Class: VIII

Subject:

Mathematics Why these?

Topic: Mensuration Why should I care?

All around us there are objects - some having rgular shape some irregular shape, is it not wonderful to be able to measure the surface area or volume and compare. For instance you can plan out wonderful interiors, furnishings etc. by measuring the size of your room, walls etc. Look at the clothes that you wear or the bags that you carry, they have been made by using the concepts of mensuration.

The list of Subtopics

Areas of square, rectangle, triangle and circle. Area of a Trapezium. Area of a Quadrilateral and special quadrilaterals Rhombus & parallelogram. Area of Cube, Cuboids cylinder Volume of cube cuboid cylinder.

Common Mistakes
This topic involves a lot of calculation - so many errors are possible, in calculating. Inafility to covelate the given data to arrive at an answer for instance What is given What can I assume What do I need find etc. Confusion between various diffeent types of Quadrilaterls - their properties and formulas.

This topic is very useful in calculation of areas and volumes in mathematics as well as in physics. Important for board exams as well as competetive exams in future. Study of mensuration expands our understanding of other irregular shapes too. Useful in making models ets.

I. Areas of square, Rectangle, triangle and circle. You should know: What is a Triangle?

What is a Square?

What is a Rectangle?

What is a Circle?

You will learn: how to calculate area and perimeter of all above figures.
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Fill up the blanks: Figure 1) Perimeter 4 x side Area

2)

2x(

3)

Sum of

1 2

4)

The area of a square whose side is 4 cm is The Length of a recangle is twice the breadth. If area is 200 sqcm. Find its perimeter

If base and height of a triangle are 13cm and 6cm find area The area and perimeter of a circle happen to be equal in magnitude. Then the diameter of this circle =

The sides of a triangle are 6cm, 8cm and 10cm. The area is

Now consider this question: P A B 35 60 Q In this given figure PQRS is a Rectangle of sides 80cm & 60cm. ABCD is a rectangle inside PQRSof sides 45cm and 35cm. Find area of the shaded portion. Also find perimeter of the shaded portion. C 80 R

45 D S

Let us solve: Area of the shaded portion is the difference in areas between outer rectangle and inner rectangle. is area of shaded = (Area of PQRS) - (Area of ABCD) Portion = (60 x 80) - (35 x 45) = 4800 - 1575 = 3225 sqcm. The perimeter of the shaded portion is the sum of the perimeters of the 2 rectangles. = 2 (60 + 80) + 2 (35 + 45) = 440cm.

WORKSHEET
Now you solve these questions: 1) Find areas of D a)
8cm

8cm

b)

7cm
7cm

find area of shaded portion

find area of ABC c)

12cm

B 20cm

d)

5cm

Find area of shaded portion. 25

5cm 5cm

25cm
3cm

e) 4 10

20

Find area of shaded portion.

2) Find the areas of the following figures:

P

a)

UQRT is rectangle
X U

UQ = 25 cm
Q

UT = 10 cm PS = 32 cm
T Y R

PX = YS

ABCD is a rectangle of sides AB = 49 cm b)

A B

AD = 14 cm The semi circles are drawn using the length and breadth as diameter.
D C

35cm
c) Find area of shaded portion.

3) A floor is in the shape of a rectangle of sides 15m and 12m. Square tiles of side 1.5m are to be used for flooring. If the cost of a tile is Rs.50/- find total cost of flooring.

4)
A
30 cm

In this le ABC, AD is attitude on BC.

12cm

Find the magnitude of the attitude on AC.

C

25cm

5)

There is a Triangle park which has sides AB = 12m, BC = 20m and AC = 16m. Find the least distance a person has to travel from A to reach the road connecting B & C.

6)

The area of a square is equal to five times the area of a rectangle of dimentions 20cm by 64cm. Find the perimeter of this square.

II.

Area of a Trapezium You should know:

What is a trapezium?

You will learn: How to calculate the area of a trapezium?

A a cm B

ABCD is a trapezium with AB // DC AB = a cm

hcm

DC = b cm
C b cm

and the distance between AB & DC is h cm Area =

1 x(a+b)xh 2

write in words: Area of trapezium equals ____________________

1)

Find the Area of the following Trapeziums.

A
A B

B
12 cm

6 cm

7cm

20cm

6 cm

(a) Solution:
1 x ( AD + BC ) x DC 2

(b)

1 x (12 + 6) x 6 2

= 54 sqcm.

2)

The area of a trapezium whose parallel sides measure 25cm & 35cm is 300 sq.cm. Find the distance between the parallel sides.

3)

There is a trapezium in which the longer of the two parallel sides is twice the shorter side and the distance between the two parallel sides is half the shorter side. If area of this trapezium.

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4)

The area of a trapezium is 126 sq.cm. The height of the trapezium is 7cm. If one of the bases is longer than the other by 6cm, find the lengths of the bases.

5)

In the adjoining figure AB || DC and DA is perpendicular to AB. Further DC = 7cm, CB = 10 cm and AB = 13 cm. Find the area of the quadrilateral ABCD.

6)

The area of a field in the shape of a trapezium measures 1440 m2. The perpendicular distance between its parallel sides is 24 m. If the ratio of the parallel sides is 5 : 3, find the length of the longer parallel side.

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7)

The lengths of the parallel sides of a trapezium are in the ratio 5 : 3 and the distance between them is 12.5cm. If the area of the trapezium is 450 cm2, find the lengths of its parallel sides.

8)

The lengths of parallel sides of a trapezium are x & y cm and area of the trapezium is
1 2 (x - y2) cm2. Find the distance between the parallel sides (in cm) in terms of x & y. 2

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III.

Areas of Quadrilaterals and special Quadrilaterals - Rhombus & Parallelogram. You should know:

What is a Quadrilaterals?

What is a Parallelogram?

What is a Rhombus?

Identify the similarities & differences between a parallelogram of a Rhombus. You wil learn: Areas of a parallelogram = base x height

height

base

1 base x height that is because a parallelogram readly comprises 2 of two congruent triangles of base & height as the parallelogram.

Notice that Area of le =

base

height

height

base

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Area of a Quadrilaterals is
A

1 x diagonal x (sum of the two offsets) 2 1 x DB x (AX + CY) 2

B Y X D

Area of a Rhombus: The formula for a parallelogram is also applicable to the Rhombus to Area = base x height

height

base
Additinally Area =
1 x d1 x d2 2

d1 & d2 are length of the two diagonals.

d2

d1

Note: A square is also a Rhombus

area of sq = side x side and also

1 (diagonal) 2

For example: Find area of a square whose diagonal is 8 cm. Ans:

1 8 8 = 32 sqcm. 2
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WORKSHEET
B

1)

Find area of ABCD is

L

BD = 15cm AK = 10cm CL = 12cm

C

K D

Solution:
1 BD (AK + CL) 2

We know area =

1 15 ( 10 + 12 ) = 165 sqcm. 2

2)

C B
Find area of this polygon ABCDEF if AD = 18 cm

Q P R

AS = 14 cm

D
AR = 12 cm

E F
also BP = 5 cm CR = 6 cm FQ = 5 cm ES = 5 cm

AQ = 8 cm AP = 4 cm

Hint: Find areas of le ABP, CRD, SED, AQF also find areas of trapeziums BCRP & QFES add them up.

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3)

Find area of the given figure ABCDEF if AD = 36 cm

X

BC =

1 YD 2

FE // AD // BC
Y B

AB = 20 cm YB = 12 cm

E C

FX = 8 cm FE = AY

In this Quadrilateral area = 351 sq.cm

4)

A h1 h2 C

DB = 27 cm h1 = 12 cm find h2

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5)

Find areas of

7cm 10 cm
(a) (b)

8cm 7cm

3 6 10 6

(c)

6)

Find the area of a Rhombus whose side measures 13cm and one of its diagonals is 10cm. (Hint: Use the pythogoras theorem)

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7)

Find the perimeter of a Rhombus whose diagonals measure 12cm and 16cm.

8)

The diagonals of two square are in the ratio of 2 : 5. Find the ratio of their areas.

9)

What is the perimeter of a square, if the length of its diagonals is 12 2cm?

10)

One of the diagonals of a rhombus is double the other diagonal. Its area is 25 sq.cm. Find the sum of the diagonals.

11)

The perimeter of a rhombus is 56 m and its height is 5 m. Its area is:

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12)

Find the perimeter, diagonal and area of a square having each side 8m long. Take 2 1.41

13)

A field in the form of a parallelogram has one of its diagonals 42m long and the perpendicular distance of this diagonal form either of the outlying vertices is 10.8m. Find the area of the field.

14)

A parallelogram has sides of 15 cm and 12 cm. If the distance between its shorter sides is 7.5 cm, find the distance between its longer sides.

15)

One diagonal of a parallelogram is 70 cm and the perpendicular distance of this diagonal from either of the outlying vertices is 27 cm. Find the area of the parallelogram.

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16)

Matrix Matching:

Column - A 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Area of Square Perimeter of square Area of Rectangle Perimeter of Rectangle Area of le a) b) c) d) e)

Column - B Sum of length of three sides

1 d2 2

r2
length breadth
1 d1 d2 2 1 d (h1 + h2) 2 1 h (a + b) 2

6)

Perimeter of le

f)

7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13)

Area of Circle Perimeter of Circle Area of Quadrilater Area of parallelogram Area of Trapezium Area of Rhombus Area of kite

g) h) i) j) k) l)

twice the sum of length of breadth 2 r

1 base height 2

base height fourtimes the side

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Some HOTS questions: 1) There is a Rhombus whose area is 21sqcm and the perimeter is 40cm. Find the sum of lengths of diagonals.

2)

If the length and breadth of a rectangle are increased by 3cm, its area increases by 72sqcm. If the length alone is increased by 1cm the area increases by 9sqcm. Find length & breadth.

3)

A square shed of side 7m is in the middle of a huge grass field. A cow is tied to one of its corners outside the shed, with a rope of length 14m. What is the area that the cow can graze assuming that if cannot enter inside the shed.

4)

A wire is shaped into a square, it enclosed an area of 100sqcm. If this wire is remodelled to form a semicircle find area of the semicircle.

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IV.

Areas of cube, cuboid, cylinder. You should know:

Cube, cuboid, cylinders belong to the family of prisms. Prisms are these dimensional objects whose bases are parallel to the tops and the base & top are congruent shapes. All prisms have two types of areas. a) Lateral surface area - the area of the walls (L.S.A) b) Total surface area is the sum of Lateral surface area with twice the area of the base (T.S.A)

Explain the following with appropriate figures: a) cube b) cuboid c) cylinder

You will learn: L.S.A of cube T.S.A of cube L.S.A of cuboid T.S.A of cuboid L.S.A of cylinder T.S.A of cylinder = = = = = = 4 (side)2 6 (side)2 2(l+b)h 2 (lh + bh + lh) 2 r h 2 r (r + h)

h b -SCube You may also understand that the L.S.A = Perimeter of the base height.

l
Cuboid

-r-

Cylinder

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For example: a) Find L.S.A and T.S.A of a cube of side 8cm.

Ans: L.S.A = 4 S2 = 4 8 8 = 256 sqcm. T.S.A = 6 S2 = 6 8 8 = 384 sqcm. b) Find L.S.A & T.S.A of a cuboid whose height is twice the breadth and length is twice the height. And the breadth = 10 cm.

Solution: b = 10cm
h = 2 10 = 20cm. l = 2 h = 2 20= 40cm.

L.S.A = 2 ( l + b ) h = 2 (40 + 10 ) 20 = 2000 sqcm. T.S.A = 2 ( l b + bh + l h ) = 2 ( 40 10 + 10 20 + 40 20 ) = 2 ( 400 + 200 + 800 ) = 2800 sqcm. c) A rectangle sheet of dimensions 88cm by 20cm is rolled along its length so that the two breadths are joined to form a cylinder. Find L.S.A & T.S.A of this cylinder. Solution: If one can imagine in this cylinder.

20
20

88
Perimeter = 88cm

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Perimeter of base = 2 r = 88cm. 2

22 r = 88 7
7 x 88 = 14cm. 2 x 22

r =

L.S.A = 2 r h =2
22 14 20 = 88 20 7

= 1760 sqcm. (Note: The area of the rect.sheet is the same as L.S.A.of this cylinder) T.S.A = 2 r (r + h) =2
22 14 (14 + 20) 7

= 2992 sqcm.

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Now solve the following questions yourself: 1) A road roller is in the shape of a cylinder. The radius of the cross section is 14cm and length is 1m. What is the area covered by it in making 200 revlutions.

2)

The breadth and height of a cuboid 4cm and 2cm respectively. If the total surface area of the cuboid is 88 sqcm find length.

3)

A metallic trunk is to be made from a rectangle sheet of metal bearing dimensions l = 80 cm b = 60 cm h = 50 cm. If the metal costs Rs. 250/- per 100 sqcm and making charges for the trunk is Rs. 500/-. Find total cost incurred.

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4)

Two cubes of side 7cm are joined along a face to form a cuboid. Find L.S.A & T.S.A of this cuboid.

5)

The T.S.A of a cuboid is 214 sqcm. The areas of 2 of its faces are 42 sqcm and 35 sqcm. Find the length of the cuboid if it is the greatest of the dimensions.

6)

There is a square sheet of side 30cm. From each of its four corners 4 squares of side 5cm are cut away. The rest of the sheet is folded to form an open cuboidal box. Find L.S.A of this box.

5cm 5cm

5cm

5cm Fold along the alloted line to get a open box.

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V.

Volume of Cube, Cuboid, Cylinder. You should know:

What is Cube, What is Cuboid, What is Cylinder. You wil learn: Formula for volume of Cube, Cuboid, Cylinder

Volume of a Cube = (Side)3 Volume of a Cuboid = l b h Volume of Cylinder = r2h

Note: a) Volume has its units as cubic units b) Volume of a prism area of base height.

1)

Find volume of a) Cube of side 5cm b) Cuboid of l = 10cm, b = 6cm, h = 4cm. c) Cylinder of base area 154 sqcm and height 10cm.

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2)

There is a reservoir of the shape of a cylinder whose base radius is 21m and height is 15m. How many hours 2il it take to fill it with water flows at the rate of 45m3 per hour.

3)

The ratio of volumes of 2 cubes is 729 : 1331. Find ratio of their T.S.As.

4)

There is a cubical wooden block of side 7cm. A cylinder which has a height of 7cm and base rasting on one of the faces of the cube is carved out. Find the volume of wood that is left.

5)

A square sheet has a side of 60cm. Four small squares of side 6cm are cut from the four corners. The rest is then folded to form an open cuboid box. Find the volume of this box.

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6)

A wall has dimensions 15m x 10m x 8m. 10% of this wall is occupied by martar. The rest 90% is occupied by bricks. The cost of 1000 bricks of dimensions 10cm x 8cm x 4cm is 400/-. Find total cost of making this wall.

7)

A cylindrical vessel of diameter 48cm has water to a heght of 10cm. A metal cube of 14cm edge is immersed in it. Calculate the height to which the water in the vessel rises.

8)

A swimming pool 150m long and 50m wide in deep at the shallow end and 6m deep at the dep end. Find volume of the pool.

9)

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Name these figures:

(a)

(b)

(c)

Is this a cylinder

If not then find out its name?

Fill up the blanks: 1) 2) 3) A cube has edges.

Amount of region occuped by a solid is called 1 liter = 1 m3 = cm3 litres..

4) 5)

Sum of areas of faces of a solids is called its Cube, cublid & cylinder belong to the familes of

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