LAB MANUAL

to Accompany

Diane Christie
University of Wisconsin Stout

Publisher Senior Acquisitions Editor Editorial Assistant Cover Designer Marketing Manager Marketing Assistant Prepress and Manufacturing Supplement Coordination Proofreader

Greg Tobin Michael Hirsch Lindsey Triebel Nicole Clayton Michelle Brown Dana Lopreato Caroline Fell Marianne Groth Melanie Aswell

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Preface
About this Lab Manual
This lab manual accompanies Starting Out With Java 5: From Control Structures to Objects, by Tony Gaddis. Each lab gives students hands on experience with the major topics in each chapter. It is designed for closed laboratoriesregularly scheduled classes supervised by an instructor, with a length of approximately two hours. Lab manual chapters correspond to textbook chapters. Each chapter in the lab manual contains learning objectives, an introduction, one or two projects with various tasks for the students to complete, and a listing of the code provided as the starting basis for each lab. Labs are intended to be completed after studying the corresponding textbook chapter, but prior to programming challenges for each chapter in the textbook. Students should copy the partially written code (available at www.aw.com/cssupport) and use the instructions provided in each task to complete the code so that it is operational. Instructions will guide them through each lab having them add code at specified locations in the partially written program. Students will gain experience in writing code, compiling and debugging, writing testing plans, and finally executing and testing their programs. Note: Labs 7 and 12 are written entirely by the student using the instructions in the various tasks, so there is no code provided as a starting basis.

What Youll Find in this Lab Manual

The Lab Manual contains 15 labs that help students learn how to apply introductory programming concepts: Chapter 1 Lab Chapter 2 Lab Chapter 3 Lab Chapter 4 Lab Chapter 5 Lab Chapter 6 Lab Chapter 7 Lab Chapter 8 Lab Chapter 9 Lab Chapter 10 Lab Chapter 11 Lab Chapter 12 Lab Chapter 13 Lab Chapter 14 Lab Chapter 15 Lab Algorithms, Errors, and Testing Java Fundamentals Selection Control Structures Loops and Files Methods Classes and Objects GUI Applications Arrays More Classes and Objects Text Processing and Wrapper Classes Inheritance Exceptions and I/O Streams Advanced GUI Applications Applets and More Recursion

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Lab Manual to Accompany Starting Out with Java 5: From Control Structures to Objects

Supplementary Materials
Students can find source code files for the labs at www.aw.com/cssupport, under author Christie and title Lab Manual to Accompany Starting Out with Java 5: From Control Structures to Objects or Gaddis, Starting Out with Java 5: From Control Structures to Objects. Solution files and source code are available to qualified instructors at AddisonWesleys Instructor Resource Center. Register at www.aw.com/irc and search for author Gaddis.

Acknowledgements
I would like to thank everyone at Addison-Wesley for making this lab manual a reality, Tony Gaddis for having the confidence in me to write labs to accompany his books and my colleagues who have contributed ideas to help develop these labs. I also thank my students at the University of Wisconsin-Stout for giving me feedback on these labs to continue to improve them. Most of all, I want to thank my family: Michael, Andrew, and Pamela for all of their encouragement, patience, love, and support.

Contents
Chapter 1 Lab Chapter 2 Lab Chapter 3 Lab Chapter 4 Lab Chapter 5 Lab Chapter 6 Lab Chapter 7 Lab Chapter 8 Lab Chapter 9 Lab Chapter 10 Lab Chapter 11 Lab Chapter 12 Lab Chapter 13 Lab Chapter 14 Lab Chapter 15 Lab Algorithms, Errors, and Testing Java Fundamentals Selection Control Structures Loops and Files Methods Classes and Objects GUI Applications Arrays More Classes and Objects Text Processing and Wrapper Classes Inheritance Exceptions and I/O Streams Advanced GUI Applications Applets and More Recursion 1 9 21 31 41 51 61 67 75 87 97 109 113 121 127

Chapter 1 Lab
Algorithms, Errors, and Testing

Objectives
Be able to write an algorithm Be able to compile a Java program Be able to execute a Java program using the Sun JDK or a Java IDE Be able to test a program Be able to debug a program with syntax and logic errors

Introduction
Your teacher will introduce your computer lab and the environment you will be using for programming in Java. In chapter 1 of the textbook, we discuss writing your first program. The example calculates the users gross pay. It calculates the gross pay by multiplying the number of hours worked by hourly pay rate. However, it is not always calculated this way. What if you work 45 hours in a week? The hours that you worked over 40 hours are considered overtime. You will need to be paid time and a half for the overtime hours you worked. In this lab, you are given a program which calculates users gross pay with or without overtime. You are to work backwards this time, and use pseudocode to write an algorithm from the Java code. This will give you practice with algorithms while allowing you to explore and understand a little Java code before we begin learning the Java programming language. You will also need to test out this program to ensure the correctness of the algorithm and code. You will need to develop test data that will represent all possible kinds of data that the user may enter. You will also be debugging a program. There are several types of errors. In this lab, you will encounter syntax and logic errors. We will explore runtime errors in lab 2. 1. Syntax Errorserrors in the grammar of the programming language. These are caught by the compiler and listed out with line number and error found. You will learn how to understand what they tell you with experience. All syntax errors must be corrected before the program will run. If the program runs, this

Lab Manual to Accompany Starting Out with Java 5: From Control Structures to Objects

does not mean that it is correct, only that there are no syntax errors. Examples of syntax errors are spelling mistakes in variable names, missing semicolon, unpaired curly braces, etc. 2. Logic Errorserrors in the logic of the algorithm. These errors emphasize the need for a correct algorithm. If the statements are out of order, if there are errors in a formula, or if there are missing steps, the program can still run and give you output, but it may be the wrong output. Since there is no list of errors for logic errors, you may not realize you have errors unless you check your output. It is very important to know what output you expect. You should test your programs with different inputs, and know what output to expect in each case. For example, if your program calculates your pay, you should check three different cases: less than 40 hours, 40 hours, and more than 40 hours. Calculate each case by hand before running your program so that you know what to expect. You may get a correct answer for one case, but not for another case. This will help you figure out where your logic errors are. Run time errorserrors that do not occur until the program is run, and then may only occur with some data. These errors emphasize the need for completely testing your program.

3.

Chapter 1 Lab

Algorithms, Errors, and Testing

Task #1 Writing an Algorithm

1. 2. Copy the file Pay.java (see code listing 1.1) from www.aw.com/cssupport or as directed by your instructor. Open the file in your Java Integrated Development Environment (IDE) or a text editor as directed by your instructor. Examine the file, and compare it with the detailed version of the pseudocode in step number 3, section 1.6 of the textbook. Notice that the pseudocode does not include every line of code. The program code includes identifier declarations and a statement that is needed to enable Java to read from the keyboard. These are not part of actually completing the task of calculating pay, so they are not included in the pseudocode. The only important difference between the example pseudocode and the Java code is in the calculation. Below is the detailed pseudocode from the example, but without the calculation part. You need to fill in lines that tell in English what the calculation part of Pay.java is doing. Display Input Display Input How many hours did you work? hours How much do you get paid per hour? rate

Display the value in the pay variable.

Lab Manual to Accompany Starting Out with Java 5: From Control Structures to Objects

Task #2 Compile and Execute a Program

1. 2. 3. Compile the Pay.java using the Sun JDK or a Java IDE as directed by your instructor. You should not receive any error messages. When this program is executed, it will ask the user for input. You should calculate several different cases by hand. Since there is a critical point at which the calculation changes, you should test three different cases: the critical point, a number above the critical point, and a number below the critical point. You want to calculate by hand so that you can check the logic of the program. Fill in the chart below with your test cases and the result you get when calculating by hand. Execute the program using your first set of data. Record your result. You will need to execute the program three times to test all your data. Note: you do not need to compile again. Once the program compiles correctly once, it can be executed many times. You only need to compile again if you make changes to the code.

4.

Hours

Rate

Pay (hand calculated)

Pay (program result)

Chapter 1 Lab

Algorithms, Errors, and Testing

Task #3 Debugging a Java Program

1. 2. Copy the file SalesTax.java (see code listing 1.2) from www.aw.com/cssupport or as directed by your instructor. Open the file in your IDE or text editor as directed by your instructor. This file contains a simple Java program that contains errors. Compile the program. You should get a listing of syntax errors. Correct all the syntax errors, you may want to recompile after you fix some of the errors. When all syntax errors are corrected, the program should compile. As in the previous exercise, you need to develop some test data. Use the chart below to record your test data and results when calculated by hand. Execute the program using your test data and recording the results. If the output of the program is different from what you calculated, this usually indicates a logic error. Examine the program and correct logic error. Compile the program and execute using the test data again. Repeat until all output matches what is expected.

3.

4.

Item

Price

Tax

Total (calculated)

Total (output)

Lab Manual to Accompany Starting Out with Java 5: From Control Structures to Objects

Code Listing 1.1 (Pay.java)

//This program calculates the users gross pay import java.util.Scanner; //to be able to read from the keyboard

public class Pay { public static void main(String [] args) { //create a Scanner object to read from the keyboard Scanner keyboard = new Scanner(System.in); //identifier declarations double hours; //number of hours worked double rate; //hourly pay rate double pay; //gross pay //display prompts and get input System.out.print("How many hours did you work? "); hours = keyboard.nextDouble(); System.out.print("How much do you get paid per hour? "); rate = keyboard.nextDouble(); //calculations if(hours <= 40) pay = hours * rate; else pay = (hours - 40) * (1.5 * rate) + 40 * rate; //display results System.out.println("You earned $" + pay); } }

Chapter 1 Lab

Algorithms, Errors, and Testing

Code Listing 1.2 (SalesTax.java)

//This program calculates the total price which includes sales //tax import java.util.Scanner; public class SalesTax { public static void main(String[] args) { //identifier declarations final double TAX_RATE = 0.055; double price; double tax double total; String item; //create a Scanner object to read from the keyboard Scanner keyboard = new Scanner(System.in); //display prompts and get input System.out.print("Item description: item = keyboard.nextLine(); System.out.print("Item price: $"); price = keyboard.nextDouble(); //calculations tax = price + TAX_RATE; total = price * tax; //display results System.out.print(item + " System.out.println(price); System.out.print("Tax System.out.println(tax); System.out.print("Total System.out.println(total); } }

");

$"); $"); $");

Chapter 2 Lab
Java Fundamentals

Objectives
Write arithmetic expressions to accomplish a task Use casting to convert between primitive types Use a value-returning library method and a library constant Use string methods to manipulate string data Communicate with the user by using the Scanner class or dialog boxes Create a program from scratch by translating a pseudocode algorithm Be able to document a program

Introduction
This lab is designed to give you practice with some of the basics in Java. We will continue ideas from lab 1 by correcting logic errors while looking at mathematical formulas in Java. We will explore the difference between integer division and division on your calculator as well as reviewing the order of operations. We will also learn how to use mathematical formulas that are preprogrammed in Java. On your calculator there are buttons to be able to do certain operations, such as raise a number to a power or use the number pi. Similarly, in Java, we will have programs that are available for our use that will also do these operations. Mathematical operations that can be performed with the touch of a button on a calculator are also available in the Math class. We will learn how to use a Math class method to cube the radius in the formula for finding the volume of a sphere. This lab also introduces communicating with the user. We have already seen how console input and output work in lab 1. We will now need to learn how to program user input, by investigating the lines of code that we need to add in order to use the Scanner class. We will also learn the method call needed for output. Alternately, you may use dialog boxes for communicating with the user. An introduction to graphical user interface (GUI) programming is explored using the JOptionPane class. The String class is introduced and we will use some of the available methods to prepare you for string processing.

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Lab Manual to Accompany Starting Out with Java 5: From Control Structures to Objects

We will bring everything we have learned together by creating a program from an algorithm. Finally, you will document the program by adding comments. Comments are not read by the computer, they are for use by the programmer. They are to help a programmer document what the program does and how it accomplishes it. This is very important when a programmer needs to modify code that is written by another person.

Chapter 2 Lab

Java Fundamentals

11

Task #1 Correcting Logic Errors in Formulas

1. 2. Download the file NumericTypes.java (see code listing 2.1) from www.aw.com/cssupport or as directed by your instructor. Compile the source file, run the program, and observe the output. Some of the output is incorrect. You need to correct logic errors in the average formula and the temperature conversion formula. The logic errors could be due to conversion between data types, order of operations, or formula problems. The necessary formulas are average = 3. 4. score1 + score2 numberOfScores C = 5 9(F - 32)

Each time you make changes to the program code, you must compile again for the changes to take effect before running the program again. Make sure that the output makes sense before you continue. The average of 95 and 100 should be 97.5 and the temperature that water boils is 100 degrees Celsius.

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Lab Manual to Accompany Starting Out with Java 5: From Control Structures to Objects

Task #2 Using the Scanner Class for User Input

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Add an import statement above the class declaration to make the Scanner class available to your program. In the main method, create a Scanner object and connect it to the System.in object. Prompt the user to enter his/her first name. Read the name from the keyboard using the nextLine method, and store it into a variable called firstName (you will need to declare any variables you use). Prompt the user to enter his/her last name. Read the name from the keyboard and store it in a variable called lastName. Concatenate the firstName and lastName with a space between them and store the result in a variable called fullName. Print out the fullName. Compile, debug, and run, using your name as test data. Since we are adding on to the same program, each time we run the program we will get the output from the previous tasks before the output of the current task.

Chapter 2 Lab

Java Fundamentals

13

Task #2 (Alternate) Using Dialog Boxes for User Input

1. 2. Add an import statement above the class declaration to make the JOptionPane class available to your program. In the main method, prompt the user to enter his/her first name by displaying an input dialog box and storing the user input in a variable called firstName (you will need to declare any variables you use). Prompt the user to enter his/her last name by displaying an input dialog box and storing the user input in a variable called lastName. Concatenate the firstName and lastName with a space between them and store the result in a variable called fullName. Display the fullName using a message dialog box. Compile, debug, and run, using your name as test data. Since we are adding on to the same program, each time we run the program we will get the output from the previous tasks before the output of the current task.

3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

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Lab Manual to Accompany Starting Out with Java 5: From Control Structures to Objects

Task #3 Working with Strings

1. Use the charAt method to get the first character in firstName and store it in a variable called firstInitial (you will need to declare any variables that you use). Print out the users first initial. Use the toUpperCase method to change the fullName to all capitals and store it back into the fullName variable Add a line that prints out the value of fullName and how many characters (including the space) are in the string stored in fullName (use the method length to obtain that information). Compile, debug, and run. The new output added on after the output from the previous tasks should have your initials and your full name in all capital letters.

2. 3. 4.

5.

Chapter 2 Lab

Java Fundamentals

15

Task #4 Using Predefined Math Functions

1. 2. 3. 4. Add a line that prompts the user to enter the diameter of a sphere. Read in and store the number into a variable called diameter (you will need to declare any variables that you use). The diameter is twice as long as the radius, so calculate and store the radius in an appropriately named variable. The formula for the volume of a sphere is V = 4 3 pr 3

Convert the formula to Java and add a line which calculates and stores the value of volume in an appropriately named variable. Use Math.PI for p and Math.pow to cube the radius. 5. 6. Print your results to the screen with an appropriate message. Compile, debug, and run using the following test data and record the results.

Diameter 2 25.4 875,000

Volume (hand calculated)

Volume (resulting output)

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Lab Manual to Accompany Starting Out with Java 5: From Control Structures to Objects

Task #5 Create a program from scratch

In this task the student will create a new program that calculates gas mileage in miles per gallon. The student will use string expressions, assignment statements, input and output statements to communicate with the user. 1. 2. Create a new file in your IDE or text editor. Create the shell for your first program by entering: public class Mileage { public static void main(String[] args) { // add your declaration and code here } } Save the file as Mileage.java. Translate the algorithm below into Java. Dont forget to declare variables before they are used. Each variable must be one word only (no spaces). Print a line indicating this program will calculate mileage Print prompt to user asking for miles driven Read in miles driven Print prompt to user asking for gallons used Read in gallons used Calculate miles per gallon by dividing miles driven by gallons used Print miles per gallon along with appropriate labels 5. 6. Compile the program and debug, repeating until it compiles successfully. Run the program and test it using the following sets of data and record the results: Gallons used 100 25.5 10 0 The last set of data caused the computer to divide 100 by 0, which resulted in what is called a runtime error. Notice that runtime can occur on programs which compile and run on many other sets of data. This emphasizes the need to thoroughly test you program with all possible kinds of data. Miles per gallon (hand calculated) Miles per gallon (resulting output)

3. 4.

Miles driven 2000 500 241.5 100 7.

Chapter 2 Lab

Java Fundamentals

17

Task #6 Documenting a Java Program

1. Compare the code listings of NumericTypes.java with Mileage.java. You will see that NumericTypes.java has lines which have information about what the program is doing. These lines are called comments and are designated by the // at the beginning of the line. Any comment that starts with /** and ends with */ is considered a documentation comment. These are typically written just before a class header, giving a brief description of the class. They are also used for documenting methods in the same way. Write a documentation comment at the top of the program which indicates the purpose of the program, your name, and todays date. Add comment lines after each variable declaration, indicating what each variable represents. Add comment lines for each section of the program, indicating what is done in that section. Finally add a comment line indicating the purpose of the calculation.

2. 3. 4. 5.

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Lab Manual to Accompany Starting Out with Java 5: From Control Structures to Objects

Code Listing 2.1 (NumericTypes.java)

/** This program demonstrates how numeric types and operators behave */ //TASK #2 Add import statement here to use the Scanner class //TASK #2 (Alternate) Add import statment to use JOptionPane //class public class NumericTypes { public static void main (String [] args) { //TASK #2 Create a Scanner object here //(not used for alternate) //identifier declarations final int NUMBER = 2 ; // number of scores final int SCORE1 = 100; // first test score final int SCORE2 = 95; // second test score final int BOILING_IN_F = 212; // freezing temperature int fToC; // temperature in Celsius double average; // arithmetic average String output; // line of output to print out //TASK #2 declare variables used here //TASK #3 declare variables used here //TASK #4 declare variables used here // Find an arithmetic average average = SCORE1 + SCORE2 / NUMBER; output = SCORE1 + " and " + SCORE2 + " have an average of " + average; System.out.println(output); // Convert Fahrenheit temperatures to Celsius fToC = 5/9 * (BOILING_IN_F - 32); output = BOILING_IN_F + " in Fahrenheit is " + fToC + " in Celsius."; Code Listing 2.1 continued on next page.

Chapter 2 Lab

Java Fundamentals

19

System.out.println(output); System.out.println(); // to leave a blank line // // // // // // // ADD LINES FOR TASK #2 HERE prompt the user for first name read the users first name prompt the user for last name read the users last name concatenate the users first and last names print out the users full name // to leave a blank line

System.out.println(); // // // // // //

ADD LINES FOR TASK #3 HERE get the first character from the users first name print out the users first initial convert the users full name to all capital letters print out the users full name in all capital letters and the number of characters in it // to leave a blank line

System.out.println(); // // // // // // } }

ADD LINES FOR TASK #4 HERE prompt the user for a diameter of a sphere read the diameter calculate the radius calculate the volume print out the volume

Chapter 3 Lab
Selection Control Structures

Objectives
Be able to construct boolean expressions to evaluate a given condition Be able to compare Strings Be able to use a flag Be able to construct if and if-else-if statements to perform a specific task Be able to construct a switch statement Be able to format numbers

Introduction
Up to this point, all the programs you have had a sequential control structure. This means that all statements are executed in order, one after another. Sometimes we need to let the computer make decisions, based on the data. A selection control structure allows the computer to select which statement to execute. In order to have the computer make a decision, it needs to do a comparison. So we will work with writing boolean expressions. Boolean expressions use relational operators and logical operators to create a condition that can be evaluated as true or false. Once we have a condition, we can conditionally execute statements. This means that there are statements in the program that may or may not be executed, depending on the condition. We can also chain conditional statements together to allow the computer to choose from several courses of action. We will explore this using nested if-else statements as well as a switch statement. In this lab, we will be editing a pizza ordering program. It creates a Pizza object to the specifications that the user desires. It walks the user through ordering, giving the user choices, which the program then uses to decide how to make the pizza and how much the cost of the pizza will be. The user will also receive a $2.00 discount if his/her name is Mike or Diane.

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Lab Manual to Accompany Starting Out with Java 5: From Control Structures to Objects

Task #1 The if Statement, Comparing Strings, and Flags

1. 2. Copy the file PizzaOrder.java (see code listing 3.1) from www.aw.com/cssupport or as directed by your instructor. Compile and run PizzaOrder.java. You will be able to make selections, but at this point, you will always get a Hand-tossed pizza at a base cost of $12.99 no matter what you select, but you will be able to choose toppings, and they should add into the price correctly. You will also notice that the output does not look like money. So we need to edit PizzaOrder.java to complete the program so that it works correctly. Construct a simple if statement. The condition will compare the String input by the user as his/her first name with the first names of the owners, Mike and Diane. Be sure that the comparison is not case sensitive. If the user has either first name, set the discount flag to true. This will not affect the price at this point yet.

3.

4.

Chapter 3 Lab

Selection Control Structures

23

Task #2 The if-else-if Statement

1. Write an if-else-if statement that lets the computer choose which statements to execute by the user input size (10, 12, 14, or 16). For each option, the cost needs to be set to the appropriate amount. The default else of the above if-else-if statement should print a statement that the user input was not one of the choices, so a 12 inch pizza will be made. It should also set the size to 12 and the cost to 12.99. Compile, debug, and run. You should now be able to get correct output for size and price (it will still have Hand-tossed crust, the output wont look like money, and no discount will be applied yet). Run your program multiple times ordering a 10, 12, 14, 16, and 17 inch pizza.

2.

3.

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Lab Manual to Accompany Starting Out with Java 5: From Control Structures to Objects

Task #3 Switch Statement

1. 2. 3. 4. Write a switch statement that compares the users choice with the appropriate characters (make sure that both capital letters and small letters will work). Each case will assign the appropriate string indicating crust type to the crust variable. The default case will print a statement that the user input was not one of the choices, so a Hand-tossed crust will be made. Compile, debug, and run. You should now be able to get crust types other than Hand-tossed. Run your program multiple times to make sure all cases of the switch statement operate correctly.

Chapter 3 Lab

Selection Control Structures

25

Task #4 Using a Flag as a Condition

1. Write an if statement that uses the flag as the condition. Remember that the flag is a Boolean variable, therefore is true or false. It does not have to be compared to anything. The body of the if statement should contain two statements: a) A statement that prints a message indicating that the user is eligible for a $2.00 discount. b) A statement that reduces the variable cost by 2. Compile, debug, and run. Test your program using the owners names (both capitalized and not) as well as a different name. The discount should be correctly at this time.

2.

3.

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Lab Manual to Accompany Starting Out with Java 5: From Control Structures to Objects

Task #5 Formatting Numbers

1. 2. 3. 4. Add an import statement to use the DecimalFormat class as indicated above the class declaration. Create a DecimalFormat object that always shows 2 decimal places. Edit the appropriate lines in the main method so that any monetary output has 2 decimal places. Compile, debug, and run. Your output should be completely correct at this time, and numeric output should look like money.

Chapter 3 Lab

Selection Control Structures

27

Code Listing 3.1 (PizzaOrder.java)

/** This program allows the user to order a pizza */ import java.util.Scanner; import java.text.DecimalFormat; public class PizzaOrder { public static void main (String [] args) { //TASK #5 Create a DecimalFormat object with 2 decimal //places //Create a Scanner object to read input Scanner keyboard = new Scanner (System.in); String firstName; boolean discount = false; int inches; char crustType; String crust = "Hand-tossed"; double cost = 12.99; final double TAX_RATE = .08; double tax; char choice; String input; String toppings = "Cheese "; int numberOfToppings = 0; //users first name //flag, true if user is //eligible for discount //size of the pizza //code for type of crust //name of crust //cost of the pizza //sales tax rate //amount of tax //users choice //user input //list of toppings //number of toppings

//prompt user and get first name System.out.println("Welcome to Mike and Dianes Pizza"); System.out.print("Enter your first name: "); firstName = keyboard.nextLine(); Code Listing 3.1 continued on next page.

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Lab Manual to Accompany Starting Out with Java 5: From Control Structures to Objects //determine if user is eligible for discount by //having the same first name as one of the owners //ADD LINES HERE FOR TASK #1 //prompt user and get pizza size choice System.out.println("Pizza Size (inches) Cost"); System.out.println(" 10 $10.99); System.out.println(" 12 $12.99"); System.out.println(" 14 $14.99"); System.out.println(" 16 $16.99"); System.out.println("What size pizza would you like?"); System.out.print( "10, 12, 14, or 16 (enter the number only): "); inches = keyboard.nextInt(); //set price and size of pizza ordered //ADD LINES HERE FOR TASK #2 //consume the remaining newline character keyboard.nextLine(); //prompt user and get crust choice System.out.println("What type of crust do you want? "); System.out.print("(H)Hand-tossed, (T) Thin-crust, or " + "(D) Deep-dish (enter H, T, or D): "); input = keyboard.nextLine(); crustType = input.charAt(0); //set users crust choice on pizza ordered //ADD LINES FOR TASK #3 //prompt user and get topping choices one at a time System.out.println("All pizzas come with cheese."); System.out.println("Additional toppings are $1.25 each," + " choose from"); System.out.println("Pepperoni, Sausage, Onion, Mushroom");

Code Listing 3.1 continued on next page.

Chapter 3 Lab

Selection Control Structures

29

//if topping is desired, //add to topping list and number of toppings System.out.print("Do you want Pepperoni? (Y/N): "); input = keyboard.nextLine(); choice = input.charAt(0); if (choice == Y || choice == y) { numberOfToppings += 1; toppings = toppings + "Pepperoni "; } System.out.print("Do you want Sausage? (Y/N): "); input = keyboard.nextLine(); choice = input.charAt(0); if (choice == Y || choice == y) { numberOfToppings += 1; toppings = toppings + "Sausage "; } System.out.print("Do you want Onion? (Y/N): "); input = keyboard.nextLine(); choice = input.charAt(0); if (choice == Y || choice == y) { numberOfToppings += 1; toppings = toppings + "Onion "; } System.out.print("Do you want Mushroom? (Y/N): "); input = keyboard.nextLine(); choice = input.charAt(0); if (choice == Y || choice == y) { numberOfToppings += 1; toppings = toppings + "Mushroom "; } //add additional toppings cost to cost of pizza
Code Listing 3.1 continued on next page.

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Lab Manual to Accompany Starting Out with Java 5: From Control Structures to Objects cost = cost + (1.25*numberOfToppings); //display order confirmation System.out.println(); System.out.println("Your order is as follows: "); System.out.println(inches + " inch pizza"); System.out.println(crust + " crust"); System.out.println(toppings); //apply discount if user is eligible //ADD LINES FOR TASK #4 HERE //EDIT PROGRAM FOR TASK #5 //SO ALL MONEY OUTPUT APPEARS WITH 2 DECIMAL PLACES System.out.println("The cost of your order is: $" + cost); //calculate and display tax and total cost tax = cost * TAX_RATE; System.out.println("The tax is: $" + tax); System.out.println("The total due is: $" + (tax+cost)); System.out.println( "Your order will be ready for pickup in 30 minutes."); }

Chapter 4 Lab
Loops and Files

Objectives
Be able to convert an algorithm using control structures into Java Be able to write a while loop Be able to write an do-while loop Be able to write a for loop Be able to use the Random class to generate random numbers Be able to use file streams for I/O Be able to write a loop that reads until end of file Be able to implement an accumulator and a counter

Introduction
This is a simulation of rolling dice. Actual results approach theory only when the sample size is large. So we will need to repeat rolling the dice a large number of times (we will use 10,000). The theoretical probability of rolling doubles of a specific number is 1 out of 36 or approximately 278 out of 10,000 times that you roll the pair of dice. Since this is a simulation, the numbers will vary a little each time you run it. Check out how to use the random number generator (introduced in section 4.11 of the text) to get a number between 1 and 6 to create the simulation. We will continue to use control structures that we have already learned, while exploring control structures used for repetition. We shall also continue our work with algorithms, translating a given algorithm to java in order to complete our program. We will start with a while loop, then use the same program, changing the while loop to a do-while loop, and then a for loop. We will be introduced to file input and output. We will read a file, line by line, converting each line into a number. We will then use the numbers to calculate the mean and standard deviation. First we will learn how to use file output to get results printed to a file. Next we will use file input to read the numbers from a file and calculate the mean. Finally, we will see that when the file is closed, and then reopened, we will start reading from the top of the file again so that we can calculate the standard deviation.

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Task #1 While loop

1. Copy the file DiceSimulation.java (see code listing 4.1) from www.aw.com/cssupport or as directed by your instructor. DiceSimulation.java is incomplete. Since there is a large part of the program missing, the output will be incorrect if you run DiceSimulation.java. I have declared all the variables. You need to add code to simulate rolling the dice and keeping track of the doubles. Convert the algorithm below to Java and place it in the main method after the variable declarations, but before the output statements. You will be using several control structures: a while loop and an ifelse-if statement nested inside another if statement. Use the indenting of the algorithm to help you decide what is included in the loop, what is included in the if statement, and what is included in the nested if-else-if statement. To roll the dice, use the nextInt method of the random number generator to generate an integer from 1 to 6.

2.

3.

Repeat while the number of dice rolls are less than the number of times the dice should be rolled. Get the value of the first die by rolling the first die Get the value of the second die by rolling the second die If the value of the first die is the same as the value of the second die If value of first die is 1 Increment the number of times snake eyes were rolled Else if value of the first die is 2 Increment the number of times twos were rolled Else if value of the first die is 3 Increment the number of times threes were rolled Else if value of the first die is 4 Increment the number of times fours were rolled Else if value of the first die is 5 Increment the number of times fives were rolled Else if value of the first die is 6 Increment the number of times sixes were rolled Increment the number of times the dice were rolled 4. Compile and run. You should get numbers that are somewhat close to 278 for each of the different pairs of doubles. Run it several times. You should get different results than the first time, but again it should be somewhat close to 278.

Chapter 4 Lab

Loops and Files

33

Task #2 Using Other Types of Loops

1. 2. Change the while loop to a do-while loop. Compile and run. You should get the same results. Change the do loop to a for loop. Compile and run. You should get the same results.

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Task #3 Writing Output to a File

1. 2. Copy the files StatsDemo.java (see code listing 4.2) and Numbers.txt from www.aw.com/cssupport or as directed by your instructor. First we will write output to a file: a) Create a FileWriter object passing it the filename Results.txt (Dont forget the needed import statement). b) Create a PrintWriter object passing it the FileWriter object. c) Since you are using a FileWriter object, add a throws clause to the main method header. d) Print the mean and standard deviation to the output file using a three decimal format, labeling each. e) Close the output file. Compile, debug, and run. You will need to type in the filename Numbers.txt. You should get no output to the console, but running the program will create a file called Results.txt with your output. The output you should get at this point is: mean = 0.000, standard deviation = 0.000. This is not the correct mean or standard deviation for the data, but we will fix this in the next tasks.

3.

Chapter 4 Lab

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35

Task #4 Calculating the Mean

1. Now we need to add lines to allow us to read from the input file and calculate the mean. a) Create a FileReader object passing it the filename. b) Create a BufferedReader object passing it the FileReader object. Write a priming read to read the first line of the file. Write a loop that continues until you are at the end of the file. The body of the loop will a) convert the line into a double value and add the value to the accumulator b) increment the counter c) read a new line from the file When the program exits the loop close the input file. Calculate and store the mean. The mean is calculated by dividing the accumulator by the counter. Compile, debug, and run. You should now get a mean of 77.444, but the standard deviation will still be 0.000.

2. 3. 4.

5. 6. 7.

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Task #5 Calculating the Standard Deviation

1. We need to reconnect to the file so that we can start reading from the top again. a) Create a FileReader object passing it the filename. b) Create a BufferedReader object passing it the FileReader object. Reinitialize sum and count to 0. Write a priming read to read the first line of the file. Write a loop that continues until you are at the end of the file. The body of the loop will a) convert the line into a double value and subtract the mean, store the result in difference b) add the square of the difference to the accumulator c) increment the counter d) read a new line from the file When the program exits the loop close the input file. The variance is calculated by dividing the accumulator (sum of the squares of the difference) by the counter. Calculate the standard deviation by taking the square root of the variance (Use Math.sqrt ( ) to take the square root). Compile, debug, and run. You should get a mean of 77.444 and standard deviation of 10.021.

2. 3. 4. 5.

6. 7.

8.

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37

Code Listing 4.1 (DiceSimulation.java)

/** This class simulates rolling a pair of dice 10,000 times and counts the number of times doubles of are rolled for each different pair of doubles. */ import java.util.Random; //to use the random number //generator

public class DiceSimulation { public static void main(String[] args) { final int NUMBER = 10000; //the number of times to //roll the dice //a random number generator used in simulating //rolling a dice Random generator = new Random(); int die1Value; int die2Value; int count = 0; int snakeEyes = 0; int twos = 0; int threes = 0; int fours = 0; int fives = 0; int sixes = 0;
Code Listing 4.1 continued on next page.

// // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // //

number of spots die number of spots die number of times rolled number of times rolled number of times two is rolled number of times is rolled number of times is rolled number of times is rolled number of times rolled

on the first on the second the dice were snake eyes is double double three double four double five double six is

38

Lab Manual to Accompany Starting Out with Java 5: From Control Structures to Objects //ENTER YOUR CODE FOR THE ALGORITHM HERE System.out.println ("You rolled snake eyes " + snakeEyes + " out of " + count + " rolls."); System.out.println ("You rolled double twos " + twos + " out of " + count + " rolls."); System.out.println ("You rolled double threes " + threes + " out of " + count + " rolls."); System.out.println ("You rolled double fours " + fours + " out of " + count + " rolls."); System.out.println ("You rolled double fives " + fives + " out of " + count + " rolls."); System.out.println ("You rolled double sixes " + sixes + " out of " + count + " rolls."); }

Chapter 4 Lab

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39

Code Listing 4.2 (StatsDemo.java)

import java.text.DecimalFormat; //for number formatting import java.util.Scanner; //for keyboard input //ADD AN IMPORT STATEMENT HERE //for using files public class StatsDemo { public static void main(String [] args) { double sum = 0; int count = 0; double mean = 0; double stdDev = 0; String line; double difference; //the sum of the numbers //the number of numbers added //the average of the numbers //the standard deviation of the //numbers //a line from the file //difference between the value //and the mean

//ADD A THROWS //CLAUSE HERE

//create an object of type Decimal Format DecimalFormat threeDecimals = new DecimalFormat("0.000"); //create an object of type Scanner Scanner keyboard = new Scanner (System.in); String filename; // the user input file name //Prompt the user and read in the file name System.out.println( "This program calculates statistics" + "on a file containing a series of numbers"); System.out.print("Enter the file name: "); filename = keyboard.nextLine(); //ADD LINES FOR TASK #4 HERE //Create a FileReader object passing it the filename //Create a BufferedReader object passing it the //FileReader object. Code Listing 4.2 continued on next page.

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Lab Manual to Accompany Starting Out with Java 5: From Control Structures to Objects //priming read to read the first line of the file //create a loop that continues until you are at the //end of the file //convert the line to double value, add the value to //the sum //increment the counter //read a new line from the file //close the input file //store the calculated mean //ADD LINES FOR TASK #5 HERE //create a FileReader object passing it the filename //create a BufferedReader object passing it the //FileReader object. //reinitialize the sum of the numbers //reinitialize the number of numbers added //priming read to read the first line of the file //loop that continues until you are at the end of the //file //convert the line into a double value and subtract //the mean //add the square of the difference to the sum //increment the counter //read a new line from the file //close the input file //store the calculated standard deviation

//ADD LINES FOR TASK #3 HERE //create an object of type FileWriter using //"Results.txt" //create an object of PrintWriter passing it the //FileWriter object. //print the results to the output file //close the output file } }

Chapter 5 Lab
Methods

Objectives
Be able to write methods Be able to call methods Be able to write javadoc comments Be able to create HTML documentation for our Java class using javadoc

Introduction
Methods are commonly used to break a problem down into small manageable pieces. A large task can be broken down into smaller tasks (methods) that contain the details of how to complete that small task. The larger problem is then solved by implementing the smaller tasks (calling the methods) in the correct order. This also allows for efficiencies, since the method can be called as many times as needed without rewriting the code each time. Finally, we will use documentation comments for each method, and generate HTML documents similar to the Java APIs that we have seen.

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Lab Manual to Accompany Starting Out with Java 5: From Control Structures to Objects

Task #1 void Methods

1. Copy the file Geometry.java (code listing 5.1) from www.aw.com/cssupport or as directed by your instructor. This program will compile, but when you run it, it doesnt appear to do anything except wait. That is because it is waiting for user input, but the user doesnt have the menu to choose from yet. We will need to create this. Above the main method, but in the Geometry class, create a static method called printMenu that has no parameter list and does not return a value. It will simply print out instructions for the user with a menu of options for the user to choose from. The menu should appear to the user as: This is a geometry calculator Choose what you would like to calculate 1. Find the area of a circle 2. Find the area of a rectangle 3. Find the area of a triangle 4. Find the circumference of a circle 5. Find the perimeter of a rectangle 6. Find the perimeter of a triangle Enter the number of your choice: Add a line in the main method that calls the printMenu method as indicated by the comments. Compile, debug, and run. You should be able to choose any option, but you will always get 0 for the answer. We will fix this in the next task.

2.

3. 4.

Chapter 5 Lab Methods

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Task #2 Value-Returning Methods

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Write a static method called circleArea that takes in the radius of the circle and returns the area using the formula A = pr2. Write a static method called rectangleArea that takes in the length and width of the rectangle and returns the area using the formula A = lw. Write a static method called triangleArea that takes in the base and height of the triangle and returns the area using the formula A = 12bh. Write a static method called circleCircumference that takes in the radius of the circle and returns the circumference using the formula C = 2pr. Write a static method called rectanglePerimeter that takes in the length and the width of the rectangle and returns the perimeter of the rectangle using the formula P = 2l + 2w. Write a static method called trianglePerimeter that takes in the lengths of the three sides of the triangle and returns the perimeter of the triangle which is calculated by adding up the three sides.

6.

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Lab Manual to Accompany Starting Out with Java 5: From Control Structures to Objects

Task #3 Calling Methods

1. 2. Add lines in the main method in the GeometryDemo class which will call these methods. The comments indicate where to place the method calls. Below, write some sample data and hand calculated results for you to test all 6 menu items.

3.

Compile, debug, and run. Test out the program using your sample data.

Chapter 5 Lab Methods

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Task #4 Java Documentation

1. Write javadoc comments for each of the 7 static methods that you just wrote. They should include a) A one line summary of what the method does. a) A description of what the program requires to operate and what the result of that operation is. a) @param listing and describing each of the parameters in the parameter list (if any). a) @return describing the information that is returned to the calling statement (if any). Generate the documentation. Check the method summary and the method details to ensure your comments were put into the Java Documentation correctly.

2.

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Code Listing 5.1 (Geometry.java)

import java.util.Scanner; /** This program demonstrates static methods */ public class Geometry { public static void main (String [] args) { int choice; //the users choice double value = 0; char letter; double double double double double double double double radius; length; width; height; base; side1; side2; side3; //the value returned from the method //the Y or N from the users decision //to exit //the radius of the circle //the length of the rectangle //the width of the rectangle //the height of the triangle //the base of the triangle //the first side of the triangle //the second side of the triangle //the third side of the triangle

//create a scanner object to read from the keyboard Scanner keyboard = new Scanner (System.in); //do loop was chose to allow the menu to be displayed //first do { //call the printMenu method choice = keyboard.nextInt(); switch (choice) { Code Listing 5.1 continued on next page.

Chapter 5 Lab Methods case 1: System.out.print( "Enter the radius of the circle: "); radius = keyboard.nextDouble(); //call the circleArea method and //store the result //in the value System.out.println( "The area of the circle is " + value); break; case 2: System.out.print( "Enter the length of the rectangle: "); length = keyboard.nextDouble(); System.out.print( "Enter the width of the rectangle: "); width = keyboard.nextDouble(); //call the rectangleArea method and store //the result in the value System.out.println( "The area of the rectangle is " + value); break; case 3: System.out.print( "Enter the height of the triangle: "); height = keyboard.nextDouble(); System.out.print( "Enter the base of the triangle: "); base = keyboard.nextDouble(); //call the triangleArea method and store //the result in the value System.out.println( "The area of the triangle is " + value); break; Code Listing 5.1 continued on next page.

47

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Lab Manual to Accompany Starting Out with Java 5: From Control Structures to Objects case 4: System.out.print( "Enter the radius of the circle: "); radius = keyboard.nextDouble(); //call the circumference method and //store the result in the value System.out.println( "The circumference of the circle is " + value); break; case 5: System.out.print( "Enter the length of the rectangle: "); length = keyboard.nextDouble(); System.out.print( "Enter the width of the rectangle: "); width = keyboard.nextDouble(); //call the perimeter method and store the result //in the value System.out.println( "The perimeter of the rectangle is " + value); break; case 6: System.out.print("Enter the length of side 1 " + "of the triangle: "); side1 = keyboard.nextDouble(); System.out.print("Enter the length of side 2 " + "of the triangle: "); side2 = keyboard.nextDouble(); System.out.print("Enter the length of side 3 " + "of the triangle: "); side3 = keyboard.nextDouble(); //call the perimeter method and store the result //in the value System.out.println("The perimeter of the " + "triangle is " + value); break; default:

Code Listing 5.1 continued on next page.

Chapter 5 Lab System.out.println( "You did not enter a valid choice."); }

Methods

49

//consumes the new line character after the number keyboard.nextLine(); System.out.println("Do you want to exit the program " + "(Y/N)?: "); String answer = keyboard.nextLine(); letter = answer.charAt(0); }while (letter != Y && letter != y); } }

Chapter 6 Lab
Classes and Objects

Objectives
Be able to declare a new class Be able to write a constructor Be able to write instance methods that return a value Be able to write instance methods that take arguments Be able to instantiate an object Be able to use calls to instance methods to access and change the state of an object

Introduction
Everyone is familiar with a television. It is the object we are going to create in this lab. First we need a blueprint. All manufacturers have the same basic elements in the televisions they produce as well as many options. We are going to work with a few basic elements that are common to all televisions. Think about a television in general. It has a brand name (i.e. it is made by a specific manufacturer). The television screen has a specific size. It has some basic controls. There is a control to turn the power on and off. There is a control to change the channel. There is also a control for the volume. At any point in time, the televisions state can be described by how these controls are set. We will write the television class. Each object that is created from the television class must be able to hold information about that instance of a television in fields. So a television object will have the following attributes: manufacturer. The manufacturer attribute will hold the brand name. This cannot change once the television is created, so will be a named constant. screenSize. The screenSize attribute will hold the size of the television screen. This cannot change once the television has been created so will be a named constant. powerOn. The powerOn attribute will hold the value true if the power is on, and false if the power is off. channel. The channel attribute will hold the value of the station that the television is showing. volume. The volume attribute will hold a number value representing the loudness (0 being no sound).

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These attributes become fields in our class. The television object will also be able to control the state of its attributes. These controls become methods in our class. setChannel. The setChannel method will store the desired station in the channel field. power. The power method will toggle the power between on and off, changing the value stored in the powerOn field from true to false or from false to true. increaseVolume. The increaseVolume method will increase the value stored in the volume field by 1. decreaseVolume. The decreaseVolume method will decrease the value stored in the volume field by 1. getChannel. The getChannel method will return the value stored in the channel field. getVolume. The getVolume method will return the value stored in the volume field. getManufacturer. The getManufacturer method will return the constant value stored in the MANUFACTURER field. getScreenSize. The getScreenSize method will return the constant value stored in the SCREEN_SIZE field. We will also need a constructor method that will be used to create an instance of a Television. These ideas can be brought together to form a UML (Unified Modeling Language) diagram for this class as shown below.

Television

Class Name Attributes or fields

-MANUFACTURER: String ! -SCREEN_SIZE: int -powerOn: boolean -channel: int ! -volume: int ! +Television(brand: String, size: int): +setChannel (station: int): void +power( ): void ! +increaseVolume( ): void +decreaseVolume( ): void ! +getChannel( ): int +getVolume( ): int ! +getManufacturer( ): String +getScreenSize( ): int

Methods

+ public private Data type returned

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Task #1 Creating a New Class

1. 2. In a new file, create a class definition called Television. Put a program header (comments/documentation) at the top of the file // The purpose of this class is to model a television // Your name and todays date Declare the 2 constant fields listed in the UML diagram. Declare the 3 remaining fields listed in the UML diagram. Write a comment for each field indicating what it represents. Save this file as Television.java. Compile and debug. Do not run.

3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

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Task #2 Writing a Constructor

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Create a constructor definition that has two parameters, a manufacturers brand and a screen size. These parameters will bring in information Inside the constructor, assign the values taken in from the parameters to the corresponding fields. Initialize the powerOn field to false (power is off), the volume to 20, and the channel to 2. Write comments describing the purpose of the constructor above the method header. Compile and debug. Do not run.

Chapter 6 Lab

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55

Task #3 Methods
1. Define accessor methods called getVolume, getChannel, getManufacturer, and getScreenSize that return the value of the corresponding field. Define a mutator method called setChannel accepts a value to be stored in the channel field. Define a mutator method called power that changes the state from true to false or from false to true. This can be accomplished by using the NOT operator (!). If the boolean variable powerOn is true, then !powerOn is false and vice versa. Use the assignment statement powerOn = !powerOn; to change the state of powerOn and then store it back into powerOn (remember assignment statements evaluate the right hand side first, then assign the result to the left hand side variable. 4. Define two mutator methods to change the volume. One method should be called increaseVolume and will increase the volume by 1. The other method should be called decreaseVolume and will decrease the volume by 1. Write javadoc comments above each method header. Compile and debug. Do not run.

2. 3.

5. 6.

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Task #4 Running the application

1. You can only execute (run) a program that has a main method, so there is a driver program that is already written to test out your Television class. Copy the file TelevisionDemo.java (see code listing 3.1) from www.aw.com/cssupport or as directed by your instructor. Make sure it is in the same directory as Television.java. Compile and run TelevisionDemo and follow the prompts. If your output matches the output below, Television.java is complete and correct. You will not need to modify it further for this lab.

2. 3.

OUTPUT (boldface is user input) A 55 inch Toshiba has been turned on. What channel do you want? 56 Channel: 56 Volume: 21 Too loud!! I am lowering the volume. Channel: 56 Volume: 15

Chapter 6 Lab

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Task #5 Creating another instance of a Television

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Edit the TelevisionDemo.java file. Declare another Television object called portable. Instantiate portable to be a Sharp 19 inch television. Use a call to the power method to turn the power on. Use calls to the accessor methods to print what television was turned on. Use calls to the mutator methods to change the channel to the users preference and decrease the volume by two. Use calls to the accessor methods to print the changed state of the portable. Compile and debug this class. Run TelevisionDemo again. The output for task #5 will appear after the output from above, since we added onto the bottom of the program. The output for task #5 is shown below.

OUTPUT (boldface is user input) A 19 inch Sharp has been turned on. What channel do you want? 7 Channel: 7 Volume: 18

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Code Listing 6.1 (TelevisionDemo.java)

/** This class demonstrates the Television class*/ import java.util.Scanner; public class TelevisionDemo { public static void main(String[] args) { //create a Scanner object to read from the keyboard Scanner keyboard = new Scanner (System.in); //declare variables int station; //the users channel choice //declare and instantiate a television object Television bigScreen = new Television("Toshiba", 55); //turn the power on bigScreen.power(); //display the state of the television System.out.println("A " + bigScreen.getScreenSize() + bigScreen.getManufacturer() + " has been turned on."); //prompt the user for input and store into station System.out.print("What channel do you want? "); station = keyboard.nextInt(); //change the channel on the television bigScreen.setChannel(station); //increase the volume of the television bigScreen.increaseVolume(); //display the the current channel and volume of the //television System.out.println("Channel: " + bigScreen.getChannel() + " Volume: " + bigScreen.getVolume()); Code Listing 6.1 continued on next page.

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System.out.println( "Too loud!! I am lowering the volume."); //decrease the volume of the television bigScreen.decreaseVolume(); bigScreen.decreaseVolume(); bigScreen.decreaseVolume(); bigScreen.decreaseVolume(); bigScreen.decreaseVolume(); bigScreen.decreaseVolume(); //display the current channel and volume of the //television System.out.println("Channel: " + bigScreen.getChannel() + " Volume: " + bigScreen.getVolume()); System.out.println(); //for a blank line //HERE IS WHERE YOU DO TASK #5 } }

Chapter 7 Lab
GUI Applications

Objectives
Be able to create a closeable window Be able to create panels containing buttons Be able to use different layouts Be able to handle button events

Introduction
In this lab, we will be creating a graphical user interface (GUI) to allow the user to select a button that will change the color of the center panel and radio buttons that will change the color of the text in the center panel. We will need to use a variety of Swing components to accomplish this task. We will build two panels, a top panel containing three buttons and a bottom panel containing three radio buttons. Layouts will be used to add these panels to the window in the desired positions. A label with instructions will also be added to the window. Listeners will be employed to handle the events desired by the user. Our final GUI should look like the following

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Task #1 Creating a GUI

1. 2. 3. 4. Import the required Java libraries. Create a class called ColorFactory that inherits from JFrame. Create named constants for a width of 500 and height of 300 for the frame. Write a default constructor that does the following a) Set the title of the window to Color Factory. b) Set the size of the window using the constants. c) Specify what happens when the close button is clicked. d) Get the content pane of the JFrame and set the layout manager to border layout. e) Call the method to build the top panel (to be written as directed below). f) Add the panel to the north part of the content pane. g) Call the method to build the bottom panel (to be written as directed below). h) Add this panel to the south part of the content pane. i) Create a label that contains the message Top buttons change the panel color and bottom radio buttons change the text color. j) Add this label to the center part of the content pane.

Chapter 7 Lab

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Task #2 Writing Private Methods

1. Write a private method that builds the top panel as follows a) Create a panel that contains three buttons, red, orange, and yellow. b) Use flow layout for the panel and set the background to be white. c) The buttons should be labeled with the color name and also appear in that color. d) Set the action command of each button to be the first letter of the color name. e) Add button listener that implements action listener for each button. Create a bottom panel in the same way as the top panel above, but use radio buttons with the colors green, blue, and cyan.

2.

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Task #3 Writing Inner Classes

1. Write a private inner class called ButtonListener that implements ActionListener. It should contain an actionPerformed method to handle the button events. This event handler will handle all button events, so you must get the action command of the event and write a decision structure to determine which color to set the background of the content pane. Write another private inner class called RadioButtonListener, similar to Button listener. It will handle all radio button events, so you will need to check the source of the event and write a decision structure to determine which color should be used for the text of the message.

2.

Chapter 7 Lab

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Task #4 Running the GUI Program

1. Write a main method that declares and creates one instance of a ColorFactory, then use the setVisible method to show it on the screen.

Chapter 8 Lab
Arrays

Objectives
Be able to declare and instantiate arrays Be able to fill an array using a for loop Be able to access and process data in an array Be able to write a sorting method Be able to use an array of objects

Introduction
Everyone is familiar with a list. We make shopping lists, to-do lists, assignment lists, birthday lists, etc. Notice that though there may be many items on the list, we call the list by one name. That is the idea of the array, one name for a list of related items. In this lab, we will work with lists in the form of an array. It will start out simple with a list of numbers. We will learn how to process the contents of an array. We will also explore sorting algorithms, using the selection sort. We will then move onto more complicated arrays, arrays that contain objects.

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Task #1 Average Class

Create a class called Average according to the UML diagram. Average -data [ ] :int -mean: double +Average( ): +calculateMean( ): void +toString( ): String +selectionSort( ): void This class will allow a user to enter 5 scores into an array. It will then rearrange the data in descending order and calculate the mean for the data set. Attributes: data[]the array which will contain the scores meanthe arithmetic average of the scores Methods: Averagethe constructor. It will allocate memory for the array. Use a for loop to repeatedly display a prompt for the user which should indicate that user should enter score number 1, score number 2, etc. Note: The computer starts counting with 0, but people start counting with 1, and your prompt should account for this. For example, when the user enters score number 1, it will be stored in indexed variable 0. The constructor will then call the selectionSort and the calculateMean methods. calculateMeanthis is a method that uses a for loop to access each score in the array and add it to a running total. The total divided by the number of scores (use the length of the array), and the result is stored into mean. toStringreturns a String containing data in descending order and the mean. selectionSortthis method uses the selection sort algorithm to rearrange the data set from highest to lowest.

Chapter 8 Lab Arrays

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Task #2 Average Driver

1. Create an AverageDriver class. This class only contains the main method. The main method should declare and instantiate an Average object. The Average object information should then be printed to the console. Compile, debug, and run the program. It should output the data set from highest to lowest and the mean. Compare the computers output to your hand calculation using a calculator. If they are not the same, do not continue until you correct your code.

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Task #3 Arrays of Objects

1. Copy the files Song.java (code listing 8.1), CompactDisc.java (code listing 8.2) and Classics.txt (code listing 8.3) from www.aw.com/cssupport or as directed by your instructor. Song.java is complete and will not be edited. Classics.txt is the data file that will be used by CompactDisc.java, the file you will be editing. In CompactDisc.java, there are comments indicating where the missing code is to be placed. Declare an array of Songs, called cd, to be of size 6. Fill the array by creating a new song with the title and artist and storing it in the appropriate position in the array. Print the contents of the array to the console. Compile, debug, and run. Your output should be as follows: Contents of Classics Ode to Joy by Bach The Sleeping Beauty by Tchaikovsky Lullaby by Brahms Canon by Bach Symphony No. 5 by Beethoven The Blue Danube Waltz by Strauss

2. 3. 4. 5.

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Code Listing 8.1 (Song.java)

/*This program represents a song*/ public class Song { /**The title of the song*/ private String title; /**The artist who sings the song*/ private String artist; /**constructor @param title The title of the song @param artist The artost who sings the song*/ public Song(String title, String artist) { this.title = title; this.artist = artist; } /**toString method returns a description of the song @return a String containing the name of the song and the artist*/ public String toString() { return title + " by " + artist + "\n"; } }

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Code Listing 8.2 (CompactDisc.java)

/*This program creates a list of songs for a CD by reading from a file*/ import java.io.*; public class CompactDisc { public static void main(String [] args) throws IOException { FileReader file = new FileReader("Classics.txt"); BufferedReader input = new BufferedReader(file); String title; String artist; //Declare an array of songs, called cd, of size 6 for (int i = 0; i < cd.length; i++) { title = input.readLine(); artist = input.readLine(); // fill the array by creating a new song with // the title and artist and storing it in the // appropriate position in the array } System.out.println("Contents of Classics:"); for (int i = 0; i < cd.length; i++) { //print the contents of the array to the console } } }

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Code Listing 8.3 (Classics.txt)

Ode to Joy Bach The Sleeping Beauty Tchaikovsky Lullaby Brahms Canon Bach Symphony No. 5 Beethoven The Blue Danube Waltz Strauss

Chapter 9 Lab
More Classes and Objects

Objectives
Be able to write a copy constructor Be able to write equals and toString methods Be able to use objects made up of other objects (Aggregation) Be able to write methods that pass and return objects

Introduction
We discussed objects in Chapter 6 and we modeled a television in the Chapter 6 lab. We want build on that lab, and work more with objects. This time, the object that we are choosing is more complicated. It is made up of other objects. This is called aggregation. A credit card is an object that is very common, but not as simple as a television. Attributes of the credit card include information about the owner, as well as a balance and credit limit. These things would be our instance fields. A credit card allows you to make payments and charges. These would be methods. As we have seen before, there would also be other methods associated with this object in order to construct the object and access its fields. Examine the UML diagram that follows. Notice that the instance fields in the CreditCard class are other types of objects, a Person object or a Money object. We can say that the CreditCard has a Person, which means aggregation, and the Person object has a Address object as one of its instance fields. This aggregation structure can create a very complicated object. We will try to keep this lab reasonably simple. To start with, we will be editing a partially written class, Money. The constructor that you will be writing is a copy constructor. This means it should create a new object, but with the same values in the instance variables as the object that is being copied. Next, we will write equals and toString methods. These are very common methods that are needed when you write a class to model an object. You will also see a compareTo method that is also a common method for objects.

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After we have finished the Money class, we will write a CreditCard class. This class contains Money objects, so you will use the methods that you have written to complete the Money class. The CreditCard class will explore passing objects and the possible security problems associated with it. We will use the copy constructor we wrote for the Money class to create new objects with the same information to return to the user through the accessor methods. Credit Card
-balance:Money -creditLimit:Money -owner:Person +CreditCard(newCardHolder:Person, limit:Money): +getBalance():Money +getCreditLimit():Money +getPersonals():String +charge(amount:Money):void +payment(amount:Money):void

Money
-dollars:long -cents:long +Money(anount:double): +Money(otherObject:Money): +add(otherAmount:Money):Money +subtract(otherAmount:Money):Money +compareTo(otherObject:Money):int +equals(otherObject:Money):boolean +toString():String

Person
-lastName:String -firstName:String -home:Address +toString():String

Address
-street:String -city:String -state:String -zip:String +toString():String

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Task #1 Writing a Copy Constructor

1. Copy the files Address.java (code listing 9.1), Person.java (code listing 9.2), Money.java (code listing 9.3), MoneyDriver.java (code listing 9.4), and CreditCardDemo.java (code listing 9.5) from www.aw.com/cssupport or as directed by your instructor. Address.java, Person.java, MoneyDemo.java, and CreditCardDemo.java are complete and will not need to be modified. We will start by modifying Money.java. Overload the constructor. The constructor that you will write will be a copy constructor. It should use the parameter money object to make a duplicate money object, by copying the value of each instance variable from the parameter object to the instance variable of the new object.

2.

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Task #2 Writing equals and toString methods

1. Write and document an equals method. The method compares the instance variables of the calling object with instance variables of the parameter object for equality and returns true if the dollars and the cents of the calling object are the same as the dollars and the cents of the parameter object. Otherwise, it returns false. Write and document a toString method. This method will return a String that looks like money, including the dollar sign. Remember that if you have less than 10 cents, you will need to put a 0 before printing the cents so that it appears correctly with 2 decimal places. Compile, debug, and test by running the MoneyDriver.java driver program. You should get the output: The current amount is $500.00 Adding $10.02 gives $510.02 Subtracting $10.88 gives $499.14 $10.02 equals $10.02 $10.88 does not equal $10.02

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Task #3 Passing and Returning Objects

1. Create a CreditCard class according to the UML Diagram on the back. It should have data fields that include an owner of type Person, a balance of type Money, and a creditLimit of type Money. It should have a constructor that has two parameters, a Person to initialize the owner and a Money value to initialize the creditLimit. The balance can be initialized to a Money value of zero. Remember you are passing in objects (pass by reference), so you have passed in the address to an object. If you want your CreditCard to have its own creditLimit and balance, you should create a new object of each using the copy constructor in the Money class. It should have accessor methods to get the balance and the available credit. Since these are objects (pass by reference), we dont want to create an insecure credit card by passing out addresses to components in our credit card, so we must return a new object with the same values. Again, use the copy constructor to create a new object of type money that can be returned. It should have an accessor method to get the information about the owner, but in the form of a String that can be printed out. This can be done by calling the toString method for the owner (who is a Person). It should have a method that will charge to the credit card by adding the amount of Money in the parameter to the balance if it will not exceed the credit limit. If the credit limit will be exceeded, the amount should not be added, and an error message can be printed to the console. It should have a method that will make a payment on the credit card by subtracting the amount of Money in the parameter from the balance. Compile, debug, and test it out completely by running CreditCardDemo.java. You should get the output: Diane Christie, 237J Harvey Hall, Menomonie, WI 54751 Balance: $0.00 Credit Limit: $1000.00 Attempt to charge $200.00 Charge: $200.00 Balance: $200.00 Attempt to charge $10.02 Charge: $10.02 Balance: $210.02 Attempt to pay $25.00 Payment: $25.00 Balance: $185.02 Attempt to charge $990.00 Exceeds credit limit Balance: $185.02

2.

3.

4.

5.

6. 7.

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Code Listing 9.1 (Address.java)

/**Defines an address using a street, city, state, and zipcode*/ public class Address { /**The street number and street name*/ private String street; /**The city in which the address is located*/ private String city; /**The state in which the address is located*/ private String state; /**The zip code associated with that city and street*/ private String zip; /**Constructor creates an address using four parameters @param road describes the street number and name @param town describes the city @param st describes the state @param zipCode describes the zip code*/ public Address(String road, String town, String st, String zipCode) { street = road; city = town; state = st; zip = zipCode; } /**toString method returns information about the address @return all imformation about the address*/ public String toString() { return (street + ", " + city + ", " + state + " " + zip); } }

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Code Listing 9.2 (Person.java)

/**Defines a person by name and address*/ public class Person { /**The persons last name*/ private String lastName; /**The persons first name*/ private String firstName; /**The persons address*/ private Address home; /**Constructor creates a person from a last name, first name, and address @param last the persons last name @param first the persons first name @param residence the persons address*/ public Person(String last, String first, Address residence) { lastName = last; firstName = first; home = residence; } /**toString method returns information about the person @return information about the person*/ public String toString() { return(firstName + " " + lastName + ", " + home.toString()); } }

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Code Listing 9.3 (Money.java)

/**Objects represent nonnegative amounts of money*/ public class Money { /**A number of dollars*/ private long dollars; /**A number of cents*/ private long cents; /**Constructor creates a Money object using the amount of money in dollars and cents represented with a decimal number @param amount the amount of money in the conventional decimal format*/ public Money(double amount) { if (amount < 0) { System.out.println("Error: Negative amounts " + "of money are not allowed."); System.exit(0); } else { long allCents = Math.round(amount*100); dollars = allCents/100; cents = allCents%100; } } /**Adds the calling Money object to the parameter Money object. @param otherAmount the amount of money to add @return the sum of the calling Money object and the parameter Money object*/ public Money add(Money otherAmount) { Code Listing 9.3 continued on next page.

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Money sum = new Money(0); sum.cents = this.cents + otherAmount.cents; long carryDollars = sum.cents/100; sum.cents = sum.cents%100; sum.dollars = this.dollars + otherAmount.dollars + carryDollars; return sum; } /**Subtracts the parameter Money object from the calling Money object and returns the difference. @param amount the amount of money to subtract @return the difference between the calling Money object and the parameter Money object*/ public Money subtract (Money amount) { Money difference = new Money(0); if (this.cents < amount.cents) { this.dollars = this.dollars - 1; this.cents = this.cents + 100; } difference.dollars = this.dollars - amount.dollars; difference.cents = this.cents - amount.cents; return difference; } /**Compares instance variable of the calling object with the parameter object. It returns -1 if the dollars and the cents of the calling object are less than the dollars and the cents of the parameter object, 0 if the dollars and the cents of the calling object are equal to the dollars and cents of the parameter object, and 1 if the dollars and the cents of the calling object are more than the dollars and the cents of the parameter object. @param amount the amount of money to compare against @return -1 if the dollars and the cents of the calling Code Listing 9.3 continued on next page.

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Code Listing 9.4 (MoneyDriver.java)

/**This program tests the money class.*/ public class MoneyDriver { //This is a driver for testing the class public static void main(String[] args) { final int BEGINNING = 500; final Money FIRST_AMOUNT = new Money(10.02); final Money SECOND_AMOUNT = new Money(10.02); final Money THIRD_AMOUNT = new Money(10.88); Money balance = new Money(BEGINNING); System.out.println("The current amount is " + balance.toString()); balance = balance.add(SECOND_AMOUNT); System.out.println("Adding " + SECOND_AMOUNT + " gives " + balance.toString()); balance = balance.subtract(THIRD_AMOUNT); System.out.println("Subtracting " + THIRD_AMOUNT + " gives " + balance.toString()); boolean equal = SECOND_AMOUNT.equals(FIRST_AMOUNT); if(equal) System.out.println(SECOND_AMOUNT + " equals " + FIRST_AMOUNT); else System.out.println(SECOND_AMOUNT + " does not equal " + FIRST_AMOUNT); equal = THIRD_AMOUNT.equals(FIRST_AMOUNT); if(equal) System.out.println(THIRD_AMOUNT + " equals " + FIRST_AMOUNT); else System.out.println(THIRD_AMOUNT + " does not equal " + FIRST_AMOUNT); } }

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Code Listing 9.5 (CreditCardDemo.java)

/**Demonstrates the CreditCard class*/ public class CreditCardDemo { public static void main(String[] args) { final Money LIMIT = new Money(1000); final Money FIRST_AMOUNT = new Money(200); final Money SECOND_AMOUNT = new Money(10.02); final Money THIRD_AMOUNT = new Money(25); final Money FOURTH_AMOUNT = new Money(990); Person owner = new Person("Christie", "Diane", new Address("237J Harvey Hall", "Menomonie", "WI", "54751")); CreditCard visa = new CreditCard(owner, LIMIT); System.out.println(visa.getPersonals()); System.out.println("Balance: " + visa.getBalance()); System.out.println("Credit Limit: " + visa.getCreditLimit()); System.out.println(); System.out.println("Attempt to charge " + FIRST_AMOUNT); visa.charge(FIRST_AMOUNT); System.out.println("Balance: " + visa.getBalance()); System.out.println("Attempt to charge " + SECOND_AMOUNT); visa.charge(SECOND_AMOUNT); System.out.println("Balance: " + visa.getBalance()); System.out.println("Attempt to pay " + THIRD_AMOUNT); visa.payment(THIRD_AMOUNT); System.out.println("Balance: " + visa.getBalance()); System.out.println("Attempt to charge " + FOURTH_AMOUNT); visa.charge(FOURTH_AMOUNT); System.out.println("Balance: " + visa.getBalance()); } }

Chapter 10 Lab
Text Processing and Wrapper Classes

Objectives
Use methods of the Character class and String class to process text Be able to use the StringTokenizer and StringBuffer classes

Introduction
In this lab we ask the user to enter a time in military time (24 hours). The program will convert and display the equivalent conventional time (12 hour with AM or PM) for each entry if it is a valid military time. An error message will be printed to the console if the entry is not a valid military time. Think about how you would convert any military time 00:00 to 23:59 into conventional time. Also think about what would be valid military times. To be a valid time, the data must have a specific form. First, it should have exactly 5 characters. Next, only digits are allowed in the first two and last two positions, and that a colon is always used in the middle position. Next, we need to ensure that we never have over 23 hours or 59 minutes. This will require us to separate the substrings containing the hours and minutes. When converting from military time to conventional time, we only have to worry about times that have hours greater than 12, and we do not need to do anything with the minutes at all. To convert, we will need to subtract 12, and put it back together with the colon and the minutes, and indicate that it is PM. Keep in mind that 00:00 in military time is 12:00 AM (midnight) and 12:00 in military time is 12:00 PM (noon). We will need to use a variety of Character class and String class methods to validate the data and separate it in order to process it. We will also use a Character class method to allow the user to continue the program if desired. The String Tokenizer class will allow us to process a text file in order to decode a secret message. We will use the first letter of every 5th token read in from a file to reveal the secret message.

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Task #1 Character and String Class Methods

1. 2. Copy the files Time.java (code listing 10.1) and TimeDemo.java (code listing 10.2) from www.aw.com/cssupport or as directed by your instructor. In the Time.java file, add conditions to the decision structure which validates the data. Conditions are needed that will a) Check the length of the string b) Check the position of the colon c) Check that all other characters are digits Add lines that will separate the string into two substrings containing hours and minutes. Convert these substrings to integers and save them into the instance variables. In the TimeDemo class, add a condition to the loop that converts the users answer to a capital letter prior to checking it. Compile, debug, and run. Test out your program using the following valid input: 00:00, 12:00, 04:05, 10:15, 23:59, 00:35, and the following invalid input: 7:56, 15:78, 08:60, 24:00, 3e:33, 1:111.

3.

4. 5.

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Task #2 StringTokenizer and StringBuffer classes

1. Copy the file secret.txt (code listing 10.3) from www.aw.com/cssupport or as directed by your instructor. This file is only one line long. It contains 2 sentences. Write a main method that will read the file secret.txt, separate it into word tokens. You should process the tokens by taking the first letter of every fifth word, starting with the first word in the file. These letters should converted to capitals, then be appended to a StringBuffer object to form a word which will be printed to the console to display the secret message.

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Code Listing 10.1 (Time.java)

/**Represents time in hours and minutes using the customary conventions*/ public class Time { /**hours in conventional time*/ private int hours; /**minutes in conventional time*/ private int minutes; /**true if afternoon time, false if morning time*/ private boolean afternoon; /**Constructs a cutomary time (12 hours, am or pm) from a military time ##:## @param militaryTime in the military format ##:##*/ public Time(String militaryTime) { //Check to make sure something was entered if (militaryTime == null) { System.out.println( "You must enter a valid military time." ); } //Check to make sure there are 5 characters else if (//CONDITION TO CHECK LENGTH OF STRING) { System.out.println(militaryTime + " is not a valid military time." ); } else { //Check to make sure the colon is in //the correct spot if (//CONDITION TO CHECK COLON POSITION) { System.out.println(militaryTime + " is not a valid military time." ); } Code Listing 10.1 continued on next page

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//Check to make sure all other characters are //digits else if (//CONDITION TO CHECK FOR DIGIT) { System.out.println(militaryTime + " is not a valid military time." ); } else if (//CONDITION TO CHECK FOR DIGIT) { System.out.println(militaryTime + " is not a valid military time." ); } else if (//CONDITION TO CHECK FOR DIGIT) { System.out.println(militaryTime + " is not a valid military time." ); } else if (//CONDITION TO CHECK FOR DIGIT) { System.out.println(militaryTime + " is not a valid military time." ); } else { //SEPARATE THE STRING INTO THE HOURS //AND THE MINUTES, CONVERTING THEM TO //INTEGERS AND STORING INTO THE //INSTANCE VARIABLES //validate hours and minutes are valid //values if(hours > 23) { System.out.println(militaryTime + " is not a valid military" + " time." ); } Code Listing 10.1 continued on next page

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Lab Manual to Accompany Starting Out with Java 5: From Control Structures to Objects else if(minutes > 59) { System.out.println(militaryTime + " is not a valid military" + " time." ); } //convert military time to conventional //time for afternoon times else if (hours > 12) { hours = hours - 12; afternoon = true; System.out.println(this.toString()); } //account for midnight else if (hours == 0) { hours = 12; System.out.println(this.toString()); } //account for noon else if (hours == 12) { afternoon = true; System.out.println(this.toString()); } //morning times dont need converting else { System.out.println(this.toString()); } } } }

Code Listing 10.1 continued on next page

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/**toString method returns a conventional time @return a conventional time with am or pm*/ public String toString() { String am_pm; String zero = ""; if (afternoon) am_pm = "PM"; else am_pm = "AM"; if (minutes < 10) zero = "0"; return hours + ":" + zero + minutes + " " + am_pm; } }

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Code Listing 10.2 (TimedDemo.java)

public class TimeDemo { public static void main (String [ ] args) { Scanner keyboard = new Scanner(System.in); char answer = Y; String enteredTime; String response; while (//CHECK ANSWER AFTER CONVERTING TO CAPITAL) { System.out.print("Enter a miitary time using" + " the ##:## form "); enteredTime = keyboard.nextLine(); Time now = new Time (enteredTime); System.out.println( "Do you want to enter another (Y/N)? "); response = keyboard.nextLine(); answer = response.charAt(0); } } }

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Code Listing 10.3 (secret.txt)

January is the first month and December is the last. purple color as are lilac and plum. Violet is a

Chapter 11 Lab
Inheritance

Objectives
Be able to derive a class from an existing class Be able to define a class hierarchy in which methods are overridden and fields are hidden Be able to use derived-class objects Implement a copy constructor

Introduction
In this lab, you will be creating new classes that are derived from a class called BankAccount. A checking account is a bank account and a savings account is a bank account as well. This sets up a relationship called inheritance, where BankAccount is the superclass and CheckingAccount and SavingsAccount are subclasses. This relationship allows CheckingAccount to inherit attributes from BankAccount (like owner, balance, and accountNumber, but it can have new attributes that are specific to a checking account, like a fee for clearing a check. It also allows CheckingAccount to inherit methods from BankAccount, like deposit, that are universal for all bank accounts. You will write a withdraw method in CheckingAccount that overrides the withdraw method in BankAccount, in order to do something slightly different than the original withdraw method. You will use an instance variable called accountNumber in SavingsAccount to hide the accountNumber variable inherited from BankAccount.

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The UML diagram for the inheritance relationship is as follows:

BankAccount
-balance:double -owner:String -accountNumber:String #numberOfAccounts:int +BankAccount(): +BankAccount(name:String,amount:double): +BankAccount(oldAccount:BankAccount,amount:double): +deposit(amount:double):void +withdraw(amount:double):boolean +getBalance():double +getOwner():String +getAccountNumber():String +setBalance(amount:double):void +setAccountNumber(newAccountNumber:String):void

CheckingAccount
-FEE:double +CheckingAccount(name:String, amont:double): +withdraw (amount:double):boolean

SavingsAccount
-rate:double -savingsNumber:int -accountNumber:String +SavingsAccount(name:String,amount:double): +SavingsAccount(oldAccount:SavingsAccount, amont:double): +postInterest():void +getAccountNumber():String

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Task #1 Extending BankAccount

1. Copy the files AccountDriver.java (code listing 11.1) and BankAccount.java (code listing 11.2) from www.aw.com/cssupport or as directed by your instructor. BankAccount.java is complete and will not need to be modified. Create a new class called CheckingAccount that extends BankAccount. It should contain a static constant FEE that represents the cost of clearing one check. Set it equal to 15 cents. Write a constructor that takes a name and an initial amount as parameters. It should call the constructor for the superclass. It should initialize accountNumber to be the current value in accountNumber concatenated with 10 (All checking accounts at this bank are identified by the extension 10). There can be only one checking account for each account number. Remember since accountNumber is a private member in BankAccount, it must be changed through a mutator method. Write a new instance method, withdraw, that overrides the withdraw method in the superclass. This method should take the amount to withdraw, add to it the fee for check clearing, and call the withdraw method from the superclass. Remember that to override the method, it must have the same method heading. Notice that the withdraw method from the superclass returns true or false depending if it was able to complete the withdrawal or not. The method that overrides it must also return the same true or false that was returned from the call to the withdraw method from the superclass. Compile and debug this class.

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Task #2 Creating a Second Subclass

1. 2. 3. Create a new class called SavingsAccount that extends BankAccount. It should contain an instance variable called rate that represents the annual interest rate. Set it equal to 2.5%. It should also have an instance variable called savingsNumber, initialized to 0. In this bank, you have one account number, but can have several savings accounts with that same number. Each individual savings account is identified by the number following a dash. For example, 100001-0 is the first savings account you open, 100001-1 would be another savings account that is still part of your same account. This is so that you can keep some funds separate from the others, like a Christmas club account. An instance variable called accountNumber that will hide the accountNumber from the superclass, should also be in this class. Write a constructor that takes a name and an initial balance as parameters and calls the constructor for the superclass. It should initialize accountNumber to be the current value in the superclass accountNumber (the hidden instance variable) concatenated with a hyphen and then the savingsNumber. Write a method called postInterest that has no parameters and returns no value. This method will calculate one months worth of interest on the balance and deposit it into the account. Write a method that overrides the getAccountNumber method in the superclass. Write a copy constructor that creates another savings account for the same person. It should take the original savings account and an initial balance as parameters. It should call the copy constructor of the superclass, assign the savingsNumber to be one more than the savingsNumber of the original savings account. It should assign the accountNumber to be the accountNumber of the superclass concatenated with the hypen and the savingsNumber of the new account. Compile and debug this class. Use the AccountDriver class to test out your classes. If you named and created your classes and methods correctly, it should not have any difficulties. If you have errors, do not edit the AccountDriver class. You must make your classes work with this program. Running the program should give the following output: Account Number 100001-10 belonging to Benjamin Franklin Initial balance = $1000.00 After deposit of $500.00, balance = $1500.00 After withdrawal of $1000.00, balance = $499.85

4. 5.

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Account Number 100002-0 belonging to William Shakespeare Initial balance = $400.00 After deposit of $500.00, balance = $900.00 Insuffient funds to withdraw $1000.00, balance = $900.00 After monthly interest has been posted, balance = $901.88 Account Number 100002-1 belonging to William Shakespeare Initial balance = $5.00 After deposit of $500.00, balance = $505.00 Insuffient funds to withdraw $1000.00, balance = $505.00 Account Number 100003-10 belonging to Isaac Newton

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Code Listing 11.1 (AccountDriver.java)

import java.text.*; // to use Decimal Format /**Demonstrates the BankAccount and derived classes*/ public class AccountDriver { public static void main(String[] args) { double put_in = 500; double take_out = 1000; DecimalFormat myFormat; String money; String money_in; String money_out; boolean completed; // to get 2 decimals every time myFormat = new DecimalFormat("#.00"); //to test the Checking Account class CheckingAccount myCheckingAccount = new CheckingAccount ("Ben Franklin", 1000); System.out.println ("Account Number " + myCheckingAccount.getAccountNumber() + " belonging to " + myCheckingAccount.getOwner()); money = myFormat.format( myCheckingAccount.getBalance()); System.out.println ("Initial balance = $" + money); myCheckingAccount.deposit (put_in); money_in = myFormat.format(put_in); money = myFormat.format( myCheckingAccount.getBalance()); System.out.println ("After deposit of $" + money_in + ", balance = $" + money); completed = myCheckingAccount.withdraw(take_out); money_out = myFormat.format(take_out); Code Listing 11.1 continued on next page.

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= myFormat.format( myCheckingAccount.getBalance()); if (completed) { System.out.println ("After withdrawal of $" + money_out + ", balance = $" + money); } else { System.out.println ("Insuffient funds to " + " withdraw $" + money_out + ", balance = $" + money); } System.out.println(); //to test the savings account class SavingsAccount yourAccount = new SavingsAccount ("William Shakespeare", 400); System.out.println ("Account Number " + yourAccount.getAccountNumber() + " belonging to " + yourAccount.getOwner()); money = myFormat.format(yourAccount.getBalance()); System.out.println ("Initial balance = $" + money); yourAccount.deposit (put_in); money_in = myFormat.format(put_in); money = myFormat.format(yourAccount.getBalance()); System.out.println ("After deposit of $" + money_in + ", balance = $" + money); completed = yourAccount.withdraw(take_out); money_out = myFormat.format(take_out); money = myFormat.format(yourAccount.getBalance()); if (completed) { System.out.println ("After withdrawal of $" + money_out + ", balance = $" + money); } else { Code Listing 11.1 continued on next page

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Lab Manual to Accompany Starting Out with Java 5: From Control Structures to Objects System.out.println ("Insuffient funds to " + "withdraw $" + money_out + ", balance = $" + money); } yourAccount.postInterest(); money = myFormat.format(yourAccount.getBalance()); System.out.println ("After monthly interest " + "has been posted," + "balance = $" + money); System.out.println();

// to test the copy constructor of the savings account //class SavingsAccount secondAccount = new SavingsAccount (yourAccount,5); System.out.println ("Account Number " + secondAccount.getAccountNumber()+ " belonging to " + secondAccount.getOwner()); money = myFormat.format(secondAccount.getBalance()); System.out.println ("Initial balance = $" + money); secondAccount.deposit (put_in); money_in = myFormat.format(put_in); money = myFormat.format(secondAccount.getBalance()); System.out.println ("After deposit of $" + money_in + ", balance = $" + money); secondAccount.withdraw(take_out); money_out = myFormat.format(take_out); money = myFormat.format(secondAccount.getBalance()); if (completed) { System.out.println ("After withdrawal of $" + money_out + ", balance = $" + money); } else { Code Listing 11.1 continued on next page

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System.out.println ("Insuffient funds to " + "withdraw $" + money_out + ", balance = $" + money); } System.out.println(); //to test to make sure new accounts are numbered //correctly CheckingAccount yourCheckingAccount = new CheckingAccount ("Isaac Newton", 5000); System.out.println ("Account Number " + yourCheckingAccount.getAccountNumber() + " belonging to " + yourCheckingAccount.getOwner()); } }

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Code Listing 11.2 (BankAccount.java)

/**Defines any type of bank account*/ public abstract class BankAccount { /**class variable so that each account has a unique number*/ protected static int numberOfAccounts = 100001; /**current balance in the account*/ private double balance; /** name on the account*/ private String owner; /** number bank uses to identify account*/ private String accountNumber; /**default constructor*/ public BankAccount() { balance = 0; accountNumber = numberOfAccounts + ""; numberOfAccounts++; } /**standard constructor @param name the owner of the account @param amount the beginning balance*/ public BankAccount(String name, double amount) { owner = name; balance = amount; accountNumber = numberOfAccounts + ""; numberOfAccounts++; } /**copy constructor creates another account for the same owner @param oldAccount the account with information to copy Code Listing 11.2 continued on next page.

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@param the beginning balance of the new account*/ public BankAccount(BankAccount oldAccount, double amount) { owner = oldAccount.owner; balance = amount; accountNumber = oldAccount.accountNumber; } /**allows you to add money to the account @param amount the amount to deposit in the account*/ public void deposit(double amount) { balance = balance + amount; } /**allows you to remove money from the account if enough money is available,returns true if the transaction was completed, returns false if the there was not enough money. @param amount the amount to withdraw from the account @return true if there was sufficient funds to complete the transaction, false otherwise*/ public boolean withdraw(double amount) { boolean completed = true; if (amount <= balance) { balance = balance - amount; } else { completed = false; } return completed; } Code Listing 11.2 continued on next page

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Lab Manual to Accompany Starting Out with Java 5: From Control Structures to Objects /**accessor method to balance @return the balance of the account*/ public double getBalance() { return balance; } /**accessor method to owner @return the owner of the account*/ public String getOwner() { return owner; } /**accessor method to account number @return the account number*/ public String getAccountNumber() { return accountNumber; } /**mutator method to change the balance @param newBalance the new balance for the account*/ public void setBalance(double newBalance) { balance = newBalance; } /**mutator method to change the account number @param newAccountNumber the new account number*/ public void setAccountNumber(String newAccountNumber) { accountNumber = newAccountNumber; }

Chapter 12 Lab
Exceptions and I/O Streams

Objectives
Be able to write code that handles an exception Be able to write code that throws an exception Be able to write a custom exception class

Introduction
This program will ask the user for a persons name and social security number. The program will then check to see if the social security number is valid. An exception will be thrown if an invalid SSN is entered. You will be creating your own exception class in this program. You will also create a driver program that will use the exception class. Within the driver program, you will include a static method that throws the exception. Note: Since you are creating all the classes for this lab, there are no files on www.aw.com/cssupport.

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Task #1 Writing a Custom Exception Class

1. Create an exception class called SocSecException. The UML for this class is below. SocSecException +SocSecException(String error): The constructor will call the superclass constructor. It will set the message associated with the exception to Invalid social security number concatenated with the error string. 2. Create a driver program called SocSecProcessor.java. This program will have a main method and a static method called isValid that will check if the social security number is valid. SocSecProcessor +main(args:String[ ]):void +isValid(ssn:String):boolean

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Task #2 Writing Code to Handle an Exception

1. In the main method: a) The main method should read a name and social security number from the user as Strings. b) The main method should contain a try-catch statement. This statement tries to check if the social security number is valid by using the method isValid. If the social security number is valid, it prints the name and social security number. If a SocSecException is thrown, it should catch it and print out the name, social security number entered, and an associated error message indicating why the social security number is invalid. c) A loop should be used to allow the user to continue until the user indicates that they do not want to continue. The static isValid method: a) This method throws a SocSecException. b) True is returned if the social security number is valid, false otherwise. c) The method checks for the following errors and throws a SocSecException with the appropriate message. i) Number of characters not equal to 11. (Just check the length of the string) ii) Dashes in the wrong spots. iii) Any non-digits in the SSN. iv) Hint: Use a loop to step through each character of the string, checking for a digit or hyphen in the appropriate spots. Compile, debug, and run your program. Sample output is shown below with user input in bold. OUTPUT (boldface is user input)
Name? Sam Sly SSN? 333-00-999 Invalid the social security number, wrong number of characters Continue? y Name? George Washington SSN? 123-45-6789 George Washington 123-45-6789 is valid Continue? y Name? Dudley Doright SSN? 222-00-999o Invalid the social security number, contains a character that is not a digit Continue? y

2.

3.

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Lab Manual to Accompany Starting Out with Java 5: From Control Structures to Objects Name? Jane Doe SSN? 333-333-333 Invalid the social security number, dashes at wrong positions Continue? n

Chapter 13 Lab
Advanced GUI Applications

Objectives
Be able to add a menu to the menu bar Be able to use nested menus Be able to add scroll bars, giving the user the option of when they will be seen. Be able to change the look and feel, giving the user the option of which look and feel to use

Introduction
In this lab we will be creating a simple note taking interface. It is currently a working program, but we will be adding features to it. The current program displays a window which has one item on the menu bar, Notes, which allows the user 6 choices. These choices allow the user to store and retrieve up to 2 different notes. It also allows the user to clear the text area or exit the program. We would like to add features to this program which allows the user to change how the user interface appears. We will be adding another choice on the menu bar called Views, giving the user choices about scroll bars and the look and feel of the GUI.

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Task #1 Creating a Menu with Submenus

1. 2. Copy the file NoteTaker.java (code listing 13.1) from www.aw.com/cssuport or as directed by your instructor. Compile and run the program. Observe the horizontal menu bar at the top which has only one menu choice, Notes. We will be adding an item to this menu bar called Views that has two submenus. One named Look and Feel and one named Scroll Bars. The submenu named Look and Feel lets the user change the look and feels: Metal, Motif, and Windows. The submenu named Scroll Bars offers the user three choices: Never, Always, and As Needed. When the user makes a choice, the scroll bars are displayed according to the choice. We want to logically break down the problem and make our program easier to read and understand. We will write separate methods to create each of the vertical menus. The three methods that we will be writing are createViews(), createScrollBars(), and createLookAndFeel(). The method headings with empty bodies are provided. Lets start with the createLookAndFeel() method. This will create the first submenu shown in figure 1. There are three items on this menu, Metal, Motif, and Windows. We will create this menu by doing the following: a) Create a new JMenu with the name Look and Feel. b) Create a new JMenuItem with the name Metal. c) Add an action listener to the menu item (see the createNotes() method to see how this is done). d) Add the menu item to the menu. e) Repeat steps b through d for each of the other two menu items. Similarly, write the createScrollBars() method to create a JMenu that has three menu items, Never, Always, and As Needed. See figure 2. Now that we have our submenus, these menus will become menu items for the Views menu. The createViews() method will make the vertical menu shown cascading from the menu choice Views as shown in figure. We will do this as follows a) Create a new JMenu with the name Views. b) Call the createLookAndFeel() method to create the Look and Feel submenu. c) Add an action listener to the Look and Feel menu. d) Add the look and feel menu to the Views menu. e) Repeat steps b through d for the Scroll Bars menu item, this time calling the createScrollBars() method. Finish creating your menu system by adding the Views menu to the menu bar in the constructor.

3.

4.

5. 6.

7.

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Task #2 Adding Scroll Bars and Editing the Action Listener

1. Add scroll bars to the text area by completing the following steps in the constructor a) Create a JScrollPane object called scrolledText, passing in theText. b) Change the line that adds to the textPanel, by passing in scrolledText (which now has theText.) Edit the action listener by adding 6 more branches to the else-if logic. Each branch will compare the actionCommand to the 6 submenu items: Metal, Motif, Window, Never, Always, and As Needed. a) Each Look and Feel submenu item will use a try-catch statement to set the look and feel to the appropriate one, displaying an error message if this was not accomplished. b) Each Scroll Bars submenu item will set the horizontal and vertical scroll bar policy to the appropriate values. c) Any components that have already been created need to be updated. This can be accomplished by calling the SwingUtilities.updateComponentTreeUI method, passing a reference to the component that you want to update as an argument. Specifically you will need to add the line SwingUtilities.updateComponentTreeUIgetContentPane()); to each branch that you just added to the logic structure. Figure 1

2.

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Figure 2

Figure 3

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Code Listing 13.1 (NoteTaker.java)

import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; public class NoteTaker { //constants for set public static final public static final public static final public static final extends JFrame up of note taking area int WIDTH = 600; int HEIGHT = 300; int LINES = 13; int CHAR_PER_LINE = 45;

//objects in GUI private JTextArea theText; //area to take notes private JMenuBar mBar; //horizontal menu bar private JPanel textPanel; //panel to hold scrolling text area private JMenu notesMenu; //vertical menu with choices for notes //****THESE ITEMS ARE NOT YET USED. //****YOU WILL BE CREATING THEM IN THIS LAB private JMenu viewMenu; //vertical menu with choices for views private JMenu lafMenu; //vertical menu with look and feel private JMenu sbMenu; //vertical menu with scroll bar option private JScrollPane scrolledText;//scroll bars //default notes private String note1 = "No Note 1."; private String note2 = "No Note 2."; /**constructor*/ public NoteTaker() { //create a closeable JFrame with a specific size super("Note Taker"); setSize(WIDTH, HEIGHT); setDefaultCloseOperation (JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE); Code Listing 13.1 continued on next page.

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Lab Manual to Accompany Starting Out with Java 5: From Control Structures to Objects //get contentPane and set layout of the window Container contentPane = getContentPane(); contentPane.setLayout(new BorderLayout()); //creates the vertical menus createNotes(); createViews(); //creates horizontal menu bar and //adds vertical menus to it mBar = new JMenuBar(); mBar.add(notesMenu); //****ADD THE viewMenu TO THE MENU BAR HERE setJMenuBar(mBar); //creates a panel to take notes on textPanel = new JPanel(); textPanel.setBackground(Color.blue); theText = new JTextArea(LINES, CHAR_PER_LINE); theText.setBackground(Color.white); //****CREATE A JScrollPane OBJECT HERE CALLED scrolledText //****AND PASS IN theText, THEN //****CHANGE THE LINE BELOW BY PASSING IN scrolledText textPanel.add(theText); contentPane.add(textPanel, BorderLayout.CENTER); } /**creates vertical menu associated with Notes menu item on menu bar*/ public void createNotes() { notesMenu = new JMenu("Notes"); JMenuItem item; item = new JMenuItem("Save Note 1"); item.addActionListener(new MenuListener()); notesMenu.add(item);

Code Listing 13.1 continued on next page.

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item = new JMenuItem("Save Note 2"); item.addActionListener(new MenuListener()); notesMenu.add(item); item = new JMenuItem("Open Note 1"); item.addActionListener(new MenuListener()); notesMenu.add(item); item = new JMenuItem("Open Note 2"); item.addActionListener(new MenuListener()); notesMenu.add(item); item = new JMenuItem("Clear"); item.addActionListener(new MenuListener()); notesMenu.add(item); item = new JMenuItem("Exit"); item.addActionListener(new MenuListener()); notesMenu.add(item); } /**creates vertical menu associated with Views menu item on the menu bar*/ public void createViews() { } /**creates the look and feel submenu*/ public void createLookAndFeel() { } /**creates the scroll bars submenu*/ public void createScrollBars() {
Code Listing 13.1 continued on next page.

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private class MenuListener implements ActionListener { public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { String actionCommand = e.getActionCommand(); if (actionCommand.equals("Save Note 1")) note1 = theText.getText(); else if (actionCommand.equals("Save Note 2")) note2 = theText.getText(); else if (actionCommand.equals("Clear")) theText.setText(""); else if (actionCommand.equals("Open Note 1")) theText.setText(note1); else if (actionCommand.equals("Open Note 2")) theText.setText(note2); else if (actionCommand.equals("Exit")) System.exit(0); //****ADD 6 BRANCHES TO THE ELSE-IF STRUCTURE //****TO ALLOW ACTION TO BE PERFORMED FOR EACH //****MENU ITEM YOU HAVE CREATED else theText.setText("Error in memo interface"); } } public static void main(String[] args) { NoteTaker gui = new NoteTaker(); gui.setVisible(true); } }

Chapter 14 Lab
Applets and More

Objectives
Be able to write an applet Be able to draw rectangles, circles, and arcs Be able to override the paint method Be able to use a timer

Introduction
In this lab we will create an applet that changes the light on a traffic signal. The applet that you create will draw the outside rectangle of a traffic signal and fill it in with yellow. Then it will draw three circles in one column, to resemble the red, orange, and green lights on the traffic signal. Only one circle at a time will be filled in. It will start will green and cycle through the orange, red, and back to green to start the cycle again. However, unlike a traffic signal, each light will remain on for the same amount of time. To accomplish this cycle, we will use a timer object. When you have finished your applet should appear as shown in figure 1, but with the filled in circle cycling up from green to orange to red and starting over in a continuous changing of the traffic light.

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Task #1 Create an Applet

1. 2. Copy the file TrafficApplet.java (see code listing 14.1) from www.aw.com/cssupport or as directed by your instructor. This class currently has all the constants you will need to be able to youre your traffic signal. It doesnt have anything else. You will need to change the class heading so that it extends JApplet.

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Task #2 The Timer

1. An applet does not have a constructor or a main method. Instead, it has a method named init that performs the same operations as a constructor. The init method accepts no arguments and has a void return type. Write an init method. Inside the init method, create a timer object passing in the TIME_DELAY constant and a new TimerListener (We will be creating the listener class next). Call the start method with the timer object to generate action events.

2. 3.

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Task #3 The TimerListener Class

1. 2. Write a private inner class called TimerListener which implements ActionListener. Inside this class, write an actionPerformed method. This method will check the status variable to see whether it is currently red, orange, or green. Since we want the lights to cycle as a traffic signal, we need to cycle in the order: green, orange, red, green, orange, red, Once the status is determined, the status should then be set to the next color in the cycle. Redisplay the graphics components (to be created next) by calling the repaint method.

3.

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Task #4 Drawing Graphics

1. 2. 3. Draw the traffic signal by overriding the paint method. For all graphics, use the named constants included in the class. Call the method that is being overridden in the parent class. Create a yellow rectangle (solid color) for the traffic signal. The constants X_TRAFFICLIGHT, Y_TRAFFICLIGHT, TRAFFICLIGHT_WIDTH, and TRAFFICLIGHT_HEIGHT have already been defined for your use. Create round lights of red, orange, and green for the signals. These should be outlines of these colors. The constants X_LIGHTS, Y_REDLIGHT, Y_GREENLIGHT, Y_ORANGELIGHT, and LIGHT_DIAMETER, have already been defined for your use. Only one light will be filled in at a time, when the status indicates that one has been chosen. You will need to check the status to determine which light to fill in. Remember, the status is changed only in the actionPerformed method (already defined) where the repaint method is also called. Put the shade hoods above the lights by drawing black arcs above each light. The constants HOOD_START_ANGLE and HOOD_ANGLE_SWEPT have already been defined for your use. Try out your applet. If time permits, create a web page on which you can display your applet.

4.

5.

6.

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Code Listing 14.1 (TrafficApplet.java)

import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; import javax.swing.*; public class TrafficApplet { public final int WIDTH = 300; public final int HEIGHT = 400; public final int X_TRAFFICLIGHT = WIDTH/3; public final int Y_TRAFFICLIGHT = HEIGHT/7; public final int TRAFFICLIGHT_WIDTH = WIDTH/2; public final int TRAFFICLIGHT_HEIGHT = HEIGHT*3/5; public final int LIGHT_DIAMETER = TRAFFICLIGHT_HEIGHT/5; public final int HOOD_START_ANGLE = 20; public final int HOOD_ANGLE_SWEPT = 140; public final int X_LIGHTS = TRAFFICLIGHT_WIDTH/3 + X_TRAFFICLIGHT; public final int Y_REDLIGHT = TRAFFICLIGHT_HEIGHT/10 + Y_TRAFFICLIGHT; public final int Y_ORANGELIGHT = TRAFFICLIGHT_HEIGHT*4/10 + Y_TRAFFICLIGHT; public final int Y_GREENLIGHT = TRAFFICLIGHT_HEIGHT*7/10 + Y_TRAFFICLIGHT; public final int TIME_DELAY = 1000; private String status = "green"; private Timer timer; //start with the green //light //will allow lights to cycle

Chapter 15 Lab
Recursion

Objectives
Be able to trace recursive function calls Be able to write non-recursive and recursive methods to find geometric and harmonic progressions

Introduction
In this lab we will follow how the computer executes recursive methods, and will write our own recursive method, as well as the iterative equivalent. There are two common progressions in mathematics, the geometric progression and the harmonic progression. The geometric progression is defined as the product of the first n integers. The harmonic progression is defined as the product of the inverses of the first n integers. Mathematically, the definitions are as follows
n i=1 n n-1 i=1

Geometric (n) = q i = i * q i 1 1 1 Harmonic (n) = q = * q i i i i=1 i=1 Lets look at examples. If we use n = 4, the geometric progression would be 1 * 2 * 3 * 4 = 24, and the harmonic progression would be 1 * 1 1 1 1 * * = = 0.04166 2 3 4 24
n-1

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Task #1 Tracing recursive methods

1. 2. Copy the file Recursion.java (see code listing 15.1) from www.aw.com/cssupport or as directed by your instructor. Run the program to confirm that the generated answer is correct. Modify the factorial method in the following ways: a) add these lines above the first if statement int temp;
System.out.println( "Method call calculating Factorial of: " + n);

b) remove this line in the recursive section at the end of the method return (factorial(n-1) *n); c) add these lines in the recursive section temp = factorial(n-1);
System.out.println( "Factorial of: " + (n-1) + " is " + temp); return (temp * n);

3.

Rerun the program and note how the recursive calls are built up on the run-time stack and then the values are calculated in reverse order as the run-time stack unwinds.

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Task #2 Writing Recursive and Iterative Versions of a Method

1. 2. Copy the file Progression.java (see code listing 15.2) from www.aw.com/cssupport or as directed by your instructor. You need to write class (static) methods for an iterative and a recursive version each of the progressions. You will have 4 methods, geometricRecursive, geometricIterative, harmonicRecursive, and harmonicIterative. Be sure to match them to the method calls in the main method.

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Code Listing 15.1 (Recursive.java)

public class Recursion { public static void main(String[] args) { int n = 7; //Test out the factorial System.out.println(n + " factorial equals "); System.out.println(Recursion.factorial(n)); System.out.println(); } public static int factorial(int n) { int temp; if (n==0) { return 1; } else { return (factorial(n-1) *n); } } }

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Code Listing 15.2 (Progression.java)

import java.util.Scanner; public class Progression { public static void main(String [] args) { Scanner keyboard = new Scanner (System.in); System.out.println("This program will calculate " + "the geometric and "); System.out.println("harmonic progression for the " + "number you enter."); System.out.print("Enter an integer that is " + "greater than or equal to 1: "); int input = keyboard.nextInt(); int geomAnswer = geometricRecursive (input); double harmAnswer = harmonicRecursive (input); System.out.println("Using recursion:"); System.out.println("The geometric progression of " + input + " is " + geomAnswer); System.out.println("The harmonic progression of " + input + " is " + harmAnswer); geomAnswer = geometricIterative (input); harmAnswer = harmonicIterative (input); System.out.println("Using iteration:"); System.out.println("The geometric progression of " + input + " is " + geomAnswer); System.out.println("The harmonic progression of " + input + " is " + harmAnswer); } }