Chapter #23.

1 Political Paralysis in the Gilded Age Chapter #23 Identifications Thomas Nast Thomas Nast was a cartoonist who criticized Boss Tweed's control of Tammany Hall and was crucial in Tweed's prosecution and jailing.

Horace Greely Horace Greeley was the Liberal Republican candidate for the presidency in 1872. He had the support of the Democratic Party as well, but lost to Grant due to the mudslinging tactics of Grant.

Roscoe Conkling Conkling was the leader of the Stalwarts after the split of the Republican Party in the midst of the late 19th century.

James G. Blaine Blaine was the leader of the Half-Breeds, the complement to the Stalwarts after the split of the Republican Party.

Samuel Tilden Samuel Tilden was the Democratic nominee in the election of 1876, and he felt that he was cheated out of the presidency through the Compromise of 1877.

Charles J. Guiteau Charles Guiteau assassinated President Garfield in 1881 as a staunch Stalwart, and this forced Chester Arthur to take office. Hard or Sound Money Hard and sound money policies were both options in dealing with the Panic of 1873. Sound money policies dictated that more money should be printed in order to increase inflation and make the debt easier to pay off. Hard money policies dictated that money should remain backed by gold and therefore at a stable position.

Gilded Age The Gilded Age was a period in which America looked as if it was going through a golden time, but a careful look into the political and economic position proved that it was not truly so.

Bloody-Shirt The "Bloody Shirt" was a tactic used by Grant in the election of 1868 to win the presidency. Although he had no political experience, he claimed that his heroic efforts in the Civil War were enough to win the election.

Tweed Ring

The Tweed Ring refers to the "ring" of power and wealth that Boss Tweed was able to build up with his control of Tammany Hall. He was eventually toppled by the efforts of Nast and Tilden.

Credit Mobilier Scandal The Credit Mobilier Scandal consisted of the company paying off Congressmen in order to hide the fact that it was being paid double in order to build the transcontinental railroad.

Whiskey Ring The Whiskey Ring was another scandal in which American citizens, and even the secretary of Grant, were caught stealing whiskey tax money.

Resumption Act The Resumption Act supported hard money policies and lowered the production of greenbacks in order to ensure the stability of paper money backed by gold.

Crime of '73 The Crime of '73 began when Congress stopped coining the silver dollar against the wishes of farmers and westerners. However, they were basically wishing for inflation.

Bland-Allison Act The Bland-Allison Act solved the Crime of '73 by forcing the Treasury to coin between two and four million dollars in silver every month.

Half-Breed The Half-Breed was a branch of the Republican Party after its split and was led by James Blaine.

Compromise of 1877 The Compromise of 1877 solved the stalemate of the election of 1876 and effectively ended Reconstruction. In return, Republican Hayes would become president.

Civil Service Reform Civil Service Reform was reinforced by the Pendleton Act and made the government more merit-based.

Pendleton Act The Pendleton Act was ratified in 1883 and established a merit-based system to select government officials and supervise their work.

"Billion Dollar" Congress The "Billion Dollar" Congress passed the Pension Act of 1890 which solved the problem of the surplus of money existing at the time.

Chapter #23.1 Guided Reading Questions The "Bloody Shirt" Elects Grant Know: Ulysses S. Grant, Ohio Idea, Repudiation, Horatio Seymour, Bloody Shirt 1 Was General Grant good presidential material? Why did he win? Ulysses S. Grant cannot be seen as good presidential as he did not have any political experience. Instead, the Republicans decided to use the fact that he was a proclaimed Civil War hero in order to win the election. In addition, the Democratic Party was split and disorganized at this time, leading to the selection of Horatio Seymour as their candidate. By waving "the bloody shirt", Grant was eventually able to win the election. The Era of Good Stealings Know: Jim Fisk, Jay Gould, Black Friday, Boss Tweed, Graft, Thomas Nast, Samuel J. Tilden 2. "The Man in the Moon...had to hold his nose when passing over America." Explain. The corruption in America was of so great a degree that even the Man in the Moon was soured. One example of corruption was Jim Fisk and Jay Gould's attempt to steal the gold market as their own. This plan also tried to get President Grant involved and was nearly successful. Another example of corruption was Boss Tweed's control of Tammany Hall and his ability to gain money and political power through this control. However, Tweed was eventually prosecuted and put in jail through the efforts of Nast and Tilden. A Carnival of Corruption Know: Credit Mobilier, Whiskey Ring, William Belknap 3. Describe two major scandals that directly involved the Grant administration. Although Grant wasn't responsible for a lot of corruption himself, his administration was full of it and he failed to take care of it. One major scandal was the Credit Mobilier scandal, in which the company was discovered to be paying off Congressmen in order to hid the fact that they were being paid double to construct the transcontinental railroad. Another major scandal was the "Whiskey Ring" in which citizens stole whiskey tax money, and despite the Vice President's involvement, Grant let him go. The Liberal Republican Revolt of 1872 Know: Liberal Republicans, Horace Greeley 4. Why did Liberal Republicans nominate Horace Greeley for the presidency in 1872? Why was he a less than ideal candidate? The Liberal Republicans nominated Horace Greeley in their disgust for Grant and his course of action. The Democrats also supported Greeley, surprisingly, mainly liking his willingness to let the South return to the Union. He was a less than ideal candidate partly because he had once criticized the Democratic Party and came under fire from the mudslinging campaigns of Grant. Depression and Demands for Inflation Know: Panic of 1873, Greenbacks, Hard-money, Crime of '73, Contraction, Soft-money, Bland-Allison Act 5. Why did some people want greenbacks and silver dollars? Why did others oppose these kinds of currency? Due to the Panic of 1873, American citizens found themselves in extreme debt, especially African Americans. Some people wanted greenbacks in order to increase inflation and make it easier to pay the debt off; this was known as a soft money policy. Others opposed this because it was faulty logic to increase inflation simply to get rid of debt, and instead wanted to keep the amount of money stable through hard money policies. Pallid Politics in the Gilded Age Know: Gilded Age, Grand Army of the Republic, Stalwarts, Roscoe Conkling, Half-Breeds, James G. Blaine 6. Why was there such fierce competition between Democrats and Republicans in the Gilded Age if the parties agreed on most economic issues?

There was fierce competition between Democrats and Republicans in the Gilded Age because there was corruption everywhere and their ancestral roots dictated as such. The Republicans were of Puritan ancestry and therefore received most of their support from the North and West. They also had the support of the GAR (Grand Army of the Republic). Meanwhile, the Republican Party split into the Stalwarts ad Half-Breeds, led by Conkling and Blaine, respectively. The Hayes-Tilden Standoff, 1876 Know: Rutherford B. Hayes, Samuel J. Tilden 7. Why were the results of the 1876 election in doubt? The results of the 1876 election were in doubt because the Democratic nominee Tilden was one electoral vote short of winning the election, yet there were 20 electoral votes that were undecided. Both parties sent men to the states which were undecided and both declared its own victory. The election between Hayes and Tilden was at a stalemate. The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction Know: Compromise of 1877, Electoral Count Act, David Davis, Civil Rights Cases (1883), 8. How did the end of Reconstruction affect African-Americans? The end of Reconstruction that came with the election of Republican Hayes was detrimental to the social status and position of African Americans. The Compromise of 1877 was the compromise that called for such terms. The Civil Rights Act of 1875 had given rights to African Americans, but the Supreme Court had already struck most of it down.

Chapter #23.2 Political Paralysis in the Gilded Age Big Picture Themes 1. The government did reach the billion dollar level for the first time. This was largely due to military pension plans. The plans were very popular and revealed the goal of the legislatorspass something that will get me reelected. 2. Populism started. This was a farmer and worker movement that sought to clean up the government, bring it back to the people, and help the working man out.

Chapter #23.2 Identifications James A. Garfield Another dark horse candidate from the republican party from Ohio.

Chester A. Arthur James Garfields vice president, notorious Stalwart henchman from New York.

Charles J. Guiteau Man who shot Garfield and was mentally unstable. Guily and hung after his trial.

Grover Cleveland Grover Cleveland as their candidate but received a shock when it was revealed that he might have been the father of an illegitimate child.

Resumption Act Pledged the government to further withdraw greenbacks and made all further redemption of paper money in gold at face value, starting in 1879.

Crime of '73 Congress discontinued the minting of silver dollars, an action later stigmatized by friends of silver as the Crime of 73.

Bland-Allison Act Act instructed the Treasury to buy and coin between $2 million and $4 million worth of silver bullion each month. Half-Breed Opposed to those following Roscoe Conkling, fought over who should distribute spoils. Mugwump

People who switched to the Democratic Party from republicans when James G. Blaine became the Republican candidate
Pendleton Act of 1833 Made compulsory campaign contributions from federal employees illegal and established the Civil Service Commission to make appointments to federal jobs on the basis of competitive examinations rather that pull.

Thomas B. Reed Republican Speaker of the House from Maine. He was a master debater and everyone was scared of him.

"Billion Dollar" Congress Reed countedthe Democrats who were present yet didnt answer to the roll call, and after three days of such chaos, he finally prevailed, opening the 51st, or Billion Dollar Congressone that legislated many expensive projects.

Pension Act Passed by the Fifty-First congress in 1890 under the direction of president Harrison; it awarded stipends to all Civil War veterans who had fought for at least 90 days and were no longer able to do manual labor. Foreshadowed the "welfare state" of the next century. Won support from the GAR and the GOP.

Chapter #23.2 Guided Reading Questions The Birth of Jim Crow in the Post-Reconstruction South Know: Redeemers, sharecropping, tenant farming, Jim Crow laws, Plessy v. Ferguson 1. Analyze the data in the lynching chart on page 513. The lynching continued to rise and then leveled off and reached almost none. Class Conflicts and Ethnic Clashes Know: Great Railroad Strike of 1877, Denis Kearney, Coolies, Chinese Exclusion Act 2. What was the significance of the Great Railroad Strike of 1877? The significance was that the labor union failed and this showed that other movements were weak at that time and could not fight. Garfield and Arthur Know: James A. Garfield, Charles J. Guiteau, Chester A. Arthur, Pendleton Act of 1883 3. What new type of corruption resulted from the Pendleton Act? The new corruption was that it divided the politics, separating patronages as people needed to arn jobs instead of knowing someone. The Blaine-Cleveland Mudslingers of 1884 Know: James G. Blaine, Tattooed man, Mugwumps, Grover Cleveland, Ma, ma where's my pa?, Rum, Romanism and Rebellion 4. Explain how character played a part in the presidential election of 1884. This election was more of a fight of personality and who was better in person than with politics. Old Grover" Takes Over 5. Assess the following statement: "As president, Grover Cleveland governed as his previous record as governor indicated he would." He meant that the people should support the government, not the other way around. Cleveland Battles for a Lower Tariff 6. What were the reasons behind Cleveland's stance in favor of lower tariffs? He wanted it because it meant that prices for consumers and less protection for monopolies in the country. The Billion Dollar Congress Know: Thomas Reed, Civil War pensions, McKinley Tariff Act of 1890 7. Explain why the tariff was detrimental to American farmers. This congress was able to pay for many things because of the amount of money it had. The congress passed a tariff charging high prices meaning that many couldnt buy because they didnt have enough money. Chapter #24: Industry Comes of Age Big Picture Themes 1. Before the Civil War, railroads had become important. After the war, railroads boomed and were critical to the nation. Railroads, along with steel, were to be the skeleton on which the nations economy would be built. 2. A class of millionaires emerged for the first time ever. Tycoons like Carnegie and Rockefeller made fortunes. This type of wealth was championed by Social Darwinism where the strong win in business. 3. Unfortunately, many of the mega-industries, like railroads, grew at the expense of the little mans interest. As businesses, they were out to make money, and they did. But the working man cried foul.

4. To right these wrongs, the beginnings of anti-trusts began (to bust the monopolies) and organized labor got a jumpstart (although they were still rather ineffective). Chapter #24: Identifications Government Subsidies financial or in kind support extended to an economic sector generally with the aim of promoting beneficial economic and social outcomes, from the government. Transcontinental Railroad Union Pacific Railroad to begin westward from Omaha, Nebraska, to gold-rich California. Over in California, the Central Pacific Railroad was in charge of extending the railroad eastward, and it was backed by the Big Four: Before 1900, four other transcontinental railroads were built

Cornelius Vanderbilt American tycoon, businessman, and philanthropist who built his wealth in railroads and shipping. Jay Gould Jay Gould made millions embezzling stocks from the Erie, Kansas Pacific, the Union Pacific, and the Texas and Pacific railroad companies. Jay Goulds Wabash Railroad Interstate Commerce Commission

Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to enforce Interstate Commerce Act, passed in 1887, banned rebates and pools and required the railroads to publish their rates openly (so as not to cheat customers), and also forbade unfair discrimination against shippers and banned charging more for a short haul than for a long one.
Vertical Integration Bought out and controlled all aspects of an industry, Andrew Carnegie used this first. Horizontal Integration simply allied with or bought out competitors to monopolize a given market. Rockefeller used it first Trusts is a group of supposed competitors who agree to work together, usually to set prices. Also called pools. J.P. Morgan

made a fortune in the banking industry and in Wall Street, was ready to step into the steel tubing industry, Morgan bought Carnegies entire business at $400 million
Sherman Anti-Trust Act it forbade combinations (trusts, pools, interlocking directorates, holding companies) in restraint of trade, without any distinction between good and bad trusts. It proved ineffective, however, because it couldnt be enforced. Not until 1914 was it properly enforced and those prosecuted for violating the law were actually punished.

Yellow Dog Contracts

Agreement between an employer and an employee in which the employee agrees, as a condition of employment, not to be a member of a labor union.

Blacklists list or register of entities who, for one reason or another, are being denied a particular privilege, service, mobility, access or recognition. Or to deny someone work in a particular field, or to ostracize a person from a certain social circle.

Haymarket Square incident aftermath of a bombing that took place at a labor demonstration on Tuesday May 4, 1886, at Haymarket Square[2] in Chicago. It began as a peaceful rally in support of workers striking for an eight-hour day. An unknown person threw a dynamite bomb at police as they acted to disperse the public meeting. The bomb blast and ensuing gunfire resulted in the deaths of seven police officers and at least four civilians; scores of others were wounded. Chapter #24 Guided Reading Questions The Iron Colt Becomes an Iron Horse Know: Land grants 1. What were the advantages and disadvantages of government subsidies for the railroads? The government made high profit and it increased value of land. The disadvantage was that the railroad companies profited unfairly compared to others. Spanning the Continent with Rails Know: Union Pacific, Central Pacific, Paddies, Leland Stanford 2. Describe how the first transcontinental railroad was built. The rail road was built by two companies that started form different points and met in the middle. Binding the Country with Railroad Ties Know: The Great Northern, James J. Hill 3. Explain how the railroads could help or hurt Americans. Railroads helped transportation but also caused bankruptcy.

Railroad Consolidation and Mechanization Know: Cornelius Vanderbilt, Pullman Cars 4. What technological improvements helped railroads? Steel, a gauge, Pullman cars, telegraphs. Double tracking, and the block signal all helped railroads. Revolution by Railways Know: Time Zones 5. What effects did the railroads have on America as a whole? It made transportation more effective and also created time zones and land became more valuable. Wrongdoing in Railroading Know: Jay Gould, Stock Watering, Pools 6. What wrongdoing were railroads guilty of? The Credit Mobilier Scandal was what they were guilty of by over charging the government.

Government Bridles the Iron Horse Know: Wabash, Interstate Commerce Commission 7. Was the Interstate Commerce Act an important piece of legislation? This act set rules for the railroads and said that the railroads couldnt decide what should happen with trains. Miracles of Mechanization Know: Mesabi Range, Alexander Graham Bell, Thomas Edison 8. What factors made industrial expansion possible? Liquid capital, natural resources, and immigration all helped expansion. The Trust Titan Emerges Know: Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, J.P. Morgan, Vertical Integration, Horizontal Integration, Trust, Interlocking Directorate 9. How did businesses organize to try to maximize profits? They organized monopolies the maximize profit using vertical or horizontal integration. The Supremacy of Steel Know: Heavy Industry, Capital Goods, Consumer Goods, Bessemer Process 10. Why was steel so important for industrialization? Steel was needed for new inventions and the railroads which were major. Carnegie and Other Sultans of Steel Know: Andrew Carnegie, J.P. Morgan 11. Briefly describe the careers of Andrew Carnegie and J.P. Morgan. Carnegie gained money through railroad steel because of his ability to lead and hire and produce good product. Morgan benefitted by making deals with companies, but later gave money to charity. Rockefeller Grows an American Beauty Rose Know: Kerosene 11. How was John D. Rockefeller able to become so wealthy? He became wealthy through the Standard Oil Company and using horizontal integration to kick out competitors. The Gospel of Wealth Know: Social Darwinism 12. How did the wealthy justify their wealth? The wealthy said that they worked hard and got their wealth, they didnt just receive it. They backed it up by saying God gave it to them. Government Tackles the Trust Evil Know: Sherman Anti-Trust Act 13. What two methods were tried by those who opposed the trusts? Two methods tried by those who opposed trusts were the Sherman Anti- Trust Act restricting monopolies and also forbade pools. They also tried to fight the trusts and stop them. The South in the Age of Industry 14. How successful were Southerners at industrializing? The south industrialized late but mainly stayed in agriculture.

The Impact of the New Industrial Revolution on America 15. Describe the positive and negative effects of the industrial revolution on working Americans. The positive was that the standard of living rose and there were less poor. The negative was that cities were dirty and more diseases were spread. In Unions There is Strength Know: Scabs, Lock-out, Yellow-dog Contract, Black List, Company Town 16. What conditions existed in America that led Jay Gould to say, "I can hire one half of the working class to kill the other half"? Conditions where so many immigrants made wages cheap and that employers were so powerful that worked would do any thing to keep their jobs. Labor Limps Along Know: National Labor Union, Knights of Labor 17. Explain the similarities and differences between the National Labor Union and the Knights of Labor. Both of these places wanted shorter workdays for workers. The Kinghts opened membership to everyone while the national Labor Union didnt want blacks, women, or Chinese. Unhorsing the Knights of Labor Know: Haymarket Square 18. What factors led to the decline of the Knights of Labor? Factors like strikes, a bad name and the Haymarket Square incident lead to the decline. The AF of L to the Fore Know: American Federation of Labor, Samuel Gompers, Closed Shop 19. How was the AFL different from previous unions? This was different because it was made up of small independent unions of different craftsmen. Makers of America: The Knights of Labor Know: Mother Jones, Terence Powderly 20. Were the Knights conservative or revolutionary in their ideas? They were very conservative and very careful about what they did and the outcomes. Varying Viewpoints: Industrialization: Boon or Blight 21. To what degree is it possible for common people to improve their status in industrial America? If one was hard working, people said they would improve. Overall it was difficult to improve ones status and situation. Chapter #25: America Moves to the City Big Picture Themes 1. Cities grew because factories grew. The Industrial Revolution kicked into gear in America in the late 1800s and factories needed workers, so people flocked to the cities. 2. Problems arose as cities boomed. The problems included: exploitation of immigrant laborers, poor/unhealthy work conditions, over-crowdedness and sanitation problems, corrupton, and nativism (antiimmigrant feelings). 3. Booker T. Washington & W.E.B. DuBois were the top black leaders. They disagreed on how to help blacksWashington encouraged blacks to obtain a practical skill at a trade school, DuBois encouraged blacks to study anything they wished, even academic subjects.

4. The roles of women began to change, if only slightly. More women worked, though most were still at home. The new woman was idealized by the althletic, outgoing Gibson Girl.

Chapter #25 Identifications Florence Kelley Kelley was a social and political reformer who fought against sweatshops for their squalid conditions and poor workers' rights.

Mary Baker Eddy Eddy founded Christian Science, which was an American system of religious thought that was adopted by various churches. She also founded the Christian Science Publishing Society.

William James James was an American psychologist and philosopher. He was the first teacher to teach a psychology class in America.

Henry George George was a writer and political economist who advocated the land value tax. His economic ideology would eventually become Georgism. Horatio Alger Alger was an author whose works embodied the American Dream and the ability to achieve wealth through hard work no matter what your beginnings were like.

Mark Twain Mark Twain is an author who is most famous for his works The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.

Nativism Nativism was the hatred of new immigrants by American citizens and old immigrants for their ability to work cheaply and in large masses.

Philanthropy Philanthropy is charity work that was usually done by large business owners during the Gilded Age. Philanthropy often led to the creation of many colleges and universities.

Social Gospel Social Gospel is a Protestant Christian movement that applied Christian ethics to a variety of social problems including poverty and alcoholism.

Settlement House

Settlement houses were a result of the social reform movement that occurred in the late 19th century. They were established in poor urban areas to support the impoverished.

Women's Christian Temperance Union The Women's Christian Temperance Union was one of many that attempted to ban the sale and consumption of alcohol. They succeeded with passage of the 18th Amendment.

Eighteenth Amendment The Eighteenth Amendment was the culmination of the temperance movement and ended sale and consumption of alcohol until the 21st Amendment. Chapter #25: Identifications The Urban Frontier Know: Louis Sullivan, Walking Cities, Department Stores, Tenements 1. What factors led to the growth of cities in the second half of the 1800's? There was an explosion in population, while cities continued to grow both up and out. Louis Sullivan was one architect who especially helped develop the skyscraper. Americans slowly became commuters, leading to "walking cities." In the end, there were just too many attractions in the urban lifestyle, such as industrial jobs, electricity, and telephones. Department stores began to emerge, as well as the horrors that accompanied tenements. The New Immigration 2. How were the new immigrants different from the old immigrants? New immigrants were different because the new immigrants came from southern and eastern Europe, whereas the old immigrants came from northern and western Europe. The new immigrants were not used to democratic ideals, while old immigrants had some concept of democracy. The percentage from old to new jumped from 16 to 66. Southern Europe Uprooted 3. Why did the new immigrants come to America in such large numbers? These immigrants came to America in large numbers because the population in Europe had experienced an explosion and there were discrimination and wars, but the primary reason was for the economic opportunities. In return, large businesses enjoyed the large immigration numbers because it signified a steady and relatively cheap labor force that would work long hours in squalid conditions for little pay. Makers of America: The Italians Know: Birds of Passage, padron 4. How did Italian immigrants live their lives in America? Italian immigrants lived a solitary life that began as soon as they arrived in America. Men like Boss Tweed often took advantage of immigrants and took over their lives. They began to form social groups in the face of oppression from both American citizens and large business owners. Reactions to the New Immigration Know: Political Bosses, Social Gospel, Jane Addams, Hull House, Settlement houses, Lillian Wald, Florence Kelley 5. How did political bosses help immigrants? Political bosses helped immigrants by forming many social reform movements. One was "social gospel" in which churches were meant to address social problems. The most important social reformer of this time was Addams, who founded the Hull House, a settlement house.

Narrowing the Welcome Mat Know: Nativists, Anglo-Saxon, American Protective Association, Statue of Liberty 6. In 1886, what was ironic about the words inscribed on the base of the Statue of Liberty? It was ironic because the ideal of nativism was basically against the words inscribed on the base of the Statue of Liberty. New immigrants were hated by both old immigrants and American citizens because they took cheap pay and had little ideology. As a result, nativist organizations such as the APA emerged in order to discriminate against the new immigrants and make if difficult for them to live comfortably. Churches Confront the Urban Challenge Know: Dwight Lyman Moody, Cardinal Gibbons, Salvation Army, Mary Baker Eddy, YMCA 7. What role did religion play in helping the urban poor? Religion was beginning to diminish as a part of society, and therefore many changes took place. Moody and his institute aimed to connect the Bible and Christianity to modern city life. The Salvation Army and many other social gospel groups attempted to help the urban poor in any way possible. Even the YMCA emerged as an association that hoped to mix both religion with exercising. Darwin Disrupts the Churches Know: Charles Darwin, Origin of the Species, Fundamentalists, Modernists, Colonel Robert G. Ingersoll, 8. What effect did the theory of evolution have on Christian churches? The theory of evolution was largely accepted by scientists, involving the Church and scientists in a war. Results were mixed; "Fundamentalists" believed that the Bible was right and that there were no errors; liberal Christians tried to mix evolution with divine creation; "Modernists" outright rejected religion and accepted the theory of evolution. The Lust for Learning Know: Normal Schools, Kindergarten, Chautauqua 9 What advances took place in education in the years following the Civil War? Free compulsory education became a reality, although only up the eighth grade. High schools had increased in number and other areas of education grew as well, including kindergartens and parochial schools. The Chautauqua movement allowed many adults to take part in education. Booker T. Washington and Education for Black People Know: Booker T. Washington, Tuskegee Institute, Accomodationist, George Washington Carver, W.E.B. Du Bois, NAACP 10. Explain the differences in belief between Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois. Washington concentrated on bettering the lives of African Americans by creating the Tuskegee Institute, which was a school that taught trades of various industries to blacks. DuBois was Washington's biggest critic and suggested that Washington did almost nothing to help the blacks. Instead, DuBois created the NAACP in order to call for full equality for blacks. The Hallowed Halls of Ivy Know: Vassar, Howard, Morrill Act, Land Grant Colleges, Hatch Act 11. What factors allowed the number of college students to dramatically increase? Women were allowed in more colleges, and even some black universities began to emerge. The Morrill Act and Hatch Act were crucial in allowing the number of college students to increase dramatically, as they provided money to states for "land-grant colleges." This, along with philanthropy or private donations, allowed many colleges to spring up. The March of the Mind Know: William James 12. Describe some of the intellectual achievements of the late 1800s.

Languages, such as Latin and Greek, and grammar or rhetoric were introduced in universities. In addition, medicine and medical schools both gained prestige as they became more advanced. Psychology became a topic of study under the direction of Henry James. The Appeal of the Press Know: Joseph Pulitzer, William Randolph Hearst, Yellow Journalism 13. How did the ability to produce newspapers inexpensively change their content? The ability to produce newspapers inexpensively and on a mass scale made the content of newspapers much less true. Newspapers became more focused on advertisements and stories that would captivate the people's attention instead of stories that accurately depicted what was going on in the country. Apostles of Reform Know: Edwin L. Godkin, Henry George, Edward Bellamy 14. How did writers in the 1870's and 1880's try to address the problems of their time? Writers in the 1870's and 1880's tried to address problems of their time through magazines such as the liberal magazine Nation, which was reform minded and intended for intellectuals. Henry George published Progress and Poverty, which examined the relationship between those two terms. Edward Bellamy published Looking Backward, which instigated much talk in the intellectual circles. Postwar Writing Know: Dime novels, Horatio Alger, Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson 15. Did the trends in writing after the Civil War make it a good period for literature? Explain. The trends in writing made it a good period of literature due to the amount of people that were willing to read and were literate after the Civil War. Dime novels became popular instantaneously. Horatio Alger became famous for championing the ideals of the American Dream; Whitman became famous for his poetry; Dickinson also found fame posthumously as a poet. Literary Landmarks Know: Kate Chopin, Mark Twain, Bret Harte, William Dean Howells, Stephen Crane, Henry James, Jack London, Frank Norris, Paul Laurence Dunbar, Charles W. Chestnut, Theodore Dreiser. 16 What did many writers in the late 1800's have in common? Most works of writing for focused on the topic of romanticism in the 1800's. Many novels were also focused on accurately depicting reality, such as the novel The Awakening, which portrayed the struggles and ambition of women. Still others, like Harte and Howells, wrote about the economic struggles and condition of people in the slums. The New Morality Know: Victoria Woodhull, Anthony Comstock 17. What evidence demonstrated a battle raging over sexual morality? Victoria Woodhull and Claflin published a periodical expressing Woodhull's support of free love, women's propaganda, and the fact that Beecher had been in an affair for some time. Anthony Comstock made it his mission to enforce the new morality by collecting dirty pictures and medicines that he believed abortionists used. Families and Women in the City Know: Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Carrie Chapman Catt, National Women Suffrage Association, Ida B. Wells 18. What changes were occurring in the women's rights movement? In the women's rights movement many advances were made. Gilman published Women and Economics, which rejected traditional femininity, claimed men and women were the same, and called for more jobs for women. The National Women Suffrage Association was led by Stanton and Anthony, who pushed for women's suffrage. Prohibition of Alcohol and Social Progress

Know: Women's Christian Temperance Union, Carrie Nation, Anti-Saloon League, 18th Amendment, Clara Barton 19. What social causes were women (and many men) involved in the late 1800's? Women and men became involved in the temperance movement, which the prohibition of alcohol. This was successful to a point, as the 18th Amendment resulted in the goal of the temperance movement. However, the 21st Amendment repealed this quickly. Other movements included prevention of animal cruelty and the American Red Cross, led by Clara Barton. Artistic Triumphs Know: James Whistler, John Singer Sargent, Mary Cassatt, George Inness, Thomas Eakins, Winslow Homer, Augustus Saint-Gaudens, Metropolitan Opera House, Henry H. Richardson, Columbian Exposition 20. Why is this section titled "artistic triumphs?" Artistic triumphs is meant to signify the emergence of America's own art and not the imitation of other forms of art that had originated in Europe. Many new artists emerged, in the fields of painting, music, and architecture. Architecture was based off older and more classical styles. The Business of Amusement Know: Vaudeville, P.T. Barnum, Buffalo Bill Cody, Annie Oakley, James Naismith 21. What forms of recreation became popular from 1870 to 1900? From 1870 to 1900, many forms of recreation became popular. Barnum and Bailey started the first circus, and wild west shows also became very popular. Sports events such as baseball, basketball, boxing, football, and horse racing also rose in popularity. Chapter #26.1 The Great West Big Picture Themes Chapter #26.1 Identifications Sitting Bull Sitting Bull was one of the leaders of the Sioux revolts in which he and his brother "Crazy Horse" resisted American efforts to herd Indians to reservations.

George A. Custer Col. George Custer and his forces were massacred at the Battle of Little Bighorn in 1876, commonly known as "Custer's Last Stand."

Chief Joseph Chief Joseph was the chief of the Nez tribe that, like many other Indian tribes, resisted efforts of the American government to force them to move to reservations.

Sioux Wars The Sioux Wars was a series of small skirmishes and battles in which the U.S. Army attempted to force the Sioux tribe into reservations and take their land.

Ghost Dance The Ghost Dance was a religious movement within the Sioux tribe and its lands in which Americans attempted to convert them into Christians. It was wiped out with the Battle of Wounded Knee.

Dawes Severalty Act The Dawes Act was passed in 1887 and was an attempt by the American government to fully convert Indians into white men through schools such as the Carlisle Indian School.

Battle of Wounded Knee The Battle of Wounded Knee marked the end of the Ghost Dance movement and the end of the Indian Wars.

Chapter # 26.1 Guided Reading Questions The Clash of Cultures on the Plain Know: Indian Territory, Sioux, Great Sioux Reservation, Tenth Cavalry 1. Describe the effect of westward expansion on Native Americans. Westward expansion forced the Native Americans, most notably the Sioux, into a tough position: they were forced to fight each other as competition for lands and prey, while facing strained relations with the American federal government. The American government did not understand that Indian territory was not so easily managed, and this led to the Indian Wars in which U.S. Army fought against the Indians over lands, including the Great Sioux Reservation. Receding Native Americans Know: George Armstrong Custer, Bozeman Trail, Sitting Bull, Battle of Little Big Horn, Chief Joseph, Geronimo 2. How was the West "won?" The West was "won" as the U.S. Army used pure brute force in order to crush the revolting and elusive Indian forces. These small skirmishes and battles were not always successful for the U.S. however, exemplified best by the Battle of Little Big Horn in which Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull massacred Col. Custer and his forces. Another example is the revolt of the Nez Perce tribe, led by Chief Joseph. Finally, the Apache in the SW proved to be a problem as well; they were led by Geronimo, but eventually they were all captured and imprisoned. Bellowing Herds of Bison Know: Buffalo Bill Cody 3. How were the Buffalo reduced from 15 million to less than a thousand? The buffalo were prevalent and bountiful as it took skilled and brave Indian hunters to be able to prey on them. However, Americans began to commence building railroads, therefore splitting the vast lands into sections and preventing the buffalo from roaming freely. Americans found themselves massacring buffalo for game, hide, or just out of spite. Eventually, these actions led to the remainder of around 1,000 buffalo. The End of the Trail Know: Helen Hunt Jackson, Ghost Dance, Battle of Wounded Knee, Dawes Act, Carlisle Indian School, Indian Reorganization Act 4. What did the government do to try to assimilate Native Americans? American citizens spoke out against the government though criticism in letters, and the corresponding politicians would then take as much action as possible. Helen Jackson was one such citizen who wrote pieces of writing to criticize the government. Christians, on the other hand, attempted to convert Indians through the "Ghost Dance" movement. The Battle of Wounded Knee destroyed any possibility of such conversions. Finally, the Dawes Act and the Carlisle Indian School exemplify attempts by the government to fully convert the Indians into white people. Mining: From Dishpan to Ore Breaker Know: Pike's Peak, Comstock Lode, Silver Senators 5.. How did the discovery of precious metals affect the American West?

The discovery of precious metals in the American West caused many people to move westward in hopes of being able to escape poverty. Locations included Pike's Peak and Comstock Lode, and states with such locations became populated extremely quickly. As locations became dry of precious metals, however, they emptied out just as quickly as they were populated; this led to quick expansion across the West. Makers of America: The Plains Indians 6. How was the culture of the Plains Indians shaped by white people? The Plains Indians were influenced heavily by the introduction of foreign products such as diseases, horses, and the cultures of Americans. As American civilization and dominance of the foreign products began to push the Indians more westward, the results became varied. Some Indians attempted to absorb some aspects of American culture, while other Indians attempted to stay completely independent of such influences. One example of how Indians were influenced by Americans is the Indians' adopting of American machines and tools. Beef Bonanzas and the Long Drive Know: Long Drive, Wild Bill Hickok 7. Why was cattle ranching so profitable in the 1870's? With Western expansion came an explosion in population, and this meant that there would need to be more production of food in order to supply larger populations. Cattle ranching became more profitable as the exploitation of cattle, or beef, as a source of food grew. The integration of the railroad and the fence made cattle ranching even more profitable as they were able to save both space and time. The Farmers Frontier Know: Homestead Act, Great American Desert, John Wesley Powell, Joseph F. Glidden 8. Did the Homestead Act live up to its purpose of giving small farmers a descent life on the plains? The Homestead Act allowed people settling the west to buy 160 acres of land for a very low price. Although you could build a cabin on such land, it was extremely limited space to raise a family in, and the weather in such areas was never predictable. As time passed, however, the introduction of railroads and more innovative approaches to agriculture provided means for settlers to lead a somewhat decent life. The Far West Comes of Age Know: Boomers, Sooners, 1890, Frederick Jackson Turner, Yellowstone 9. What were some milestones in the closing of the West? In the "closing" of the West, one milestone was the annexation of many states at once by Congress due to the explosive population increase attributed to Western expansion. Another milestone was the banning of polygamy by the Mormons, which had been their technique in order to help the group grow in size since conversions were almost never successful. The most prevalent milestone is that although the Americans were able to expand westward and experience many benefits, the Indians were the ones who truly paid the price for such benefits. The Fading Frontier Know: Francis Parkman, George Catlin, Frederic Remington 10. What effects has the frontier had on the development of the United States? The frontier changed the development of agriculture in the United States by making farmers independent through the introduction of new technology and practices. However, such luxuries were often too expensive and led to the creation of larger farms. Some inventions that had an effect on agriculture include irrigation, refrigerator cars, the tractor, and the combine. Chapter #26.2 Agricultural Revolution and Populism Big Picture Themes 1. Miners looking for silver and/or gold fled to Colorado and Nevada seeking quick fortune. A few found it, the vast majority didnt.

2. Cattle became king in Texas as cowboys drove herds north to the Kansas railroads and reaped quick money. 3. Farmers struggled out west due to several problems: weather, insects, high mortgage rates, high railroad shipping rates, and low prices for their crops. 4. The farmers struggles led to the Peoples (or Populist) Party. This party sought cheap money (or silver money) in order to create inflation and thus make it easier to pay off debts. Chapter #26:2 Identifications Joseph F. Glidden Invented tubed wire that helped that was used to fence in cattle and other animals

James B. Weaver American who was in favor of agriculture and ran for presidency twice but failed.

Oliver H. Kelly He built and foundation for agriculture through the organizations of Granger. Mary Elizabeth Lease She made many speeches and criticized the wealthy and Wall Street. Comstock Lode This was discovered by Henry Comstock and at this place, there was an abundant amount of silver, causing people to immigrate to CA.

Long Drive This was the term used for herding cattle from the fields.

Homestead Act This act provided 160 of free land to anyone willing to settle and develop it in 5 years. This was a reason many immigrated.

Patrons of Husbandry This is a fraternal organization calling everyone together to promote economic and political well being of the community and agriculture to families.

Granger Laws These laws were a series of laws passed to promote regulating the rising prices of railroad companies after the Civil War.

Farmers' Alliance This was created by farmers in Texas to break free from railroads and manufacturers by buying. This was weakened by excluding blacks and landless tenant farmers.

Populists This was the peoples party formed from the Farmers Alliance after an agreement.

Jacob S. Coxey He ran for president twice and led his army, Coxeys army which marched from Washington to call for chang but the ended when they were arrested for walking on grass.

Williams Jennings Bryan He was the democratic candidate in the presidential election of 1896 and his platform was free coinage of silver, winning the support of the populist party. Bimetallism This was the monetary use of money such as gold or silver.

Free Silver This was silver at the ratio of 16 oz of silver to 1 oz of gold.

Depression of 1893 This was caused by collapse of the railroad due to overbuilding and financing. It was the worst depression the US had ever faced.

Cross of Gold Speech speech by William Jennings Bryant at the democratic convention when he attacked people that said US money should be backed with gold only. Chapter #26.2 Guided Reading Questions The Farm Becomes a Factory Know: Montgomery Ward, Combine 1. Explain the statement, "The amazing mechanization of agriculture in the postwar years was almost as striking as the mechanization of industry." This meant that the influence of the machine in agriculture was so influential that it led to a huge growth from rural to urban. Deflation Dooms the Debtor Know: Deflation 2. What problems faced farmers in the closing decades of the 19th century? Farmers faced debt because machines made small farmed disappear and big farms richer. Machines were expensive so the poor couldnt afford them.

Unhappy Farmers 3. How did nature, government, and business all harm farmers? These harmed farms though drought, floods, fires and other natural disasters. The government charged high fees that left farmers with little money. The Farmers Take Their Stand Know: The Grange, Cooperatives, Greenback-Labor Party, James B. Weaver 4. How did the Grange attempt to help farmers? The Grange helped farmers by helping them make more than one type of crop, which was uncommon in those days. Prelude to Populism Know: The Farmers Alliance, Mary Elizabeth Lease 5. What steps did the Farmers Alliance believe would help farmers? The steps were that they fought Wall Street, nationalize telephones, railroads, and the telegraph, started graduated income, provided loans, and called for unlimited coinage of silver. Coxeys Army and the Pullman Strike Know: Coxeys Army, Eugene V. Debs, Pullman Palace Car Company 6. Why did President Cleveland send in federal troops during the Pullman Strike? Cleveland sent in federal troops to stop and break up the strike. He said it was interfering with the US rail transits. Golden McKinley and Sliver Bryan Know: Mark Hannah, William McKinley, William Jennings Bryan, Cross of Gold speech 7 Was William McKinley a strong presidential candidate? Explain. He was a strong president because he wanted taxes had a respectable Civil War record and Congressional record and was friendly. Class Conflict: Plowholders versus Bondholders Know: Fourth Party System 8. The free-silver election of 1896 was probably the most significant since Lincolns victories in 1860 and 1864. Explain. The election was important because it determined the future of Americas money and economy. A good person had to be elected so that the US wouldnt not become in debt. Republican Standpattism Enthroned Know: Dingley Tariff Bill 9. Did McKinley possess the characteristics necessary to be an effective president? He had characteristics needed for presidency because he kept the publics opnion in mind and respected other countries. Varying Viewpoints: Was the West Really Won? Know: Frederick Jackson Turner 10. Which criticism of the Turner Thesis seems most valid? Explain Shaping the region was most valid because by shaping a region, people would be kicked out by whites.