and 1.5 where 1 is the % of reinforcement lapped within 0.65l0 from the
centre of the lap Percentage of lapped bars relative to the total crosssection area < 25% 33% 50% >50%

1.15

1.4

1.5

Note: Intermediate values may be determined by interpolation. l0,min max{0.3 6 lb,rqd; 15; 200}

Worked example
Anchorage and lap lengths

Anchorage Worked Example

Calculate the tension anchorage for an H16 bar in the bottom of a slab (assuming fully stressed): a) Straight bars b) Other shape bars (Fig 8.1 b, c and d)

Concrete strength class is C25/30 Nominal cover is 25mm

Bond stress, fbd

fbd = 2.25 1 2 fctd 1 = 1.0 Good bond conditions 2 = 1.0 bar size 32 fctd = ct fctk,0,05/c ct = 1.0 c = 1.5 EC2 Table 3.1 fctk,0,05 = 0.7 x 0.3 fck2/3 = 0.21 x 252/3 = 1.8 MPa fctd = ct fctk,0,05/c = 1.8/1.5 = 1.2 fbd = 2.25 x 1.2 = 2.7 MPa EC2 cl 3.1.6(2), Equ 3.16 EC2 Equ. 8.2

Basic anchorage length, lb,req

lb.req = (/4) ( sd/fbd) EC2 Equ 8.3

Max stress in the bar, sd = fyk/s = 500/1.15 = 435MPa. lb.req = (/4) ( 435/2.7) = 40.3 For concrete class C25/30

Design anchorage length, lbd

lbd = 1 2 3 4 5 lb.req lb,min lbd = 1 2 3 4 5 (40.3) For concrete class C25/30

Alpha values
EC2: Table 8.2 Concise: 11.4.2

Table 8.2 - Cd & K factors

EC2: Figure 8.3 Concise: Figure 11.3

EC2: Figure 8.4

Design anchorage length, lbd

lbd = 1 2 3 4 5 lb.req lb,min lbd = 1 2 3 4 5 (40.3) 1 = 1.0 3 = 1.0 4 = 1.0 5 = 1.0 conservative value with K= 0 N/A conservative value For concrete class C25/30 a) Tension anchorage straight bar

2 = 1.0 0.15 (cd )/ 2 = 1.0 0.15 (25 16)/16 = 0.916 lbd = 0.916 x 40.3 = 36.9 = 590mm

Design anchorage length, lbd

lbd = 1 2 3 4 5 lb.req lb,min lbd = 1 2 3 4 5 (40.3) 1 = 1.0 3 = 1.0 4 = 1.0 5 = 1.0 For concrete class C25/30 b) Tension anchorage Other shape bars cd = 25 is 3 = 3 x 16 = 48 conservative value with K= 0 N/A conservative value

2 = 1.0 0.15 (cd 3)/ 1.0 2 = 1.0 0.15 (25 48)/16 = 1.25 1.0 lbd = 1.0 x 40.3 = 40.3 = 645mm

Worked example - summary

H16 Bars Concrete class C25/30 25 Nominal cover Tension anchorage straight bar Tension anchorage Other shape bars lbd = 36.9 = 590mm lbd = 40.3 = 645mm

lbd is measured along the centreline of the bar Compression anchorage (1 = 2 = 3 = 4 = 5 = 1.0) lbd = 40.3 = 645mm Anchorage for Poor bond conditions = Good/0.7 Lap length = anchorage length x 6 (number of bars lapped at section)

Anchorage & lap lengths

How to design concrete structures using Eurocode 2

Arrangement of Laps
EC2: Cl. 8.7.2
Laps between bars should normally be staggered and not located in regions of high stress, the arrangement of lapped bars should comply with the following: The clear distance between lapped bars should not be greater than 4 or 50 mm otherwise the lap length should be increased by a length equal to the clear space where it exceeds 4 or 50 mm 1. The longitudinal distance between two adjacent laps should not be less than 0,3 times the lap length, l0; 2. In case of adjacent laps, the clear distance between adjacent bars should not be less than 2 or 20 mm. When the provisions comply with the above, the permissible percentage of lapped bars in tension may be 100% where the bars are all in one layer. Where the bars are in several layers the percentage should be reduced to 50%. All bars in compression and secondary (distribution) reinforcement may be lapped in one section.

Arrangement of Laps
EC2: Cl. 8.7.2, Fig 8.7

If more than one layer a maximum of 50% can be lapped

Arrangement of Laps
EC2: Cl. 8.7.3, Fig 8.8

Transverse Reinforcement
Anchorage of bars

There is transverse tension reinforcement required

Transverse Reinforcement
Lapping of bars

F tan

F tan F/2 F/2

There is transverse tension reinforcement required

Transverse Reinforcement at Laps Bars in tension

EC2: Cl. 8.7.4, Fig 8.9

only if bar 20mm or laps > 25%

Where the diameter, , of the lapped bars 20 mm, the transverse reinforcement should have a total area, Ast 1,0As of one spliced bar. It should be placed perpendicular to the direction of the lapped reinforcement and between that and the surface of the concrete. If more than 50% of the reinforcement is lapped at one point and the distance between adjacent laps at a section is 10 transverse bars should be formed by links or U bars anchored into the body of the section. The transverse reinforcement provided as above should be positioned at the outer sections of the lap as shown below.

Ast /2
l 0 /3
F s

Ast /2
l 0 /3 150 mm F s l0

Beams
EC2: Cl. 9.2

As,min = 0,26 (fctm/fyk)btd but 0,0013btd

As,max = 0,04 Ac Section at supports should be designed for a hogging moment 0,25 max. span moment Any design compression reinforcement () should be held by transverse reinforcement with spacing 15

Beams
EC2: Cl. 9.2

Tension reinforcement in a flanged beam at supports should be spread over the effective width (see 5.3.2.1)

Shear reinforcement
EC2: Cl. 9.2.2

Minimum shear reinforcement, w,min = (0,08fck)/fyk

Maximum longitudinal spacing, sl,max = 0,75d (1 + cot) For vertical links sl,max = 0,75d Maximum transverse spacing, st,max = 0,75d 600 mm

Shear Design
EC2: Cl. 6.2.3

V z x s x V z d d

Curtailment of reinforcement
EC2: Cl. 9.2.1.3, Fig 9.2
Envelope of ( M Ed /z + N Ed ) Acting tensile force Resisting tensile force
Ftd lbd lbd lbd

al

lbd

al Ftd lbd lbd lbd lbd

Shift rule

For members without shear reinforcement this is satisfied with al = d For members with shear reinforcement: al = 0.5 z Cot But it is always conservative to use al = 1.125d

Supporting Reinforcement at Indirect Supports

EC2: Cl. 9.2.5
A B supporting beam with height h1 supported beam with height h2 (h1 h2)

B
h 2 /3

h 2 /2

Plan view The supporting reinforcement is in addition to that required for other reasons
h 1 /3 h 1 /2

The supporting links may be placed in a zone beyond the intersection of beams

Simplified Detailing Rules for Beams

Solid slabs
EC2: Cl. 9.3

Curtailment as beams except for the Shift rule al = d may be used Flexural Reinforcement min and max areas as beam Secondary transverse steel not less than 20% main reinforcement Reinforcement at Free Edges

Solid slabs
EC2: Cl. 9.3

Where partial fixity exists, not taken into account in design: Internal supports: As,top 0,25As for Mmax in adjacent span End supports: As,top 0,15As for Mmax in adjacent span This top reinforcement should extend 0,2 adjacent span

Particular rules for flat slabs Distribution of moments

EC2: Table I.1

Particular rules for flat slabs

EC2: Cl. 9.4

Arrangement of reinforcement should reflect behaviour under working conditions. At internal columns 0.5At should be placed in a width = 0.25 panel width. At least two bottom bars should pass through internal columns in each orthogonal directions.

Columns
EC2: Cl. 9.5.2

h 4b min 12 As,min = 0,10NEd/fyd but 0,002 Ac As,max = 0.04 Ac (0,08Ac at laps)

Minimum number of bars in a circular column is 4. Where direction of longitudinal bars changes more than 1:12 the spacing of transverse reinforcement should be calculated.

Columns
EC2: Cl. 9.5.3
150mm

scl,tmax

150mm

scl,tmax = min {20 min; b ; 400mm} scl,tmax should be reduced by a factor 0,6: in sections within h above or below a beam or slab near lapped joints where > 14. A min of 3 bars is required in lap length scl,tmax = min {12 min; 0.6b ; 240mm}

Walls
Vertical Reinforcement As,vmin = 0,002 Ac (half located at each face) As,vmax = 0.04 Ac (0,08Ac at laps) svmax = 3 wall thickness or 400mm Horizontal Reinforcement As,hmin = 0,25 Vert. Rein. or 0,001Ac shmax = 400mm Transverse Reinforcement Where total vert. rein. exceeds 0,02 Ac links required as for columns Where main rein. placed closest to face of wall links are required (at least 4No. m2). [Not required for welded mesh or bars
16mm with cover at least 2.]

Detailing Comparisons
Beams Main Bars in Tension
As,min As,max

EC2 Clause / Values

9.2.1.1 (1): 0.0013 bd 9.2.1.1 (3): 0.26 fctm/fykbd 0.04 bd

BS 8110 Values
0.0013 bh 0.04 bh

Main Bars in Compression

As,min As,max -9.2.1.1 (3): 0.04 bd 0.002 bh 0.04 bh

Spacing of Main Bars

smin Smax 8.2 (2): dg + 5 mm or or 20mm dg + 5 mm or Table 3.28 Table 7.3N

Links
Asw,min sl,max st,max 9.2.2 (5): 9.2.2 (6): 9.2.2 (8): (0.08 b s fck)/fyk 0.75 d 0.75 d 600 mm 0.4 b s/0.87 fyv 0.75d d or 150 mm from main bar

9.2.1.2 (3) or 15 from main bar

Detailing Comparisons
Slabs Main Bars in Tension
As,min As,max As,min As,max

EC2 Clause / Values

9.2.1.1 (1): 0.04 bd 0.26 fctm/fykbd 0.0013 bd

BS 8110 Values
0.0013 bh 0.04 bh

Secondary Transverse Bars

9.3.1.1 (2): 9.2.1.1 (3): 0.2As for single way slabs 0.04 bd 0.002 bh 0.04 bh dg + 5 mm or 3d or 750 mm

Spacing of Bars
smin Smax 8.2 (2): dg + 5 mm or or 20mm 9.3.1.1 (3): main 3h 400 mm secondary: 3.5h 450 mm places of maximum moment: main: 2h 250 mm secondary: 3h 400 mm

Detailing Comparisons
Punching Shear Links Asw,min Spacing of Links Sr St 9.4.3 (1): 9.4.3 (1): within 1st control perim.: 1.5d outside 1st control perim.: 2d Columns Main Bars in Compression As,min As,max Links Min size Scl,tmax 9.5.3 (1) 0.25 or 6 mm 9.5.3 (3): min (12min; 0.6 b;240 mm) 9.5.3 (6): 150 mm from main bar 0.25 or 6 mm 12 150 mm from main bar 9.5.2 (2): 0.10NEd/fyk 0.002bh 9.5.2 (3): 0.04 bh 0.004 bh 0.06 bh 0.75d 0.75d 1.5d EC2 Clause / Values 9.4.3 (2): (fck)/fyk Link leg = 0.053 sr st BS 8110 Values Total = 0.4ud/0.87fyv

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Detailing

Specification NSCS, v4
1 Scope 2 Bibliography 3 Definitions 4 Execution Management 5 Falsework and Formwork 6 Reinforcement 7 Prestressed Concrete 8 In-situ Concrete - Finishes 9 Precast Concrete 10 Geometric Tolerances

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