TUGAS RESUME

Disusun Oleh: ZAINAB INDRIYAN TANJUNG (20120320038)

PROGRAM STUDI ILMU KEPERAWATAN FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN DAN ILMU KESEHATAN UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH YOGYAKARTA 2013

Near Dr !nin"
De#enisi Ten""ela$ a%alah ran" &an" 'erhen(i 'erna#as han&a $e$)un&ai !a*(u + $eni( un(u* (e(a) hi%u), (-erner Da.i%/1080),

1lasi#i*asi Ten""ela$ a, Ten""ela$ *erin" (Dr& Dr !nin")/ &ai(u *e$a(ian se'elu$ $en"hiru) air, Ten""ela$ *erin" %a)a( (er2a%i 2i*a (en""ela$ air (a!ar a(au)un air asin, 3a%a *ea%aan ini 4airan (i%a* $asu* *e%ala$ saluran na#as/ (e(a)i saa( air a*an $asu* *e%ala$ saluran na#as/ (er2a%i s)as$e larin" &an" $en&e'a'*an (er(u(u)n&a 2alan na#as

,', Ten""ela$ 'asah (!e( %r !nin")/&ai(u:*e$a(ian (er2a%i sesu%ah $en"hiru) air, 3a%a*ea%aan ini 4airan $e$asu*i saluran)erna#asan * r'an

4, Ten""ela$ se*un%er (se4 n%ar& %r !nin")/ &ai(u: (er2a%i 'e'era)a hari se(elah * r'an (en""ela$ %an %ian"*a( %ari air, 1 r'an$enin""al *arena * $)li*asi &an" %ia*i'a(*an(en""ela$ ele*(r li(, / se)er(i as)irasi/ )neu$ nia/ %an*e(i%a*sei$'an"an

%, Ten""ela$ %ala$ air %in"in (4 l% i$$er si ns&n%r $e5i$$er si ns&n%r $e) &ai(u: saa( sese ran" (en""ela$ %ala$ air %in"in/ rese)( r suhu )a%a *uli( (era*(i.asi se4ara (i'a6(i'a %an %a)a( $en"inhi'isi re#le*s .a"al &an" $en&e'a'*an (erhen(in&a na#as %an 2an(un" (i'a6(i'a,

7(i l "i a,Ter"an""un&a *e$a$)uan #isi* a*i'a( )en"aruh 'a(6 'a(an ', 1e(i%a*$a$)uan a*i'a( hi) (er$ia/ s& */ 4e%era/ a(au *elelahan

4, 1e(i%a*$a$)uan a*i'a( )en&a*i( a*u( *e(i*a 'erenan" %, 1uran"n&a )en"a!asan arn" (ua (erha%a) ana*, e, 1uran"n&a *ea$anan )erala(an saa( renan",

8ani#es(asi 1lini* 1, 9re*uensi )erna#asan 'er*isar %ari )erna)asan &an" 4e)a( %an %an"*al sa$)ai

a)neu, 2, 3, +, ;, =, >, 8, 0, :&an sis 3enin"*a(an e%e$a )aru 1 la)s sir*ulasi <i) *se$ia Asi% sis Ti$'uln&a hi)er*a)nia ?un"lai 3 s(ur (u'uh %esere'rasi a(au %e* r(i*asi

10, 1 $a %en"an 4e%era (a* &an" irre.ersi'el,

3enan"anan 3er(a$a 3a%a 1 r'an Ten""ela$ 1, 3rinsi) )er( l n"an %i air : 1) 2) 3) +) Raih ( %en"an a(au (an)a ala( ), ?e$)ar ( ala( a)un" ), Da&un" ( a(au $en""una*an )erahu $en%e*a(i )en%eri(a ), Renan" ( u)a&a (era*hir harus (erla(ih %an $en""una*an ala( a)un" ),

2, 3enan"anan 1 r'an a, 3in%ah*an )en%eri(a se4e)a( $un"*in %ari air %en"an 4ara (era$an, ', Bila a%a *e4uri"aan 4e%era s)inal sa(u )en l n" $e$)er(ahan*an ) sisi *e)ala/

leher %an (ulan" )un""un" %ala$ sa(u "aris lurus, 3er(i$'an"*an un(u* $en""una*an )a)an s)inal %ala$ air/ a(au 'ila (i%a* $e$un"*in*an )asan"lah se'elu$ $enai*an )en%eri(a *e %ara(,

4,

Bu*a 2alan na#as )en%eri(a/ )eri*sa na#as, Bila (i%a* a%a $a*a u)a&a*an un(u*

$e$'eri*an na#as a!al se4e)a( $un"*in %an 'eri*an 'an(uan na#as se)an2an" )er2alanan, %, e, #, ", h, i, U)a&a*an !a2ah )en%eri(a $en"ha%a) *e a(as, :a$)ai %i %ara( a(au )erahu la*u*an )enilaian %ini %an RJ3 'ila )erlu, Beri*an *si"en 'ila a%a sesuai )r ( * l, Ja"alah *ehan"a(an (u'uh )en%eri(a/ "an(i )a*aian 'asah %an seli$u(i, ?a*u*an )e$eri*saan #isi*/ ra!a( 4e%era &an" a%a, :e"era 'a!a *e #asili(as *eseha(an,

3, 3erna)asan Berhen(i3en&e'a' 'erhen(in&a )erna#asan &an" serin" %i2u$)ai a%alah : a) ') Ten"" r *an (ersu$'a( ?i%ah a(au 4airan *en(al &an" $en&u$'a( (en"" r *an )a%a ran" &an" (i%a* Ten""ela$/(er4e*i* leh asa)/ a(au *arena *era4unan,

sa%ar,4) %) e)

3u*ulan &an" *eras )a%a *e)ala a(au %a%a, :eran"an 2an(un"Oran" a*an $enin""al %ala$ !a*(u + $eni( 2i*a ia (i%a* %a)a(

'erna#as, Ji*a sese ran" 'erhen(i 'erna#as / se"era la*u*an )erna#asan $ulu( *e $ulu(,3erna#asan $ulu( *e $ulu( : ?an"*ah 1 : 1eluar*an se(ia) 'en%a &an" $en&u$'a( %i %ala$ $ulu( a(au

(en"" r *an, Tari* li%ahn&a *eluar/ 2i*a a%a len%ir %ala$ (en"" r *an/ 'ersih*anlah %en"an 4e)a(,

?an"*ah 2 :

Barin"*an )en%eri(a %en"an $u*a $enen"a%ah/% n""a*an *e)ala

*e 'ela*an" / %an (ari* rahan"n&a *e %e)an,

?an"*ah 3 :

3i2i(lah hi%un"n&a %en"an 2ari a"ar lu'an" hi%un" (er(u(u), Bu*a

$ulu(n&a le'ar6le'ar %an (u(u)lah $ulu(n&a %en"an $ulu( an%a/ lalu he$'us*an u%ara *ua(6*ua( *e%ala$ )aru6)arun&a su)a&a %a%an&a $en"e$'an", Berhen(i se'en(ar un(u* $e$'iar*an u%araa *eluar/ lalu he$'us*an *e$'ali, Ulan"i )er'ua(an

ini se'an&a* 1; *ali )er $eni(,

3a%a 'a&i &an" 'aru lahir/ la*u*an ini %en"an

san"a( ha(i6haa(i se'n&a* @ 2; *ali )er $eni(, ?a*u*an (erus )erna#asan $ulu( *e $ulu( sa$)ai ran" (erse'u( %a)a( 'erna#as sen%iri/ a(au sa$)ai *e$a(iann&aa (i%a* %ira"u*an la"i, 1a%an"6*a%an" ini harus %ila*u*an sela$a 1 2a$ a(au le'ih,

1era4unan *ar' n $ n *si%a

3en"e(ian In( *si*asi a(au *era4unan a%alah $asu*n&a Aa( a(au sen&a!a *i$ia %ala$ (u'uh $anusia &an" $eni$'ul*an e#e* $eru"i*an )a%a &an" $en""una*ann&a,

1ar' n $ n *si%a 'isa $un4ul %ari )e$'a*aran (i%a* se$)urna %ari 'ahan 'a*ar 'er'asis *ar' n/ se)er(i 'a(u'ara, 7ner"i %ile)as*an *e(i*a 'ahan 'a*ar 'erea*si %en"an *si"en,Un(u* $enun2u**an e#isiensi/ 'ahan 'a*ar # sil ini harus $e$ili*i )as *an u%ara &an" *a&a, 1e(i*a 'ahan 'a*ar %i'a*ar %en"an )e$'a*aran *si"en &an" $en4u*u)i/ hal i(u a*an %a)a( $en"hasil*an *ar' n%i *si%a %an air,Na$un/ *e(i*a 'ahan 'a*ar hi%r *ar' n %i'a*ar %en"an han&a )as *an u%ara &an" (er'a(as/ )e$'a*aran (i%a* se$)urna 'isa (er2a%i, Inilah &an" $en"hasil*an *ar' n (%ala$ 'en(u* a'u)/ air %an "as *ar' n $ n *si%a 'era4un,

7(i l "i 6 <i)n (i* 6 3si* (r )i* 6 An(i* n.ulsan 6 Al* h l 6 <i%r *ar' n 6 1ar' n $ n *si%a 6 ? "a$ 'era( 6 3elaru( r"ani4 6 O'a(6 'a(an

Tan%a %an Ge2ala BGan""uan *esa%aran a(au * $a B Tin"*ah la*u $ani4/ s(i$ulasi/ *e2an" (s(a(us anale)(i4) B 3 s(ur %is( ni* B <alusinasi B <i)er)re*sia B 8a(a : $i sis a(au $i%riasis B Telin"a : (ini(us B 1ar%i .as*ular: (a*i*ar%ia/ 'ra%i*ar%ia/ hi) (ensi/ hi)er(ensi B Gas(r in(es(inal: nausea/ $un(ah/ %iare B8ulu( *erin" B :&s(e$ saluran *e$ih: re(ensi urine B 1uli( $erah $u%a (eran" B Ji*a (er*ana Aa( * r si# 'isa lu*a 'a*ar ulserasi a(au )er%arahan B3erna#asanC hi) .en(ilasi/ hi)er.en(ilasi

3e$eri*saan, 1, ?a' ra( ri*, 3en"u*uran *a%ar 1h7 %en"an sel %arah $erah %an )las$a/ )en(in" un(u* $e$as(i*an %ia"n sis *era4unan I9O a*u( $au)un *r ni* (8enurun se*ian D %ari har"a n r$al ),

1er4unan a*u( : Rin"an : +0 6 >0 D:e%an" : 20 6 +0 DBera( : E 20 D 1era4unan *r ni* 'ila *a%ar 1h7 $enurun sa$)ai 2; 6 ;0 D se(ia) in%i.i%u &an" 'erhu'un"an %en"an inse*(isi%a ini harus se"ara %isin"*ir*an %an 'aru %iiAin*an 'e*er2a *e$'alli *a%ar 1h7 (elah $enin"*a( F >; D N2,

3a( l "i Ana( $i ( 3A ), 3a%a *era4unan a4u(/hasil )e$eri*saan )a( l "i 'iasan&a (i%a* *has,serin" han&a %i(e$u*an e%e$a )aru/%ila(si *a)iler/hi)ere$i )aru/ (a* %an r"an6 ra"an lainn&a,

7, 3ena(ala*sanaan, 1, Resusi(asi, :e(elah 2alan na#as %i'e'as*an %an %i'ersih*an/)eri*sa )erna#asan %an na%i,In#us %eG(r se ; D *e4, 1;6 20 ((s5$eni( ,/na#as 'ua(an/ *si"en/hisa) len%ir %ala$ saluran )erna#asan/hin%ari 'a(6 'a(an %e)resan saluran na#as/*alu )erlu res)ira( r )a%a

*e"a"alan na#as 'era(,<in%ari )erna#asan 'ua(an %ari $ulu( *e$ulu(/ se'a' ra4un r"an #h s#a( a*an $era4uni le!a( $lu( )en l n",3erna#asan 'ua(an han&a

%ila*u*an %en"an $eniu) #a4e $as* a(au $en""una*an ala( 'a" H .al.e H $as*,

2, 7li$inasi, 7$esis/ $eran"san" )en%eri(a su)a&a $un(ah )a%a )en%eri(a &an" sa%ar a(au %en"an )e$e'erian siru) i)e4a4 1; 6 30 $l, Da)a( %iulan" se(elah 20 $eni( 'ila (i%a* 'erhasil,1a(arsis/( in(es(inal la.a"e )/ %en"an )e$'erian la*san 'ila %i%u"a ra4un (elah sa$)ai %iusus halus %an 'esar,1u$'ah la$'un" a(au "as(ri4 la.a"e/ )a%a )en%eri(a &an" *esa%arann&a $enurun/a(au )a%a )en%eri(a &an" (i%a* * )era(i#,<asil

)alin" e#e*(i# 'ila *u$'ah la$'un" %i*er2a*an %ala$ + 2a$ se(elah *era4unan,

1era$as ra$'u( %an $e$an%i*an seluruh (u'uh %en"an sa'un, 7$esis/*a(arsis %an *u$'ah la$'un" se'ai*n&a han&a %ila*u*an 'ila *era4unan (er2a%i *uran" %ari + H = 2a$ , )a%a * $a %era2a( se%an" hin""a 'era( (in%a*an *u$'ah la$'un" se'ai*n&a %u*er2a*an %en"an 'an(uan )e$asan"an )i)a en% (ra*eal 'er'al n/un(u* $en4e"ah as)irasi )ne$ nia,

3, An(i % (u$, A(r )in sul#a( ( :A ) 'e*er2a %en"an $en"ha$'a( e#e* a*u$ulasi A*h )a%a (e$)a( )enu$)u*an,

a, 8ula6$ula %i'eri*an ' lus II 1 6 2/; $" ', Dilan2u(*an %en"an 0/; H 1 $" se(ia) ; 6 10 6 1; $eni(sa$a)i (i$'ul* "e2ala6"e2ala

a(r )inisasi ( $u*a $erah/$ulu( *erin"/(a*i*ar%i/$i%riasis/#e'ris %an )si* sis), 4, 1e$u%ian in(er.al %i)er)an2an" se(ia) 1; H 30 6 =0 $eni( selan2u(n&a se(ia) 2 H + H = H 8 %an 12 2a$, %, 3e$'erian :A %ihen(i*an $ini$al se(ela2 2 G 2+ 2a$, 3en"hen(ian &an" $en%a%a* %a)a( $eni$'ul*an re' un% e##e4( 'eru)a e%e$a )aru %an *e"a"alan )erna#asan a*u( &an" serin" #a(al,

'eri*u( &an" %a)a( *i(a la*u*an un(u* $en4e"ah (er2a%in&a *era4unan "as *ar' n $ n *si%a : 1, $e$as(i*an )e$'a*aran "as )erala(an &an" $en4a*u) ren(an"/ air )e$anas/ )en"erin"/ .en/ %a)a( 'e*er2a %en"an 'ai* sela$a se(i%a*n&a se(ahun se*ali,

?a&anan ini $un"*in %ise%ia*an leh )erusahaan "as l *al An%a, Ju"a/ 2an"an lu)a un(u* $e$eri*sa )era)ian se'elu$ An%a $en""una*an se(ia) $usi$ %in"in un(u* $e$as(i*an 'ah!a 4er ' n" asa) 2elas %an 2u"a 'enar .en(ilasi,

2, Ti%a* $en&ala*an $ 'il a(au $esin $ ( r %i ruan" (er(u(u) se)er(i "arasi $au)un "an" se$)i(, Yan" $ana se)er(i &an" *i(a *e(ahui/ hasil )e$'a*aran 'ahan 'a*ar # sil )a%a *en%araan 'er$ ( r $en"hasil*an *ar' n $ n *si%a, Oleh/ se'a' i(u la*u*anlah )e$anasan $esin *en%araan 'er$ ( r an%a %i luar ruan"an,

3, <in%ari 'era*(i.i(as %i2alan ra&a %ala$ !a*(u &an" la$a $isal*an 12 2a$ sehari, A)ala"i *i(a (i%a* $en""una*an $as*er %an $e$a*ai *en%araan 'er %a %ua su%ah )as(i *i(a a*an $en"hiru) *ar' n $ n *si%a %ari *en%araan )en""una 2alan &an" lain,

A:U<AN 1737RA-ATAN A, 3en"*a2ian, 3en"*a2ian %i# *usa*an )a%#a $asalah &an" $en%esa* se)er(i 2alan na#as %an sir*ulasi &an" $en"an4a$ 2i!a/a%an&a "an""uan asa$ 'asa/*ea%aan s(a(us

2an(un"/s(a(us *esa%ran,

Ri!a&a( *esa%aran : ri!a&a( *era4unan/'ahan ra4un &an" %i"una*an/'era)a la$a %i*e(ahui se(elah *era4unan/a%a $asalah lain se'a"i )en4e(us *era4unan %an sin%r $a ( *sis &an" %i(i$'ul*an %an *a)an (er2a%in&a,

B, 8asalah 1e)era!a(an &an" $un"*in $un4ul a%alah : J Ti%a* e#e*(i#n&a ) la na#as J Resi* (in""i *e*uran"an 4airan (u'uh, J Gan""uan *esa%aran J Ti%a* e#e*(i#n&a * )in" in%i.i%u,

K, In(er.ensi J 3er( l n"an )er(a$a &an" %ila*u*an $eli)u(i : (in%a*an u$u$ &an" 'er(u2uan un(u* *esela$a(an hi%u)/$en4e"ah )en&era)an %an )ena!ar ra4un ( an(i% (u$ ) &an $eli)u(i resusi(asi/ : Air !a&/ 'rea(hin"/ 4ir4ulasi eli$inasi un(u* $en"ha$'a( a's rsi $elalui )en4ernaaan %en"an 4ara *u$'ah la$'un"/e$esis/ a(a *a(arsis %an *era$$as ra$'u(, J Beri*an an(i % (u$ sesuai a%.is % *(er $ini$al 2 G 2+ 2a$ &ai(u )e$'erian :A, J 3era!a(an su) r(i#C $eli)u(i $e$)er(ahan*an a"ar )asien (i%a* sa$a)i %e$a$a(au $en"i"il/$ ni( r )eru'ahan6)eru'ahan #isi* se)er(i )eru'ahan na%i &an"

4e)a(/%is(ress )erna#asan/ sian sis/ %ia)h resis/ %an (an%a6(an%a lain * la)s )e$'uluh %arah %an *e$un"*inan #a(al a(au *e$a(ian,8 ni(ir .i(al si"n se(ia) 1; $eni( un(u* 'e'ra)a 2a$ %an la) r*an )eru'ahan se"era *e)a%a % *(er,Ka(a( (an%a6(an%a se)er(i $un(ah/$ual/%an n&eri a'% $en ser(a $ n ( r se$ua $un(ah a*an a%an&a %arah, O'ser.asi #ese %an urine ser(a )er(ahan*an 4airan in(ra.en us sesuai )esanan % *(er, J Ji*a )erna#asan %e)resi /'eri*an *si"en %an la*u*an su4(i n, Ien(ila( r $un"*in 'isa %i)erlu*an, J Ji*a *era4unan se'a"ai uasaha un(u* $e'unuh %iri $a*a la*u*an sa#e(& )re4au(i ns , 1 nsul(asi )si*ia(ri a(au )era!a( )si*ia(ri *linis, 3er(i$'an"*an 2u"a

$asalah *elainan *e)ri'a%ian/rea*si %e)resi/)si* sis ,neur sis/ $en(al re(ar%asi %an lain6lain,

K anal A(resia
Kh anal a(resia a%alah sua(u *elainan 'a!aan %i$ana 'a"ian 'ela*an" %ari r n""a hi%un" (4h ana) %i'l *ir/ 'iasan&a leh 2arin"an (ulan" a(au luna* &an" a'n r$al (er'en(u* sela$a )er*e$'an"an 2anin,

3en&e'a'

3en&e'a' a(resia 4h anal (i%a* %i*e(ahui, <al ini %i%u"a (er2a%i *e(i*a 2arin"an (i)is &an" $e$isah*an hi%un" %an $ulu( %aerah sela$a )er*e$'an"an 2anin (e(a) se(elah lahir,1 n%isi ini *elainan hi%un" &an" )alin" u$u$ )a%a 'a&i 'aru lahir/ $e$)en"aruhi se*i(ar 1 %ari >,000 *elahiran hi%u), -ani(a $en%a)a(*an * n%isi ini se*i(ar %ua *ali seserin" )ria, ?e'ih %ari se)aruh %ari 'a&i &an" (er*ena 2u"a $e$ili*i $asalah 'a!aan lainn&a,A(resia 4h anal u$u$n&a %i%ia"n sis se"era se(elah lahir saa( 'a&i $asih %i ru$ah sa*i(,

Ge2ala

Ba&i &an" 'aru lahir u$u$n&a le'ih $e$ilih un(u* 'erna)as $elalui hi%un" $ere*a, Biasan&a/ 'a&i han&a $ulu( 'erna)as *e(i*a $ere*a $enan"is, Ba&i %en"an a(resia 4h anal $en"ala$i *esuli(an 'erna)as *e4uali $ere*a $enan"is, A(resia 4h anal %a)a( $e$)en"aruhi sa(u a(au *e%ua sisi 2alan na)as hi%un", A(resia 4h anal $e$'l *ir *e%ua 'elah )iha* ('ila(eral) hi%un" $en&e'a'*an $asalah

)erna)asan a*u( %en"an sian sis %an )erna)asan *e"a"alan, Ba&i %en"an a(resia 4h anal 'ila(eral $un"*in )erlu resusi(asi )a%a saa( )ersalinan, ?e'ih %ari se)aruh %ari 'a&i $e$ili*i )en&u$'a(an han&a )a%a sa(u sisi/ &an" $en&e'a'*an $asalah *uran" )arah,

Ge2ala $eli)u(i: 6 Da%a %i(ari* *e4uali ana* 'erna)as $elalui $ulu( a(au $enan"is 6 1esuli(an 'erna)as se(elah lahir/ &an" %a)a( $en"a*i'a(*an sian sis (!arna *e'iru6 'iruan)/ *e4uali 'a&i $enan"is 6 1e(i%a*$a$)uan un(u* )era!a( %an 'erna)as )a%a saa( &an" sa$a 61e(i%a*$a$)uan un(u* lulus *a(e(er $elalui se(ia) sisi hi%un" *e (en"" r *an 6 3ersis(en( hi%un" (ersu$'a( sa(u sisi a(au %e'i(

U2ian %an Tes 3e$eri*saan #isi* %a)a( $enun2u**an 's(ru*si hi%un",Tes &an" %a)a( %ila*u*an an(ara lain: 6 KT s4an 6 7n% s* )i hi%un" 6 :inus G6ra&

1e$un"*inan 1 $)li*asi 1e$un"*inan * $)li*asi $eli)u(i: 1, As)irasi sa$'il $a*an %an $en4 'a un(u* 'erna)as $elalui $ulu( 2, 3erna)asan 3, Renarr !in" %aerah se(elah )erasi

3en" 'a(an 3en"en(asan se$en(ara %a)a( %i4a)ai %en"an $e$asu**an saluran na)as $ulu( *e $ulu(, Na$un/ sa(un&a )en" 'a(an %e#ini(i# a%alah )erasi un(u* $e$)er'ai*i 4a4a( %en"an )er# ran(es a(resia un(u* $e$'ua( saluran na)as nas #arin", Ji*a

)en&u$'a(an ini %ise'a'*an leh (ulan"/ ini %i' r $elalui %an s(en( %i$asu**an, 3asien harus $e$ili*i ini (erse% ( leh $esin .a*u$ u%ara, Dan %ala$ hi%u)

*e$u%ian se'a"ai re$a2a a(au a!al %ua )uluhan lu'an" harus %i' r ulan" &an" le'ih 'esar,:(en( $un"*in %i$asu**an un(u* $en2a"a 2alan na)as )a(en 'aru (er'en(u* a(au %ila(asi 'erulan" %a)a( %ila*u*an,

:in%r $ Ba&i 8en%a%a* 8a(i (:ID:)

:in%r $ *e$a(ian 'a&i $en%a%a* (2u"a %i*enal se'a"ai :ID:) %i%e#inisi*an se'a"ai (i'a6(i'a/ *e$a(ian (a* (er%u"a %ari se ran" 'a&i 'erusia *uran" %ari 1 (ahun, Ji*a *e$a(ian ana* (e(a) (i%a* (er2elas*an se(elah )en&eli%i*an # r$al *e *ea%aan *e$a(ian ((er$asu* *iner2a ( )si len"*a)/ )e$eri*saan a%e"an *e$a(ian/ %an

)enin2auan se2arah *linis)/ *e$a(ian ini *e$u%ian %i*ai(*an %en"an :ID:,

1e$a(ian 'a&i $en%a%a* a%alah )eris(i!a (ra"is 'a"i se(ia)

ran" (ua a(au

)en"asuh,:ID: %i4uri"ai 'ila 'a&i &an" se'elu$n&a seha(/ 'iasan&a le'ih $u%a %ari usia = 'ulan/ %i(e$u*an (e!as se(elah )eri %e (i%ur,Dala$ *e'an&a*an *asus/ a%a (an%a6(an%a *esusahan %a)a( %ii%en(i#i*asi, Ba&i 'iasan&a #ee% n r$al se'elu$ )er"i (i%ur, Ba&i (erse'u( *e$u%ian %i(e$u*an (a* 'ern&a!a/ (an)a )ulsa a(au res)irasi, Kar%i )ul$ nar& resus4i(a(i n (K3R) %a)a( %i$ulai %i l *asi *e2a%ian/ (e(a)i 'u*(i $enun2u**an *uran"n&a e#e* $en"un(un"*an %ari K3R, 3en&e'a' *e$a(ian $asih 'elu$ %i*e(ahui $es*i)un se*sa$a (erha%a) ri!a&a( $e%is/ a%e"an in.es(i"asi/ %an ( )si, :ID: 2aran" sela$a 'ulan )er(a$a *ehi%u)an, 3un4a* risi* )a%a 'a&i 26+ 'ulan %an *e$u%ian $enurun,:e*i(ar 00D %ari *e$a(ian :ID: (er2a%i )a%a 'a&i 'erusia *uran" %ari = 'ulan,

)en&e'a' 6'rains(e$s 'a&i &an" $enin""al %en"an %ia"n sis :ID: (elah $en"un"*a)*an *e(erla$'a(an )er*e$'an"an %ala$ )e$'en(u*an %an #un"si %ari 'e'era)a 2alur sel sara# ser ( nin $en"i*a( %ala$ (a*, Jalur ini %ian""a) )en(in" un(u* $en"a(ur

)erna)asan/ %en&u( 2an(un"/ %an (e*anan %arah sela$a res) n (er'an"un %ari (i%ur,

6<i) (esisn&a a%alah 'ah!a 'a&i (er(en(u/ *arena alasan 'elu$ %i(en(u*an/ $un"*in $en"ala$i )er*e$'an"an a'n r$al a(au (er(un%a %ari %aerah6%aerah *ri(is (er(en(u %ari (a* $ere*a, Ini ne"a(i# %a)a( $e$)en"aruhi #un"si %an * ne*(i.i(as *e %aerah &an" $en"a(ur "airah saa( (i%ur,

6Gairah/ %ala$ * n(e*s ini/ $en"a4u )a%a *e$a$)uan 'a&i un(u* $e$'an"*i(*an %an 5 a(au $enan""a)i 'er'a"ai ran"san"an #isi l "is, :e'a"ai 4 n( h/ se ran" ana* (i%ur (elun"*u) ((en"*ura)) $un"*in 'er"era* !a2ahn&a *e ) sisi ru)a sehin""a hi%un" %an $ulu( 'enar6'enar (erha$'a(, <al ini %a)a( $en"u'ah *a%ar *si"en a(au *ar' n %i *si%a %ala$ %arah 'a&i, Biasan&a/ )eru'ahan ini a*an $e$i4u res) n "airah/ $en% r n" 'a&i un(u* $e$in%ah*an *e)alan&a *e sa$)in" un(u* $erin"an*an 's(ru*si ini,

6Re'rea(hin" (e*anan: 1e(i*a 'a&i a%alah $en"ha%a) *e 'a!ah/ )er"era*an u%ara %i se*i(ar $ulu( $un"*in (er"an""u, <al ini %a)a( $en&e'a'*an 'a&i *e$'ali 'erna)as *ar' n %i *si%a 'ah!a 'a&i 'aru sa2a %ihe$'us*an, :eli$u( %an "as6)eran"*a) 'en%a luna*/ se)er(i seli$u(/ seli$u(/ (e$)a( (i%ur air/ %an *asur le$'u(/ ser(a ' ne*a a(au $ainan $ahal 2enis lain %ari )er$u*aan (i%ur &an" %a)a( $en""an""u )er"era*an u%ara n r$al %i se*i(ar $ulu( %an hi%un" 'a&i 'ila 'era%a (elun"*u),

6<i)er(er$ia ()enin"*a(an suhu): $e$a*ai )a*aian (erlalu 'an&a*/ $en""una*an )enu(u) &an" 'erle'ihan/ a(au $enin"*a(*an suhu u%ara %a)a( $en&e'a'*an (in"*a( $e(a' lis$e $enin"*a( )a%a 'a&i ini %an a*hirn&a *ehilan"an * n(r l

)erna)asan,Na$un/ (i%a* 2elas a)a*ah )enin"*a(an suhu $eru)a*an #a*( r in%e)en%en a(au 2i*a i(u han&a se'uah re#le*si %ari )en""unaan le'ih )a*aian a(au seli$u( &an" %a)a( 'er(in%a* se'a"ai '&e* $en"halan"i 2alan na)as,

#a*( r resi*

:(u%i )eneli(ian (erus $enun2u**an risi* le'ih 'esar un(u* :ID: )a%a 'a&i la*i6 la*i, :ID: %ia$a(i le'ih serin" sela$a 'ulan6'ulan $usi$ %in"in %ari)a%a $usi$ )anas/ $es*i)un %is(ri'usi ini (i%a* se)er(i &an" %iu4a)*an %ala$ 'e'era)a (ahun (era*hir se)er(i &an" (elah %i $asa lalu, Di A$eri*a :eri*a(/ 'a&i *e%ua A#ri*a6 A$eri*a %an )en%u%u* asli A$eri*a $e$ili*i (in"*a( le'ih (in""i %ari :ID: %i'an%in"*an 1au*asia/ <is)ani*/ %an Asia 'a&i,

3ra*(e* )era!a(an 'a&i (er(en(u $e$ili*i e#e* )a%a risi*

:ID:, 3alin" )en(in"

a%alah $enin"*a(n&a risi* &an" (er*ai( %en"an )ene$)a(an 'a&i )a%a )eru( $ere*a () sisi (i%ur (en"*ura)) un(u* (i%ur, L1e$'ali *e :lee)L *a$)an&e %ilun4ur*an %i A$eri*a :eri*a( )a%a (ahun 100+ %an $e!u2u%*an u)a&a *eseha(an $as&ara*a( $en% r n" *eluar"a un(u* $ene$)a(*an 'a&i %i )un""un" $ere*a () sisi (i%ur (erlen(an") un(u* (i%ur, :e2a* a!al *a$)an&e ini/ (in"*a( :ID: (elah (urun ;0D %i A$eri*a :eri*a(, Te(es seru)a (elah %ia$a(i %i seluruh %unia/ $en& r (i )en(in"n&a ) sisi (i%ur (elen(an" un(u* 'a&i,

9a*( r6#a*( r lain $enin"*a(*an risi* :ID: $en4a*u) )a)aran asa) r * * / (e$)a( (i%ur6sharin" a(au 4 6slee)in"/ .er6'un%lin" a(au )enu(u) *e)ala 'a&i %en"an 'e% 4 .er/ seli$u( l n""ar/ a(au seli$u(, :(u%i )eneli(ian (erus $enun2u**an 'ah!a $en&usui %an % ( )en""unaan %a)a( $en"uran"i risi* :ID:,

Kr u)
%e.inisi Kr u) a%alah in#e*si larin"/ (ra*ea/ %an (a'un" 'r n*ial 'iasan&a %ise'a'*an leh .irus/ *uran" serin" %ise'a'*an leh 'a*(eri,

1lasi#i*asi Ber%asar*an Bera(n&a Ge2ala

Ana*6ana* &an" $en%eri(a sin%r $ 4r u)/ se4ara luas %a)a( %i*a(e" ri*an 'er%asar*an + %era2a( 'era(n&a "e2ala:

1), Rin"an

Ge2ala 'a(u* $en"" n"" n" &an" *a%an"6*a%an"/ (i%a* (er%en"ar suara s(ri% r saa( is(iraha(/ %an (i%a* a%an&a re(ra*si sa$)ai a%an&a re(ra*si rin"an su)ras(renal %an5a(au in(er* s(al,

2), :e%an"

Ge2ala 'a(u* $en"" n"" n" &an" le'ih serin"/ suara s(i% r saa( is(iraha( &an" %a)a( %en"an $u%ah %i%en"ar/ %an re(ra*si su)ras(ernal %an %in%in" s(ernal saa( is(iraha(/

(e(a)i (i%a* a%a a(au se%i*i( "e2ala %is(res )erna)asan a(au a"i(asi,

3), Bera(

Ge2ala 'a(u* $en"" n"" n" &an" le'ih serin"/ s(ri% r ins)irasi &an" $en n2 l %an H *a%an"6*a%an" H s(i% r e*s)irasi/ re(ra*si %in%in" s(ernal &an" 2elas/ %an a%an&a "e2ala %is(res )erna)asan %an a"i(asi &an" si"ni#i*an,

+), 1e"a"alan )erna)asan (er2a%i se"era

Ba(u* $en"" n"" n" (serin" (i%a* $en n2 l)/ (er%en"ar s(ri% r saa( is(iraha( (*a%an"6*a%an" suli( %i %en"ar)/ re(ra*si %in%in" s(ernal (%a)a( (i%a* 2elas)/ le(ar"i a(au )enurunan *esa%aran/ %an 2i*a (an)a (a$'ahan *si"en/ *uli( (a$)a* *e"ela)an,

Ge2ala

Ge2ala6"e2ala 4r u) %a)a( $un4ul %en"an a(au (an)a %i%ahului "e2ala6"e2ala saluran na)as a(as se)er(i 'a(u*/ )ile* %an %e$a$, Ge2ala 4r u) serin"n&a (i$'ul $en2elan" $ala$ %an )a%a $ala$ hari %en"an (er$asu*: nse( &an" $en%a%a*, Ge2ala6"e2alan&a

1, 'a(u* se)er(i suara an2in" lau( ($en"" n"" n")

2, s(ri% r ins)irasi

3, suara )arau

+, (an)a %e$a$ sa$)ai %e$a$ &an" se%an"

Ge2ala 4r u) ini $en"a*i'a(*an ana* serin" %i'a!a *e (e$)a( )ela&anan *eseha(an

%an se4ara si"ni#i*an "e2alan&a 'er#lu*(uasi (er"an(un" %ari a)a*ah ana* %ala$ *ea%aan (enan" a(au "elisah (a"i(asi), 3a%a se'a"ian 'esar ana*/ "e2ala 4ru ) a*an $en"hilan" %ala$ +8 2a$/ (e(a)i se'a"ian *e4il ana*/ "e2ala %a)a( $ene(a) sa$)ai sa(u $in""u,

3e$eri*saan 9isi*

3ara % *(er harus selalu !as)a%a )a%a *e$un"*inan (i$'uln&a "e2ala seru)a 4r u)/ leh *arena i(u/ $en"e(ahui ri!a&a( )en&a*i( %an (e$uan %ari )e$eri*saan #isi* a%alah )en(in", 1un4i u(a$a # *us )e$eri*saan &ai(u:

6Ter%en"arn&a suara 'a(u* se)er(i an2in" lau(

6:uara serin" *ali )arau

6Iariasi %era2a( %ari s(ri% r/ (eru(a$a saa( ins)irasi

6Iariasi %era2a( re(ra*si %in%in" %a%a

6Ana* serin" $en2a%i "elisah (a"i(asi)

6Ti%a* a%an&a air liur

Ga$'aran n n6( *si*

6Te$uan lain &an" %i)er leh %ari )e$eri*saan #isi* 'eru)a:

6De$a$ (sa$)ai +00K)

6Ta*i*ar%ia (%en"an "e2ala 's(ru*si &an" le'ih 'era()

6Ta*i)nea &an" se%an" ('iasan&a EFJi*a %aerah su)ra"l (is %a)a( %iliha(/ (a$)a* "a$'aran &an" n r$al

1, Tera)i su) r(i#

Oleh *arena "e2ala 4r u) serin" (i$'ul )a%a $ala$ hari/ 'an&a* ran" (ua &an" $erasa *ha!a(ir %en"an )en&a*i( ini/ sehin""a $enin"*a(*an *un2un"an *e uni( "a!a( %arura(, :ehin""a )en(in" un(u* $e$'eri*an e%u*asi *e)a%a ran" (ua (en(an" )en&a*i( &an" se4ara ala$i %a)a( se$'uh sen%iri ini,

2, 8ele$'a'*an U%ara (3en"a'u(an)

3a%a a'a% *e620 (era)i %en"an $ele$'a'*an u%ara ((era)i ua)) $eru)a*an %asar %ari $ana2e$en 4r u)/ (e(a)i se*aran" ini e#e*(i.i(asn&a $asih %i)er(an&a*an, Ru$ah sa*i( saa( ini $en""una*an )erala(an )en"ua)an un(u* (u2uan ini, Kara &an" se%erhana (er$asu* $e$a)ar*an ana* )a%a u%ara $ala$ &an" 'asah/ a(au $e$a)ar*an ana* )a%a ua) air &an" )anas (-i*i)e%ia/ 2008),

3, O*si"en

Ta(ala*sana )e$'erian *si"en %a)a( %i)a*ai un(u* ana* %en"an hi) *sia (%i$ana sa(urasi O*si"en %ala$ ruan"an 'iasa (Al'er(a 8e%i4al Ass 4ia(i n/ 2008),

+, Ga'un"an O*si"en6<eliu$

3e$'erian "as <eliu$ )a%a ana* %en"an 4r u) %iusul*an *arena ) (ensin&a se'a"ai "as %en"an %ensi(as ren%ah (%i'an%in" ni(r "en) %ala$ $enurun*an (ur'ulensi u%ara )a%a )en&e$)i(an saluran )erna)asan (Al'er(a 8e%i4al Ass 4ia(i n/ 2008),

9ar$a* (era)i

Anal"esi*5An(i)ire(i*

-alau)un 'elu$ a%a )eneli(ian *husus (en(an" $an#aa( anal"esi* a(au an(i)ire(i* )a%a ana* %en"an 4r u)/ san"a( 'eralasan $e$'eri*an 'a( ini *arena $e$'ua( ana* le'ih n&a$an %en"an $enurun*an %e$a$ %an n&eri (Al'er(a 8e%i4al Ass 4ia(i n/ 2008),

An(i(usi# %an De* n"es(an

Ti%a* a%a )eneli(ian &an" 'ersi#a( e*s)eri$en(al &an" ) (ensial %ala$ $enun2u**an *eun(un"an )e$'erian an(i(usi# a(au %e* n"es(an )a%a ana* %en"an 4r u), ?a"i)ula/ (i%a* a%a %asar &an" rasi nal %ala$ )en""unaann&a/ %an *arena i(u (i%a* %i'eri*an )a%a ana* &an" $en%eri(a 4r u) (Al'er(a 8e%i4al Ass 4ia(i n/ 2008),

An(i'i (i*

Ti%a* a%a )eneli(ian &an" ) (ensial (en(an" $an#aa( an(i'i (i* )a%a ana* %en"an 4r u), Kr u) se'enarn&a selalu 'erhu'un"an %en"an in#e*si .irus/ sehin""a se4ara e$)iris (era)i an(i'i (i* (i%a* rasi nal, ?a"i)ula/ 2i*a (er2a%i su)er in#e*si H)alin" serin"'a4(erial (ra4hei(is %an )neu$ nia6 $eru)a*an *e2a%ian &an" 2aran" (*uran" %ari 1:1,000) sehin""a )e$a*aian an(i'i (i* un(u* )r #ila*sis 2u"a (i%a* rasi nal (Al'er(a 8e%i4al Ass 4ia(i n/ 2008),

7)ine)hrine

Ber%asar*an %a(a (er%ahulu/ )en""unaan e)ine)hrine )a%a ana* %en"an 4r u) 'era(/ %a)a( $en"uran"i *e'u(uhan ala( 'an(u )erna)asan, 7)ine)hrine %a)a( $en"uran"i %is(res )erna)asan %ala$ !a*(u 10 $eni( %an 'er(ahan %ala$ !a*(u 2 2a$ se(elah

)en""unaan, Be'era)a )eneli(ian re(r s)e*(i# %an )r s)e*(i# $en&aran*an )asien &an" $en%a)a( (era)i e)ine)hrine %a)a( %i)ulan"*an sela$a "e2alan&a (i%a* (i$'ul *e$'ali se(i%a*n&a %ala$ 263 2a$ se(elah (era)i (Al'er(a 8e%i4al Ass 4ia(i n/ 2008),

Ben(u* e)ine)hrine (ar(ar &an" u$u$ %i"una*an un(u* )asien 4r u)C e)ine)hrin 1:1,000 $e$ili*i e#e* &an" se'an%in" %an sa$a a$ann&a %en"an 'en(u* (ar(ar, D sis (un""al (0/; $l e)ine)hrine (ar(ar 2/2;D %an ;/0 $l e)ine)hrine 1:1,000) %i"una*an un(u* se$ua ana* (an)a $en"hirau*an 'era( 'a%an (Al'er(a 8e%i4al Ass 4ia(i n/ 2008C 1er'&/ 2003),

Ana* &an" ha$)ir $en"ala$i "a"al na)as/ %a)a( %i'eri*an e)ine)hrine se4ara 'erulan", 3e$'erian e)ine)hrine &an" * n(in&u %ila) r*an (elah %i"una*an %i'e'era)a uni( )era!a(an in(ensi# ana* (Al'er(a 8e%i4al Ass 4ia(i n/ 2008),

Glu4 4 r(i4 i%s

:(er i% a%alah (era)i u(a$a )a%a 4r u), Be'era)a )eneli(ian $enun2u**an )en""unaan * r(i* s(er i% %a)a( $enurun*an 2u$lah %an %urasi )e$a*aian in(u'asi/ rein(u'asi/ an"*a %an %urasi %ira!a( %i ru$ah sa*i(/ %an an"*a *un2un"an 'erulan" *e )ela&anan *eseha(an/ ser(a $enurun*an %urasi "e2ala )a%a ana* &an" $en%eri(a "e2ala %era2a( rin"an/ se%an" %an 'era( (Al'er(a 8e%i4al Ass 4ia(i n/ 2008),

DeGa$e(has ne

sa$a

e#e*(i#n&a

2i*a

%i'eri*an

)er

ral

a(au

)aren(eral,

DeGa$e(has ne % sis 0/= $"5*" BB $eru)a*an % sis &an" u$u$n&a %i"una*an, 3e$'eriann&a %a)a( %iulan" %ala$ = sa$)ai 2+ 2a$, Ter%a)a( 'e'era)a 'u*(i 2u"a &an" $en"a(a*an %eGa$e(has ne % sis ren%ah 0/1; $"5*" BB 2u"a sa$a e#e*(i#n&a, Di sisi lain/ )eneli(ian $e(a6analisis %en"an * n(r l/ &an" $e$'eri*an * r(i* s(er i% % sis le'ih (in""i/ $e$'eri*an res) n *linis &an" 'ai* )a%a se'a"ian 'esar )asien (Al'er(a 8e%i4al Ass 4ia(i n/ 2008C 1er'&/ 2003),

Inhalasi 'u%es ni%e 2u"a $enun2u**an e#e*(i.i(as &an" sa$a %en"an %eGa$e(has ne ral/ (e(a)i 4ara )e$a*aiann&a le'ih (rau$a(i* %an le'ih $ahal sehin""a (i%a* se4ara ru(in %i"una*an, 3a%a )asien %en"an "e2ala "a"al na)as &an" 'era(/ )e$'erian 'u%es ni%e %an e)ine)hrine se4ara 'ersa$aan a%alah l "is %an %a)a( le'ih e#e*(i. %ari)a%a )e$'erian e)ine)hrine sa2a, 3a%a )asien %en"an "e2ala $un(ah6$un(ah 2u"a $eru)a*an alasan un(u* $e$'eri*an inhalasi s(er i% (Al'er(a 8e%i4al

Ass 4ia(i n/2008),

3ena(ala*sanaan si$%r $ 4r u) 'er%asar*an 'era(n&a "e2ala (er%a)a( )a%a la$)iran 1,

1 $)li*asi

1 $)li*asi &an" %a)a( (i$'ul a%alah:

M 3erlun&a )e$asan"an in(u'asi )a%a se2u$lah *e4il )asien (E1D)

M Ba4(erial (ra4hei(is %a)a( $e$)er'uru* *ea%aan )asien 4r u)

M <en(i *ar%i )ul$ ner %a)a( (i$'ul )a%a )asien &an" (i%a* %i$ ni( r %an (i%a* %i(era)i se4ara a%e*ua(

M :er(a (i$'uln&a )neu$ nia &an" $eru)a*an * $)li*asi %ari 4r u) &an" 2aran" (er2a%i