NASA ISS Expedition 19-20 Press Kit

National Aeronautics and Space Administration
PRESS KIT/MARCH 2009
Expedition 19 and 20
Full Partners
www.nasa.gov
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Page
MISSION OVERVIEW............................................................................................................... 1
EXPEDITION 19 & 20 CREW.................................................................................................... 9
EXPEDITION 19/20 MAJOR MILESTONES ............................................................................... 23
EXPEDITION 19/20 SPACEWALKS ......................................................................................... 27
RUSSIAN SOYUZ TMA ............................................................................................................. 29
S O Y U Z B O O ST E R R O CK ET C HA RA C T ER IS T I CS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
P R ELA U N CH C O U N T DO W N T IM EL I N E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
A S C E NT / I NSE R T IO N TIM EL I N E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 35
O R B ITAL I N SER T IO N TO DO C K I N G T IMEL I NE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
K E Y T IM E S FO R EX PED IT IO N 1 9/ 20 I NT ER NA TI O NAL SP A CE S TAT ION EVENT S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
E X P E D IT I ON 1 8/ S O YU Z TMA -1 3 L A NDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
S O Y U Z TM A- 1 3 E NT RY T IMEL I NE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 46
FIRST EXPEDITION TO USE RECYCLING SYSTEM FOR DURATION ......................................... 49

HTV SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................... 53
INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION: EXPEDITION 19/20 SCIENCE OVERVIEW ....................... 57
THE PAYLOAD OPERATIONS CENTER ...................................................................................... 65
RUSSIAN RESEARCH OBJECTIVES ......................................................................................... 69
EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY EXPERIMENT PROGRAM ............................................................. 75
JAPAN AEROSPACE EXPLORATION AGENCY SCIENCE OPERATIONS ...................................... 95
DIGITAL NASA TELEVISION .................................................................................................... 103
EXPEDITION 19/20 PUBLIC AFFAIRS OFFICERS (PAO) CONTACTS ...................................... 105
MARCH 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS i

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ii TABLE OF CONTENTS MARCH 2009

Mission Overview
Expedition 19 and 20
Attired in Russian Sokol launch and entry suits, cosmonaut Gennady Padalka (center),
Expedition 19/20 commander; astronaut Michael Barratt (right), Expedition 19/20 flight engineer;
and U.S. spaceflight participant Charles Simonyi join hands as they pose for a portrait in Star
City, Russia. Photo credit: Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center
The crew of Expedition 19 will begin its journey Michael Barratt (BA'-rat) and U.S. spaceflight
to the International Space Station on March 26 participant Charles Simonyi (Sih-MOAN'-ee).
from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan,
launching on a mission that will ultimately Padalka, a 50-year-old Russian Air Force
inaugurate the expansion of the station to six colonel, will command Expedition 19 and 20 as
crew members. On board the Russian Soyuz well as the Soyuz spacecraft for launch and
TMA-14 spacecraft will be cosmonaut landing. He is making his second voyage to the
Gennady Padalka (Puh-DOLL'-kuh), astronaut station after commanding Expedition 9 in 2004
MARCH 2009 MISSION OVERVIEW 1

and his third flight into space, having logged proficiency training on the Canadarm2 robotic
387 days in orbit on his previous missions. arm from the resident crew, engage in safety
Barratt, who will launch just days before his briefings and receive payload and scientific
50th birthday, will serve as a flight engineer on equipment training.
board the station and the Soyuz. He is making
his first journey into space after extensive The change of command ceremony will mark
experience in the medical field, including the formal handoff of control of the station by
serving as the medical operations lead for the Fincke and Lonchakov to Padalka, Barratt and
International Space Station Program and as a Wakata, just days before the Expedition 18
NASA flight surgeon. Padalka and Barratt will crew members and Simonyi depart the station.
spend about six months on the complex.
The Expedition 19 crew will work with
Simonyi, 60, will spend 10 days on the station experiments across a wide variety of fields,
under a commercial agreement with the including human life sciences, physical
Russian Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos), sciences and Earth observation, and conduct
making his second flight to the station and technology demonstrations. As with prior
becoming the first spaceflight participant to Expeditions, many experiments are designed to
return to space. He will return to Earth on the gather information about the effects of
Soyuz TMA-13 capsule on April 7 with long-duration spaceflight on the human body,
the Expedition 18 crew, Commander which will help with planning future exploration
E. Michael Fincke and Flight Engineer missions to the moon and Mars. The crew also
Yury Lonchakov (LAHN'-chuh-coff), who have will conduct experiments in tandem with various
been aboard the station since October 2008. science teams and classrooms on the ground,
The Soyuz will land in central Kazakhstan. including the EarthKAM project. EarthKAM
allows middle school students to program a
The Soyuz TMA-14 spacecraft that will camera on board the station to take requested
carry the Expedition 19 crew and Simonyi will photos of the planet below. The camera
launch from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in operates automatically, and the images are
Kazakhstan for a two-day flight and dock at downlinked to the students via the Web.
the aft port of the Zvezda Service Module.
They will join Flight Engineer Koichi Wakata Soon after arriving, the Expedition 19 crew will
(Ko-EE'-chee Wa-KAH'-tah), 45, of the Japan prepare for the May undocking of the Progress
Aerospace Exploration Agency, who was 32 cargo craft and the arrival and docking of the
launched to the station aboard space shuttle Progress 33 resupply vehicle. They also will
Discovery on its STS-119 mission. Wakata will spend time performing checkout procedures of
transition from Expedition 18 to Expedition 19 the Advanced Resistive Exercise Device, or
once Padalka and Barratt take over station ARED, which is one of the three exercise
operations. devices on board the station. The crew will
continue to prepare the regenerative
Once they arrive, Padalka and Barratt will environmental equipment for the increase in
conduct more than a week of handover crew size that will take place in May. This
activities with Fincke, Lonchakov and Wakata, activity will include ensuring the Water
familiarizing themselves with station systems Reclamation System, or WRS, is ready for full
and procedures. They also will receive use.
2 MISSION OVERVIEW MARCH 2009

Astronaut Michael Barratt, NASA Expedition 19 flight engineer, undergoes a pressure and leak
check on his Russian launch and entry suit at the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan
(March 12, 2009).

Astronauts Michael Barratt (foreground) and Tim Kopra, both Expedition 19/20 flight engineers,
look over procedures checklists during a training session in an International Space Station
mock-up/trainer in the Space Vehicle Mockup Facility at NASA’s Johnson Space Center.

On May 27, cosmonaut Roman Romanenko Thirsk is making his second flight into space,
(Ro-mun-NEHN'-ko), a 37-year-old Russian Air having flown aboard shuttle Columbia in
Force lieutenant colonel, Canadian Space 1996 on a Spacelab science mission. Thirsk
Agency astronaut Robert Thirsk (THURSK), 55, will become the first Canadian to fly on a
and European Space Agency astronaut long-duration spaceflight. He is scheduled to
Frank De Winne (Duh-WIN'-nuh), 48, will return to Earth in the fall on shuttle Atlantis at
launch from Baikonur aboard the Soyuz the conclusion of the STS-129 mission.
TMA-15 spacecraft. They will dock with the De Winne also is making his second flight into
Zarya module of the space station May 29, space.
inaugurating the long-awaited presence of a
six-person crew on the station. It also will Within days of the arrival of Expedition 20,
mark the moment when all five partner Padalka and Barratt are scheduled to complete
agencies are represented by crew members on two spacewalks in Russian Orlan spacesuits to
the orbiting laboratory and will begin what is add hardware and reposition equipment on the
called Expedition 20, still under the command Pirs Docking Compartment in preparation for
of Padalka. Romanenko, the Soyuz TMA-15 the Mini Research Module-2, or MRM-2, a new
commander, will serve as a station flight Russian docking and research module, later in
engineer in his first flight into space. the year.
Canadian Space Agency astronaut Robert Thirsk, Expedition 20/21 flight engineer, dons a
training version of the shuttle launch and entry suit in preparation for a water survival training
session in the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL) near NASA’s Johnson Space Center.
United Space Alliance (USA) suit technician Drew Billingsley assists Thirsk.

On the heels of the two spacewalks, shuttle scheduled to come home on Discovery’s
Endeavour is targeted to launch on its STS-127 STS-128 mission that will deliver his
mission to the station. This flight will deliver replacement, Nicole Stott (STAHTT), 46. She
the Japanese Experiment Module-Exposed will spend a little more than three months in
Facility and the Japanese Experiment Logistics orbit and is slated to return to Earth with
Module-Exposed Section for the Kibo Romanenko and De Winne on the Soyuz
laboratory. The exposed section is a “front TMA-15 in late November.
porch” on which experiments will be mounted
for long-duration exposure to the environment Once the Progress 33 undocks from Pirs in
in low Earth orbit. The shuttle also will deliver July, Padalka, Barratt and Kopra will don their
some spare parts for the station and install new launch and landing suits and board the Soyuz
batteries in the P6 Truss. TMA-14 for a brief trip to relocate their return
craft from Zvezda to Pirs. Romanenko, Thirsk
The mission also will deliver NASA astronaut and De Winne will monitor the operation from
Tim Kopra (KOH'-pruh), a 46-year-old Army inside the station. This will clear the way for the
colonel, to the complex to replace Wakata, who docking of the Progress 34 cargo vehicle to
will return to Earth aboard Endeavour. Kopra is Zvezda at the end of the month. A total of five
making his first flight into space and will remain Russian Progresses will make space station
on board the station until August when he is resupply missions this year.
Astronaut Michael Barratt, Expedition 19/20 flight engineer, participates in an Extravehicular

Mobility Unit (EMU) spacesuit fit check in the Space Station Airlock Test Article (SSATA) in the
Crew Systems Laboratory at NASA’s Johnson Space Center. Astronauts Nicole Stott,
Expedition 20/21 flight engineer, and Mike Fossum (support crew member) assist\ Barratt.

August will bring the docking of shuttle September will see the inaugural launch of
Discovery on the STS-128 mission. This flight the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency’s
will carry a Multipurpose Logistics Module, or H-II Transfer Vehicle, or HTV, cargo craft. The
MPLM, which will contain supplies and unpiloted spacecraft will launch from the
equipment necessary to maintain the six-person Tanegashima Space Center in Japan and will
crew aboard the station. The crew will remove fly just close enough to the International Space
a materials processing experiment and a Station for the station’s arm to reach out and
European science experiment mounted outside capture it. The arm will then be used to dock
the Columbus module and will remove and the HTV with the Earth-facing port of the
replace an empty ammonia tank assembly Harmony node, where it will deliver
during the mission's three spacewalks. approximately six tons of supplies for the crew.
Astronaut Robert Thirsk, Expedition 20/21 flight engineer representing the Canadian Space
Agency (CSA), participates in a Microgravity Science Glovebox (MSG) operations training
session in the Jake Garn Simulation and Training Facility at NASA’s Johnson Space Center.

The HTV joins the Russian Progress and In late September, NASA astronaut
European Automated Transfer Vehicle as cargo Jeff Williams, 51, a retired Army colonel and
vessels designed to keep the station supplied station veteran, and cosmonaut Max Suraev,
with critical hardware for day-to-day operations. 37, a Russian Air Force colonel, will launch
After a month attached to the outpost, the from the Baikonur Cosmodrome on the Soyuz
Canadarm2 will unberth the HTV, enabling it to TMA-16, presumably with a Kazakh spaceflight
fire its engines to back away from the station participant, to replace Padalka and Barratt
and conduct a deorbit maneuver, allowing it to and begin Expedition 21 under De Winne’s
burn up in the Earth’s atmosphere. command at the point at which Padalka, Barratt
and the Kazakh cosmonaut land in the Soyuz
TMA-14 craft in mid-October. Williams takes
over as Expedition 22 commander with Suraev
operating as flight engineer when Romanenko,
De Winne and Stott depart in late November.

Expedition 19 & 20 Crew
Expedition 19
Expedition 19 Patch
Expedition 19 marks the final planned period of research outpost. The design is stylized to
three-person occupancy before increasing the highlight the beauty of the home planet and the
crew size to six, and it occurs in the final stages station orbiting it, next to the sun, now the
of International Space Station assembly. The unquestioned brightest star in the sky as
patch emphasizes Earth, one of the major viewed from Earth.
focuses of attention and study from the orbital
MARCH 2009 CREW 9

Cosmonaut Gennady Padalka (center), Expedition 19 and 20 commander; NASA astronaut
Michael Barratt (left) and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) astronaut Koichi Wakata,
both flight engineers, take a break from training at NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston to
pose for a crew portrait. Padalka and Barratt are scheduled to launch to the International Space
Station in the Soyuz TMA-14 spacecraft from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan in
March 2009. Wakata will fly to the station on STS-119 and will serve as a flight engineer for
Expeditions 18, 19 and 20.
10 CREW MARCH 2009

Expedition 20
Expedition 20 Patch
The Expedition 20 patch symbolizes a new era in the foreground represents where we are now
in space exploration with the first six-person and the important role it is playing toward
crew living and working aboard the space meeting our exploration goals. The knowledge
station, and it represents the significance of the and expertise developed from these
station to the exploration goals of NASA and its advancements will enable us to leave low Earth
international partners. The six gold stars signify orbit once again for the new challenges of
the men and women of the crew. The astronaut establishing a permanent presence on the
symbol extends from the base of the patch to moon and traveling on to Mars and other
the star at the top to represent the international destinations. The blue, gray and red arcs
team, both on the ground and in orbit, who are represent our exploration goals as symbols of
working together to further our knowledge of Earth, the moon and Mars.
living and working in space. The space station
MARCH 2009 CREW 11

Expedition 20 crew members take a break from training at NASA’s Johnson Space Center to
pose for a crew portrait. From the left (front row) are European Space Agency astronaut
Frank De Winne, Expedition 20 flight engineer and Expedition 21 commander; cosmonaut
Gennady Padalka, Expedition 19/20 commander; and cosmonaut Roman Romanenko,
Expedition 20/21 flight engineer. From the left (back row) are Canadian Space Agency astronaut
Robert Thirsk, Expedition 20/21 flight engineer; NASA astronauts Michael Barratt,
Expedition 19/20 flight engineer; Nicole Stott, Expedition 20/21 flight engineer; Tim Kopra,
Expedition 20 flight engineer; and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) astronaut
Koichi Wakata, 18/19/20 flight engineer.
Three new crew members will join Padalka, STS-127 crew, delivering NASA astronaut Tim
Barratt and Wakata to comprise the Kopra and returning Wakata to Earth. Months
Expedition 20 crew, the inauguration of later, Atlantis and the STS-128 crew will bring
six-person crews on the station. Russian NASA astronaut Nicole Stott to the station and
cosmonaut Roman Romanenko, European return Kopra to Earth.
Space Agency astronaut Frank De Winne and
Canadian Space Agency astronaut Robert Short biographical sketches of the crew follow
Thirsk will arrive on a Soyuz spacecraft in with detailed background available at:
May 2009. During the increment, space shuttle
Endeavour is expected to arrive with the http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/
12 CREW MARCH 2009

Expedition 19
Gennady Padalka
A veteran of two prior long-duration missions, maintained station systems and performed four
Gennady Padalka (Col., Russian Air Force) will spacewalks. Previously Padalka served aboard
lead the Expedition 19 crew as the Soyuz and the Soyuz-TM28 and space station Mir as the
station commander for the last three-person commander, logging 198 days in space.
station crew. He also will serve as Expedition
20 commander. Padalka most recently served He was selected as a cosmonaut candidate to
as the Expedition 9 commander, during which start training at the Gagarin Cosmonaut
time he served with Expedition 18 Commander Training Center in 1989. From June 1989 to
E. Michael Fincke for a six-month tour of duty. January 1991, he attended basic space
The two continued science operations, training. In 1991 Padalka was qualified as a
test-cosmonaut.
MARCH 2009 CREW 13

Michael Barratt
Michael Barratt will be making his first trip to Life Sciences. In 1992, he was assigned as a
space. A native of the state of Washington, NASA flight surgeon, spending three years as a
Barratt holds degrees from the University of medical operations lead for the space station
Washington and a medical doctorate from and the lead crew surgeon for first expedition
Northwestern University. Additionally, he crew to the space station. NASA selected
completed residency and a master’s program in Barratt as an astronaut candidate in July 2000.
aerospace medicine and is board certified in Following the completion of two years of
internal and aerospace medicine. He began training and evaluation, he was assigned
work at NASA’s Johnson Space Center in 1991 technical duties in the Astronaut Office Station
as an aerospace project physician with KRUG Operations Branch.
14 CREW MARCH 2009

Koichi Wakata
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) 41 minutes and 5 seconds in space from his
astronaut Koichi Wakata will fly to the station two previous spaceflights on STS-72 and
on STS-119 and join the Expedition 18 crew as STS-92. He has been training for a
a flight engineer. He holds a doctorate in long-duration expedition on the space station
aerospace engineering. The National Space since 2001. He will be the first resident station
Development Agency of Japan (NASDA) crew member from JAXA. He will return to
selected him as an astronaut candidate in 1992. Earth on STS-127.
Wakata has logged a total of 21 days, 19 hours,
MARCH 2009 CREW 15

Charles Simonyi
Charles Simonyi will join Padalka and Barratt degree in engineering and mathematics from
on their trip to the space station, flying as the University of California at Berkeley and his
spaceflight participant. He will stay aboard the doctorate in computer science from Stanford
station and return with Expedition 18 University. From 1972 to 1980, he worked at
Commander Fincke and Soyuz Commander Xerox Corp. In 1981, he joined Microsoft,
Yury Lonchakov. where he worked for 20 years developing
software. Simonyi left Microsoft in August 2002
Simonyi previously flew to the station in April to found Intentional Software Corp., a software
2007 as a spaceflight participant. He was born engineering firm. The company is based in
in Budapest, Hungary, and moved to the United Bellevue, Wash. Simonyi gained his American
States in 1968. He earned his bachelor’s citizenship in 1982.
16 CREW MARCH 2009

Expedition 20
Tim Kopra
This will be the first spaceflight for Tim Kopra the extravehicular activity interfaces for each of
(Col, U.S. Army), who is a native of the space station truss segments. He was
Austin, Texas. selected as an astronaut in July 2000. After
initial training, he served in the Space Station
A graduate of West Point, Kopra joined NASA’s Branch of the Astronaut Office, where his
Johnson Space Center in September 1998 as a primary focus involved the testing of crew
vehicle integration test engineer, serving as an interfaces for two station modules as well as the
engineering liaison for space shuttle launch implementation of support computers and an
operations and station hardware testing. He operational Local Area Network.
was actively involved in the contractor tests of
MARCH 2009 CREW 17

Nicole Stott
Nicole Stott joined NASA’s Kennedy Space Shuttle Training Aircraft. She was selected as
Center in 1988 as an operations engineer in the a NASA astronaut in July 2000 and, after initial
Orbiter Processing Facility before being training, was assigned to the Astronaut Office
promoted to vehicle flow director for Endeavour Station Operations Branch, where she
and orbiter test engineer for Columbia. During performed crew evaluations of station payloads.
her last two years at Kennedy, she served as She also worked as a support astronaut and
the NASA project lead for the space station capsule communicator for the space station
truss elements under construction at the Boeing Expedition 10 crew. In April 2006 she was a
Space Station facility. crew member on the NASA Extreme
Environment Mission Operations, or NEEMO, 9
In 1998, she joined NASA’s Johnson Space mission. She lived and worked with a
Center team in Houston as a member of the six-person crew for 18 days on the Aquarius
NASA Aircraft Operations Division, where she undersea research habitat.
served as a flight simulation engineer on the
18 CREW MARCH 2009

Roman Romanenko
This is the first mission for cosmonaut 500 hours of flight time. He was selected as
Roman Romanenko (Lt. Col., Russian Air a test-cosmonaut candidate of the Gagarin
Force), who will serve as Soyuz commander Cosmonaut Training Center Cosmonaut
and flight engineer for Expedition 20. Born in Office in December 1997. From January 1998
the Schelkovo, Moscow Region, Romanenko to November 1999, he completed his basic
graduated from pilot school and served as a training course and qualified as a test
second commander in the Air Force. He flew cosmonaut in November 1999.
L-39 and Tu-134 aircraft, logging more than
MARCH 2009 MISSION MILESTONES 19

Frank De Winne
European Space Agency (ESA) astronaut high-performance aircraft, including Mirage,

Frank De Winne will serve as commander of F16, Jaguar and Tornado.
Expedition 21. Born in Ghent, Belgium,
De Winne received a master’s degree in De Winne joined the ESA Astronaut Corps in
telecommunications and civil engineering from 2000 and two years later flew on a Soyuz to the
the Royal Military Academy, Brussels, in 1984 space station as part of the Odissea mission.
and, in 1992, graduated from the Empire Test During his nine-day stay, he carried out 23
Pilots School (ETPS) in Boscombe Down, experiments in the fields of life and physical
England. Since then, De Winne has logged sciences and education. Later this year, he will
more than 2,300 hours flying in several types of serve as the first ESA commander of the space
station during the Expedition 21 increment.
20 CREW MARCH 2009

Robert Thirsk
Canadian Space Agency (CSA) astronaut mission in 2004 at the National Undersea
Robert Thirsk is a spaceflight veteran, and like Research Center in Key Largo, Fla.
Barratt, holds a medical degree. He was
selected to the CSA astronaut program in 1983 In 1996, Thirsk flew as a payload specialist
and has been involved in various CSA projects, aboard space shuttle mission STS-78, the Life
including parabolic flight campaigns and and Microgravity Spacelab mission. During the
mission planning. He served as crew 17-day flight aboard shuttle Columbia, he and
commander for two space mission simulations: his six crewmates performed 43 international
the seven-day CAPSULS mission in 1994 at experiments devoted to the study of life and
Defense Research and Development Canada in materials sciences.
Toronto; and the 11-day NEEMO 7 undersea

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22 CREW MARCH 2009

Expedition 19/20 Major Milestones
(Dates are subject to change)
2009:
March 26 Launch of the Expedition 19 crew (Padalka, Barratt) and U.S. spaceflight
participant (Simonyi) from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan, on Soyuz
TMA-14
March 28 Expedition 19 docks to the International Space Station’s Zvezda service module
in Soyuz TMA-14 with U.S. spaceflight participant
April 2 Change of command ceremony with departing Expedition 18 crew; Padalka

becomes space station commander for Expeditions 19 and 20
April 7 Undocking of Expedition 18 crew (Lonchakov, Fincke) and U.S. spaceflight

participant (Simonyi) from Zarya module and landing in Kazakhstan on Soyuz
TMA-13; Expedition 19 formally begins
May 6 Undocking of ISS Progress 32 cargo ship from the Pirs docking compartment
May 7 Launch of the ISS Progress 33 cargo ship from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in
Kazakhstan
May 12 Docking of the ISS Progress 33 cargo ship to the Pirs docking compartment
May 27 Launch of the Expedition 20/21 crew (Romanenko, DeWinne, Thirsk) from the
Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan on Soyuz TMA-15
May 29 Docking of the Expedition 20 crew and Soyuz TMA-15 to the Zarya module;
beginning of the six-person crew on International Space Station as Expedition 19
becomes Expedition 20
June 5 Russian spacewalk by Padalka and Barratt in Orlan suits to install equipment on
the top-facing side of the Zvezda service module to prepare for the docking of the
new Mini-Research Module-2 (MRM2) and retrieval of science hardware
June 10 Internal Russian spacewalk in the docking cone connecting the Zvezda and
Zarya modules to reposition docking hardware for the arrival of MRM2
June 13 Targeted launch of Endeavour on the STS-127/2JA mission from the

Kennedy Space Center

June 15 Docking of Endeavour to ISS Pressurized Mating Adapter-2 (PMA-2); Kopra and
Wakata swap places as Expedition 20 crew members
June 26 Undocking of Endeavour from ISS PMA-2
June 29 Landing of Endeavour to complete STS-127/2JA
Early July Relocation of PMA-3 from Unity nadir to Unity port to prepare for the arrival of the
Node 3/Cupola in 2010
July 17 Undocking of ISS Progress 33 from the Pirs docking compartment
July 20 Relocation of the Soyuz TMA-14 from the Zvezda service module aft port to the
Pirs docking compartment with Padalka, Barratt and Kopra aboard the Soyuz;
Romanenko, De Winne and Thirsk remain aboard station during the relocation
July 24 Launch of ISS Progress 34 from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan
July 26 Docking of ISS Progress 34 to the Zvezda service module aft port
Aug. 6 Targeted launch of Discovery on the STS-128/17A mission from the

Kennedy Space Center
Aug. 8 Docking of Discovery to ISS Pressurized Mating Adapter-2 (PMA-2); Stott and
Kopra swap places as Expedition 20 crew members
Aug. 17 Undocking of Discovery from ISS PMA-2
Aug. 19 Landing of Discovery to complete STS-128/17A
Sept. 1 Launch of the H-II Transfer Vehicle (HTV-1) cargo ship from the Tanegashima
Space Center, Japan
Sept. 7 Grapple of the HTV-1 by Canadarm2
Sept. 8 Berthing of the HTV-1 to the Harmony Node earth-facing port
Sept. 29 Undocking of ISS Progress 34 from the Zvezda service module aft port
Sept. 30 Launch of the Expedition 21/22 crew (Suraev, J. Williams) and a Kazakh
spaceflight participant from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan on Soyuz
TMA-16
Oct. 2 Docking of the Expedition 21/22 crew and Soyuz TMA-16 to the Zvezda service
module aft port; the crew joins Expedition 20 for a total of nine crew members on
the station for nine days
24 MISSION MILESTONES MARCH 2009

Oct. 8 Canadarm 2 grapples HTV-1 and unberths it from the Harmony node’s
earth-facing port; HTV-1 is released for its deorbit burn and re-entry to burn up
in Earth’s atmosphere
Oct. 11 Undocking of Expedition 20 crew (Padalka, Barratt) in Soyuz TMA-14 from

Pirs Docking Compartment and landing in Kazakhstan with Kazakh spaceflight
participant; Expedition 21 formally begins and De Winne takes over as the
European Space Agency’s first commander of the space station.

26 MISSION MILESTONES MARCH 2009

Expedition 19/20 Spacewalks
There are no U.S.-based spacewalks currently science experiment on Zvezda and remove and
scheduled for Expedition 19 or 20. However, store a Russian biomedical experiment.
Commander Gennady Padalka and Flight
Engineer Michael Barratt plan to don Russian For their second spacewalk, currently
Orlan spacesuits twice in June for the station’s scheduled for June 10, Padalka and Barratt are
22nd and 23rd Russian spacewalks. It will be not planning to actually leave the interior of the
Padalka’s fifth and sixth spacewalks and station. Instead, they will depressurize the
Barratt’s first and second. small docking module that connects Zvezda to
the Russian Zarya module and swap two
The plans for the spacewalks are still in work, hatches from its interior. One of the hatches
but several tasks already have been identified. has a docking cone attached to it that will be
During the first spacewalk, currently scheduled used to connect Russia’s Mini Research
for June 5, Padalka and Barratt will start by Module 2 to the station when it is launched.
attaching to the Zvezda service module an However, the hatch with the docking cone is not
antenna that will be used to guide vehicles to on the side of the station that the module is
the space station for docking. Before they wrap intended to dock to, so the hatches will be
up their trip outside the station, they also will swapped.
move a cable clamp, install a new EXPOSE-R
MARCH 2009 SPACEWALKS 27

Attired in a training version of his Extravehicular Mobility Unit spacesuit,
astronaut Michael Barratt, Expedition 19/20 flight engineer, awaits the start of a
spacewalk training session in the waters of the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory near
NASA’s Johnson Space Center.
28 SPACEWALKS MARCH 2009

Russian Soyuz TMA
The Soyuz TMA spacecraft is designed to serve module – after the deorbit maneuver – and
as the ISS’s crew return vehicle, acting as a burns up upon re-entry into the atmosphere.
lifeboat in the unlikely event an emergency
would require the crew to leave the station. A Descent Module
new Soyuz capsule is normally delivered to the
station by a Soyuz crew every six months, The descent module is where the cosmonauts
replacing an older Soyuz capsule at the ISS. and astronauts sit for launch, re-entry and
landing. All the necessary controls and
The Soyuz spacecraft is launched to the space displays of the Soyuz are here. The module
station from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in also contains life support supplies and batteries
Kazakhstan aboard a Soyuz rocket. It consists used during descent, as well as the primary and
of an orbital module, a descent module and an backup parachutes and landing rockets. It also
instrumentation/propulsion module. contains custom-fitted seat liners for each crew
member, individually molded to fit each
Orbital Module person's body – this ensures a tight,
comfortable fit when the module lands on the
This portion of the Soyuz spacecraft is used by Earth. When crew members are brought to the
the crew while on orbit during free-flight. It has station aboard the space shuttle, their seat
a volume of 6.5 cubic meters (230 cubic feet), liners are brought with them and transferred to
with a docking mechanism, hatch and the Soyuz spacecraft as part of crew handover
rendezvous antennas located at the front end. activities.
The docking mechanism is used to dock with
the space station and the hatch allows entry The module has a periscope, which allows the
into the station. The rendezvous antennas are crew to view the docking target on the station or
used by the automated docking system – a the Earth below. The eight hydrogen peroxide
radar-based system – to maneuver towards the thrusters located on the module are used to
station for docking. There is also a window in control the spacecraft's orientation, or attitude,
the module. during the descent until parachute deployment.
It also has a guidance, navigation and control
The opposite end of the orbital module system to maneuver the vehicle during the
connects to the descent module via a descent phase of the mission.
pressurized hatch. Before returning to Earth,
the orbital module separates from the descent
MARCH 2009 RUSSIAN SOYUZ TMA 29

This module weighs 2,900 kilograms orbital module, the intermediate section of the
(6,393 pounds), with a habitable volume of instrumentation/propulsion module separates
4 cubic meters (141 cubic feet). Approximately from the descent module after the final deorbit
50 kilograms (110 pounds) of payload can be maneuver and burns up in atmosphere upon
returned to Earth in this module and up to re-entry.
150 kilograms (331 pounds) if only two crew
members are present. The Descent Module is TMA Improvements and Testing
the only portion of the Soyuz that survives the
return to Earth. The Soyuz TMA spacecraft is a replacement for
the Soyuz TM, which was used from 1986 to
Instrumentation/Propulsion Module 2002 to take astronauts and cosmonauts to Mir
and then to the International Space Station.
This module contains three compartments:
intermediate, instrumentation and propulsion. The TMA increases safety, especially in
descent and landing. It has smaller and more
The intermediate compartment is where the efficient computers and improved displays. In
module connects to the descent module. It also addition, the Soyuz TMA accommodates
contains oxygen storage tanks and the attitude individuals as large as 1.9 meters (6 feet,
control thrusters, as well as electronics, 3 inches) tall and 95 kilograms (209 pounds),
communications and control equipment. The compared to 1.8 meters (6 feet) and
primary guidance, navigation, control and 85 kilograms (187 pounds) in the earlier TM.
computer systems of the Soyuz are in the Minimum crew member size for the TMA is
instrumentation compartment, which is a sealed 1.5 meters (4 feet, 11 inches) and 50 kilograms
container filled with circulating nitrogen gas to (110 pounds), compared to 1.6 meters (5 feet,
cool the avionics equipment. The propulsion 4 inches) and 56 kilograms (123 pounds) for the
compartment contains the primary thermal TM.
control system and the Soyuz radiator, with a
cooling area of 8 square meters (86 square Two new engines reduce landing speed and
feet). The propulsion system, batteries, solar forces felt by crew members by 15 to
arrays, radiator and structural connection to the 30 percent and a new entry control system and
Soyuz launch rocket are located in this three-axis accelerometer increase landing
compartment. accuracy. Instrumentation improvements
include a color “glass cockpit,” which is easier
The propulsion compartment contains the to use and gives the crew more information,
system that is used to perform any with hand controllers that can be secured under
maneuvers while in orbit, including rendezvous an instrument panel. All the new components
and docking with the space station and the in the Soyuz TMA can spend up to one year in
deorbit burns necessary to return to Earth. space.
The propellants are nitrogen tetroxide
and unsymmetric-dimethylhydrazine. The main New components and the entire TMA were
propulsion system and the smaller reaction rigorously tested on the ground, in hangar-drop
control system, used for attitude changes while tests, in airdrop tests and in space before the
in space, share the same propellant tanks. spacecraft was declared flight-ready. For
example, the accelerometer and associated
The two Soyuz solar arrays are attached to software, as well as modified boosters
either side of the rear section of the (incorporated to cope with the TMA’s additional
instrumentation/propulsion module and are mass), were tested on flights of Progress
linked to rechargeable batteries. Like the unpiloted supply spacecraft, while the new
30 RUSSIAN SOYUZ TMA MARCH 2009

cooling system was tested on two Soyuz TM Ignition of the first stage boosters and the
flights. second stage central core occur simultaneously
on the ground. When the boosters have
Descent module structural modifications, seats completed their powered flight during ascent,
and seat shock absorbers were tested in they are separated and the core second stage
hangar drop tests. Landing system continues to function.
modifications, including associated software
upgrades, were tested in a series of airdrop First stage separation occurs when the
tests. Additionally, extensive tests of systems pre-defined velocity is reached, which is about
and components were conducted on the 118 seconds after liftoff.
ground.
Soyuz Launcher
Throughout history, more than 1,500 launches
have been made with Soyuz launchers to orbit
satellites for telecommunications, Earth
observation, weather, and scientific missions,
as well as for human flights.
The basic Soyuz vehicle is considered a three-

stage launcher in Russian terms and is
composed of:
• A lower portion consisting of four boosters

(first stage) and a central core (second
stage).
• An upper portion, consisting of the third

stage, payload adapter and payload fairing.
• Liquid oxygen and kerosene are used as

propellants in all three Soyuz stages.
First Stage Boosters

The first stage’s four boosters are assembled
around the second stage central core. The
boosters are identical and cylindrical-conic in
shape with the oxygen tank in the cone-shaped
portion and the kerosene tank in the cylindrical
portion. A Soyuz launches from the Baikonur
Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan.
An NPO Energomash RD 107 engine with four
main chambers and two gimbaled vernier
thrusters is used in each booster. The vernier
thrusters provide three-axis flight control.

Second Stage initial performance assessment. All flight data
is analyzed and documented within a few hours
An NPO Energomash RD 108 engine powers after launch.
the Soyuz second stage. This engine has four
vernier thrusters, necessary for three-axis flight Baikonur Cosmodrome Launch
control after the first stage boosters have Operations
separated.
Soyuz missions use the Baikonur
An equipment bay located atop the second Cosmodrome’s proven infrastructure, and
stage operates during the entire flight of the first launches are performed by trained personnel
and second stages. with extensive operational experience.
Third Stage Baikonur Cosmodrome is in the Republic of

Kazakhstan in Central Asia between
The third stage is linked to the Soyuz second 45 degrees and 46 degrees north latitude and
stage by a latticework structure. When the 63 degrees east longitude. Two launch pads
second stage’s powered flight is complete, the are dedicated to Soyuz missions.
third stage engine is ignited. Separation occurs
by the direct ignition forces of the third stage Final Launch Preparations
engine.
The assembled launch vehicle is moved to the
A single-turbopump RD 0110 engine from KB launch pad on a railcar. Transfer to the launch
KhA powers the Soyuz third stage. zone occurs two days before launch. The
vehicle is erected and a launch rehearsal is
The third stage engine is fired for about performed that includes activation of all
240 seconds. Cutoff occurs at a calculated electrical and mechanical equipment.
velocity. After cutoff and separation, the third
stage performs an avoidance maneuver by On launch day, the vehicle is loaded with
opening an outgassing valve in the liquid propellant and the final countdown sequence is
oxygen tank. started at three hours before the liftoff time.
Launcher Telemetry Tracking & Flight Rendezvous to Docking

Safety Systems
A Soyuz spacecraft generally takes two days
Soyuz launcher tracking and telemetry is to reach the space station. The rendezvous
provided through systems in the second and and docking are both automated, though once
third stages. These two stages have their own the spacecraft is within 150 meters (492 feet) of
radar transponders for ground tracking. the station, the Russian Mission Control Center
Individual telemetry transmitters are in each just outside Moscow monitors the approach and
stage. Launcher health status is downlinked to docking. The Soyuz crew has the capability to
ground stations along the flight path. Telemetry manually intervene or execute these
and tracking data are transmitted to the mission operations.
control center, where the incoming data flow is
recorded. Partial real-time data processing and
plotting is performed for flight following and

Soyuz Booster Rocket Characteristics
First Stage Data - Blocks B, V, G, D

Engine RD-107
Propellants LOX/Kerosene
Thrust (tons) 102
Burn time (sec) 122
Specific impulse 314
Length (meters) 19.8
Diameter (meters) 2.68
Dry mass (tons) 3.45
Propellant mass (tons) 39.63
Second Stage Data, Block A
Engine RD-108
Thrust (tons) 96
Burn time (sec) 314
Length (meters) 28.75
Dry mass (tons) 6.51
Third Stage Data, Block I
Engine RD-461
Thrust (tons) 30
Burn time (sec) 240
Length (meters) 8.1
Dry mass (tons) 2.4
PAYLOAD MASS (tons) 6.8
SHROUD MASS (tons) 4.5
LAUNCH MASS (tons) 309.53
TOTAL LENGTH (meters) 49.3

Prelaunch Countdown Timeline
T- 34 Hours Booster is prepared for fuel loading

T- 6:00:00 Batteries are installed in booster
T- 5:30:00 State commission gives go to take launch vehicle
T- 5:15:00 Crew arrives at site 254
T- 5:00:00 Tanking begins
T- 4:20:00 Spacesuit donning
T- 4:00:00 Booster is loaded with liquid oxygen
T- 3:40:00 Crew meets delegations
T- 3:10:00 Reports to the State commission
T- 3:05:00 Transfer to the launch pad
T- 3:00:00 Vehicle 1st and 2nd stage oxidizer fueling complete
T- 2:35:00 Crew arrives at launch vehicle
T- 2:30:00 Crew ingress through orbital module side hatch
T- 2:00:00 Crew in re-entry vehicle
T- 1:45:00 Re-entry vehicle hardware tested; suits are ventilated
T- 1:30:00 Launch command monitoring and supply unit prepared
Orbital compartment hatch tested for sealing
T- 1:00:00 Launch vehicle control system prepared for use; gyro instruments
activated
T - :45:00 Launch pad service structure halves are lowered
T- :40:00 Re-entry vehicle hardware testing complete; leak checks performed on
suits
T- :30:00 Emergency escape system armed; launch command supply unit
activated
T- :25:00 Service towers withdrawn
T- :15:00 Suit leak tests complete; crew engages personal escape hardware auto
mode
T- :10:00 Launch gyro instruments uncaged; crew activates on-board recorders
T- 7:00 All prelaunch operations are complete
T- 6:15 Key to launch command given at the launch site
Automatic program of final launch operations is activated
T- 6:00 All launch complex and vehicle systems ready for launch
T- 5:00 Onboard systems switched to onboard control
Ground measurement system activated by RUN 1 command
Commander's controls activated
Crew switches to suit air by closing helmets
Launch key inserted in launch bunker
T- 3:15 Combustion chambers of side and central engine pods purged with
nitrogen

Prelaunch Countdown Timeline (concluded)
T- 2:30 Booster propellant tank pressurization starts

Onboard measurement system activated by RUN 2 command
Prelaunch pressurization of all tanks with nitrogen begins
T- 2:15 Oxidizer and fuel drain and safety valves of launch vehicle are closed
Ground filling of oxidizer and nitrogen to the launch vehicle is terminated
T- 1:00 Vehicle on internal power
Automatic sequencer on
First umbilical tower separates from booster
T- :40 Ground power supply umbilical to third stage is disconnected
T- :20 Launch command given at the launch position
Central and side pod engines are turned on
T- :15 Second umbilical tower separates from booster
T- :10 Engine turbopumps at flight speed
T- :05 First stage engines at maximum thrust
T- :00 Fueling tower separates
Lift off
Ascent/Insertion Timeline
T- :00 Lift off

T+ 1:10 Booster velocity is 1,640 ft/sec
T+ 1:58 Stage 1 (strap-on boosters) separation
T+ 2:00 Booster velocity is 4,921 ft/sec
T+ 2:40 Escape tower and launch shroud jettison
T+ 4:58 Core booster separates at 105.65 statute miles
Third stage ignites
T+ 7:30 Velocity is 19,685 ft/sec
T+ 9:00 Third stage cut-off
Soyuz separates
Antennas and solar panels deploy
Flight control switches to Mission Control, Korolev

Orbital Insertion to Docking Timeline
FLIGHT DAY 1 OVERVIEW

Orbit 1 Post insertion: Deployment of solar panels, antennas and docking
probe
- Crew monitors all deployments
- Crew reports on pressurization of OMS/RCS and ECLSS systems
and crew health. Entry thermal sensors are manually deactivated
- Ground provides initial orbital insertion data from tracking
Orbit 2 Systems Checkout: IR Att Sensors, Kurs, Angular Accels,
“Display” TV Downlink System, OMS engine control system,
Manual Attitude Control Test
- Crew monitors all systems tests and confirms onboard indications
- Crew performs manual RHC stick inputs for attitude control test
- Ingress into HM, activate HM CO2 scrubber and doff Sokols
- A/G, R/T and Recorded TLM and Display TV downlink
- Radar and radio transponder tracking
Manual maneuver to +Y to Sun and initiate a 2 deg/sec yaw
rotation. MCS is deactivated after rate is established.
Orbit 3 Terminate +Y solar rotation, reactivate MCS and establish LVLH
attitude reference (auto maneuver sequence)
- Crew monitors LVLH attitude reference build up
- Burn data command upload for DV1 and DV2 (attitude, TIG Delta
V’s)
- Form 14 preburn emergency deorbit pad read up
Auto maneuver to DV1 burn attitude (TIG - 8 minutes) while LOS
- Crew monitor only, no manual action nominally required
DV1 phasing burn while LOS
Orbit 4 Auto maneuver to DV2 burn attitude (TIG - 8 minutes) while LOS
DV2 phasing burn while LOS

FLIGHT DAY 1 OVERVIEW (CONTINUED)
Orbit 4 Crew report on burn performance upon AOS
(continued) - HM and DM pressure checks read down
- Post burn Form 23 (AOS/LOS pad), Form 14 and “Globe” corrections
voiced up
External boresight TV camera ops check (while LOS)
Meal
Orbit 5 Last pass on Russian tracking range for Flight Day 1
Report on TV camera test and crew health
Sokol suit clean up
Orbit 6-12 Crew Sleep, off of Russian tracking range
- Emergency VHF2 comm available through NASA VHF Network
Orbit 13 Post sleep activity, report on HM/DM Pressures
Form 14 revisions voiced up
Orbit 14 Configuration of RHC-2/THC-2 work station in the HM
Orbit 15 THC-2 (HM) manual control test
Orbit 16 Lunch
Orbit 17 (1) Terminate +Y solar rotation, reactivate MCS and establish LVLH
RHC-2 (HM) Test
- Burn data uplink (TIG, attitude, delta V)
Auto maneuver to burn attitude (TIG - 8 min) while LOS
Rendezvous burn while LOS

FLIGHT DAY 2 OVERVIEW (CONTINUED)
Orbit 18 (2) Post burn and manual maneuver to +Y Sun report when AOS
- HM/DM pressures read down
- Post burn Form 23, Form 14 and Form 2 (Globe correction) voiced
up
Orbit 19 (3) CO2 scrubber cartridge change out
Free time
Orbit 20 (4) Free time
Orbit 21 (5) Last pass on Russian tracking range for Flight Day 2
Free time
Orbit 22 (6) - 27 Crew sleep, off of Russian tracking range
(11) - Emergency VHF2 comm available through NASA VHF Network
Orbit 28 (12) Post sleep activity
Orbit 29 (13) Free time, report on HM/DM pressures
- Read up of predicted post burn Form 23 and Form 14
Orbit 30 (14) Free time, read up of Form 2 “Globe Correction,” lunch
- Uplink of auto rendezvous command timeline
FLIGHT DAY 3 AUTO RENDEZVOUS SEQUENCE
Orbit 31 (15) Don Sokol spacesuits, ingress DM, close DM/HM hatch
- Active and passive vehicle state vector uplinks
- Radio transponder tracking

FLIGHT DAY 3 AUTO RENDEZVOUS SEQUENCE (CONCLUDED)
Orbit 32 (16) Terminate +Y solar rotation, reactivate MCS and establish LVLH
Begin auto rendezvous sequence
- Crew monitoring of LVLH reference build and auto rendezvous
timeline execution
FLIGHT DAY 3 FINAL APPROACH AND DOCKING
Orbit 33 (1) Auto Rendezvous sequence continues, flyaround and station
keeping
- Crew monitor
- Comm relays via SM through Altair established
- Form 23 and Form 14 updates
- Fly around and station keeping initiated near end of orbit
- A/G (gnd stations and Altair), R/T TLM (gnd stations), Display TV
downlink (gnd stations and Altair)
Orbit 34 (2) Final Approach and docking
- Capture to “docking sequence complete” 20 minutes, typically
- Monitor docking interface pressure seal
- Transfer to HM, doff Sokol suits
- A/G (gnd stations and Altair), R/T TLM (gnd stations), Display TV
downlink (gnd stations and Altair)
FLIGHT DAY 3 STATION INGRESS
Orbit 35 (3) Station/Soyuz pressure equalization
- Report all pressures
- Open transfer hatch, ingress station
- A/G, R/T and playback telemetry

Typical Soyuz Ground Track

Key Times for Expedition 19/18 International Space Station Events
Expedition 19/Spaceflight Participant (SFP) Launch on Soyuz TMA-14
6:49:10 a.m CT on March 26
11:49:10 GMT on March 26
14:49:10 p.m. Moscow time on March 26
17:49:10 p.m. Baikonur time on March 26 (about 2:19 before sunset)
Expedition 19/SFP Docking to International Space Station on Soyuz TMA-14 (Zvezda Service
Module aft port)
8:14 a.m. CT on March 28
13:14 GMT on March 28
16:14 p.m. Moscow time on March 28
Expedition 19/SFP Hatch Opening to International Space Station
11:10 a.m. CT on March 28
16:10 GMT on March 28
19:10 p.m. Moscow time on March 28
(Moscow moves to Daylight Savings Time on Sunday, March 29)
Expedition 18/SFP Hatch Closing to International Space Station
9 p.m. CT on April 6
2:00 GMT on April 7
6 a.m. Moscow time on April 7
8 a.m. Kazakhstan time on April 7

Expedition 18/SFP Undocking from International Space Station on Soyuz TMA-13 (Zarya module
nadir port)
12:02 a.m. CT on April 7
5:02 GMT on April 7
9:02 a.m. Moscow time on April 7
11:02 a.m. Kazakhstan time on April 7
Expedition 18/SFP Deorbit Burn on Soyuz TMA-13
7:29 GMT on April 7
13:29 p.m. Kazakhstan time on April 7
Expedition 18/SFP Landing in Soyuz TMA-13
3:20:24 a.m. CT on April 7
8:20:24 GMT on April 7
12:20:24 p.m. Moscow time on April 7
14:20:24 p.m. Kazakhstan time on April 7 (5:54 before sunset at the landing site)

Expedition 18/Soyuz TMA-13 Landing
Astronaut E. Michael Fincke (right), Expedition 18 commander; astronaut Sandra Magnus and
cosmonaut Yury Lonchakov, both flight engineers, pose for a crew photo between a Russian
Orlan spacesuit and an Extravehicular Mobility Unit spacesuit in the Harmony node of the
International Space Station.
After a 10-day handover with the newly-arrived new Expedition 19 crew, Commander Gennady
Expedition 19 crew, Expedition 18 Soyuz Padalka and Flight Engineers Michael Barratt
Commander Yury Lonchakov, Expedition 18 and Koichi Wakata. Padalka and Barratt are
Commander E. Michael Fincke and U.S. launching to the International Space Station
spaceflight participant Charles Simonyi will from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan
board their Soyuz TMA-13 capsule for on the Soyuz TMA-14 vehicle. Wakata arrived
undocking and a one-hour descent back to at the station in March on the shuttle Discovery.
Earth. Fincke and Lonchakov will complete a The departing crew will climb into the Soyuz
six-month mission in orbit, while Simonyi will vehicle and close the hatch between Soyuz and
return after a 12-day flight. the Zarya module. Fincke will be seated in
the Soyuz’ left seat for entry and landing
About three hours before undocking, Fincke, as onboard engineer. Soyuz Commander
Lonchakov and Simonyi will bid farewell to the Lonchakov will be in the center seat, as he was

for launch back in October 2008, and Simonyi commanded sequence for the deployment of
will occupy the right seat. the capsule’s parachutes. First, two “pilot”
parachutes will be deployed, extracting a larger
After activating Soyuz systems and getting drogue parachute, which stretches out over an
approval from flight controllers at the Russian area of 79 square feet. Within 16 seconds, the
Mission Control Center outside Moscow, Soyuz’ descent will slow to about 262 feet per
Lonchakov will send commands to open hooks second.
and latches between Soyuz and Zarya.
The initiation of the parachute deployment will
Lonchakov will fire the Soyuz thrusters to back create a gentle spin for the Soyuz as it dangles
away from Zarya. Six minutes after undocking, underneath the drogue chute, assisting in the
with the Soyuz about 66 feet away from the capsule’s stability in the final minutes before
station, Lonchakov will conduct a separation touchdown.
maneuver, firing the Soyuz jets for about
15 seconds to begin to depart the vicinity of the A few minutes before touchdown, the drogue
complex. chute will be jettisoned, allowing the main
parachute to be deployed. Connected to the
About 2.5 hours after undocking, at a distance descent module by two harnesses, the main
of about 12 miles from the station, Soyuz parachute covers an area of about 3,281 feet.
computers will initiate a deorbit burn braking The deployment of the main parachute slows
maneuver. The 4.5-minute maneuver to slow the descent module to a velocity of about
the spacecraft will enable it to drop out of orbit 23 feet per second. Initially, the descent
and begin its re-entry to Earth. module will hang underneath the main
parachute at a 30-degree angle with respect to
About 30 minutes later, just above the first the horizon for aerodynamic stability. The
traces of the Earth’s atmosphere, computers bottommost harness will be severed a few
will command the pyrotechnic separation of the minutes before landing, allowing the descent
three modules of the Soyuz vehicle. With the module to right itself to a vertical position
crew strapped in the descent module, the through touchdown.
uppermost orbital module, containing the
docking mechanism and rendezvous antennas, At an altitude of a little more than 16,000 feet,
and the instrumentation and propulsion module the crew will monitor the jettison of the descent
at the rear, which houses the engines and module’s heat shield, which will be followed by
avionics, will separate and burn up in the the termination of the aerodynamic spin cycle
atmosphere. and the dissipation of any residual propellant
from the Soyuz. Computers also will arm the
The descent module’s computers will orient the module’s seat shock absorbers in preparation
capsule with its ablative heat shield pointing for landing.
forward to repel the buildup of heat as it
plunges into the atmosphere. The crew will feel When the capsule’s heat shield is jettisoned,
the first effects of gravity about three minutes the Soyuz altimeter is exposed to the surface of
after module separation at the point called the Earth. Signals are bounced to the ground
entry interface, when the module is about from the Soyuz and reflected back, providing
400,000 feet above the Earth. the capsule’s computers updated information
on altitude and rate of descent.
About eight minutes later, at an altitude of about
33,000 feet, traveling at about 722 feet per At an altitude of about 39 feet, cockpit displays
second, the Soyuz will begin a computer- will tell Lonchakov to prepare for the soft

landing engine firing. Just 3 feet above the special reclining chairs near the capsule for
surface, and just seconds before touchdown, initial medical tests and to begin readapting to
the six solid propellant engines will be fired in a Earth’s gravity.
final braking maneuver. This will enable the
Soyuz to settle down to a velocity of about About two hours after landing, the crew will be
5 feet per second and land, completing its assisted to the recovery helicopters for a flight
mission. back to a staging site in northern Kazakhstan,
where local officials will welcome them. The
As always is the case, teams of Russian crew then will board a Russian military plane
engineers, flight surgeons and technicians in and be flown to the Chkalovsky Airfield adjacent
fleets of MI-8 helicopters will be poised near the to the Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center in
normal and “ballistic” landing zones, and Star City, Russia, where their families will meet
midway in between, to enact the swift recovery them. In all, it will take around eight hours
of Fincke, Lonchakov and Simonyi once the between landing and the return to Star City.
capsule touches down.
Assisted by a team of flight surgeons, Fincke
A portable medical tent will be set up near the and Lonchakov will undergo planned medical
capsule in which the crew can change out of its tests and physical rehabilitation. Simonyi’s
launch and entry suits. Russian technicians will acclimation to Earth’s gravity will take a much
open the module’s hatch and begin to remove shorter period of time due to the brevity of his
the crew members. The crew will be seated in flight.
The Soyuz TMA-13 spacecraft approaches the International Space Station in October 2008,
carrying NASA astronaut E. Michael Fincke, Expedition 18 commander; Russian Federal Space
Agency cosmonaut Yury Lonchakov, Soyuz commander and flight engineer; and American
spaceflight participant Richard Garriott.

Soyuz TMA-13 Entry Timeline
Russian search and recovery crew members examine the Soyuz TMA-12 capsule after it landed
on the steppes of Kazakhstan on Oct. 24, 2008, with cosmonauts Sergei Volkov and
Oleg Kononenko, Expedition 17 commander and flight engineer, respectively; and
American spaceflight participant Richard Garriott, ending a six-month mission for Volkov and
Kononenko on the International Space Station and 12 days in space for Garriott under a
commercial agreement with the Russian Federal Space Agency.
This is the entry timeline for Soyuz TMA-13.
Undocking Command to Begin to Open Hooks and Latches; Undocking Command + 0 mins.)
11:59 p.m. CT on April 6
4:59 GMT on April 7

Hooks Opened/Physical Separation of Soyuz from Zarya module nadir port at .12 meter/sec.;
Undocking Command + 3 mins.)
5:02 GMT on April 7
Separation Burn from ISS (15 second burn of the Soyuz engines, .65 meters/sec.; Soyuz
distance from the ISS is ~20 meters)
5:05 GMT on April 7
Deorbit Burn (appx 4:22 in duration, 115.2 m/sec.; Soyuz distance from the ISS is
~12 kilometers; Undocking Command appx + ~2 hours, 30 mins.)
11:29:01 a.m. Moscow time on April 7
13:29:01 p.m. Kazakhstan time on April 7
Separation of Modules (~23 mins. after Deorbit Burn; Undocking Command + ~2 hours,
57 mins.)

Entry Interface (400,000 feet in altitude; 3 mins. after Module Separation; 31 mins. after Deorbit
Burn; Undocking Command + ~3 hours)
Command to Open Chutes (8 mins. after Entry Interface; 39 mins. after Deorbit Burn; Undocking
Command + ~3 hours, 8 mins.)
Two pilot parachutes are first deployed, the second of which extracts the drogue chute. The drogue
chute is then released, measuring 24 square meters, slowing the Soyuz down from a descent rate of
230 meters/second to 80 meters/second.
The main parachute is then released, covering an area of 1,000 meters; it slows the Soyuz to a descent
rate of 7.2 meters/second; its harnesses first allow the Soyuz to descend at an angle of 30 degrees to
expel heat, then shifts the Soyuz to a straight vertical descent.
Soft Landing Engine Firing (6 engines fire to slow the Soyuz descent rate to 1.5 meters/second
just .8 meter above the ground)
Landing – appx. 2 seconds
Landing (~50 mins. after Deorbit Burn; Undocking Command + ~3 hours, 24 mins.)
14:20:24 p.m. Kazakhstan time on April 7 (5:54 before sunset at the landing site).

First Expedition to Use Recycling System for Duration
The next International Space Station crew will detrimental effects of long-duration spaceflight,
be the first to use all of the newly installed such as bone mass and muscle density loss.
environmental, life support and habitability Other exercise equipment includes the
equipment for the expedition’s full term. Treadmill Vibration Isolation System (TVIS) in
Zvezda, two cycle ergometers for stationary
The Expedition 19 crew will benefit from the bike riding, and the now-stowed Interim
efforts of the STS-126 space shuttle crew to Resistive Exercise Device (IRED) that is
deliver – and the Expedition 18 crew to install available as a backup to ARED. A second
and outfit – a water recycling system, a second treadmill will be added during the STS-128
toilet, an advanced exercise system, two crew mission.
quarters sleep stations and a kitchenette. The
Expedition 19 crew will give the new equipment The crew also will have access to a refrigerator,
a full workout and continue stocking up on food warmer and ambient and hot water
supplies and equipment to make sure the dispenser that were delivered on STS-126 and
station is ready to support the first six-person installed by the Expedition 18 crew. The
crew this summer. current crew has been setting the refrigerator at
about 40 degrees Fahrenheit and using it to
Thanks to the work of the Expedition 18 crew, chill drinks and help preserve fresh produce
both of the crew quarters that were delivered on that is delivered by visiting crews and cargo
STS-126 have been installed, checked out and ships.
are ready for use. Expedition 18 Commander
E. Michael Fincke is using one of the two crew Expedition 19 crew members also will have the
quarters installed in the Harmony module, but luxury of an extra toilet, known as the Waste
Flight Engineer Sandra Magnus decided not to and Hygiene Compartment (WHC), which also
move from her Temporary Sleep Station was delivered on STS-126 and set up and
(TESS) in the Discovery Laboratory, because tested by Expedition 18. The system is working
her time aboard the station is nearing its end. well and capable of routing urine directly to the
Expedition 19 Flight Engineer Koichi Wakata is new water recycling system, or into Russian
expected to use the other crew quarters module waste containers to be disposed of in departing
in Harmony. A third crew quarters will be Progress resupply vehicles.
delivered on STS-128, which will provide a full
complement of private living space for six- The STS-126 crew also delivered and helped
person crews. When all are delivered and install a new Water Recovery System (WRS), a
installed, there will be two in the Harmony component of a comprehensive regenerative
module, one in Kibo, one in Destiny and two in life support system for the station. The Oxygen
Zvezda. Generation System (OGS), which was launched
on space shuttle Discovery in July 2006, and
Expedition 19 crew members will be able to the WRS form the core of NASA’s Regenerative
work out on the new Advanced Resistive Environmental Control and Life Support System
Exercise Device (ARED) that was delivered by (ECLSS).
the STS-126 crew and set up by Fincke. ARED
increases the equipment available for the daily The WRS was activated during the STS-126
two-and-a-half hours of exercise each crew mission. However, after operating briefly, the
member is required to accomplish. The goal is Urine Processing Assembly (UPA) that begins
to stay fit and protect against the potentially the recycling process shut down. Fincke and
MARCH 2009 ECLSS 49

shuttle Mission Specialist Don Pettit worked temperature side of the dispenser have
with designers from Marshall Space Flight contained higher than allowable levels. Full
Center in Huntsville, Ala., to troubleshoot the characterization of the bacteria present will be
problem and restart the system. However, completed upon return of samples on the
after Discovery departed, that part of the STS-119 flight. The Expedition 18 crew
recycling system failed again. A new Distillation performed numerous flushes of the system
Assembly (DA) section of the UPA will be using low levels of iodine, but this was
delivered by the STS-119 astronauts in an effort insufficient to remove the bacteria. The
to restore the WRS to full functionality. STS-119 mission will deliver a kit to disinfect
the PWD by flushing it with a concentrated
In the meantime, the WRS continues to process iodine solution. The flushes, which are similar
condensation from the station’s atmosphere, to those performed on earthbound water
reclaiming between one and three liters a day. distribution systems, use iodine instead of
That water eventually will be consumed by crew chlorine to avoid corrosion in the space
members, used for oxygen generation or used station’s plumbing.
to fill the flush tank on the WHC.
Environmental Control and Life Support
The STS-126 crew returned several one-liter System
samples of recycled water for laboratory
analysis. Preliminary analysis shows the Earth’s natural life support system supplies the
quality of the water being produced by the air we breathe, the water we drink and other
WRS, whether recycled from urine while the essential conditions. For people to live in
UPA was working, or from condensation, has space, however, these functions must be
been well within water quality specifications for provided by artificial means.
microbes and for the more than 350 different
chemical compounds analyzed. More samples The life support systems on the Mercury,
will be returned on STS-119 for additional Gemini and Apollo spacecraft in the 1960s were
analysis. designed to be used once and discarded.
Oxygen for breathing was provided from high
A Total Organic Carbon Analyzer (TOCA II) pressure or cryogenic storage tanks. Carbon
also was delivered and installed during dioxide was removed from the air by lithium
STS-126, but experienced minor problems hydroxide in replaceable canisters.
during Expedition 18 activation and checkout. Contaminants in the air were removed by
The problems were in the gas-separator portion replaceable filters and activated charcoal
of the system and engineers developed a integrated with the lithium hydroxide canisters.
slightly different procedure that allows TOCA to Water for the Mercury and Gemini missions
be used for on-board analysis of water purity was stored in tanks, while fuel cells on the
without any hardware changes. Engineers are Apollo spacecraft produced electricity and
continuing to conduct the planned 90-day provided water as a byproduct. Urine and
checkout of the Water Recovery System, which wastewater were collected and stored or vented
is on schedule to be completed by the time the overboard.
Expedition 19 crew arrives.
The space shuttle is a reusable vehicle, unlike
The Potable Water Dispenser (PWD) that those earlier spacecraft, and its life support
provides the faucets used by the crew is still system incorporates some advances. It still
undergoing checkout. While the heated side is relies heavily on the use of consumables;
dispensing hot water that is free of bacteria, however, limiting the time it can stay in space.
samples from the ambient, or normal,
50 ECLSS MARCH 2009

The space station includes further advances in • Maintains cabin temperature and humidity
life support technology and relies on a levels
combination of expendable and limited
regenerative life support technologies located in • Distributes cabin air between connected
the U.S. Destiny lab module and the Russian modules
Zvezda service module. Advances include the
development of regenerable methods for Providing Clean Water
supplying water, by recovering potable water
from wastewater, and oxygen, by electrolysis of The space station’s Environmental Control and
water. Life Support System includes two key
components, the WRS and OGS, which are
Because it is expensive to continue launching packaged into three refrigerator-sized racks in
fresh supplies of air, water and expendable life the station’s U.S. lab.
support equipment to the station and returning
used equipment to Earth, these advances will The WRS provides clean water by reclaiming
help reduce costs. wastewater, including water from crew member
urine, cabin humidity condensate and
By recycling urine and condensation collected Extravehicular Activity (EVA) wastes. The
from the atmosphere, the ECLSS will reduce recovered water must meet stringent purity
the dependence on Earth resupply by cutting standards before it can be used to support
the amount of water and consumables needed crew, spacewalking and payload activities.
to be launched by about 15,000 pounds per
year. A distillation process is used to recover water
from urine. The process occurs within a
The space station’s ECLSS performs several rotating distillation assembly that compensates
functions: for the absence of gravity, aiding in the
separation of liquids and gases in space. Once
• Provides oxygen for metabolic consumption distilled, the water from the urine processor is
combined with other wastewaters and delivered
• Provides potable water for consumption, to the water processor for treatment.
food preparation and hygiene uses
The WRS consists of a Urine Processor
• Removes carbon dioxide from the cabin air Assembly (UPA) and a Water Processor
Assembly (WPA). A low-pressure vacuum
• Filters particulates and microorganisms distillation process is used to recover water
from the cabin air from urine. The entire process occurs within a
rotating distillation assembly that compensates
• Removes volatile organic trace gases from for the absence of gravity and aids in the
the cabin air separation of liquids and gases in space.
• Monitors and controls cabin air partial Water from the urine processor is combined
pressures of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon with all other wastewaters and delivered to
dioxide, methane, hydrogen and water the water processor for treatment. The water
vapor in the cabin air processor removes free gas and solid materials
such as hair and lint, before the water goes
• Maintains total cabin pressure through a series of multifiltration beds for
further purification. Any remaining organic
contaminants and microorganisms are removed
MARCH 2009 ECLSS 51

by a high-temperature catalytic reactor module leakage and carbon dioxide venting.
assembly. The system consists mainly of the Oxygen
Generation Assembly (OGA) and a Power
The purity of water is checked by electrical Supply Module.
conductivity sensors. The conductivity of
water is increased by the presence of typical The heart of the Oxygen Generation Assembly
contaminants. Unacceptable water is is the cell stack, which electrolyzes, or breaks
reprocessed, and clean water is sent to a apart, water provided by the WRS, yielding
storage tank, ready for use by the crew. oxygen and hydrogen as byproducts. The
oxygen is delivered to the cabin atmosphere
Engineers at Marshall Space Flight Center, and the hydrogen is vented overboard. The
Huntsville, Ala., and at Hamilton Sundstrand Power Supply Module provides the power
Space Systems International Inc., Windsor needed by the OGA to electrolyze the water.
Locks, Conn., led the design and development
of the Water Recovery System. The OGS is designed to generate oxygen at a
selectable rate and capable of operating both
The WRS is designed to recycle crew member continuously and cyclically. It provides from
urine and wastewater for reuse as clean water. 5 to 20 pounds of oxygen per day during
By doing so, the system reduces by continuous operation and a normal rate of
15,000 pounds per year the net mass of water 12 pounds of oxygen per day during cyclic
and consumables that would need to be operation.
delivered from Earth.
The OGS will accommodate the testing of an
Each crew member uses about 3.5 liters experimental Carbon Dioxide Reduction
(0.9 gallons) of water per day. About 2 liters Assembly. Once deployed, the reduction
(0.52 gallons) per day is provided by deliveries assembly will cause hydrogen produced by the
from Russian Progress resupply vehicles, OGA to react with carbon dioxide removed from
ESA’s Jules Verne Automatic Transfer Vehicle the cabin atmosphere to produce water and
and the space shuttles. The remaining methane. The water will be available for
1.5 liters (0.4 gallons) is recovered condensate processing and reuse, further reducing the
from the Russian water processor. The two amount of water resupplied to the space station
cargo vehicles carry water to the station in from the ground.
onboard supply tanks. The shuttle delivers
water produced as a byproduct of the fuel cells Future
that generate its electricity. The WRS will
reduce the amount of water that needs to be Ultimately, expendable life support equipment is
delivered to the station for each crew member not suitable for long-duration, crewed missions
by 1.3 liters (0.34 gallons) a day, or about away from low Earth orbit because of the
65 percent. Over the course of a year, it will resupply requirements. On deep space
reduce water deliveries to the station for a missions in the future, such resupply will not be
six-person crew by 2,850 liters (743 gallons). possible because of the distances involved, and
it will not be possible to take along all of the
Oxygen Generation System water and air required for a voyage of months
or years. Regenerative life support hardware,
The OGS produces oxygen for breathing air for which can be used repeatedly to generate and
the crew and laboratory animals, and for recycle the life-sustaining elements required by
replacement of oxygen lost because of human travelers, is essential for long-duration
experiment use, airlock depressurization, trips into space.
52 ECLSS MARCH 2009

HTV Summary
The H-II Transfer Vehicle (HTV), designed and will deliver to the station up to 6,000 kg
being built in Japan, is an unmanned (13,228 pounds) of supplies, including food,
cargo-transfer spacecraft that will deliver clothing and several types of experiment
supplies to the International Space Station. payloads. After the supplies are unloaded, the
HTV then will be loaded with waste materials,
The HTV will be launched from the including used payloads or used clothing.
Tanegashima Space Center in Japan aboard Afterward, the HTV will undock and depart from
an H-IIB Launch Vehicle that is currently under the station, and deorbit and re-enter the
development. When the HTV approaches atmosphere. While the HTV is berthed to the
to within close proximity of the space station, orbiting complex, crew members will be able to
the station’s robotic arm, the Space Station enter and remove supplies from the HTV
Remote Manipulator System, will grapple the Pressurized Logistics Carrier.
HTV and berth it to the space station. The HTV
Image of HTV during flight
MARCH 2009 HTV-II 53

The HTV will be used for delivering supplies to HTV Components
the space station as is currently done with the
Russian Progress cargo spacecraft, the U.S. The HTV consists of two logistic carriers, the
space shuttle, and the Automated Transfer Pressurized Logistics Carrier and the
Vehicle developed and built by the European Unpressurized Logistics Carrier, which carries
Space Agency. The HTV can carry both an Exposed Pallet, an Avionics Module and a
pressurized (for inside use) and unpressurized Propulsion Module.
(for outside use) cargo. The launch of the HTV
Technical Demonstration Vehicle, the initial Proximity Communication System antennas
flight vehicle, is scheduled during Japan’s 2009 and reflectors that enable interorbit
fiscal year. communications between Kibo and the HTV are
installed on Kibo and will be used when the
HTV approaches the space station.
Avionics Module
Un-pressurized
Pressurized Logistics Carrier
Logistics (UPLC)
Carrier
(PLC)
Propulsion Module
Common Exposed Pallet (EP)

Berthing
Mechanism
(CBM)
HTV Configuration Diagram

HTV Specifications
Item Specification
Length 10m (including thrusters)
Diameter 4.4m
Mass (weight) 10,500kg (excluding cargo mass)
Cargo capacity (supplies) 6,000kg
- Pressurized cargo: 4,500kg
- Unpressurized cargo: 1,500kg
Cargo capacity (waste) 6,000kg
Target orbit to ISS Altitude: 350km to 460km
Inclination: 51.6 degrees
Maximum mission duration Solo flight: 100 hours
Stand-by (on-orbit): More than a week
Berthed with the ISS: Maximum 30 days
54 HTV-II MARCH 2009

HTV Operations
The HTV will be operated in the following sequence.
1. Launch
2. Rendezvous with the International Space Station
3. Berthing with the space station
4. Operations while berthed with the station
5. Undock/Departure from the station/re-entry
Max. 30 days TDRSS

TDRSS
ISS Proximity
Operations Phase
H-IIB/HTV Rendezvous
Separation Phase
ISS Departure
4 min.
Phase
after Approx. 3 days
launch
De-orbit
Reentry
H-IIA/B-CC
Control
HTV-CC SSCC
NASA White
NASA Johnson Sands Ground
Tanegashima Tsukuba Space Center (TKSC) Space Center Station
Space Center (JSC)
Japan US
MARCH 2009 HTV-II 55

56 HTV-II MARCH 2009

International Space Station: Expedition 19/20 Science Overview
Expedition 19/20 includes operating 98 Human Research and Countermeasures

experiments in human research, technology Development
development; observing the Earth; and
performing educational activities and biological Sampling and testing of crew members will be
and physical sciences aboard the International used to study changes in the body caused by
Space Station. The experiments have been living in microgravity. Continuing and new
prioritized based on fundamental and applied experiments include:
research needs established by NASA and
the international partners – the Canadian Space Bisphosphonates as a Countermeasure to
Agency (CSA), the European Space Agency Space Flight Induced Bone Loss
(ESA), and the Japan Aerospace Exploration (Bisphosphonates) will determine whether
Agency (JAXA). Russia manages its antiresorptive agents – those that help reduce
experiments and requirements separately. bone loss on Earth – in conjunction with the
routine in-flight exercise program, will protect
The scientific work of more than 400 scientists station crew members from bone loss, which
will be supported through U.S.-integrated has been observed and documented on
experiments. The team of controllers and previous missions.
scientists on the ground will continue to plan,
monitor and remotely operate experiments from Cardiac Atrophy and Diastolic Dysfunction
control centers across the United States. During and After Long Duration Spaceflight:
Functional Consequences for Orthostatic
The controllers will staff the Payload Operations Intolerance, Exercise Capability and Risk for
Center – the science command post for the Cardiac Arrhythmias (Integrated
space station – at NASA’s Marshall Space Cardiovascular) will determine how much
Flight Center in Huntsville, Ala. Controllers cardiac atrophy, or a decrease in the size of the
work in three shifts around the clock, seven heart muscle, occurs during spaceflight. It will
days a week in the Payload Operations Center, study how fast atrophy occurs and whether it
which links researchers around the world with causes problems with the heart’s pumping or
their experiments and the station crew. electrical function.
The Payload Operations Center also Validation of Procedures for Monitoring

coordinates the payload activities of NASA’s Crew member Immune Function (Integrated
international partners. While the partners are Immune) will assess the clinical risks resulting
responsible for the planning and operations of from the adverse effects of spaceflight on the
their space agencies’ modules, NASA’s human immune system. The study will validate
Payload Operations Center is chartered to a flight-compatible immune monitoring strategy
synchronize the payload activities among the by collecting and analyzing blood, urine and
partners and optimize the use of valuable saliva samples from crew members before,
in-orbit resources. during and after spaceflight to monitor changes
in the immune system.
Nutritional Status Assessment (Nutrition)

studies human physiological changes during
long-duration spaceflight. Results will impact
MARCH 2009 SCIENCE OVERVIEW 57

both the definition of nutritional requirements is directly related to the physical working
and development of food systems for future capacity of an individual. By understanding the
space exploration missions to the moon and changes in VO2max in spaceflight, necessary
beyond. This experiment also will help adjustments can be made to exercise regimes
researchers understand the impact of for future crews that may help combat any
countermeasures – exercise and negative effects.
pharmaceuticals – on nutritional status and
nutrient requirements for astronauts. Technology Development
The National Aeronautics and Space Many experiments are designed to help
Administration Biological Specimen develop technologies, designs and materials for
Repository (Repository) is a storage bank future spacecraft and exploration missions.
used to maintain biological specimens over These include:
extended periods of time and under
well-controlled conditions. Samples from crew JPL Electronic Nose (ENose) is a full-time,
members on the station – including blood and incident monitor designed to detect air
urine – will be collected, processed and contamination from spills and leaks inside the
archived during the pre-flight, in-flight and post- station. It is envisioned to be one part of a
flight phases of the missions. This investigation distributed system for automated monitoring
has been developed to archive biological and control of the breathing atmosphere in
samples for use as a resource for future inhabited spacecraft in microgravity.
spaceflight research.
Multi-User Droplet Combustion Apparatus –
Sleep-Wake Actigraphy and Light Exposure Flame Extinguishment Experiment
during Spaceflight-Long (Sleep-Long) (MCDA-FLEX) will assess the effectiveness of
examines the effects of spaceflight and ambient fire suppressants in microgravity and quantify
light exposure on the sleep-wake cycles of the the effect of different atmospheres on fire
crew members during long-duration stays on suppression. This will provide definition and
the space station. Results are vital to treating direction for large-scale fire suppression tests
insomnia in space. and selection of the fire suppressant for
next-generation crew exploration vehicles.
A Comprehensive Characterization of
Microorganisms and Allergens in Spacecraft Materials on the International Space Station
(SWAB) will comprehensively evaluate Experiment 6 A and B (MISSE-6A and 6B) is
microbes aboard the space station, including a test bed for materials and coatings attached
pathogens – organisms that may cause to the outside of the space station that are
disease. This study will allow an assessment of being evaluated for the effects of atomic
the risk of microbes to the crew and the oxygen, direct sunlight, radiation and extremes
spacecraft. of heat and cold. This experiment allows the
development and testing of new materials to
Evaluation of Maximal Oxygen Uptake and better withstand the rigors of space
Submaximal Estimates of VO2max Before, environments. Results will provide a better
During, and After Long Duration understanding of the durability of various
International Space Station Missions materials in space.
(VO2max) will document changes in aerobic
capacity for crew members on long-duration Serial Network Flow Monitor (SNFM) will
missions, greater than 90 days. VO2max is the study the function of the computer network
standard measure of aerobic capacity, and aboard the station. This information will allow
58 SCIENCE OVERVIEW MARCH 2009

monitoring and improvement in the data Transgenic Arabidopsis Gene Expression
transfer capabilities of in-orbit computer System (TAGES) uses Arabidopsis thaliana,
networks. commonly known as thale cress, to determine
how plants perceive stresses such as drought,
Space-Dynamically Responding Ultrasonic inadequate light, or varying temperatures in
Matrix System (SpaceDRUMS) is a suite of space.
hardware to facilitate containerless advanced
materials science. Inside SpaceDRUMS, Investigating the Structure of Paramagnetic
samples of experimental materials, such as Aggregates from Colloidal Emulsions – 2
porous ceramics, can be processed without (InSPACE-2) will obtain data on
ever touching a container wall. Results will help magnetorheological fluids – fluids that change
scientists on Earth determine methods to make properties in response to magnetic fields – that
better materials for use on Earth and in space. can be used to improve or develop new brake
systems for vehicles, and robotics.
Synchronized Position Hold, Engage,
Reorient, Experimental Satellites Validating Vegetable Production Unit (VPU)
(SPHERES) are bowling-ball-sized spherical Plants, Protocols, Procedures and
satellites. They will be used inside the space Requirements (P3R) Using Currently
station to test a set of well-defined instructions Existing Flight Resources (Lada-VPU-P3R)
for spacecraft performing autonomous is a study to advance the technology required
rendezvous and docking maneuvers. Three for plant growth in microgravity and to research
free-flying spheres will fly inside the station, related food safety issues. It also investigates
performing flight formations. Each satellite is the non-nutritional value to the flight crew of
self-contained with power, propulsion, developing plants in orbit.
computers and navigation equipment. The
results are important for satellite servicing, Education and Earth Observation
vehicle assembly and formation-flying
spacecraft configurations. Many experiments aboard the space station
continue to teach lessons about living and
Vehicle Cabin Atmosphere Monitor (VCAM) working in space. These experiments include:
will test the air, water and surface of the station
interior for contaminants. The station Agricultural Camera (AgCam) takes frequent
environment can be contaminated by images, in visible and infrared light, of
off-gassing of vapors from items such as vegetated areas on Earth, such as farmland,
plastics and tapes, as well as bacteria and rangeland, grasslands, forests and wetlands in
fungi. Results of monitoring the station will the northern Great Plains and Rocky Mountain
provide a new understanding of the closed regions of the United States. Images will be
environment that can be applied to future delivered within two days directly to requesting
spacecraft. farmers, ranchers, foresters, natural resource
managers and tribal officials to help improve
Biological Sciences in Microgravity environmental stewardship.
Plant growth experiments give insight into the Crew Earth Observations (CEO) takes
effects of the space environment on living advantage of the crew in space to observe and
organisms. These experiments include: photograph natural and human-made changes
on Earth. The photographs record the Earth’s
surface changes over time, along with dynamic
events such as storms, floods, fires and

volcanic eruptions. These images provide Space Shuttle Experiments
researchers on Earth with key data to better
understand the planet. Many other experiments are scheduled to be
performed during upcoming space shuttle
Earth Knowledge Acquired by Middle missions that are part of Expedition 19/20.
School Students (EarthKAM), an education These experiments include:
experiment, allows middle school students to
program a digital camera aboard the station to Atmospheric Neutral Density Experiment – 2
photograph a variety of geographical targets (ANDE-2) will measure the density and
for study in the classroom. Photos are made composition of the low Earth orbit atmosphere
available on the Web for viewing and study by while tracking from the ground two
participating schools around the world. microsatellites launched from the shuttle
Educators use the images for projects involving payload bay. The data will be used to better
Earth science, geography, physics and predict the movement of objects in orbit.
technology.
Dual RF Astrodynamic GPS Orbital
Education Payload Operations – Kit D (EPO Navigator Satellite (DRAGONSat) is designed
– Kit D) is part of NASA's continuing effort to to prove that autonomous rendezvous and
use space as a unique educational tool for K-12 docking of two spacecraft can be performed in
students. Everyday items, such as toys and low Earth orbit. The project also will gather
tools, are given a new twist by combining them flight data with a global positioning system
with the allure of the unusual space receiver to demonstrate precision navigation.
environment to produce educational materials
that inspire interest in science, technology, Maui Analysis of Upper Atmospheric
engineering and mathematics. Injections (MAUI) observes the space shuttle
engine exhaust plumes from the Maui Space
HICO and RAIDS Experiment Payload – Surveillance Site in Hawaii. The observations
Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean will occur when the shuttle fires its engines at
(HREP-HICO) will operate a visible and night or twilight. A telescope and all-sky
near-infrared (VNIR) Maritime Hyperspectral imagers will collect images and data while the
Imaging (MHSI) system, to detect, identify and shuttle flies over the Maui site. The images will
quantify coastal geophysical features from the be analyzed to better understand the interaction
space station. between the spacecraft plume and the upper
atmosphere.
HICO and RAIDS Experiment Payload –
Remote Atmospheric and Ionospheric National Lab Pathfinder – Vaccine – 4 and
Detection System (HREP-RAIDS) will provide National Lab Pathfinder – Vaccine – 5 (NLP-
atmospheric scientists with a complete Vaccine-4 and NLP-Vaccine-5) is a suite of
description of the major constituents of the investigations serving as a pathfinder for the
thermosphere, the fourth layer of the Earth’s use of the space station as a National
atmosphere where the space shuttle and space Laboratory after station assembly is complete.
station orbit, and ionosphere, the uppermost It contains several different pathogenic, or
layer of the Earth’s atmosphere, and provide disease causing, organisms. This research is
global electron density profiles at altitudes investigating the use of spaceflight to develop
between 100 - 350 kilometers. potential vaccines for the prevention of different
infections caused by these pathogens on Earth
and in microgravity.

Shuttle Exhaust Ion Turbulence assessing treatment of sleep patterns is vital to
Experiments (SEITE) will use space-based treating sleep disorders on Earth and in space.
sensors to detect turbulence inferred from the
radar observations from a previous Space Human Factors Assessment of Vibration
Shuttle Orbital Maneuvering System (OMS) Effects on Visual Performance During
burn experiment using ground-based radar. Launch (Visual Performance) will determine
The research will enhance detection, tracking visual performance limits during operational
and timely surveillance of high-interest objects vibration and g-loads – the standard forces
in space. experienced by astronauts during space shuttle
launches – on the space shuttle, specifically
Spinal Elongation and its Effects on Seated through the determination of minimum readable
Height in a Microgravity Environment font size during ascent using planned Orion
(Spinal Elongation) study will provide crew capsule display formats.
quantitative data as to the amount of change
that occurs in the seated height due to spinal Reserve Payloads
elongation in microgravity.
Several additional experiments are ready for
Validation of Procedures for Monitoring operation, but designated as “reserve” and will
Crew Member Immune Function – Short be performed if crew time becomes available.
Duration Biological Investigation (Integrated They include:
Immune – SDBI) will assess the clinical risks
resulting from the adverse effects of spaceflight Binary Colloidal Alloy Test – 3 (BCAT-3)
on the human immune system for space shuttle investigates the long-term behavior of colloids –
crew members. The study will validate a a system of fine particles suspended in a fluid –
flight-compatible immune monitoring strategy by in a microgravity environment, where the effects
collecting and analyzing blood, urine and saliva of sedimentation and convection are removed.
samples from crew members before, during and Results will help scientists develop fundamental
after spaceflight to monitor changes in the physics concepts previously masked by the
immune system. effects of gravity.
Shuttle Ionospheric Modification with Binodal Colloidal Aggregation Test – 4

Pulsed Localized Exhaust Experiments (BCAT-4) is part of the BCAT suite of
(SIMPLEX) will use ground-based radars to experiments studying colloids – a system of fine
investigate plasma turbulence driven by rocket particles suspended in a fluid. Results from this
exhaust in the ionosphere – four layers of the study may lead to new colloid materials with
Earth’s upper atmosphere where space applications in the communications and
radiation can create an area that reflects radio computer industries for switches, displays and
signals. Results will help in the interpretation of optical devices with properties that could rival
spacecraft engine plumes when they are those of lasers.
observed from Earth.
Binary Colloidal Alloy Test – 5 (BCAT-5)
Sleep-Wake Actigraphy and Light Exposure initially will photograph randomized colloidal
During Spaceflight – Short (Sleep-Short) samples to determine their resulting structure
examines the effects of spaceflight on the over time. Results will provide important data
sleep-wake cycles of the astronauts during that is not available on Earth to guide our
space shuttle missions. Advancing state-of-the- understanding of product shelf-life.
art technology for monitoring, diagnosing and

Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Research Facilities
Control on Return from ISS (CCISS) studies
the effects of long-duration spaceflight on crew The space station is equipped with these
members’ heart functions and blood vessels state-of-the-art research facilities to support
that supply the brain. Learning more about the science investigations:
cardiovascular and cerebrovascular systems
could lead to specific countermeasures that The Combustion Integrated Rack (CIR) is
might better protect future space travelers. used to perform combustion experiments in
microgravity. It is designed to be easily
Education Payload Operations (EPO) reconfigured in orbit to accommodate a wide
includes curriculum-based educational activities variety of combustion experiments.
demonstrating basic principles of science,
mathematics, technology, engineering and The General Laboratory Active Cryogenic
geography. These activities are videotaped ISS Experiment Refrigerator (GLACIER) will
and then used in classroom lectures. serve as an in-orbit cold stowage facility as well
as carry frozen scientific samples to and from
Lab-on-a-Chip Application Development- the station and Earth via the space shuttle.
Portable Test System (LOCAD-PTS) is a This facility is capable of thermally controlling
handheld device for rapid detection of biological the samples between 4°C (39.2°F) and
and chemical substances aboard the space minus 185°C (minus 301°F).
station. Astronauts will swab surfaces within
the cabin, add swab material to the The Human Research Facility-1(HRF-1) is
LOCAD-PTS, and within 15 minutes obtain designed to house and support life sciences
results on a display screen. The study’s experiments. It includes equipment for lung
purpose is to effectively provide an early function tests, ultrasound to image the heart
warning system to crew members to protect and many other types of computers and
their health and safety. medical equipment.
Microgravity Acceleration Measurement Human Research Facility-2 (HRF-2) provides

System (MAMS) and Space Acceleration an in-orbit laboratory that enables human life
Measurement System – II (SAMS-II) measure science researchers to study and evaluate the
vibration and quasi-steady accelerations that physiological, behavioral and chemical changes
result from vehicle control burns, docking in astronauts induced by spaceflight.
and undocking activities. The two different
equipment packages measure vibrations at Minus Eighty-Degree Laboratory Freezer for
different frequencies. These measurements ISS (MELFI) provides refrigerated storage and
help investigators characterize the vibrations fast-freezing of biological and life science
and accelerations that may influence space samples. It can hold up to 300 liters of samples
station experiments. ranging in temperature from minus 80°C,
minus 26°C, or 4°C throughout a mission.
Vehicle Cabin Atmosphere Monitor (VCAM)
identifies gases that are present in small Expedite the Processing of Experiments to
quantities in the space station breathing air that the Space Station (EXPRESS) Racks are
could be harmful to crew health. If successful, standard payload racks designed to provide
instruments like this could accompany crew experiments with utilities such as power, data,
members during long-duration exploration cooling, fluids and gases. The racks support
missions to the moon or Mars. payloads in disciplines including biology,
chemistry, physics, ecology and medicines.

The racks stay in orbit, while experiments are The European Modular Cultivation System
changed as needed. EXPRESS Racks 2 and 3 (EMCS) is a large incubator that provides
are equipped with the Active Rack Isolation control over the atmosphere, lighting and
System (ARIS) for countering minute vibrations humidity of growth chambers used to study
from crew movement or operating equipment plant growth.
that could disturb delicate experiments.
On the Internet
The Microgravity Science Glovebox (MSG)
provides a safe environment for research with For fact sheets, imagery and more on
liquids, combustion and hazardous materials Expedition 19/20 experiments and payload
aboard the station. Without the glovebox, many operations, click on
types of hands-on investigations would be
impossible or severely limited on the station. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/
station/science/index.html


The Payload Operations Center
From the Payload Operations Center at NASA’s MSFC in Huntsville, Ala., scientists and
engineers operate all the U.S. experiments 225 miles above Earth on the International Space
Station. The best technology of the 21st century monitors and stores several billion bits of
data from the space station, while saving NASA millions of dollars and serving
a diverse community of research scientists around the globe.
The Payload Operations Center, or POC, at experiments and programs from a host of
NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in private, commercial, industry and government
Huntsville, Ala., is NASA’s primary science agencies nationwide, makes the job of
command post for the International Space coordinating space station research critical.
Station. Space station scientific research plays
a vital role in NASA’s roadmap for returning to The Payload Operations Center continues the
the moon and exploring our solar system. role Marshall has played in management and
operation of NASA’s in-orbit science research.
The space station accommodates dozens of In the 1970s, Marshall managed the science
experiments in fields as diverse as medicine, program for Skylab, the first American space
human life sciences, biotechnology, agriculture, station. Spacelab, the international science
manufacturing and Earth observation. laboratory that the space shuttle carried to orbit
Managing these science assets, as well as the more than a dozen times in the 1980s and
time and space required to accommodate
MARCH 2009 PAYLOAD OPERATIONS CENTER 65

1990s, was the prototype for Marshall’s space station. Experiments are rotated in and out
station science operations. periodically as the shuttle or other launch
vehicles make deliveries and return completed
Today, the POC team is responsible for experiments and samples to Earth.
managing all U.S. science and research
experiments aboard the station. The center Housed in a two-story complex at Marshall, the
also is home for coordination of the mission systems controllers staff the POC around the
planning work, deliveries and retrieval of all clock in three shifts. During space station
U.S. science payloads, and payload training operations, center personnel routinely manage
and payload safety programs for the station 10 to 40 or more experiments simultaneously.
crew and all ground personnel.
The payload operations director leads the
State-of-the-art computers and communications POC’s main flight control team, known as the
equipment deliver around-the-clock reports “cadre.” The payload operations director
between science outposts across the United approves all science plans in coordination with
States and POC systems controllers and Mission Control at NASA’s Johnson Space
science experts. Other computers stream Center in Houston, the station crew and the
information to and from the space station itself, international partner control centers. The
linking the orbiting research facility with the payload communications manager, the voice of
science command post on Earth. the POC, coordinates and manages real-time
voice responses between the station crew
The payload operations team also synchronizes conducting payload operations and the
the payload time lines among international researchers whose science the crew is
partners, ensuring the best use of valuable conducting. The operations controller oversees
resources and crew time. NASA’s partners are station science operations resources, such as
the Russian Space Agency, European Space tools and supplies, and assures support
Agency, Japan Aerospace and Exploration systems and procedures are ready to support
Agency and Canadian Space Agency. planned activities. The data management
coordinator is responsible for station video
The control centers of NASA’s partners are: systems and high-rate data links to the POC.
The payload rack officer monitors rack integrity,
• Center for Control of Spaceflights (“TsUP” in power and temperature control, and the proper
Russian) in Korolev, Russia; working conditions of station experiments.
• Space Station Integration and Promotion Additional support controllers routinely

Center (SSIPC) in Tskuba, Japan; and coordinate anomaly resolution and procedure
changes and maintain configuration
• Columbus Control Center (Col-CC) in management of on-board stowed payload
Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany hardware.
Once launch schedules are finalized, the POC

oversees delivery of experiments to the space
66 PAYLOAD OPERATIONS CENTER MARCH 2009

Orbiting 250 miles above the Earth, the space station crew works together with science experts
at the POC at the MSFC and researchers around the world to perform cutting-edge science
experiments in the unique microgravity environment of space. (NASA)
MARCH 2009 PAYLOAD OPERATIONS CENTER 67

68 PAYLOAD OPERATIONS CENTER MARCH 2009

Russian Research Objectives
Expedition 19/20
Experiment Experiment Hardware Unique Payload

Category Research Objective
Code Name Description Constraints
Technology & ТХН-7 SVS (СВС) “СВС” researching camera Self-propagating high-temperature
Material “Telescience” hardware fusion in space
Science from “ПК-3”
Nominal hardware:
“Klest” (“Crossbill”)
TV-system
Picture monitor (ВКУ)
Geophysical ГФИ-1 Relaksatsiya “Fialka-MB-Kosmos” - Study of chemiluminescent Using OCA
Spectrozonal ultraviolet chemical reactions and
system atmospheric light phenomena that
Spectrometer №2 (СПМ) occur during high-velocity
<TBD> interaction between the exhaust
Video camera (ВК) <TBD> products from spacecraft
propulsion systems and the Earth
High sensitive images atmosphere at orbital altitudes and
recorder during the entry of space vehicles
into the Earth upper atmosphere
Geophysical ГФИ-8 Uragan Nominal hardware: Experimental verification of the Using OCA
Сamera Nikon D2Х ground and space-based system
Сamera Nikon D200 for predicting natural and man-
HDV Sony HVR-Z1 made disasters, mitigating the
Laptop RSS2, RSK1 damage caused, and facilitating
recovery
Geophysical ГФИ-12 Impulse (Рulse) Hardware “IPI-SM” Ionospheric sounding by pulsed Unattended
containing plasma sources
Geophysical ГФИ-16 Vsplesk “Vsplesk” hardware Seismic effects monitoring. Unattended
(Burst) Mechanical adapter Researching high-energy particles
Conversion board streams in near-Earth space
environment
Biomedical МБИ-12 Sonokard “Sonokard” set Integrated study of physiological
“Sonokard” kit functions during sleep period
“Sonokard-Data” kit throughout a long spaceflight.
Laptop RSE-Med
Biomedical МБИ-15 Pilot Right Control Handle Researching for individual features Using OCA
Left Control Handle of state psychophysiological
Synchronizer Unit (БС) regulation and crew members
ULTRABUOY-2000 Unit professional activities during long
“Neyrolab-M” set spaceflights.
Nominal hardware:
Laptop RSK1
Biomedical МБИ-16 Vzaimodeistvie “Vzaimodeistvie” kit Monitoring of the group crew
(Interaction) Nominal hardware: activities under spaceflight
Laptop RSK1 with a set of conditions
accessories
Biomedical МБИ-18 Dykhanie “Dykhanie-1” set Study of respiration regulation and
“Dykhanie-1-Data” kit biomechanics under spaceflight
Nominal hardware: conditions
Laptop RSE-Med
MARCH 2009 RUSSIAN RESEARCH OBJECTIVES 69

Expedition 19/20 (continued)

Biomedical МБИ-20 Tipologia “Tipologia” kit Researching for typological
“Tipologia-Data” kit features of the activities of the ISS
“Neyrolab-M” set with crews as operators activities in long
accessories term spaceflight phases
Nominal hardware:
Laptop RSK1
Biomedical МБИ-21 Pneumocard “Pneumocard” set Study of spaceflight factors impacts
“Pneumocard-КРМ” kit on vegetative regulation of blood
“Pneumocard-Data” kit circulation, respiration and
Nominal hardware: contractile heart function during
Laptop RSE-Med long spaceflights
Biomedical БИО-1 Poligen “Drozophila-2” kit Detection of genotypic features During Exp. 18, Exp.
(experimental object – Drozophila 19 crews rotation
midge), determining individual
characteristics of resistance to the
long-duration flight factors
Biomedical БИО-2 Biorisk “Biorisk-KM” set Study of spaceflight impact on EVA
“Biorisk-MSV” containers microorganisms-substrates
“Biorisk-MSN” kit systems state related to space
technique ecological safety and
planetary quarantine problem
Biomedical БИО-5 Rasteniya “Lada” greenhouse Study of the spaceflight effect on
Module of substratum the growth and development of
research higher plants
Nominal Hardware:
Water container;
Sony DVCam;
Computer
Biomedical БИО-8 Plazmida Hybridizers Recomb-K Investigation of microgravity effect During Exp. 18, Exp.
Kit with tubes on the rate of transfer and 19 crews rotation
Nominal Hardware: mobilization of bacteria plasmids
“Kriogem-03” freezer
Biomedical РБО-3 Matryeshka-R Passive detectors unit Study of radiation environment
“Phantom” set dynamics along the station's
“Bubble-dosimeter” Russian segment flight path and in
hardware “Lyulin-5” station compartments, and dose
hardware accumulation in anthropomorphous
“Matryeshka” equipment phantom, located inside and
(monoblock) outside the space station
AST Spectrometer
Study of Earth ДЗЗ-12 Rusalka “Rusalka” monoblock Testing of the procedure to
natural Nikon D2X(s) camera determine the carbon dioxide and
resources and Bracket for attachment to methane content in the Earth
ecological the window atmosphere to understand a role of
monitoring natural processes in human activity
Study of Earth ДЗЗ-13 Seyener Nominal hardware: Experimental methodses of the
natural Сamera Nikon D2Х interaction of the crews to cosmic
resources and Sony HVR-Z1J station with court Fishing in process
ecological Laptop RSK2 of searching for and mastering
monitoring commercial-productive region of
the World ocean
Biotechnology БТХ-5 Laktolen “Bioekologiya” kit Effect produced by spaceflight
factors on Laktolen producing strain
70 RUSSIAN RESEARCH OBJECTIVES MARCH 2009


Biotechnology БТХ-6 ARIL Effect produced by SFFs on During Exp. 18,
expression of strains producing Exp. 19 crews
interleukins 1α, 1β, “ARIL” rotation
Biotechnology БТХ-7 OChB Effect produced by SFFs on strain
producing superoxidodismutase
(SOD)
Biotechnology БТХ-8 Biotrack “Bioekologiya” kit Study of space radiation heavy
charged particles fluxes influence
on genetic properties of bioactive
substances cells-producers
Biotechnology БТХ-10 Kon'yugatsiya “Rekomb-K” hardware Working through the process of During Exp. 18,
(Conjugation) “Kriogem-03M” freezer genetic material transmission using Exp. 19 crews
Nominal Hardware: bacteria conjugation method rotation
“Kriogem-03” freezer
Biotechnology БТХ-11 Biodegradatsiya “Bioproby” kit Assessment of the initial stages of
biodegradation and biodeterioration
of the surfaces of structural
materials
Biotechnology БТХ-14 Bioemulsiya “Biocont-Т” thermo-vacuum Study and improvement of closed- During Exp. 18,
(Bioemulsion) container type autonomous reactor for Exp. 19 crews
obtaining biomass of rotation
microorganisms and bioactive
substance without additional
ingredients input and metabolism
products removal
Biotechnology БТХ-26 Cascad Changeable bioreactor Study of various types cells During Exp. 18,
(cascade) Thermostat with drive cultivation processes Exp. 19 crews
control unit with stand and rotation
power supply cable in cover
Biotechnology БТХ-27 Astrovaktsina “Bioecologia” kit Cultivation of E.Coli-protein Caf1 During Exp. 18,
(astrovaccine) producer in zero-g Exp. 19 crews
rotation
Biotechnology БТХ-29 Zhenshen'-2 “Bioecologia” case Study of the possibility to increase
(Ginseng-2) the ginseng biological activity
Biotechnology БТХ-40 BIF “Bioecologia” kit Study of effect produced by During Exp. 18,
spaceflight factors on technological Exp. 19 crews
and biomedical characteristics of rotation
bifid bacteria
Biotechnology БТХ-41 Bakteriofag “Bioecologia” kit Study of effect produced by During Exp. 18,
spaceflight factors on Exp. 19 crews
bacteriophage rotation
Technical ТЕХ-14 Vektor-T Nominal Hardware: Study of a high-precision system for Unattended
Studies (SDTO ISS RS СУДН sensors; space station motion prediction
12002-R) ISS RS orbit radio tracking
[PKO] system;
Satellite navigation;
equipment [ACH] system
GPS/GLONASS satellite
systems


Technical ТЕХ-15 Izgib Nominal Hardware: Study of the relationship between
Studies (SDTO ISS RS onboard the onboard systems operating
13002-R) measurement system modes and space station flight
(СБИ) accelerometers; conditions
ISS RS motion control and
navigation system GIVUS
(ГИВУС СУДН)
Nominal temperature-
sensing device for
measures inside “Progress”
vehicle modules
“Dakon” hardware
Technical ТЕХ-22 Identifikatsiya Nominal Hardware: Identification of disturbance sources Unattended
Studies (SDTO ISS RS СБИ when the microgravity conditions on
13001-R) accelerometers the space station are disrupted
Technical ТЕХ-44 Sreda-ISS Nominal Hardware: Studying station characteristics as Unattended
Studies (Environment) Movement Control System researching environment
sensors;
orientation sensors;
magnetometers;
Russian and foreign
accelerometers
Technical ТЕХ-50 Contur “Rokviss” hardware Development of the methods of Unattended
Studies (Sidebar) Universal Working Place management through Internet
УРМ-Д robot-manipulator on the space
station
Complex КПТ-2 Bar “Bar” hardware containing Testing of principles and methods
Analysis. <TBD> - “Kelvin-video” remote for the space station leak area
Effectiveness IRthermometer control, selection of the sensor
Estimation design and configuration
- “Piran-V” pyroendoscope
- “Iva-6A”
thermogigrometer
- TTM-2
thermoanemometer –
thermometer
- AU-01 ultrasound
analyzer
- UT2-03 leak indicator
Complex КПТ-3 Econ “Econ” kit Experimental researching of
Analysis. Nominal Hardware: station's Russian segment
Effectiveness Nikon D1X digital camera, resources estimating for ecological
Estimation Laptop RSK1 investigation of areas
Complex КПТ-6 Plazma-MKS “Fialka-MB-Kosmos” – Study of plasma environment on
Analysis. (Plasma-ISS) Spectrozonal ultraviolet station's external surface by optical
Effectiveness system radiation characteristics
Estimation
Complex КПТ-12 Expert “Bar” hardware Study of microdestruction
Analysis. processes in the station's habitation
Effectiveness modules under the long-term
Estimation manned flight conditions

Expedition 19/20 (concluded)

Complex КПТ-21 Plazmennyi “PC-3 Plus” experimental Study of the plasma-dust crystals
Analysis. (ТЕХ-20) Kristall (Plasma unit and fluids under microgravity
Effectiveness Crystal) “PC-3 Plus” telescience
Estimation Nominal hardware:
“Klest” (“Crossbill”)
TV-system
Complex КПТ-13 Plazma-Progres Ground observation Study of reflection characteristics of Unattended
Analysis. facilities spacecraft plasma environment with
Effectiveness onboard engines activated
Estimation
Study of cosmic ИКЛ-2В BTN-Neutron Detection Block Study of fast and thermal neutrons Unattended
rays Electronic Equipment Block fluxes
Mechanical interface
Space ОБР-1 Physics- “Faza” (Phase) hardware: Scientific-educational
education Education - stand-alone ventilation demonstration of physical laws and
system phenomena in microgravity
conditions:
“Flying saucer” hardware:
- experimental vessel kit - operation of basic physical
motion laws in weightlessness
- macro-photography tripod including the effect of reactive
- illuminator with cables and and gyroscopic forces on a solid
power unit body of revolution;
- diffusion processes and the effect
of the liquid surface tension, gas
bubbles aggregation during the
phase separation of gas-liquid
fine-disperser medium
Space ОБР-3 MAI-75 Digital photo and video Spacecraft and up-to-date
education equipment and amateur technologies for personal
radio communication communications
system available onboard
the ISS RS for the
subsequent downlinking of
video image to the ground
Commercial КНТ-36 EXPOSE-R “EXPOSE-R” monoblock Exposure of material samples in
Accessories kit open space conditions to study the
effect of ultraviolet radiation on
them


European Space Agency Experiment Program
During the Expedition 19/20 mission on the International Space Station there will be a full European
experiment program in a host of different scientific areas with many using the internal and external
research facilities of the Columbus laboratory, which was attached to the station as part of the STS-122
shuttle flight in February 2008. The experiments will be carried out by ESA astronaut Frank De Winne,
other members of the Expedition 19/20 crew and also by visiting members of Soyuz and shuttle flights.
The experiments are funded from the European ELIPS Program with additional funding from the
European Commission.
Internal Experiments: Biology

ARTEMISS Seedlings grown on the space station from
Arabidopsis root samples will be fixed and
ARTEMISS stands for Arthrospira sp. Gene analyzed on return to Earth. Not only does this
Expression and mathematical Modeling on
kind of research help to increase our knowledge
cultures grown in the International Space
of such growth processes that can help to
Station.
increase the efficiency of agricultural processes
on Earth, it also provides the basis for research
The purpose of this experiment is to determine
into agricultural processes in space for future
the effect of spaceflight conditions, including
longer-term missions to the moon and Mars.
weightlessness and radiation on the algae
Arthrospira sp. The form, structure and
Science Team:
physiology of the algae will be examined along
G. Scherer (DE)
with a genetic study of the organism. This data
is important for determining the reliability of
Biolab Facility: YING
using Arthrospira sp. in spacecraft biological life
support systems. Parameters derived from the The Yeast In No Gravity (YING) experiment is
spaceflight experiment will be used for the second to take place in the Biolab facility. It
subsequent mathematical modeling of will study the influence of weightlessness on
Arthrospira sp. growth under spaceflight so-called Flo proteins which regulate
conditions. flocculation (clumping together) and adhesion
of cells. Both cell-surface interaction on solid
Science Team: media and cell-cell interaction in liquid media in
N. Leys (BE), G. Dussap (FR), A. Wilmotte (BE), yeast cells (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) will be
R. Wattiez (BE), J. Kviderova (CS) investigated. Weightlessness may have a
direct impact on the yeast cell physiology and,
Biolab Facility: WAICO in the case of yeast cell cultivation in liquid
media, and indirect effect due to altered culture
This is the second run of the WAICO
fluid dynamics in weightlessness. The overall
experiment in the Biolab facility within the
goal is to obtain a detailed insight into
European Columbus Laboratory. WAICO,
the importance of weightlessness on the
which is the short name for Waving and Coiling
formation of organized cell structures and on flo
of Arabidopsis Roots at different g-levels,
processes, which are of considerable interest
concerns the effect that gravity has on the
for fundamental science, industry and the
spiralling motion (circumnutation) that occurs in
medical field.
plant roots. It is suspected that this spiralling
mechanism is an internal mechanism in the
plant, independent of the influence of gravity.
MARCH 2009 EUROPEAN EXPERIMENT PROGRAM 75

Science Team: Sample
R. Willaert (BE), F. Delvaux (BE),
This experiment investigates what kind of
J. Nielsen (DK), M. Reuss (DE), L. Wyns (BE)
microbial species are to be found on board the
International Space Station and how these
Colored Fungi in Space
adapt to conditions of spaceflight. The subject
The objective of this experiment is to determine will take samples in certain areas of the space
the effect of weightlessness and cosmic station and from their own body. The samples
radiation on the growth and survival of colored will be taken at places by rubbing swab sticks
fungi species. The fungal species chosen for over surfaces, which are susceptible to having
the experiments are important degraders of bacteria including switches, keyboards and
organic materials, so it is of interest to study the personal hygiene equipment. In general this
survival of these fungi as possible contaminants study is also helpful in providing further insight
of interplanetary spacecraft. The Colored Fungi into the effect that spaceflight has on genetic
in Space experiment is funded as part of the modification.
European Commission SURE project.
Science Team
Science Team: H.J.M. Harmsen (NL), G.W. Welling, (NL),
D. Hasegan (RO), O. Maris (RO), J. Krooneman (NL), L. van den Bergh (NL)
G. Mogildea (RO), M. Mogildea (RO)
GENARA
The existence of gravity-regulated genes,
whose genetic expression depends (at least)
upon the mechanism of sensing gravity and the
redistribution of hormones, will be addressed in
this experiment. In genetically modified
Arabidopsis plants, several bio-monitors will be
analyzed to determine the distribution of the
plant hormones IAA (a type of auxin) and ABA
(Abscisic Acid) at the tissue level in
weightlessness or in a 1-g centrifuge. The
experiment will take place in the European
Modular Cultivation System with four
experiment containers held in weightlessness
and four held at 1g levels.
Science Team:
E. Carnero-Diaz (FR), G.Perbal (FR),
R. Ranjeva (FR), A. Graziana (FR),
M. Pages (ES), A. Goday (ES)
76 EUROPEAN EXPERIMENT PROGRAM MARCH 2009

Kubik Experiments
The following biology experiments will be transferred within plants at a genetic level.
carried out using a European incubator called Polca and Gravigen are complementary
Kubik currently on the space station. The studies, using the same conditions and
samples for the experiments will be flown to the biological material but analyzing different
space station with the Expedition 19 crew on aspects of the gravi-response. This experiment
Soyuz 18S, with all samples being returned will take place at a temperature of 22°C
with the Expedition 18 crew on Soyuz 17S (71.6°F).
some 10 days later. As well as providing a
thermally-controlled environment, an incubator Science Team:
will be fitted with a centrifuge, which provides A. Graziana (FR) et al.
the ability to run 1g control experiments while in
orbit. The two experiments were originally part Polca – Polca will investigate the effect of
of the Bio-4 experiment package flown to the weightlessness on the distribution of calcium in
space station on flight 17S last year, but were the statocytes of Rapeseed roots (Brassica
rescheduled to the 18S flight. The two napus). Statocytes are gravity-sensing cells in
experiments are: plant root tips, which contain calcium particles
used within gravity-sensing process. Polca and
Gravigen – This experiment will investigate the Gravigen are complementary studies, using the
effect of weightlessness on gene expression in same conditions and biological material but
plants (Brassica napus). It will help to identify analyzing different aspects of the gravi-
genes whose expression is altered either by response. This experiment will take place at a
gravity or only by hyper- or microgravity. The temperature of 22°C (71.6°F).
results of this experiment will help us
understand how gravity is perceived in plants Science Team:
and how this morphological information is V. Legué (FR) et al.

Internal Experiments: Human Physiology
3D-Space Immuno
This physiology study investigates the effects of The aim of this experiment is to determine
weightlessness on the mental representation of changes in hormone production and immune
visual information during and after spaceflight. response during and after a space station
Accurate perception is a prerequisite for spatial mission. Cellular energy metabolism and cell
orientation and reliable performance of tasks in signalling are focused on, to achieve additional
space. The experiment has different elements information in the underlying processes and
including investigations of perception of depth provide a better insight how these processes
and distance carried out using a virtual reality are dependent on the cellular level of signal
headset and standard psychophysics tests. processing. This experiment has already been
Runs of the experiment have already been carried out with four space station crew
undertaken during Expedition 17 and 18, and members as test subjects and another six are
are scheduled to continue with a target total of needed to conclude the experiment series.
10 Expedition crew members as test subjects.
Science Team
Science Team: A. Chouker (DE), F. Christ (DE),
G. Clement (FR), C.E. Lathan (US) M. Thiel (DE), I. Kaufmann (DE),
B. Morukov (RU)
Card
MOP
It has been observed that exposure to
weightlessness increases cardiac output and When entering weightlessness, astronauts
lowers blood pressure (caused by dilated suffer from a phenomenon called space motion
arteries) in the face of increased activity in the sickness, which has symptoms comparable to
sympathetic nervous system (which normally seasickness. This disturbance in the body’s
constricts arteries). The Card experiment will orientation and balance is similar to the
examine these effects in order to provide a disturbances experienced by subjects who have
thorough picture of how the circulatory system undergone rotation in a human centrifuge
changes during a prolonged stay in having experienced two to three times Earth’s
weightlessness. The experiment will consist of gravity for up to several hours. This experiment
tests taken during a 24-hour period preflight, aims to obtain an insight into this process and
during the second half of the mission increment could help in developing countermeasures to
and post-flight. This will include: two blood space motion sickness.
samples; 24-hour urine samples; hourly blood
pressure measurements; and cardiac output Science Team:
measurements with rebreathing every four E. Groen (NL), J. Bos (NL), S. Nooij (NL),
hours except during sleep using the ESA/NASA W. Bles (NL), R. Simons (NL),
Pulmonary Function System. The blood and T. Meeuwsen (NL)
urine samples will be examined for hormonal
activity and electrolyte levels. Muscle
The deep muscle corset plays an important role
Science Team:
in posture when in the upright position. It is
P. Norsk (DK), N.J. Christensen (DK),
thought that this deep muscle corset atrophies
B. Pump (DK), A. Gabrielsen (DK),
during spaceflight leading to strain and hence
J.G. Nielsen (DK), C. Drummer (DE),
pain in certain ligaments, in particular in the
M. Kentsch (DE), N. Gadsboll (DK)

iliolumbar region in the back. The objective of introduced, which are not task relevant to help
this experiment is to assess the occurrence and make an electrophysiological assessment of
characteristics of back pain. The results will be novelty processing. The Prespat experiment is
correlated to data related to back pain and funded as part of the European Commission
atrophy obtained in ground-based studies. SURE project.
Science Team: Science Team:

A. Pool-Goudzwaard (NL), L. Balazs (HU), I. Czigler (HU),
C. Richardson (AU), J. Hides (AU), G. Karmos (HU), M. Molnar (HU),
L. Danneels (BE) E. Nagy (HU), J. Achimowicz (PL)
Neurospat PADIAC
This is the very first experiment to use the The PAthway DIfferent ACtivators experiment is
Columbus laboratory’s European Physiology a study of white blood cells (T-lymphocytes) in
Modules Facility (MEEMM). Neurospat is weightlessness. It will carry out a genetic
actually a combination of two experiments: analysis of T-cell activation by the CD28
Neurocog-2 and Prespat. molecule. Weightlessness alters the response
of the immune system. The goals of this
Neurocog-2: In this project the purpose is to project are to determine different pathways
study brain activity that underlies cognitive for T-cell activation in space. This will improve
processes involved in four different tasks that the knowledge of the immune system and
humans and astronauts may encounter on a allow validation of control of T-cell activation.
daily basis: visuo-motor tracking; perception of The experiment will make use of one of the
self-orientation; 3D navigation; and the European Kubik Incubators already on the
discrimination of the orientation of objects. station.
These tasks are designed to produce changed
responses of the sensorimotor system, Science Team:
responsible for the body’s coordination and I. Walther (CH), M. Hughes-Fulford (US),
stability, in the presence or absence of gravity. P. Pippia (IT), A. Cogoli (CH)
The involvement of five cognitive processes will
be examined: perception, attention, memory, Portable Pulmonary Function System
decision and action. The roles played by
The Portable Pulmonary Function System is a
gravity on these neural processes will be
new autonomous multi-user facility supporting a
analyzed by different methods such as EEG
broad range of human physiological research
during virtual reality stimulation.
experiments under weightless condition in the
areas of respiratory, cardiovascular and
Science Team:
metabolic physiology. The Portable Pulmonary
G. Cheron (BE), C. Desadeleer (BE),
Function System is an evolution to the existing
A. Cebolla (BE), A. Berthoz (FR),
Pulmonary Function System, (which is a
A. Bengoetxea (BE)
joint ESA/NASA collaboration in the field of
Prespat: This experiment will use physiological respiratory physiology instrumentation)
and behavioral measures to assess changes in currently on the space station. The Portable
general activation, prefrontal brain Pulmonary Function System will be utilized for
function and perceptual reorganization. undertaking the following experiments during
Different measurements will be taken during a Expedition 19/20:
spatial orientation task using such devices as
an EEG. Novel visual stimuli also will be

EKE: The preservation of astronauts’ aerobic Since these factors are particularly cross-linked
capacity is a major goal of exercise with each other in view of thermoregulation, an
countermeasures during space missions. A integrative study of the topic under weightless
widely used measurement for endurance conditions is necessary. This experiment
capacity is the maximal volume of oxygen used will investigate thermoregulatory and
during exhaustive exercise, otherwise known as cardiovascular adaptations during rest and
VO2 max. A potential alternative method that exercise in the course of long-term exposure to
will at least allow the reduction in the frequency weightlessness. The experiment utilizes the
of such tests is to determine the rate of ESA-developed Portable Pulmonary Function
changes in pulmonary oxygen uptake (VO2) and System.
heart rate responses during changes in
workload. Science Team:
H.C. Gunga (DE), P. Arbeille (FR),
Specific goals are the development of a K. Kirsch (DE), E. Koralewski (DE),
diagnostic tool for the assessment of endurance J. Cornier (DE), H.V. Heyer (DE),
capacity from oxygen uptake and heart rate in P. Hofmann (DE), J. Koch (DE),
response to changes in exercise intensity and F. Sattler (DE)
the development of a physiological model to
explore the transport of oxygen from the lungs Solo
to muscle cells.
The Solo experiment is carrying out research
The EKE experiment will make use of the new into salt retention in space and related human
Portable Pulmonary Function System. physiology effects. It is a continuation of
extensive research into the mechanisms of fluid
Science Team: and salt retention in the body during bed rest
U. Hoffman (DE), S. Fasoulas (DE), and spaceflights and subsequent effect on
D. Essfeld (DE), T. Drager (DE) bone metabolism. The astronaut subjects will
participate in two study phases, six days each.
Thermolab: It is hypothesized that heat Subjects follow a diet of constant either low
balance, thermo-regulation and circadian or normal sodium intake, fairly high fluid
temperature rhythms are altered in humans consumption and isocaloric nutrition. This
during long-term spaceflights because of: metabolically controlled study will make use of
changes in the natural convective heat transfer the European Physiology Modules Facility and
from the body surface to the environment; fluid Human Research Facility capabilities.
shifts along the body axis from peripheral to
central parts; changes in the cardiovascular Science Team:
and autonomous nervous systems; and M. Heer (DE), N. Kamps (DE),
changes of metabolism and body composition. F. Baisch (DE), P. Norsk (DK)

Ground Experiments: Baseline Data Collection
The following experiments are ground-based pathway communication between the otoliths
experiments, i.e., the experiment procedures and the Central Nervous System; an indication
will take place before and after the actual of function of the saccule, which transmits
mission. A majority are continuations of neural impulses of head movements to the
experiments in order to increase the statistical brain; and evaluating the symmetry of
significance of the results produced: information generated by the otoliths using an
estimation of the astronaut’s subjective visual
EDOS: Early Detection of Osteoporosis in vertical.
Space (EDOS) is a study into the mechanisms
Science Team:
underlying the reduction in bone mass, which
A. Clarke (DE), S. Wood (US), F. Wuyts (BE)
occurs in astronauts in weightlessness. The
EDOS experiment will evaluate the structure
Skin Properties: Skin Properties is a human
of weight- and non-weight-bearing bones of
physiology experiment, which aims at
cosmonauts/astronauts pre- and post-flight
characterizing aging of human skin (specifically:
using the method of computed tomography
hydration grade, transepidermal water loss,
(pQCT) together with an analysis of bone
elasticity, skin surface video imaging) in
biochemical markers in blood samples.
weightlessness and inside the International
Science Team: Space Station during a long-duration mission.
With regard to already known effects on skin of
C. Alexandre (FR), L. Braak (FR),
a long-duration stay on the space station and
L. Vico (FR), P. Ruegsegger (CH),
the physiological effects of weightlessness, the
M. Heer (DE)
investigators will test the applicability of the
Otolith: The working of our balance system space environment as a model of the aging
and our eyes are strongly interconnected and skin. The scientists will perform non-invasive
understanding their adaptation to medical measurements on selected astronauts,
weightlessness is important for maintaining an before and after their space missions. The Skin
astronaut’s capacity for carrying out tasks in Properties experiment is funded as part of the
space. The otolith organs in the inner ear play European Commission SURE project.
an important role in our balance system as
detectors of vertical and horizontal acceleration. Science Team:
This experiment will make an assessment of T. Rodic, C3M (SI)
otolith function before and after short-term
spaceflight. This includes an assessment of
otolith-ocular response to determine neural

Spin: This experiment is a comparison ZAG: ZAG, which stands for Z-axis Aligned
between preflight and post-flight testing of Gravito-inertial force, is an investigation into the
astronaut subjects using a centrifuge and a effect that weightlessness has on an
standardized tilt test. Orthostatic tolerance, astronaut’s perception of motion and tilt as well
i.e., the ability to maintain an upright posture as his level of performance before and
(without fainting) will be correlated with immediately after spaceflight. Different tests
measures of otolith-ocular function, i.e., the will take place pre- and post-flight including an
body’s mechanism linking the inner ear with the analysis of the astronaut’s motion perception
eyes that deals with maintaining balance. and eye movements while using a track-and-tilt
chair. It also will be evaluated whether a tactile
Science Team: vest improves perception and performance
F. Wuyts (BE), S. Moore (US), during these tests.
H. MacDougall (AU), G. Clement (FR),
B. Cohen (US), N. Pattyn (BE), Science Team:
A. Diedrich (US) G. Clement (FR), S. Wood (US),
M.F. Reschke (US), P. Denise (FR)

Internal Experiments: Fluid Science
Fluid Science Laboratory: Geoflow Foam Stability
Geoflow was the first experiment to take place The project aims at the study of aqueous
within the Fluid Science Laboratory inside the and non-aqueous foams in a weightless
European Columbus Laboratory, its first runs environment. The behavior of foams in
starting in August during Expedition 17. The weightlessness and on Earth are very different,
experiment will continue to investigate the flow because the process of drainage is absent
of an incompressible viscous fluid (silicon oil) under weightless conditions. The effect/
held between two concentric spheres rotating enhancement of the foamability of liquid
about a common axis. A temperature gradient solutions without this drainage effect of gravity
is maintained from the inside to the outside is investigated. Other fundamental questions
sphere as is an electrical field. This addressed are: How long can those foams be
geometrical configuration can be seen as a stable? What is the role of solid particles in the
representation of a planet, with the electric field liquid in water foam stabilization? Is it possible
simulating its gravitational field. This research to create very “wet” foams in weightlessness?
is of importance in such areas as flow in the
atmosphere, the oceans and in the liquid Part of the experiment consists of a session to
nucleus of planets on a global scale. be compared with students in Europe who will
perform the same experiment on the ground.
Science Team:
Ch. Egbers (DE), P. Chossat (FR), Science Team:
F. Feudel (DE), Ph. Beltrame (DE), N. Vandewalle (BE), H. Caps (BE),
I. Mutabazi (FR), L. Tuckerman (FR), D. Langevin (FR), D.Weaire (IE),
R. Hollerbach (UK) M. Adler (FR) et al.

Microgravity Science Glovebox – SODI
DSC and IVIDIL are two of the three SODI IVIDIL
experiments, which also includes the Colloid
The Influence of Vibrations on Diffusion in
experiment, which will take place during
Liquids (IVIDIL) experiment will investigate the
Expedition 21.
effects of vibrations on liquid diffusion. On the
space station, there are residual vibrations
DSC
(g-jitter). Although they seem to have a major
The “Diffusion and Soret Coefficient impact on the measurement of the diffusion
Measurements for Improvement of Oil coefficient, very few studies have been carried
Recovery” experiment consists of three stages: out on this topic. Hence, the researchers plan
1) The determination of diffusion data to characterize the spectral influence of g-jitter.
requirements for petroleum reservoir models; The objective of the experiment is to increase
2) The simultaneous measurement of the Soret the understanding of the kinetic mechanisms
diffusion coefficients in binary and in influencing diffusion effects in the presence of
tertiary systems; 3) The refinement of a vibrations.
multi-component transport model applied to
petroleum reservoir evaluation. This Science Team:
experiment will provide information, which can J.C. Legros (BE), V. Shevtsova (BE),
be used in the more efficient extraction of oil B. Roux (FR), D. Lyubimov (RU),
resources. T. Lyubimova (RU), S. van Vaerenbergh (BE),
Z. Saghir (CA)
Science Team:
S. Van Vaerenbergh (BE), J.C. Legros (BE),
J.P. Caltagirone (FR), J.L. Daridon (F),
Z. Zaghir (CND), A. Shapiro (DK)

Internal Experiments: Material Science
Material Science Laboratory – CETSOL Science Team CETSOL:
& MICAST A. Gandin (FR), B. Billia (FR),
G. Zimmermann (DE), Y. Fautrelle (FR),
CETSOL and MICAST will be the first ESA D. Browne (IE), D. Poirier (US)
experiments to take place in the European-
developed Materials Science Laboratory, which Science Team MICAST:
is scheduled to be transported to the space L. Ratke (DE), G. Mueller (DE),
station on shuttle flight STS-128. These two Y. Fautrelle (FR), A. Roosz (HU),
complementary projects will carry out research G. Zimmermann (DE), J. Lacaze (FR),
into the formation of microstructures during the S. Dost (CA), D. Poirier (US)
solidification of metallic alloys.
European Drawer Rack: Protein
The goal of MICAST is to study the formation of
Crystallization Diagnostics Facility
microstructures during casting of technical
alloys. In space, buoyancy convection is The first subrack payload configuration of the
eliminated and the dendritic solidification of European Drawer Rack in the Columbus
the alloys can be quantitatively studied under laboratory includes the Protein Crystallization
purely diffusive conditions. Controlled Diagnostics Facility, which will tackle the
convection can also be realized by applying problems of protein crystallization in space.
rotating magnetic fields to the conducting The aim of this project is to understand to what
metallic melt. extent various transport-related phenomena
contribute to the formation of defects and
The objective of CETSOL is then to study the imperfections in biomolecular crystals. The
transition from columnar growth – that is a front expected results from experiments in
of dendrites developing into the melt as studied weightlessness will help to identify the growth
in MICAST – to equiaxed growth that occurs conditions and stages that are responsible for
when crystals start to nucleate in the melt and these defects. This will hold benefits in various
grow independently. industrial applications.
The results obtained with the joined Science Team:

experimental program in space will permit to F. Otalora (E), D. Maes (B), S. Weinkauf (D),
validate numerical simulations. These will in E. Weckert (D), A. Chernov (USA),
turn serve to optimize industrial casting J. Martial (B), G. Nicolis (B), F. Dubois (B)
processes.

Internal Experiments: Radiation Dosimetry
DOSIS (See also DOBIES) the measurements attained in the DOBIES
experiment will contribute to the area dosimetry
The Dose Distribution inside the International
measurements in the DOSIS experiment.
Space Station (DOSIS) experiment will
determine the nature and distribution of the Science Team:
radiation field inside the European Columbus F. Vanhavere (BE) et al.
laboratory. Measurements of energy, charge
and LET spectra of heavy ions will be carried Matroshka
out using different active and passive detectors.
The passive dosimeters will be distributed over The ESA Matroshka facility has been an
10 different locations for taking measurements, ongoing experiment on the station since
so-called area dosimetry. This experiment also February 2004, having been located on the
makes additional use of information from the external surface of the station and currently
DOBIES experiment. inside the station, with the aim of studying
radiation levels experienced by astronauts. It
Science Team: consists of a human shape (head and torso)
G. Reitz (DE) et al. called the Phantom equipped with several
active and passive radiation dosimeters. It is
DOBIES (See also DOSIS) currently foreseen that the Phantom will be
located inside the Japanese Kibo laboratory,
The aim of Dosimetry for Biological equipped with a set of new passive dosimeters
Experiments in Space (DOBIES) is to develop a to take measurements for one year.
standard method to measure the radiation
dosage experienced by biological samples in Science Team:
specific areas of the station using a G. Reitz (DE), R. Beaujean (DE),
combination of different dosimetric techniques. W. Heinrich (DE), M. Luszik-Bhadra (DE),
The areas of interest are the Columbus M. Scherkenbach (DE), P. Olko (PL),
laboratory and specifically the European P. Bilski (PL), S. Derne (HU), J. Palvalvi (HU),
Physiology Modules facility, and also in the E. Stassinopoulos (US), J. Miller (US),
EXPOSE-E and EXPOSE-R payloads (see C. Zeitlin (US), F. Cucinotta (US),
EuTEF and EXPOSE-R respectively). Some of V. Petrov (RU)

Experiments: Technology Demonstrations
ERB-2 Life and Work on the International GTS-2 (Global Transmission Service)
Space Station The Global Transmission Services (GTS)
This activity will utilize the first digital high- Experiment is continuously operating on the
definition stereo camera, the Erasmus Russian segment of the station since the year
Recording Binocular (ERB) 2, to be flown on 2000, with its second generation active since
the station. Footage will be used to produce the summer of 2007. This experiment is testing
narrated video material for immediate and later the receiving conditions of a time and data
use for promotional and educational purposes. signal for dedicated receivers on the ground.
One of the major objectives is to record 3D The time signal distributed by the GTS has
footage of different station elements to allow for special coding to allow the receiver to
an accurate 3D mapping of the interior of determine the local time anywhere on the Earth
the station. The camera, a follow-up of the without user intervention. The main scientific
precursor ERB 1 in 2006, is capable of objectives of the experiment are to verify
downlinking live footage in real time and under real space operation conditions: the
recorded footage. This activity will take place performance and accuracy of a time signal
during Expedition 20, when various events transmitted to the Earth’s surface from low
involving ground-based audiences are planned. Earth orbit; the signal quality and data rates
achieved on the ground; measurement of
Project Team: disturbing effects such as Doppler shifts, multi-
ESA Erasmus Center (ESA, NL) path reflections, shadowing and elevation
impacts. Following a short period of inactivity
while awaiting prolongation of its operational
agreement, GTS-2 was reactivated on
Jan. 15, 2009. The ground control station in
Stuttgart, Germany, is in continuous contact
with the Russian Mission Control Center for
GTS-2 operations.
Project Team:
F. Huber (DE)

Internal Experiments: Education Activities
Lesson-2 for secondary level classes LES-3: Lesson from Space
(Take your classroom into school) An overview lecture will be given by
This activity will include a live link to secondary Frank De Winne about life on the station
school students to give them an appreciation of including demonstrations of various water
the conditions of free fall through two simple, properties. One live link from the station to
curriculum relevant demonstrations by using a primary school students will take place. This
stand-alone kit. The first demonstration is will be broadcast to the Brussels planetarium
about mass measurement (‘Do objects have with further distribution to various interested
weight in space?’) and the second one about schools. The recording of the demonstration
capillarity (‘Exploring capillarity’). A T-shirt with will be used to produce ESA multimedia
a visual graphic element designed by children educational material for upper primary school
will be worn by the ESA astronaut during the teachers and their students aged 10-12.
live link recording. The recording of the
demonstration will be used to produce ESA Project Team:
multimedia educational material. ESA Human Spaceflight Coordination Office
(ESA, NL)
Project Team:
ESA Human Spaceflight Coordination Office
(ESA, NL)

External Experiments: Astrophysics/Technology/ Exobiology/Earth
Observation
Solar SOVIM
The Solar Variability and Irradiance Monitor
The Solar facility, which has been on the (SOVIM) is a re-flight of the SOVA experiment
External Payload Facility of Columbus since
on board Eureca-1. The investigation has been
February 2008, has been studying the sun with
studying the irradiance of the sun, with high
unprecedented accuracy across most of its
precision and high stability. The total irradiance
spectral range. This study is currently
is being observed with active cavity radiometers
scheduled to last for two years. Solar is and the spectral irradiance measurement is
expected to contribute to the knowledge of the
being carried out by one type of
interaction between the solar energy flux and
sun-photometer.
the Earth’s atmosphere chemistry and
climatology. This will be important for Earth Science Team:
observation predictions. The payload consists C. Frohlich (CH)
of three instruments complementing each other,
which are: EuTEF
SOL-ACES The European Technology Exposure Facility
The goal of the Solar Auto-Calibrating Extreme (EuTEF) has also been located on the External
UV-Spectrometer (SOL-ACES) is to measure Payload Facility of Columbus since February
the solar spectral irradiance of the full disk from 2008. Along with Solar, it is one of the first two
17 to 220 nm at 0.5 to 2 nm spectral resolution. external facilities attached outside the
By an auto-calibration capability, it gains Columbus laboratory. EuTEF houses the
long-term spectral data with a high absolute following experiments requiring either exposure
resolution. In its center, it contains 4 Extreme to the open space environment or a housing on
Ultra-Violet spectrometers. the external surface of the space station:
Science Team: DEBIE-2

G. Schmidtke (DE) DEBIE, which stands for ‘DEBris In orbit
Evaluator’, is a standard in-situ space debris
SOLSPEC and micro-meteoroid monitoring instrument
SOLSPEC (SOLar SPECctral irradiance which requires low resources from the
measurements) measures the solar spectrum spacecraft. It measures sub-mm sized particles
irradiance from 180 nm to 3000 nm. The aims and has three sensors facing in different
of this investigation are the study of solar directions. The scientific results from several
variability at short and long term and the DEBIE instruments on board different
achievement of absolute measurements (2% in spacecraft will be compiled into a single
UV and 1% above). The SOLSPEC instrument database for ease of comparison.
was fully refurbished and improved with respect
to the experience gained in the previous Science Team:
missions (Spacelab-1, Atlas-1, Atlas-2, Atlas-3, G. Drolshagen – ESA
Eureca).
Science Team:
M.G. Thuillier (FR)

Dostel • Protect
Dostel (DOSimetric radiation TELescope) is a The aim of this experiment is to investigate
small radiation telescope that is measuring the the resistance of spores, attached to the
radiation environment outside the station. outer surface of spacecraft, to the open
space environment. Three aspects of
Science Team: resistance are of importance: the degree of
G. Reitz – DLR (DE) resistance, the types of damage sustained
and the spores repair mechanisms.
EXPOSE-E
EXPOSE-E is a subsection of EuTEF and Science Team:
consists of five individual exobiology G. Horneck (DE), J. Cadet (FR),
experiments: T. Douki (FR), R. Mancinelli (FR),
R. Moeller (DE), W. Nicholson (US),
• Life J. Pillinger (UK), E. Rabbow (DE),
This experiment tests the limits of survival of P. Rettberg (DE), J. Sprey (UK),
Lichens, Fungi and symbionts. E. Stackebrandt (DE),
K. Venkateswaren (US)
Science Team:
S. Onofri (IT), L. Zucconi (IT), • Seeds
L. Selbmann (DE), S. Ott (DE), This experiment is testing the plant seed as
J.P. de Vera (ES), R. de la Torre (ES) a terrestrial model for a panspermia vehicle,
i.e., a means of transporting life through the
• Adapt universe and as a source of universal UV
This experiment concerns the molecular screens.
adaptation strategies of micro-organisms to
different space and planetary UV climate Science Team:
conditions. D. Tepfer (DE), L. Sydney (FR),
S. Hoffmann (DK), P. Ducrot (FR),
Science Team: F. Corbineau (FR), C. Wood (UK)
P. Rettberg (DE), C. Cockell (UK),
E. Rabbow (DE), T. Douki (FR), EVC
J. Cadet (FR), C. Panitz (DE),
R. Moeller (DE), G. Horneck (DE), The Earth Viewing Camera (EVC) payload is a
H. Stan-Lotter (AT) fixed-pointed Earth-observing camera. The
main goal of the system is to capture color
• PROCESS images of the Earth’s surface, to be used as a
tool to increase general public awareness of the
The main goal of the PROCESS (PRebiotic
Organic ChEmistry on Space Station) station and promote the use of the station to the
potential user community for observation
experiment is to improve our knowledge of
purposes.
the chemical nature and evolution of organic
molecules involved in extraterrestrial
Science Team:
environments.
ESA Erasmus Center (ESA, NL)
Science Team:
H. Cottin (FR), P. Coll (FR), D. Coscia (FR),
A. Brack (FR), F. Raulin (FR)

FIPEX Tribolab
FIPEX is the Flux (Phi) Probe Experiment. It is This series of experiments covers research
important to build up a picture of the varying in tribology, i.e., the science of friction and
atmospheric conditions in low Earth orbit lubrication thereof. This is of major
where orbiting spacecraft are still affected by importance for spacecraft systems. The
atmospheric drag. The density of the Tribolab experiments cover both experiments in
atmosphere is the major factor affecting drag liquid and solid lubrication, such as the
and this is affected by solar radiation and the evaluation of fluid losses from surfaces and the
Earth’s magnetic and gravitational fields. The evaluation of wear of polymer and metallic
flux of atomic oxygen is important as it shows cages in weightlessness.
different interactions with spacecraft surfaces,
e.g., surface erosion. The FIPEX micro-sensor Science Team:
system is being used to measure the atomic R. Fernandez – INTA (ES)
oxygen flux as well as the oxygen molecules in
the surrounding area of the International Space EXPOSE-R
Station.
The EXPOSE-R facility is a European external
Science Team: facility that was transported to the station on
S. Fasoulas (DE) Progress flight 31P for attachment to the
outside of the Russian Zvezda service module.
MEDET It houses a number of experiments covering the
areas of photochemistry, photobiology and
The aims of the Materials Exposure and
astrobiology, requiring exposure to the open
Degradation ExperimenT (MEDET) are: to
space environment.
evaluate the effects of open space on materials
currently being considered for utilization on The experiment package is as follows:
spacecraft in low Earth orbit; to verify the
validity of data from the space simulation Amino
currently used for materials evaluation; and to The main objective of the Amino experiment is
monitor solid particles impacting spacecraft in to determine to what extent biologically active
low Earth orbit. molecules (amino acids and peptides) are
Science Team: converted into a mixture of so-called L- and D
V. Inguimbert (FR), A. Tighe – ESA molecules when exposed to UV-C radiation.
(Organic material is principally made up of
PLEGPAY L-molecules on Earth). The experiment will
also determine to what degree the samples are
The scientific objective of PLEGPAY (PLasma protected by the porous material in which they
Electron Gun PAYload) is the study of the are accommodated. Another experiment
interactions between spacecraft and the space objective is to test whether photosensitive
environment in low Earth orbit, with reference to amino acids can use the energy from ultraviolet
electrostatic charging and discharging. light from the sun to chain together under space
Understanding these mechanisms is very conditions.
important as uncontrollable discharge events
can adversely affect the functioning of Science Team:
spacecraft electronic systems. H. Cottin (FR)
Science Team:
G. Noci – Laben-Proel (IT)

Endo micro-organisms, play a role in protecting their
This experiment will assess the impact of DNA from drying out in space.
increased UV-B and UV-C radiation, due to
ozone depletion, on algae and cyanobacteria Science Team:
from Antarctic sites under the ozone hole. It will R. Mancinelli (US)
also determine the probability for endolithic
microbial communities, i.e., microbes Photo
embedded in rock surfaces, to survive in This experiment is studying the effect of
regions where exposed communities become exposure of bacterial spores and samples of
extinct. The findings will contribute to our their DNA to solar UV radiation. The objective
understanding of the potential for such is to assess the quantity and chemistry of
communities to have survived UV-exposure in chemical products produced. The samples will
past times on Mars. be completely exposed, or protected by artificial
meteorite materials, clays, and salt crystals.
Science Team:
C.S. Cockell (UK), H.G.M. Edwards (UK) Science Team:
J. Cadet (FR), T. Douki (FR), J.L. Ravanat (FR),
Organic S. Sauvaigo (FR)
The goal of the Organic experiment which
concerns the evolution of organic matter in PUR
space is to study the effects of UV radiation, The Phage and Uracil Response (PUR)
low pressure, and heavy ion bombardment on experiment is studying the effect of solar UV
organic molecules of interest in astrophysics radiation on a type of virus (Phage T7) and an
and astrobiology. This includes polycyclic RNA compound (uracil) to determine their
aromatic hydrocarbons, fullerenes, kerogens of effectiveness as biological dosimeters for
different origin, and complex mixtures. measuring UV dose in the space environment.
Science Team: Science Team:

P. Ehrenfreund (NL), Z. Peeters (NL), G. Rontó (HU), A. Fekete (HU), P. Gróf (HU)
B. Foing (ESA, NL), M. Breitfellner (ESA, NL),
F. Robert (FR), E. Jessberger (DE), Spores
W. Schmidt (DE), M. Mumma (US) This experiment will assess how meteorite
material acts as a protection for bacterial
Osmo (Bacillus subtilis), fungal (Trichoderma koningii)
This experiment aims to understand the and ferny (Athyrium filix-femina, Dryopteris filix-
response of microbes to the vacuum of space mas) spores against space conditions, i.e., UV,
and to solar radiation. It will especially focus on vacuum and ionizing radiation.
bacteria that survive in environments of high
osmotic pressure, in this case two bacteria Science Team:
(Synechococcus and Haloarcula-G) that survive G. Horneck (DE), B. Hock (DE), F. Wänke (DE),
in salt-rich environments. It will asses whether P. Rettberg (DE), D.P. Häder (DE),
these salt-rich environments, as well as the G. Reitz (D), T. Dachev (BG), D. Mishev (BG)
high intracellular potassium concentration of the

Subtil IBMP Experiments
This experiment will determine the extent of
These experiments from the Institute for
mutation of spores and plasmid DNA of the
model bacteria Bacillus subtilis induced by Biomedical Problems in Moscow are looking
exposure to space vacuum and solar UV into the effect of exposing a diverse collection
of terrestrial organisms in a resting stage of
radiation. Plasmids are DNA segments capable
their life cycle to space conditions. Included are
of reproducing themselves independently of
bacterial spores, fungal spores, plant seeds and
chromosomes. The experiment also will study
eggs of lower crustacea.
the molecular differentiation in mutations
brought about by principal exposure to space
Science Team:
vacuum and mutations brought about by just
V. Sychev (RU), N. Novikova (RU),
UV exposure. The experiment will use two
S. Poddubko (RU), M. Levenskikh (RU),
different strains of the bacteria, one of which is
T. Agaptseva (RU)
deficient in cellular repair.
Science Team:
N. Munkata (JPN), K. Hieda (JPN)


Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Science Operations
JAXA Kibo Utilization

Category Experiment Program
During Expedition 19/20, the Japan Aerospace • JAXA PCG (High-Quality Protein
Applied Research
Exploration Agency (JAXA) will start external Crystal Growth Experiment)
experiment operations outside Kibo, in addition • MAXI (Monitor of All-sky X-ray Image)
to conducting science research and educational • SMILES (Superconducting
programs on board Kibo. Submillimeter-Wave Limb-Emission
Astrophysics/Earth
Sounder)
Observation
• SEDA-AP (Space Environment Data
Kibo’s external experiment platform, the Acquisition equipment--Attached
Exposed Facility (EF), will be delivered to the Payload)
International Space Station on the STS-127 • JAXA Holter (Digital Holter ECG
mission, along with Kibo’s external logistics Human Space (Electrocardiograph))
Flight Technology
pallet, the Experiment Logistics Module- Development • Area PADLES (Passive Dosimeter for
Exposed Section (ELM-ES) and two external Life science Experiments in Space)
experiments, SEDA-AP and MAXI. • ISS Moon Score

JAXA EPO
• Dewey’s Forest
JAXA’s H-II Transfer Vehicle (HTV), the
“Technical Demonstration Vehicle,” is Material Science Experiments
targeted to be launched to the station in
September 2009. The HTV will deliver Chaos, Turbulence and its Transition
SMILES, another external experiment to be Process in Marangoni Convection
installed and operated on the EF, as well as investigates the surface-tension-driven flow that
science materials, supplies, and spare items. occurs in a liquid bridge. This program was
performed in Expedition 17/18 and during
Three external experiments, SEDA-AP, MAXI, Expedition 19/20 further experiments will be
and SMILES, will eventually be conducted on performed.
the EF.
The following are Kibo utilization programs

planned for Expedition 19/20.
Category Experiment Program

• Chaos, Turbulence and its Transition
Process in Marangoni Convection
Material Science
• Spatio-temporal Flow Structure in
Marangoni Convection
• Facet (Investigation on Mechanism of
Faceted Cellular Array Growth)
• Space Seed (Life cycle of higher
plants under microgravity conditions)
• Rad Silk (Integrated assessment of
long-term cosmic radiation through Within a silicone oil liquid bridge formed into a
Life Science
biological responses of the silkworm, pair of disks, convection is induced by imposing
Bombyx mori, in space) a temperature difference between the disks.
• Microbe-I (Microbial dynamics in the The flow and temperature fields in each stage
International Space Station (Part1))
(e.g., steady, oscillatory, and chaotic flow) are
MARCH 2009 JAXA KIBO UTILIZATION 95

observed using several visualization techniques experiments using Facet Cell 2 can be
to determine the transition process. The performed.
experiment data and images are downlinked in
real time and also recorded for detailed Principal Investigator:
analysis. The experiment uses the Fluid Yuko Inatomi, JAXA
Physics Experiment Facility (FPEF) in the
RYUTAI rack. Life Science Experiments
Space Seed (Life cycle of higher plants under
Principal Investigator:
microgravity conditions) will investigate the role
Hiroshi Kawamura, Tokyo University of Science
of gravity in regulating the developmental
processes of higher plants, using seeds of
Spatio-temporal Flow Structure in
Marangoni Convection is another Marangoni Arabidopsis thaliana, also known as
arabidopsis or thale cress.
experiment that will be performed on board
Kibo. The operational method is almost the
same as that of the Chaos, Turbulence and its
Transition Process in Marangoni Convection.
The flow phenomenon is to be investigated by
using the pulsed ultrasonic velocity profiler to
obtain the spatio-temporal velocity field inside
the fluid column, so as to investigate and clarify
the flow transition scheme from laminar to
turbulence through chaos. The experiment cell
of this experiment will be delivered to the ISS
via the HTV.
Plant Experiment Unit (PEU)
Yasushi Takeda, Hokkaido University
The seeds will be planted in the plant
Facet (Investigation on Mechanism of Faceted
experiment sample chambers in the Plant
Cellular Array Growth) will investigate
Experiment Unit (PEU) before launch. On orbit,
phenomena at the solid-liquid interface for
the plants in the eight PEUs will be incubated in
facet-like crystallization that are considered to
the Cell Biology Experiment Facility (CBEF) in
be strongly influenced by the temperature and
the SAIBO rack and will be observed using the
concentration distributions in the liquid phase.
PEU CCD camera. After 30 days of incubation,
The in-situ observation of both concentration
half of the germinated samples (stems, leaves,
and temperature diffusion fields with a
and roots) will be harvested, fixed, and stored in
two-wavelength interferometer will be
the Minus Eighty degrees Laboratory Freezer
performed for facet-like crystallization using
for the ISS (MELFI) at 2°C (35.6°F) and -95°C
transparent organic materials under
(-139°F). A quarter of the other half will be
microgravity conditions, a convection-free
harvested after an additional 30 days of
environment. The Facet Cell 1 will be installed
incubation then fixed and refrigerated in the
in the Solution Crystallization Observation
MELFI. The rest of the samples also will be
Facility (SCOF) in the RYUTAI rack. After
refrigerated. All the stored samples will be
completing the first set of experiments with
returned to the ground for analysis.
Facet Cell 1, a crew member will change the
direction of the facet cell so that more
Seiichiro Kamisaka, Toyama University
96 JAXA KIBO UTILIZATION MARCH 2009

Rad Silk (Integrated assessment of long-term
cosmic radiation through biological responses
of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, in space) will
examine the effects of space radiation and
microgravity on silkworm eggs. The silkworm
egg is assumed to have a highly sensitive stage
for radiation exposure after diapause, since
white spots are observed on silkworm
caterpillars when exposed to radiation during
their egg stages. The eggs will be placed in
egg cases. After the launch at 4°C (39.2°F),
the eggs in the egg cases will be kept cool in
the MELFI at 2°C (35.6°F) for diapause. Before
returning to the ground, the eggs will be
incubated at 20°C (68°F) for eight days using
the CBEF, then stored in the MELFI at 2°C
(35.6°F). Some eggs will be frozen at -95°C
(-139°F). As the control sample, one egg case
will remain at 2°C (35.6°F) without incubation.
On the ground, the returned eggs will be
germinated, and their radiation effects will be Principal Investigator:
analyzed with mutation assay, genetic assay, Toshiharu Furusawa, Kyoto Institute of
and biochemical assays. Technology University
Microbe-I [Microbial dynamics in the

International Space Station (Part1)] will monitor
microbes, especially fungi and bacteria, in Kibo.
The environment on board the ISS is controlled

to be comfortable for the crew and for
saprophytic microorganisms. Therefore, it is
possible that the crew and equipment are
exposed to a high concentration of microbes,
especially fungal spores, in the enclosed
environment. Thus, it is essential to investigate
the microbial biota present in the space station
in order to control microbial infection, allergies,
and disaster.
Left: No radiation exposure during the egg
stage
This experiment includes sampling with the use
Right: Exposed to radiation during the egg
of a microbial detection sheet for yeast and
stage
mold, and a swab and sampling tube in the
three specific surfaces in Kibo for culture, direct
microscopy, and molecular biological analysis.
Koichi Makimura, Teikyo University

Microbial detection sheet for yeast and mold, and grown mold on fabric sheet
Swab and sampling tube

Applied Research Astrophysics/Earth Observations
JAXA PCG (High-Quality Protein Crystal MAXI (Monitor of All-sky X-ray Image) is an
Growth Experiment) seeks to grow crystals of external observatory that will be operated on
biological macromolecules by the counter- the Exposed Facility (EF). MAXI will monitor
diffusion technique. The main scientific the X-ray variability for more than 1,000 X-ray
objective of the JAXA PCG experiment is to sources covering the entire sky. MAXI consists
produce fine-quality protein crystals in a of two types of highly sensitive X-ray slit
microgravity environment. cameras, the Gas Slit Camera (GSC) and the
Solid-state Slit Camera (SSC). The GSC uses
The crystals will be grown in the JAXA PCG a gas proportional counter for X-ray detection,
Canister using the Protein Crystallization and the SSC uses peltier-cooled CCDs for
Research Facility (PCRF) in the RYUTAI rack. X-ray detection. MAXI is equipped with
12 GSCs and two SSCs.
The space-grown crystals will be applied to
structural biology and pharmaceutical activities. The discoveries of X-ray novae and gamma-ray
bursts with MAXI will be distributed worldwide
via the Internet, so that the astronomical
observatories may conduct follow-up and
detailed observations by telescopes or
astronomical satellites.
JAXA PCG Canister and PCRF
MAXI
Masaru Matsuoka, JAXA
JAXA PCG Canister in a canister bag
Science Team:
T. Kobayashi, M. Sato, and S. Sano, JAXA

SMILES (Superconduction Submillimeter-wave SEDA-AP (Space Environment Data
Limb-Emission Sounder) is an external Acquisition equipment – Attached Payload) is
observatory that will be operated on the EF. an external instrument to be operated on the
SMILES aims at global mapping of EF. SEDA-AP collects space environment
stratospheric trace gases, using the most data. It consists of common bus equipment, an
sensitive sub millimeter receiver. A extendible mast that extends the neutron
Superconductor Insulator Superconductor (SIS) monitor sensor into space, and seven
mixer in a dedicated cryostat with a mechanical measurement units that measure space
cooler achieved SMILES’s super-high environment data. The measurement units are
sensitivity. SMILES will observe ozone- (1) Neutron Monitor (NM), (2) Heavy Ion
depletion-related molecules such as ClO, HCl, Telescope (HIT), (3) Plasma Monitor (PLAM),
HO2, HNO3, BrO, and O3 in the frequency (4) Standard Dose Monitor (SDOM), (5) Atomic
bands of 624.32 to 626.32GHz and 649.12 to Oxygen Monitor (AOM), (6) Electronic Device
650.32GHz. A scanning antenna will cover Evaluation Equipment (EDEE), and (7) Micro-
tangent altitudes from 10 to 60km every Particles Capture (MPAC) and Space
53 seconds, while tracing the latitudes from Environment Exposure Device (SEED).
38°S to 65°N along its orbit.
Due to its global coverage capability, SMILES

can observe the low- and mid-latitudinal areas,
as well as the Arctic peripheral region.
SMILES data will enable us to investigate

chlorine and bromine chemistry, and will
provide a database for ozone variations in time
and position around the upper troposphere and
lower stratosphere.
SEDA-AP
Tateo Goka, JAXA
SMILES
Masato Shiotani, Kyoto University

Human Space Flight Technology PADLES analysis system and passive and
Development integrating dosimeter developed by JAXA for
measuring absorbed dose, LET distributions
JAXA Holter verifies JAXA’s Digital Holter ECG and dose equivalents. Ultimate goals of this
(Electrocardiograph), which was developed for program are to support risk assessment and
monitoring the circadian (24h) cardiovascular dose management for Japanese astronauts,
and autonomic functions of astronauts in orbit. and to update radiation assessment models for
The ultimate goal is to understand the effects of the human spaceflight in the next generation.
microgravity and long-duration spaceflight on There are 12 Area PADLES dosimeters
the cardiovascular and autonomic systems of installed in Kibo’s Pressurized Module (PM) and
astronauts who stay in orbit for long durations. they are replaced each space station
This research also evaluates changes in skin increment. After the STS-128 mission (17A),
condition before and after attaching the ECG the numbers of Area PADLES in Kibo will be
electrodes for crew health and safety. increased to 17; some of them will be
The ECG measurements will be conducted four installed in Kibo’s Experiment Logistics Module-
times at different measuring points (once Pressurized Section (ELM-PS) as well as in
preflight, twice in-flight, and once post-flight). the PM. This is the series experiments in
The ECG electrodes will be attached to the succession from Expedition17.
chest wall of a crew member to monitor heart Additionally, another type of PADLES, called
rate and arrhythmia (irregular heartbeat). After Experiment PADLES (Exp PADLES), will be
the 24h ECG measurement, the crew member’s installed in the ELM-PS during the Expedition
chest will be videoed by a High-Definition 19/20 to investigate the directional distributions
Television (HDTV) camera to record visual of the fluxes and doses in the ELM-PS. This
changes in the skin condition where the ECG study is needed to determine the storage
electrodes were attached. location and directions where the onboard
Principal Investigator: equipment (or experiments) are less affected by
Chiaki Mukai, JAXA the radiation environment inside the ISS.
Area PADLES (Passive Dosimeter for Life Principal Investigator:

Science Experiments in Space) surveys the A. Nagamatsu, K. Murakami, JAXA
space radiation environment inside Kibo using
(a) Area PADLES dosimeter (b) Exp PADLES dosimeter (mockup)

JAXA Education Payload Observations Dewey’s Forest is a cultural experiment that
(JAXA EPO) demonstrates how gravity controls the laws of
nature and influences our way of thinking. This
The JAXA Educational Payload Observation experiment also will seek to rediscover the
(EPO) focuses on educational and cultural relationship between humans and plants, and
activities, and artistic experiments. The the age-old history of our gardens. The
following programs are planned for Expedition Expedition 19/20 crew members will prepare
19/20. this experiment.
ISS Moon Score is an artistic experiment
aimed at composing music using photos of the
moon. The Expedition 19/20 crew members
will take 80 to 100 photos of the moon, using a
digital camera from Kibo’s windows. The
photos will be downlinked to the ground for
musical score composition.

Digital NASA Television
NASA Television can be seen in the continental Internet Information

United States on AMC-6, at 72 degrees west
longitude, Transponder 17C, 4040 MHz, vertical Information is available through several sources
polarization, FEC 3/4, Data Rate 36.860 MHz, on the Internet. The primary source for mission
Symbol 26.665 Ms, Transmission DVB. If you information is the NASA Human Space Flight
live in Alaska or Hawaii, NASA TV can now be Web, part of the World Wide Web. This site
seen on AMC-7, at 137 degrees west longitude, contains information on the crew and its
Transponder 18C, at 4060 MHz, vertical mission and will be updated regularly with
polarization, FEC 3/4, Data Rate 36.860 MHz, status reports, photos and video clips
Symbol 26.665 Ms, Transmission DVB. throughout the flight. The NASA Shuttle Web’s
address is:
Digital NASA TV system provides higher quality
images and better use of satellite bandwidth, http://spaceflight.nasa.gov
meaning multiple channels from multiple NASA
program sources at the same time. General information on NASA and its programs
is available through the NASA Home Page and
Digital NASA TV has four digital channels: the NASA Public Affairs Home Page:
1. NASA Public Service (“Free to Air”), http://www.nasa.gov

featuring documentaries, archival
programming, and coverage of NASA or
missions and events.
http://www.nasa.gov/newsinfo/
2. NASA Education Services (“Free to index.html
Air/Addressable”), dedicated to providing
educational programming to schools,
educational institutions and museums.
3. NASA Media Services (“Addressable”), for
broadcast news organizations.
4. NASA Mission Operations (Internal Only).
Note: Digital NASA TV channels may not
always have programming on every
channel simultaneously.
MARCH 2009 NASA TELEVISION 103

104 NASA TELEVISION MARCH 2009

Expedition 19/20 Public Affairs Officers (PAO) Contacts
Michael Braukus International Partners 202-358-1979

NASA Headquarters
Washington, D.C.
michael.j.braukus@nasa.gov
Katherine Trinidad Shuttle, Space Station Policy 202-358-1100

NASA Headquarters
Washington, D.C.
katherine.trinidad@nasa.gov
John Yembrick Shuttle, Space Station Policy 202-358-1100

NASA Headquarters
Washington, D.C.
john.yembrick-1@nasa.gov
Michael Curie Shuttle, Space Station Policy 202-358-1100

NASA Headquarters
Washington, D.C.
michael.curie@nasa.gov
Grey Hautaluoma Research in Space 202-358-0668

NASA Headquarters
Washington, D.C.
grey.hautaluoma-1@nasa.gov
Ashley Edwards Research in Space 202-358-1756

NASA Headquarters
Washington, D.C.
ashley.edwards-1@nasa.gov
James Hartsfield Astronauts/Mission Operations 281-483-5111

NASA Johnson Space Center
Houston
james.a.hartsfield@nasa.gov
Rob Navias Mission Operations 281-483-5111

Houston
rob.navias-1@nasa.gov
Josh Byerly Mission Operations 281-483-5111

Houston
rob.navias-1@nasa.gov
MARCH 2009 PAO CONTACTS 105

Kelly Humphries International Space Station and 281-483-5111
NASA Johnson Space Center Mission Operations Directorate
Houston
kelly.o.humphries@nasa.gov
Nicole Cloutier-Lemasters Astronauts 281-483-5111

Houston
nicole.cloutier-1@nasa.gov
Steve Roy Science Operations 256-544-0034

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center
Huntsville, Ala.
steven.e.roy@nasa.gov
Ed Memi International Space Station 281-226-4029

The Boeing Company
Houston
edmund.g.memi@boeing.com
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)

JAXA Public Affairs Office
Tokyo, Japan
011-81-3-6266-6414, 6415, 6416, 6417
proffice@jaxa.jp
Naoko Matsuo
JAXA Public Affairs Representative
Houston
281-483-2251
matsuo.naoko@jaxa.jp
Canadian Space Agency (CSA)

Media Relations Office
Canadian Space Agency
450-926-4370
European Space Agency (ESA)

Clare Mattok
Communication Manager
European Space Agency (ESA)
Paris, France
011-33-1-5369-7412
clare.mattok@eas.int
106 PAO CONTACTS MARCH 2009

NASA ISS Expedition 19-20 Press Kit

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National Aeronautics and Space Administration

PRESS KIT/MARCH 2009

FIRST EXPEDITION TO USE RECYCLING SYSTEM FOR DURATION ......................................... 49

MARCH 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS i

ii TABLE OF CONTENTS MARCH 2009

MARCH 2009 MISSION OVERVIEW 1

2 MISSION OVERVIEW MARCH 2009

MARCH 2009 MISSION OVERVIEW 3

4 MISSION OVERVIEW MARCH 2009

MARCH 2009 MISSION OVERVIEW 5

Astronaut Michael Barratt, Expedition 19/20 flight engineer, participates in an Extravehicular

6 MISSION OVERVIEW MARCH 2009

MARCH 2009 MISSION OVERVIEW 7

8 MISSION OVERVIEW MARCH 2009

MARCH 2009 CREW 9

10 CREW MARCH 2009

MARCH 2009 CREW 11

12 CREW MARCH 2009

MARCH 2009 CREW 13

14 CREW MARCH 2009

MARCH 2009 CREW 15

16 CREW MARCH 2009

MARCH 2009 CREW 17

18 CREW MARCH 2009

MARCH 2009 MISSION MILESTONES 19

European Space Agency (ESA) astronaut high-performance aircraft, including Mirage,

20 CREW MARCH 2009

MARCH 2009 MISSION MILESTONES 21

22 CREW MARCH 2009

April 2 Change of command ceremony with departing Expedition 18 crew; Padalka

April 7 Undocking of Expedition 18 crew (Lonchakov, Fincke) and U.S. spaceflight

June 13 Targeted launch of Endeavour on the STS-127/2JA mission from the

MARCH 2009 MISSION MILESTONES 23

June 26 Undocking of Endeavour from ISS PMA-2

June 29 Landing of Endeavour to complete STS-127/2JA

July 17 Undocking of ISS Progress 33 from the Pirs docking compartment

July 24 Launch of ISS Progress 34 from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan

Aug. 6 Targeted launch of Discovery on the STS-128/17A mission from the

Aug. 17 Undocking of Discovery from ISS PMA-2

Aug. 19 Landing of Discovery to complete STS-128/17A

Sept. 7 Grapple of the HTV-1 by Canadarm2

Sept. 8 Berthing of the HTV-1 to the Harmony Node earth-facing port

24 MISSION MILESTONES MARCH 2009

Oct. 11 Undocking of Expedition 20 crew (Padalka, Barratt) in Soyuz TMA-14 from

MARCH 2009 MISSION MILESTONES 25

26 MISSION MILESTONES MARCH 2009

MARCH 2009 SPACEWALKS 27

28 SPACEWALKS MARCH 2009

MARCH 2009 RUSSIAN SOYUZ TMA 29

30 RUSSIAN SOYUZ TMA MARCH 2009

The basic Soyuz vehicle is considered a three-

• A lower portion consisting of four boosters

• An upper portion, consisting of the third

• Liquid oxygen and kerosene are used as

First Stage Boosters

MARCH 2009 RUSSIAN SOYUZ TMA 31

Third Stage Baikonur Cosmodrome is in the Republic of

Launcher Telemetry Tracking & Flight Rendezvous to Docking

32 RUSSIAN SOYUZ TMA MARCH 2009