Fire Code of The Philippines 2008

TABLE OF CONTENTS
RULE 1. INTERPRETATION................................................................... 1
RULE 2. COVERAGE .......................................................................... 1
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS .......................................................... 2
RULE 4. AUTHORITY OF THE CHIEF, BUREAU OF FIRE
PROTECTION....................................................................... 21
SECTION 4.0.0.1 GENERAL AUTHORITY TO ADMINISTER AND
ENFORCE RA 9514 AND ITS IRR .................................... 21
SECTION 4.0.0.2 AUTHORITY OF THE CHIEF, BFP SUBJECT TO
APPROVAL OF SILG ......................................................... 21
SECTION 4.0.0.3 SPECIFIC AUTHORITY OF CHIEF, BFP .............................. 22
RULE 5. BFP REORGANIZATION AND PROFESSIONALIZATION ...... 23

DIVISION 1. REORGANIZATION......................................................................... 23
SECTION 5.0.1.1 AUTHORITY OF THE CHIEF, BFP TO REORGANIZE ......... 23
DIVISION 2. TECHNICAL STAFF .......................................................................... 24
SECTION 5.0.2.1 CONSTITUTION AND QUALIFICATIONS.......................... 24
SECTION 5.0.2.2 SOURCES .......................................................................... 24
SECTION 5.0.2.3 DUTIES AND FUNCTIONS ................................................. 24
SECTION 5.0.2.4 REMUNERATION ............................................................... 24
RULE 6. FIRE BRIGADES, FIRE VOLUNTEER ORGANIZATIONS

AND FIRE SAFETY PRACTITIONERS ..................................... 25
DIVISION 1. SCOPE ............................................................................................. 25
DIVISION 2. ORGANIZATION OF FIRE BRIGADES ............................................ 25
SECTION 6.0.2.1 REQUIREMENTS................................................................. 25
SECTION 6.0.2.2 COMPOSITION ................................................................. 25
SECTION 6.0.2.3 COMPONENTS ................................................................. 26
SECTION 6.0.2.4 DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF A FIRE BRIGADE
CHIEF ................................................................................. 26
SECTION 6.0.2.5 QUALIFICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP IN THE
COMPANY FIRE BRIGADE .............................................. 26
SECTION 6.0.2.6 AVAILABILITY OF PERSONNEL ......................................... 27
DIVISION 3. TRAINING OF FIRE BRIGADES, FIRE SAFETY PRACTITIONERS
AND FIRE VOLUNTEER ORGANIZATIONS .................................... 27
SECTION 6.0.3.1 CERTIFICATE OF COMPETENCY ..................................... 27
SECTION 6.0.3.2 TRAINING DESIGN ............................................................ 27
SECTION 6.0.3.3 SCOPE OF TRAINING ....................................................... 27
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SECTION 6.0.3.4 ASSISTANCE IN TRAINING PROGRAMS ......................... 28
SECTION 6.0.3.5 IDENTIFICATION................................................................ 28
DIVISION 4. COMMAND, EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE AND FIRE
DRILLS .............................................................................................. 28
SECTION 6.0.4.1 PRACTICE DRILLS ............................................................. 28
SECTION 6.0.4.2 OPERATION OF EQUIPMENT ........................................... 28
SECTION 6.0.4.3 REACTIVATION OF EQUIPMENT...................................... 28
SECTION 6.0.4.4 INSPECTION AND SCHEDULED MAINTENANCE
WORK ................................................................................ 28
SECTION 6.0.4.5 COMMAND AT FIRE SCENE ............................................ 28
RULE 7. ASSISTANCE AND SUPPORT TO THE BFP............................. 29

DIVISION 1. POLICE AND OTHER LAW ENFORCEMENT SUPPORT ................ 29
SECTION 7.0.1.1 FROM PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ............................ 29
SECTION 7.0.1.2 FROM LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS .............................. 29
SECTION 7.0.1.3 FROM OTHER LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES ............ 30
DIVISION 2. OTHER AGENCIES’ SUPPORT........................................................ 30
SECTION 7.0.2.1 COORDINATION WITH OTHER AGENCIES .................... 30
RULE 8. FIRE SAFETY ENFORCERS .................................................... 31

CHAPTER 1. QUALIFICATIONS OF FIRE SAFETY ENFORCERS..................................... 31
DIVISION 1. MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS ............................................................ 31
SECTION 8.1.1.1 FIRE SAFETY INSPECTORS ................................................ 31
SECTION 8.1.1.2 PLAN EVALUATORS.......................................................... 32
CHAPTER 2. FUNCTIONS OF FIRE SAFETY ENFORCERS .............................................. 32
DIVISION 1. RESPONSIBILITIES OF DESIGNATED FIRE SAFETY
ENFORCERS .................................................................................... 32
SECTION 8.2.1.1 FIRE SAFETY INSPECTORS ................................................ 32
SECTION 8.2.1.2 PLAN EVALUATORS.......................................................... 33
RULE 9. ENFORCEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION OF FIRE SAFETY

MEASURES .......................................................................... 33
DIVISION 1. GENERAL ........................................................................................ 33
DIVISION 2. FIRE SAFETY EVALUATION AND INSPECTION ............................. 34
SECTION 9.0.2.1 BUILDING PLAN REVIEW .................................................. 34
SECTION 9.0.2.2 INSPECTION DURING CONSTRUCTION ......................... 34
SECTION 9.0.2.3 INSPECTION AFTER COMPLETION OF
CONSTRUCTION............................................................... 35
SECTION 9.0.2.4 BUSINESS AND ROUTINE INSPECTION ............................ 36
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DIVISION 3. FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY ASSESSMENT REPORT .............................. 37
SECTION 9.0.3.1 APPLICABILITY .................................................................. 37
SECTION 9.0.3.2 PROCEDURES ................................................................... 37
SECTION 9.0.3.3 FORMAT OF PREPARATION ............................................ 37
DIVISION 4. FIRE SAFETY INSPECTION CERTIFICATE ........................................ 42
SECTION 9.0.4.1 FSIC AS A PRE-REQUISITE FOR ISSUANCE OF
PERMIT/LICENSE ............................................................... 42
SECTION 9.0.4.2 DOCUMENTARY REQUIREMENTS ................................... 42
DIVISION 5. FIRE SAFETY CLEARANCE ............................................................. 42
DIVISION 6. FIRE INSURANCE DATA REQUIRED .............................................. 43
RULE 10. FIRE SAFETY MEASURES ...................................................... 43

CHAPTER 1. COVERAGE ............................................................................................. 43
CHAPTER 2. FIRE SAFETY IN BUILDINGS, STRUCTURES & FACILITIES .......................... 43
DIVISION 1. SCOPE ....................................................................................... 43
DIVISION 2. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS ............................................................ 43
DIVISION 3. CLASSIFICATION OF OCCUPANCY ............................................ 46
DIVISION 4. HAZARD OF BUILDINGS ................................................................ 50
SECTION 10.2.4.1 GENERAL .......................................................................... 50
SECTION 10.2.4.2 CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARD OF CONTENTS ............... 50
DIVISION 5. MEANS OF EGRESS ........................................................................ 51
SECTION 10.2.5.1 APPLICATION ................................................................... 51
SECTION 10.2.5.2 GENERAL PROVISIONS .................................................... 51
SECTION 10.2.5.3 DOORS .............................................................................. 58
SECTION 10.2.5.4 STAIRS ................................................................................ 63
SECTION 10.2.5.5 OUTSIDE STAIRS ................................................................ 73
SECTION 10.2.5.6 HORIZONTAL EXITS ........................................................... 73
SECTION 10.2.5.7 RAMPS............................................................................... 77
SECTION 10.2.5.8 EXIT PASSAGEWAYS ........................................................ 78
SECTION 10.2.5.9 ESCALATORS AND MOVING WALKS ............................. 79
SECTION 10.2.5.10 FIRE ESCAPE STAIRS, LADDERS AND SLIDE
ESCAPES ........................................................................... 79
SECTION 10.2.5.11 ILLUMINATION OF MEANS OF EGRESS .......................... 85
SECTION 10.2.5.12 EXIT MARKING .................................................................. 86
SECTION 10.2.5.13 EMERGENCY EVACUATION PLAN ................................. 88
DIVISION 6. FEATURES OF FIRE PROTECTION .................................................. 88
SECTION 10.2.6.1 CONSTRUCTION AND COMPARTMENTATION ............. 88
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SECTION 10.2.6.2 PROTECTION OF VERTICAL OPENING AND
COMBUSTIBLE CONCEALED SPACES ............................ 88
SECTION 10.2.6.3 INTERIOR FINISH ................................................................ 93
SECTION 10.2.6.4 FIRE DETECTION, ALARM, AND COMMUNICATION
SYSTEMS ............................................................................ 95
SECTION 10.2.6.5 AUTOMATIC SPRINKLERS AND OTHER
EXTINGUISHING EQUIPMENT........................................... 99
SECTION 10.2.6.6 STANDPIPES .................................................................... 100
SECTION 10.2.6.7 PORTABLE AND WHEELED FIRE EXTINGUISHERS ......... 109
SECTION 10.2.6.8 SEGREGATION AND PROTECTION OF HAZARDS ....... 117
SECTION 10.2.6.9 SMOKE PARTITIONS........................................................ 117
SECTION 10.2.6.10 FIRE DOORS .................................................................... 118
DIVISION 7. BUILDING SERVICE EQUIPMENT ................................................. 118

SECTION 10.2.7.1 UTILITIES ........................................................................... 118
SECTION 10.2.7.2 HEATING, VENTILATING AND AIRCONDITIONING ..... 119
SECTION 10.2.7.3 SMOKE VENTING ............................................................ 119
SECTION 10.2.7.4 RUBBISH CHUTES, LAUNDRY CHUTES, AND
FLUE-FED INCINERATORS .............................................. 119
SECTION 10.2.7.5 ELEVATORS AND ESCALATORS .................................... 120
SECTION 10.2.7.6 INSTALLATION CLEARANCE.......................................... 120
DIVISION 8. PLACES OF ASSEMBLY ................................................................ 120
SECTION 10.2.8.1 OCCUPANT LOAD ......................................................... 120
SECTION 10.2.8.2 EXIT DETAILS .................................................................... 121
SECTION 10.2.8.3 STAGE AND ENCLOSED PLATFORM ............................ 125
SECTION 10.2.8.4 PROJECTION BOOTH..................................................... 127
SECTION 10.2.8.5 DECORATIVE MATERIAL ................................................ 128
SECTION 10.2.8.6 PYROXYLIN COATED FABRIC ....................................... 128
SECTION 10.2.8.7 MOTION PICTURE SCREENS, STAGE CURTAINS AND
DRAPES ........................................................................... 128
SECTION 10.2.8.8 PROTECTION .................................................................. 128
SECTION 10.2.8.9 BUILDING SERVICE EQUIPMENT ................................... 130
SECTION 10.2.8.10 PLAN OF EXIT WAYS AISLES........................................... 130
SECTION 10.2.8.11 OVERCROWDING ......................................................... 131
SECTION 10.2.8.12 STANDBY FIREMEN ......................................................... 131
SECTION 10.2.8.13 OUTDOOR ASSEMBLY.................................................... 131
SECTION 10.2.8.14 UNDERGROUND STRUCTURE AND WINDOWLESS
BUILDINGS....................................................................... 131
SECTION 10.2.8.15 SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR EXHIBITIONS HALLS .......... 132
SECTION 10.2.8.16 EXISTING PLACES OF ASSEMBLY .................................. 132
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SECTION 10.2.8.17 PROJECTION ROOMS FOR SAFETY FILM ..................... 132
SECTION 10.2.8.18 OPEN FLAME .................................................................. 134
DIVISION 9. EDUCATIONAL OCCUPANCIES ................................................. 134
SECTION 10.2.9.1 OCCUPANCY AND OCCUPANT LOAD ...................... 134
SECTION 10.2.9.3 LIGHTING AND SIGNS.................................................... 137
SECTION 10.2.9.4 WINDOWS FOR RESCUE AND VENTILATION ............... 138
SECTION 10.2.9.7 SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR FLEXIBLE PLAN AND
OPEN PLAN BUILDINGS ................................................. 140
SECTION 10.2.9.8 SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR PRE-SCHOOLS .................. 143
SECTION 10.2.9.9 UNDERGROUND AND WINDOWLESS EDUCATIONAL
BUILDINGS....................................................................... 143
SECTION 10.2.9.10 SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR COMBINED
OCCUPANCIES .............................................................. 144
SECTION 10.2.9.11 EXISTING EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS ........................... 144
SECTION 10.2.9.12 CHILD DAY CARE CENTERS .......................................... 145
DIVISION 10. HEALTH CARE OCCUPANCIES .................................................. 150
SECTION 10.2.10.1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS ............................................. 150
DIVISION 11. DETENTION AND CORRECTIONAL OCCUPANCIES ................ 161
DIVISION 12. RESIDENTIAL OCCUPANCIES ..................................................... 169
SECTION 10.2.12.1 CLASSIFICATION ............................................................ 169
SECTION 10.2.12.2 REQUIREMENTS............................................................... 170
SECTION 10.2.12.3 HOTELS AND DORMITORIES .......................................... 171
SECTION 10.2.12.4 APARTMENT BUILDINGS ................................................ 177
SECTION 10.2.12.5 LODGING OR ROOMING HOUSES .............................. 181
SECTION 10.2.12.6 SINGLE AND TWO FAMILY DWELLINGS ....................... 182
DIVISION 13. MERCANTILE OCCUPANClES .................................................... 183
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SECTION 10.2.13.5 SPECIAL PROVISIONS .................................................... 191
DIVISION 14. BUSINESS OCCUPANCIES ........................................................... 193
SECTION 10.2.14.4 BUILDING SERVICE UTILITIES .......................................... 201
SECTION 10.2.14.5 COMBINED BUSINESS AND MERCANTILE
OCCUPANCY ................................................................ 202
SECTION 10.2.14.6 HIGH RISE BUILDINGS .................................................... 202
DIVISION 15. INDUSTRIAL OCCUPANCIES ....................................................... 202
SECTION 10.2.15.1 REQUIREMENTS............................................................... 202
DIVISION 16. STORAGE OCCUPANCIES .......................................................... 207
SECTION 10.2.16.1 GENERAL STORAGE OCCUPANCIES........................... 207
SECTION 10.2.16.3 SPECIAL PROVISION FOR PARKING STRUCTURES ...... 209
SECTION 10.2.16.4 SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR AIRCRAFT HANGARS....... 210
SECTION 10.2.16.5 SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR GRAIN ELEVATORS .......... 211
DIVISION 17. MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES ................................................... 211
SECTION 10.2.17.1 TOWERS ........................................................................... 211
SECTION 10.2.17.2 PIERS AND WATER-SURROUNDED STRUCTURE ........... 212
SECTION 10.2.17.3 IMMOBILIZED VEHICLE AND VESSELS ........................... 213
SECTION 10.2.17.4 UNDERGROUND STRUCTURES AND WINDOWLESS
BUILDINGS....................................................................... 213
DIVISION 18. OPERATING FEATURES ................................................................ 214
SECTION 10.2.18.1 GENERAL ........................................................................ 214
SECTION 10.2.18.2 PLACES OF ASSEMBLY ................................................... 216
SECTION 10.2.18.3 EDUCATIONAL OCCUPANCIES ................................... 218
SECTION 10.2.18.4 HEALTH CARE OCCUPANCIES ..................................... 219
SECTION 10.2.18.5 RESIDENTIAL OCCUPANCIES ........................................ 220
SECTION 10.2.18.6 MERCANTILE, BUSINESS, AND INDUSTRIAL
OCCUPANCIES .............................................................. 220
DIVISION 19. SPECIAL PROVISION FOR HIGH RISE BUILDINGS ..................... 220
SECTION 10.2.19.1 SCOPE ............................................................................. 220
SECTION 10.2.19.2 DEFINITION ...................................................................... 220
SECTION 10.2.19.3 SMOKE CONTROL .......................................................... 221
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SECTION 10.2.19.4 SPRINKLER SYSTEMS PROTECTION ................................ 221
SECTION 10.2.19.5 FIRE COMMAND CENTER ............................................. 221
SECTION 10.2.19.6 STAIRWELLS ..................................................................... 222
SECTION 10.2.19.7 FIRST-AID PROTECTION.................................................. 223
SECTION 10.2.19.8 APPLICABILITY OF ALL OTHER PROVISIONS OF
THIS CODE ...................................................................... 223
DIVISION 20. AERODROME FACILITIES............................................................. 223
SECTION 10.2.20.1 GENERAL FIRE SAFETY REQUIREMENTS ........................ 223
SECTION 10.2.20.2 REFUELLER UNITS ............................................................ 226
SECTION 10.2.20.3 HELISTOPS ....................................................................... 229
CHAPTER 3. FIRE SAFETY FOR HAZARDOUS MATERIALS ......................................... 230
DIVISION 1. SCOPE ........................................................................................... 230
SECTION 10.3.1.1 APPLICABILITY ................................................................ 230
SECTION 10.3.1.2 HAZARDOUS MATERIALS AND CHEMICALS ............... 230
DIVISION 2. FIRE CLEARANCE ......................................................................... 230
DIVISION 3. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS .......................................................... 231
DIVISION 4. SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS............................................................ 232
SECTION 10.3.4.1 SOLID ............................................................................... 232
SECTION 10.3.4.1.1 CELLULOSE NITRATE PLASTIC (PYROXYLIN) ................ 232
SECTION 10.3.4.1.2 COMBUSTIBLE FIBERS ..................................................... 234
SECTION 10.3.4.1.3 COMBUSTIBLE COMMODITIES...................................... 236
SECTION 10.3.4.1.4 MATCHES ........................................................................ 245
SECTION 10.3.4.1.5 MAGNESIUM .................................................................. 246
SECTION 10.3.4.2 LIQUID ............................................................................. 251
SECTION 10.3.4.2. FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS .................. 251
SECTION 10.3.4.3 GAS ................................................................................. 289
SECTION 10.3.4.3.1 CRYOGENIC FLUIDS ...................................................... 289
SECTION 10.3.4.3.2 MEDICAL AND RELATED COMPRESSED GASES ......... 299
SECTION 10.3.4.3.3 LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GASES ..................................... 307
SECTION 10.3.5.3.4 COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS AS VEHICLE FUEL ........ 313
SECTION 10.3.4.4 OTHER HAZARDOUS MATERIALS AND CHEMICALS ... 332
SECTION 10.3.4.4.1 SCOPE ............................................................................. 332
SECTION 10.3.4.4.2 OXIDIZING MATERIALS................................................... 332
SECTION 10.3.4.4.3 RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS............................................. 332
SECTION 10.3.4.4.4 POTENTIALLY EXPLOSIVE CHEMICALS ......................... 333
SECTION 10.3.4.4.5 ORGANIC PEROXIDES ................................................... 333
SECTION 10.3.4.4.6 NITROMETHANE.............................................................. 334
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SECTION 10.3.4.4.7 AMMONIUM NITRATE .................................................... 334
SECTION 10.3.4.4.8 HIGHLY TOXIC MATERIALS ............................................ 335
SECTION 10.3.4.4.9 POISONOUS GASES ....................................................... 336
SECTION 10.3.4.4.10 CORROSIVE LIQUIDS ..................................................... 336
SECTION 10.3.4.4.11 STORAGE CABINETS FOR HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS ...................................................................... 336
SECTION 10.3.4.4.12 DESIGNATION OF CARGO ........................................... 336
SECTION 10.3.4.4.13 HAZARDOUS INSULATOR/CUSHIONING
MATERIALS ...................................................................... 336
SECTION 10.3.4.4.14 FIRE PROTECTION ........................................................... 337
CHAPTER 4. FIRE SAFETY FOR HAZARDOUS OPERATIONS ...................................... 337
DIVISION 1. SCOPE ........................................................................................... 337
DIVISION 2. SALVAGE YARDS ......................................................................... 338
SECTION 10.4.2.2 FIRE SAFETY CLEARANCE REQUIRED FOR
HOTWORK OPERATIONS ............................................... 338
SECTION 10.4.2.3 CONSTRUCTION............................................................. 338
SECTION 10.4.2.4 OPERATION .................................................................... 339
SECTION 10.4.2.5 PROTECTION AND MAINTENANCE .............................. 339
DIVISION 3. BOWLING ALLEYS RESURFACING AND REFINISHING ............. 339
SECTION 10.4.3.1 GENERAL ........................................................................ 339
SECTION 10.4.3.2 FIRE CLEARANCE REQUIRED ........................................ 339
DIVISION 4. DUST PRODUCING MACHINES .................................................. 340
SECTION 10.4.4.1 FIRE CLEARANCE REQUIRED ........................................ 340
DIVISION 5. EXPLOSIVES, AMMUNITION AND BLASTING AGENTS ............. 341
SECTION 10.4.5.1 APPLICATION ................................................................. 341
SECTION 10.4.5.2 FIRE SAFETY INSPECTION CERTIFICATE (FSIC)
REQUIRED ....................................................................... 341
SECTION 10.4.5.3 STORAGE ....................................................................... 342
SECTION 10.4.5.4 USE AND HANDLING ..................................................... 343
SECTION 10.4.5.5 TRANSPORTATION.......................................................... 344
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DIVISION 6. FIREWORKS ................................................................................... 344
SECTION 10.4.6.1 APPLICATION ................................................................. 344
SECTION 10.4.6.2 FIRE SAFETY INSPECTION CERTIFICATE (FSIC)
REQUIRED ....................................................................... 345
SECTION 10.4.6.3 MANUFACTURING PLANTS/PROCESSING
STATIONS ......................................................................... 345
SECTION 10.4.6.4 STORAGE ........................................................................ 346
SECTION 10.4.6.5 DISPLAY CENTER ............................................................ 346
SECTION 10.4.6.6 CLEARANCE FOR FIREWORKS EXHIBITION .................. 346
SECTION 10.4.6.7 REQUIREMENTS FOR FIREWORKS EXHIBITION ............. 346
SECTION 10.4.6.8 DISPOSAL OF UNFIRED FIREWORKS ............................. 347
DIVISION 7. APPLICATION OF FLAMMABLE FINISHES .................................. 347
SECTION 10.4.7.1 FIRE SAFETY CLEARANCE .............................................. 347
SECTION 10.4.7.2 SPRAY FINISHING OPERATION OR PROCESSES .......... 347
SECTION 10.4.7.3 DIPPING AND COATING PROCESSES ......................... 356
SECTION 10.4.7.4 ELECTROSTATIC APPARATUS ........................................ 361
SECTION 10.4.7.5 AUTOMOBILE UNDERCOATING ................................... 363
SECTION 10.4.7.6 POWDER COATING ....................................................... 363
SECTION 10.4.7.7 ORGANIC PEROXIDES AND DUAL COMPONENT
COATINGS ...................................................................... 365
DIVISION 8. RIPENING PROCESSES ................................................................. 366
SECTION 10.4.8.1 FSIC REQUIRED ............................................................... 366
DIVISION 9. FUMIGATION AND THERMAL INSECTICIDAL FOGGING ......... 368
SECTION 10.4.9.1 FIRE CLEARANCE ........................................................... 368
SECTION 10.4.9.2 SOURCES OF IGNITION ................................................. 369
SECTION 10.4.9.3 WATCH PERSONNEL ...................................................... 369
SECTION 10.4.9.4 SEALING OF BUILDING .................................................. 369
SECTION 10.4.9.5 WARNING SIGNS ........................................................... 369
SECTION 10.4.9.6 VENTING AND CLEANUP .............................................. 370
SECTION 10.4.9.7 THERMAL INSECTICIDAL FOGGING LIQUIDS .............. 370
SECTION 10.4.9.8 RESTRICTED FUMIGANTS ............................................... 370
DIVISION 10. REPAIR GARAGES ....................................................................... 370
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DIVISION 11. LUMBER YARDS, WOOD PROCESSING AND
WOODWORKING FACILITIES...................................................... 373
DIVISION 12. MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION ................................................. 377
DIVISION 13. MOTION PICTURE PROJECTION ................................................ 380
DIVISION 14. OIL-BURNING EQUIPMENT .......................................................... 381
SECTION 10.4.14.1 GENERAL INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS.................... 381
SECTION 10.4.14.2 CONSTRUCTION, OPERATION AND
MAINTENANCE............................................................... 381
DIVISION 15. ORGANIC COATINGS ................................................................ 386
DIVISION 16. INDUSTRIAL OVENS...................................................................... 394
DIVISION 17. HOTWORKS OPERATION ............................................................ 397
SECTION 10.4.17.1 FIRE SAFETY CLEARANCE FOR HOTWORKS
OPERATION .................................................................... 397
SECTION 10.4.17.2 LOCATIONAL SAFETY REQUIREMENTS ......................... 397
DIVISION 18. SAFEGUARDING BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, DEMOLITION
AND ALTERATION OPERATIONS ................................................ 405
SECTION 10.4.18.1 FIRE SAFETY PROGRAM ................................................. 405
SECTION 10.4.18.2 SAFE GUARDING DURING CONSTRUCTION ............... 406
SECTION 10.4.18.3 SAFEGUARDING DURING DEMOLITION ...................... 407
SECTION 10.4.18.4 DEMOLITION USING EXPLOSIVES ................................. 407
SECTION 10.4.18.5 SAFEGUARDING DURING ALTERATIONS ..................... 407
SECTION 10.4.18.6 SAFEGUARDING UNDERGROUND OPERATIONS ....... 407
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CHAPTER 5. MISCELLANEOUS SAFETY MEASURES ................................................... 409
DIVISION 1. WATER AND WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANTS .................... 409
SECTION 10.5.1.1 SCOPE ............................................................................. 409
SECTION 10.5.1.2 GENERAL SAFETY PRACTICES ....................................... 409
SECTION 10.5.1.3 HAZARD EVALUATION ................................................... 410
SECTION 10.5.1.4 PROCESS AND EQUIPMENT CONTROL ....................... 410
SECTION 10.5.1.5 VENTILATION .................................................................. 411
SECTION 10.5.1.6 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION .................................. 413
SECTION 10.5.1.7 EDUCATION .................................................................... 414
SECTION 10.5.1.8 FIRE PROTECTION........................................................... 414
DIVISION 2. SMOKING ..................................................................................... 417
SECTION 10.5.2.1 DESIGNATED AND PROHIBITED SMOKING AREAS ..... 417
SECTION 10.5.2.2 NO SMOKING SIGNAGES ............................................. 417
DIVISION 3. MANUFACTURE AND SALE OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS ............... 418
SECTION 10.5.3.1 SCOPE ............................................................................. 418
SECTION 10.5.3.2 MANUFACTURE AND SALE .......................................... 418
SECTION 10.5.3.3 SERVICING AND MAINTENANCE ................................. 420
SECTION 10.5.3.4 CERTIFICATE OF COMPETENCY ................................... 420
SECTION 10.5.3.5 PROHIBITED TYPES OF EXTINGUISHERS......................... 421
SECTION 10.5.3.6 PROHIBITED ACTS........................................................... 421
DIVISION 4. OPEN BURNING ........................................................................... 422
SECTION 10.5.4.1 WHEN ALLOWED............................................................ 422
SECTION 10.5.4.2 EXCEPTIONS ................................................................... 422
SECTION 10.5.4.3 PROHIBITION ON OPEN BURNING ............................... 422
SECTION 10.5.4.5 PROCEDURES FOR OBTAINING FIRE SAFETY
CLEARANCE ................................................................... 423
SECTION 10.5.4.6 RESPONSIBLE PERSON FOR OUTDOOR BURNING ...... 423
DIVISION 5. INCINERATOR ............................................................................... 424
DIVISION 6. USE OF EQUIPMENT, APPLIANCES, DEVICES AND VACANT
BUILDINGS .................................................................................... 424
SECTION 10.5.6.1 TOY BALLOONS .............................................................. 424
SECTION 10.5.6.2 TRACER BULLETS AND SIMILAR DEVICES ..................... 424
SECTION 10.5.6.3 ASPHALT KETTLES ............................................................ 424
SECTION 10.5.6.4 ELECTRICAL WIRING AND OTHER DEVICES ................ 424
SECTION 10.5.6.5 ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES/DEVICES............................. 425
SECTION 10.5.6.6 TRAPDOORS TO BE CLOSED ........................................ 425
SECTION 10.5.6.7 SHAFTWAYS TO BE MARKED ......................................... 425
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SECTION 10.5.6.8 USE OF TORCHES OR FLAME-PRODUCING DEVICES
FOR REMOVING PAINT ................................................. 425
SECTION 10.5.6.9 HAZARDOUS WARNING LIGHTS ................................... 425
SECTION 10.5.6.10 OPEN FLAME DEVICES IN PORTS/WHARVES .............. 426
SECTION 10.5.6.11 VACATING PREMISES .................................................... 426
SECTION 10.5.6.12 VACANT BUILDINGS ...................................................... 426
DIVISION 7. URBAN AND RURAL PRE-FIRE PLANNING ................................. 426
SECTION 10.5.7.1 HYDRANT ........................................................................ 426
SECTION 10.5.7.2 FIRE LANE ........................................................................ 427
RULE 11. PROHIBITED ACTS ............................................................. 427

SECTION 11.0.0.1 PROHIBITED ACTS AND OMISSIONS ............................ 427
RULE 12. FIRE CODE TAXES, FEES/CHARGES AND FINES ............... 428
SECTION 12.0.0.1 SOURCES OF INCOME .................................................. 428
SECTION 12.0.0.2 FIRE CODE REVENUES ................................................... 429
SECTION 12.0.0.3 ASSESSMENT ................................................................... 430
SECTION 12.0.0.4 SCHEDULE OF FEES AND FINES..................................... 431
SECTION 12.0.0.5 MANNER OF COLLECTION ........................................... 445
SECTION 12.0.0.6 DESIGNATION OF COLLECTING OFFICER................... 446
SECTION 12.0.0.7 UTILIZATION ..................................................................... 446
SECTION 12.0.0.8 MONITORING ................................................................. 446
SECTION 12.0.0.9 LOCAL TAXES, FEES AND FINES .................................... 447
RULE 13. ADMINISTRATIVE COURSES OF ACTION ......................... 447

SECTION 13.0.0.1 GENERAL GUIDELINES ................................................... 447
SECTION 13.0.0.2 FIXING OF FINES ............................................................. 448
SECTION 13.0.0.3 JURISDICTION ................................................................. 449
SECTION 13.0.0.4 GENERAL PROCEDURES .............................................. 450
SECTION 13.0.0.5 PUBLIC NUISANCE ......................................................... 452
SECTION 13.0.0.6 PERIOD FOR CORRECTING VIOLATIONS .................... 453
SECTION 13.0.0.7 PENALTIES FOR SPECIFIC INDIVIDUALS........................ 457
RULE 14. MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS ........................................ 460

SECTION 14.0.0.1 APPEAL ........................................................................... 460
SECTION14.0.0.2 CITIZEN PARTICIPATION ................................................ 460
SECTION 14.0.0.3 IMPLEMENTING DETAILS ................................................ 460
SECTION 14.0.0.4 GENERAL POWERS OF THE CHIEF, BFP......................... 461
SECTION 14.0.0.5 SEPARABILITY CLAUSE ................................................... 461
SECTION 14.0.0.6 REPEALING AND AMENDING CLAUSE ........................ 461
SECTION 14.0.0.7 EFFECTIVITY ..................................................................... 461
xii
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: CAPACITY FACTORS .................................................................................... 52
Table 2: DIMENSIONAL CRITERIA FOR NEW STAIRS ................................................ 64
Table 3: DIMENSIONAL CRITERIA FOR EXISTING STAIRS ......................................... 64
Table 4: NEW STAIR WIDTH ......................................................................................... 64
Table 5: DIMENSIONAL CRITERIA FOR NEW RAMPS ............................................... 77
Table 6: DIMENSIONAL CRITERIA FOR FIRE ESCAPE STAIRS ................................... 80
Table 7: STANDPIPE PRESSURE AT HOUSE OUTLET AND SIZE OF ORIFICE ........... 105
Table 8: SIZING FOR STANDPIPE DRAINS ................................................................ 109
Table 9: FIRE EXTINGUISHERS FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF CLASS A
HAZARDS ..................................................................................................... 115
Table 10: FIRE EXTINGUISHERS FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF CLASS B
HAZARDS ..................................................................................................... 116
Table 11: CAPACITY FACTORS FOR THEATER TYPE SEATING ................................. 121
Table 12: NUMBER OF STAIRS PER TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION BY AGE
GROUP ......................................................................................................... 148
Table 13: HAZARDOUS AREA OPERATION ............................................................... 168
Table 14: STORAGE OF COMBUSTIBLE FIBERS.......................................................... 235
Table 15: STANDARDS OF VENTING FOR THE STORAGE AND HANDLING
OF COMBUSTIBLE COMMODITIES ............................................................ 237
Table 16: SPRINKLER DISCHARGE DENSITIES FOR COMBUSTIBLE
COMMODITIES NOT EXCEEDING 640 cm IN HEIGHT, BY
HAZARD CLASSIFICATION ......................................................................... 244
Table 17: MINIMUM AREAS OF SPRINKLER DISCHARGE FOR COMBUSTIBLE
COMMODITIES, BY HAZARD CLASSIFICATION ....................................... 244
Table 18: INDOOR PORTABLE CONTAINER STORAGE FOR FLAMMABLE
LIQUIDS ........................................................................................................ 253
Table 19: SPRINKLER SYSTEMS FOR INSIDE STORAGE AND HANDLING
ROOMS OF FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS .......................................................... 255
Table 20: STORAGE OF FLAMMABLE OR COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS IN CLOSED
CONTAINERS OUTSIDE OF BUILDINGS ..................................................... 256
Table 21: OUTDOOR PORTABLE TANK STORAGE .................................................... 256
Table 22: ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT HAZARDOUS AREA SERVICE
STATIONS ...................................................................................................... 271
Table 23: FIRE EXTINGUISHER SIZE AND PLACEMENT FOR CLASS B
HAZARDS ..................................................................................................... 274
xiii
Table 24: MINIMUM DISTANCE FROM THE EDGE OF BELOWGROUND
AND INGROUND CRYOGENIC CONTAINERS BASED ON
CONTAINER CAPACITY ............................................................................. 294
Table 25: PROPERTIES OF CRYOGENIC FLUIDS ....................................................... 298
Table 26: MINIMUM DISTANCES OF LPG CONTAINERS OUTSIDE
BUILDINGS, BY WATER CAPACITY ........................................................... 309
Table 27: CONTAINER (AND CONTAINER HOUSING AND FITTING)
ROAD CLEARANCE .................................................................................... 316
Table 28: ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS IN CNG SERVICE STATIONS ...................... 326
Table 29: MINIMUM THICKNESS OF SPRAY BOOTH EXHAUST DUCTS,
BY DIAMETER ............................................................................................... 352
Table 30: CLEARANCE REQUIRED FROM EXHAUST DUCTS AND
UNPROTECTED COMBUSTIBLE CONSTRUCTION FOR SPRAY
BOOTHS, BY TYPE OF PROTECTION USED ................................................ 353
Table 31: DIAMATER OF BOTTOM DRAIN PIPES, BY TANK CAPACITY .................. 357
Table 32: FIRE RESISTANCE RATING OF EXPOSING WALL OF ORGANIC
COATING FACTORIES, BY DISTANCE FROM ADJOINING
PROPERTY OR STRUCTURE ......................................................................... 386
Table 33: MINIMUM VENTILATION RATES IN WATER AND WASTE WATER
TREATMENT PLANTS .................................................................................... 412
xiv
IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS (IRR) OF REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9514
OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE “FIRE CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES OF 2008”
Pursuant to the provision of Section 14 in relation to Section 5 of Republic Act

No. 9514, entitled “AN ACT ESTABLISHING A COMPREHENSIVE FIRE CODE OF
THE PHILIPPINES, REPEALING PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 1185, AND FOR OTHER
PURPOSES”, the following Rules and Regulations are hereby adopted in order
to carry out the provisions of this Code.
RULE 1. INTERPRETATION
This IRR shall be interpreted in the light of the Declaration of Policy found in
Section 2 of the Code:
“It is the policy of the State to ensure public safety, promote

economic development through the prevention and suppression of
all kinds, of destructive fires, and promote the professionalization of
the fire service as a profession. Towards this end, the State shall
enforce all laws, rules and regulations to ensure adherence to
standard fire prevention and safety measures, and promote
accountability in the fire protection and prevention service.”
RULE 2. COVERAGE
This IRR shall cover the following:
A. All persons;
B. All private or public buildings, facilities or structures and their premises

erected or constructed before and after the effectivity hereof;
C. Design and installation of mechanical, electronics and electrical systems

relative to fire protection;
D. Manufacturing, storage, handling and/or use, and transportation of

explosives and/or combustible, flammable liquids and gases, toxic and
other hazardous materials and operations, and their wastes;
E. Fire safety planning, design, construction, repair, maintenance,

rehabilitation and demolition;
F. Fire protective and warning equipment or systems;

G. All land transportation vehicles and equipment, ships or vessels docked at
piers or wharves or anchored in seaports; and
H. Petroleum industry installations.
RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS
For purposes of this IRR, the following terms, or words or phrases shall mean or
be understood as follows:
Abatement. Any act that would remove or neutralize a fire hazard.
Building Administrator. Any person who acts as agent of the owner and
manages the use of a building for the latter.
Aerodrome. An airport, a defined area on land or water (including any

building, installation and equipment) intended to be used wholly or in part for
the arrival, departure and surface movement of aircrafts.
Air Carrier or Operator. A person who undertakes, whether directly or

indirectly, by lease or any other arrangements, to engage in air transportation
services or air commerce.
Aircraft Engine. Any engine used, or intended to be used, for the propulsion of
an aircraft and includes all parts, appurtenances, and accessories thereof
other than propellers.
Aircraft Operation Area (AOA). Any area used or intended for use for the
parking, taxiing, takeoff, landing or other ground-based aircraft activity.
Aircraft. Any machine that can derive support in the atmosphere from the
reactions of the air other than the reactions of the air against the earth’s
surface.
Aircrafts Service Station. That portion of an airport where flammable liquids

are stored or dispensed and shall include all facilities essential thereto, such as
but not limited to, underground tanks from which aircraft fuel and lubricants
may be drawn through dispensing devices.
Airport. Any area of land or water designed, equipped, set apart or

commonly used for affording facilities for the landing and departure of
aircraft and includes any area or space, whether on the ground, on the roof
of a building or elsewhere, which is designed, equipped or set apart for
affording facilities for the landing and departure of aircrafts capable of
descending or climbing vertically.
2
Anesthetics Gas. A medical gas used as anesthetic agents for surgical
procedures that could either be flammable or non-flammable. Examples of
flammable anesthetics are cyclopropane and ethylene. Examples of non-
flammable anesthetic gases are nitrous oxides and halothane.
Approved. Acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction.
Arena stage. A stage or platform that opens on at least three (3) sides to
audience seating. It may be with or without overhead scene handling
facilities.
Authorized Government Depository Bank (AGDB) or Authorized Government

Servicing Bank (AGSB). Government servicing banks such as Land Bank of
the Philippines (LBP), Development Bank of the Philippines (DBP), United
Coconut Planters Bank (UCPB), and Philippine Veterans Bank (PVB), wherein
fire code revenues are deposited for subsequent remittance to the Bureau of
Treasury (BOT).
Automatic Fire Suppression System. An integrated system of underground or

overhead piping or both connected to a source of extinguishing agent or
medium and designed in accordance with fire protection engineering
standards which, when actuated by its automatic detecting device,
suppresses fires within the area protected.
Automotive Service Station. That portion of property where liquids used as

motor fuels are stored and dispensed from fixed equipment into the fuel tanks
of motor vehicles and shall include any facilities available for the sale and
service of tires, batteries and accessories, and for minor automotive
maintenance work.
Baffle. A non liquid-tight transverse partition in a cargo tank.
Bale. A large bundle or package of hay or a raw material such as cotton,

tightly bound with string or wire to keep it in shape during transportation or
storage.
Below Ground Container. A storage installation in which the maximum liquid

level in the container below the surrounding grade or below a backfill berm,
which is at least two hundred fifty centimeters (250 cm) wide at the top, and
then slopes away from the container at natural angle of repose or is retained
two hundred fifty centimeters (250 cm) from the container by a retaining wall,
and constructed of earth, concrete, solid masonry or other suitable material
designed to prevent the escape of liquid.
Berm. In open-pit mining, a berm refers to rocks piled alongside a haulage

road or along the edge of a dump point intended as a safety measure. They
are commonly required by government organizations to be at least one-half
as tall as the wheel of the largest mining machine on-site.
3
Blasting Agent. Any material or mixture consisting of a fuel and oxidizer used
to set off explosives.
Blowout. A sudden release of oil and gas from a well.
Boiling point. The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals
the surrounding atmospheric pressure. Where an accurate boiling point is
unavailable for the material in question, or for mixture which do not have a
constant boiling point, for purposes of this classification the ten percent (10%)
point of distillation performed in accordance with the Standard Method of
Test for Distillation of Petroleum Products ASTM D-86-62, may be used as the
boiling point of the liquid.
Boil-over. The expulsion of crude oil (or certain other liquids) from a burning
tank in which the light fractions of the crude oil burn off producing a heat
wave in the residue, which on reaching a water strata may result in the
explosion of the portion of the contents of the tank in the form of a froth.
Brine. Any liquid cooled by the refrigerant and used for the transmission of
heat without a change in its state, having no flash point or a flash point
above sixty five and six-tenths Celsius (65.6°C) as determined by the
American Society of Testing Materials Method D93.
Brush. Land covered with a dense undergrowth of small trees and brushes.
Bulk Oxygen System. An assembly of equipment, such as oxygen storage

containers, pressure regulators, safety devices, vaporizers, manifolds, and
interconnecting piping, that has a storage capacity of more than five
hundred sixty six cubic meters (566 m3) of oxygen including unconnected
reserves on hand at the site.
Bulk Plant. That portion of a property where liquids are received by tank
vessel, pipelines, tank cars, or tank vehicle, and are stored or blended in bulk
for the purpose of distributing such liquids by tank vessels, pipeline, tank car,
tank vehicle, portable tank or container.
Bulkhead. A liquid-tight closure between compartments of a cargo tank.
Cargo Tank. Any tank having a liquid capacity more than four hundred fifty
liters (450ℓ) used for carrying flammable and combustible liquids and
mounted permanently or otherwise upon a tank vehicle. The term “cargo
tank” does not apply to any container used solely for the purpose of
supplying fuel for the propulsion of the tank vehicle upon which it is mounted.
Cellulose Nitrate or Nitro Cellulose. A highly combustible and explosive

compound produced by the reaction of nitric acid with a cellulose material.
Cellulose Nitrate Plastic (Pyroxylin). Any plastic substance, materials or

compound having cellulose nitrate (nitro cellulose) as base.
4
City/Municipal Fire Marshal. The duly designated head of the City or
Municipal Fire Station including those designated as “Officer-in-Charge” or in
an “Acting” capacity. This shall also apply to highly urbanized Cities and
Stations where by its approved organization the head is the District Fire
Marshal or Station Commander as the case maybe.
Chemical Plant. A large integrated plant or that portion of such plant other
than a refinery or distillery where flammable or combustible liquids are
produced by chemical reactions or used in chemical reactions.
Class A Fires. Fires involving ordinary combustible materials such as wood,

cloth, rubber and plastics.
Class B Fires. Fires involving flammable liquids and gases.
Class C Fires. Fires involving energized electrical equipment.
Class D Fire. Fires involving combustible materials, such as sodium,

magnesium, potassium, and other similar materials.
Class K Fires. Fires in cooking appliances that involve combustible cooking

media (vegetable or animal oils and fats).
Closed Container. Any container so sealed by means of a lid or other device

that neither liquid nor vapor will escape from it at ordinary temperatures.
Collecting Officer. An accountable officer, who shall be responsible in the

collection, deposit and remittance of fire code revenues from all fire code
taxes, fees/charges and fines with AGDB or AGSB.
Combination Standpipe. A pipeline system filled with water and connected to

a constant water supply for the use of the BFP and the occupants of the
buildings solely for fire suppression purposes.
Combustible Fiber Loose House. An enclosed and isolated structure where

loose fibers are worked upon, and used as storage for such fibers.
Combustible Fibers. Any readily ignitable and free-burning fibers, such as but
not limited, to cocoa fiber, cotton, excelsior, hay, hemp, henequen, istle, jute,
kapok, oakrum, rags, sisal, Spanish moss, straw, tow, waste cloth, waste
paper, certain synthetic fibers commonly used in commerce, or any material
in a fibrous or shredded form that will readily ignite when heat sources are
present.
Combustible Liquid. Any liquid having a flash point at or above thirty seven
and eight tenths degrees Celsius (37.8°C), and classified as follows:
Class II Liquid. Any liquid that has a flash point at or above thirty seven and
eight tenths degrees Celsius (37.8°C) and below sixty degrees Celsius (60°C).
5
Class IIIA Liquid. Any liquid that has a flash point at or above sixty degrees
Celsius (60°C), but below ninety three degrees Celsius (93°C).
Class IIIB Liquid. Any liquid that has a flash point at or above ninety three
degrees Celsius (93°C).
Combustible Waste. Also known as loose waste material, are those

generated by an establishment or process and, being salvageable, are
retained for scrap or reprocessing on the premises where generated. These
include, but not limited to, all combustible fibers, hay, straw, hair, feathers,
down, wood shavings, turnings, styropor, all types of plastics, all types of
paper products, soiled cloth trimmings and cuttings, rubber trimmings and
buffings, metal fines, used oil and any mixture of the above items, or any
other salvageable combustible waste material.
Community/Barangay Fire Brigade. A group of firefighters performing fire

suppression activities within a specified jurisdiction.
Compressed Gas. One that exists solely in the gaseous state under pressure in
the range of two hundred seventy three kilopascal (273 KPa) to twenty four
thousand nine hundred twenty three kilopascal (24,923 KPa) at all normal
atmospheric temperature ranging from twenty degrees Celsius (20°C) to
thirty seven and eight tenths degrees Celsius (37.8°C) inside its container.
Compressed Gas Container. A pressure container designed to hold

compressed gases at pressures greater than one atmosphere at twenty
degrees Celsius (20°C).
Compressed Gas Mixture. A mixture of two or more compressed gases

contained in a single packaging, the hazard properties of which are
represented by the properties of the mixture as a whole.
Compressed Gas System. An assembly of components, such as containers,

reactors, pumps, compressors and connecting piping and tubing, designed
to contain, distribute or transport compressed gases.
Container. Any vessel of less than two hundred twenty seven liters (227ℓ)
capacity used for transporting or storing liquids.
Corrosive Liquid. Any liquid which causes fire when in contact with organic
matter or with certain chemicals.
Crude Oil. Any naturally-occurring, unrefined petroleum liquid.
Cryogenic. Is descriptive of any material which, by its nature or as a result of

its reaction with other elements, produces a rapid drop in temperature of the
immediate surroundings.
6
Cryogenic Container. A pressure or low-pressure or atmospheric container of
any size designed or used for the transportation, handling or storage of a
cryogenic fluid, and which utilizes venting, insulation, refrigeration or a
combination thereof to maintain the pressure within the design
parameters for such container and to keep the contents in a liquid state.
Cryogenic Fluids. Fluids produced or stored at very low temperatures and

that have normal boiling point below negative fifty five degrees Celsius (-
55°C).
Cryogenic Inground Container. A container in which the maximum liquid

level is below the normal surrounding grade and is constructed of natural
materials, such as earth and rock and pendent upon the freezing of water-
saturated earth materials for its tightness or impervious nature.
Curtain Board. A vertical panel of non-combustible or fire resistive materials

attached to and extending below the bottom chord of the roof trusses to
divide the underside of the roof into separate compartments so that heat
and smoke will be directed upwards to a roof vent.
Customer Relations Officer (CRO). is an organic member of the Bureau of Fire

Protection who is tasked to attend to the immediate needs and concerns of
the customer, applicants or any taxpayer transacting business in a
unit/station/office.
Damper. A normally open device installed inside air duct systems which
automatically closes to restrict the passage of smoke or fire.
Derrick. A framework that is constructed over a mine or oil well for the
purpose of boring or lowering pipes.
Detearing. A process for rapidly removing excess wet coating material from a
dipped or coated object or material by passing it through an electrostatic
field.
Dip Tank. A tank, vat or container of flammable or combustible liquid in which

articles or materials are immersed for purposes of coating, finishing, treating,
or similar processes.
Dispensing Device. Equipment used to deliver petroleum products such as

gasoline, diesel and kerosene: installed in a fore court/curve area within the
retail outlet. Dispensing device can either be a self-contained or with a
remote/submersible pump.
Distillation. The process of first raising the temperature to separate the more
volatile from the less volatile parts and then cooling and condensing the
resulting vapor so as to produce a nearly purified substance.
7
Distillery. A plant or that portion where liquids produced by fermentation
and distillation are concentrated, and where the concentrated products
may also be mixed, stored, or packaged.
Drum. A container which has a total capacity of two hundred twenty seven
liters (227ℓ) used in storing liquid.
Dry Standpipe. A type of standpipe system in which the pipes are normally
not filled with water. Water is introduced into the system thru fire service
connections when needed.
Duct System. A continuous passageway for the transmission of air.
Dust. Any finely divided solid, four millimeters (4 mm) or less in diameter (that
is, material capable of passing through a U.S. No. 40 standard sieve) which, if
mixed with air in the proper proportion, becomes explosive and may be
ignited by a flame or spark or other source of ignition.
Electrical Arc. An extremely hot luminous bridge formed by the passage of an

electric current across a space between two conductors or terminals.
Electrostatic Fluidized Bed. A container holding powder coating material that

is aerated from below so as to form an air-supported expanded cloud of such
material that is electrically charged with a charge opposite to that of the
object to be coated. Such object is transported through a container
immediately above the charged and aerated materials in order to be
coated.
Ember. A hot piece or lump that remains after a material has partially burned,
and is still oxidizing without the manifestation of flames.
Enclosed Platform. A partially enclosed portion of an assembly room the

ceiling of which is not more than one hundred fifty five centimeters (155 cm)
above the proscenium opening that is designed or used for the presentation
of plays, demonstrations, or other entertainment wherein scenery, drops,
decorations or other effects may be installed or used.
Explosive Magazines. Buildings, structures, or facilities used for the storage of

explosive, shells, projectiles and ammunitions.
Explosive. Includes any chemical compound or mechanical mixture that is

commonly used or intended for the purpose of producing an explosion.
Finishes. Materials used as final coating of a surface for ornamental or

protective purposes.
Fire Alarm. Any visual or audible signal produced by a device or system to

warn the occupants of the building or fire fighting elements of the presence
or danger of fire.
8
Fire Alerting System. A fire alarm system activated by the presence of fire,
where the signal is transmitted to designated locations instead of sounding a
general alarm.
Fire Brigade. A collective term that is used to refer to a group of firefighters,

primarily performing fire suppression activities in areas such as, but not limited
to, community/barangay, company, and other government and non-
government establishments.
Fire Code Fees/Charges. Charges for regulation, inspection and other fire
service activities in the enforcement of the Fire Code and its IRR.
Fire Code Fines. Amount imposed for violators of the Fire Code and its IRR.
Fire Code Revenues or Revenues. Collective income derived from the

collection of fire code taxes, fees/charges and fines.
Fire Code Taxes. Taxes prescribed in Section 12, b.2 to b.6 of the Fire Code.
Fire Door. A fire resistive door prescribed for openings in fire separation walls or
partitions.
Fire Exit Drill. A practice drill for the orderly and safe evacuation of occupants
in the buildings.
Fire Hazard. Any condition or act which increases or may cause an increase
in the probability of the occurrence of fire, or which may obstruct, delay,
hinder or interfere with fire fighting operations and the safeguarding of life
and property.
Fire Lane. The portion of a roadway or public way that should be kept
opened and unobstructed at all times for the expedient conduct of fire
fighting operations.
Fire Protective and Fire Safety Device. Any device intended for the protection
of buildings or persons to include, but not limited to, built-in protection system
such as sprinklers and other automatic extinguishing system, detectors for
heat, smoke and combustion products and other warning system
components, personal protective equipment such as fire blankets, helmets,
fire suits, gloves and other garments that may be put on or worn by persons to
protect themselves during fire.
Fire Protective Assembly. An assembly incorporated in the structure designed

to prevent the spread of fire, such as dampers, curtain boards, fire stoppers
and the like.
Fire Resistance Rating. The time duration that a material or construction can
withstand the effect of a standard fire test.
9
Fire Safety Constructions. Refers to the design and installation of walls, barriers,
doors, windows, vents, means of egress and other elements integral to and
incorporated into a building or structure in order to minimize danger to life
from fire, smoke, fumes or panic before the building is evacuated. These
features are also designed to achieve, among others, safe and rapid
evacuation of people and properties through means of egress on
construction which are sealed from smoke or fire, the confinement of fire or
smoke in the room or floor of origin and delay their spread to other parts of
the building by means of smoke sealed and fire resistant doors, walls and
floors. It shall also mean to include the treatment of building components or
contents with flame retardant chemicals.
Fire Trap. A building unsafe in case of fire because it will burn easily or
because it lacks adequate exits or fire escapes.
Fire Volunteer Organization (FVO). An organized group of private firefighters

recognized by the BFP, who have voluntarily formed themselves to perform
fire-related activities.
Fire Volunteer. A person who voluntarily enters into firefighting service through
a Fire Volunteer Organization (FVO) and undergoes the same discipline as
that of BFP firefighters.
Fire Wall. A wall designed to prevent the spread of fire, having a fire
resistance rating of not less than four (4) hours with sufficient structural stability
to remain standing even if construction on either side collapses under fire
conditions.
Fire. The active principle of burning, characterized by the heat and light of
combustion.
Flame Retardant. Any compound or mixture which when applied properly

improves the resistivity or fire resistance quality of fabrics and other materials.
Flame Spread Rating. The time in which flame will spread over the surface of
a burning material.
Flammability. The characteristic of a material on how easily it will burn or

ignite, causing fire or combustion.
Flammable Cryogenic Fluids. Are cryogenic fluids which are flammable in

their vapor state.
Flammable Finishes. Are material coatings in which the material being

applied is a flammable liquid, combustible liquid, combustible powder or
flammable or combustible gel coating.
Flammable Liquids. Are liquids having flash points below thirty seven and
eight tenths degrees Celsius (37.8°C) except any mixture having components
10
with flash points of seven and eight tenths degrees Celsius(37.8°C) or higher,
the total of which make up ninety nine percent (99%) or more of the total
volume of the mixture. Flammable liquids are classified as follows:
Class I-A Liquids include those liquids having flash points below twenty
two and eight tenths degrees Celsius (22.8°C), and having a boiling point
below thirty seven and eight tenths degrees Celsius (37.8°C).
Class I-B Liquids include those liquids having flash points below twenty two
and eight tenths degrees Celsius (22.8°C), and having a boiling point at or
above thirty seven and eight tenths degrees Celsius (37.8°C).
Class I-C Liquids include those liquids having flash points at or above
twenty two and eight tenths degrees Celsius (22.8°C), and below thirty
seven and eight tenths degrees Celsius (37.8°C).
Flammable Vapor Area. An area in which the concentration of flammable

constituents (vapor, gas, fume, mist or dust) in air exceeds twenty five percent
(25%) of their lower flammable limit (LFL) because of the flammable finish
processes operation. It shall include: (1) the interior of spray booths; (2) the
interior of ducts exhausting from spraying processes; (3) any area in the direct
path or any area containing dangerous quantities of air-suspended powder,
combustible residue, dust, deposits, vapor or mists as a result of spraying
operations; and (4) the area in the vicinity of dip tanks, drain boards or
associated drying, conveying or other equipment during operation or
shutdown periods.
Flash Point of a Liquid. The lowest temperature a liquid at which sufficient

vapor is given off to form an ignitable mixture with air, near the surface of the
liquid or within the vessel used, as determined by appropriate laboratory test,
as follows:
The flash point of liquids having a flash point at or below seventy nine
degrees Celsius (79°C), except for fuel oils and certain viscous materials
shall be determined in accordance with the Standard Method of Test for
Flash Point by the Tag Closed Tester, ASTM D 56-61.
The flash point of liquids having a flash point above seventy nine degrees
Celsius (79°C), except for fuel oils, shall be determined in accordance with
the Standard Method of Test for Flash Point by the Cleveland open Cup
Tester, ASTM D 92-57.
The flash point of fuel oil, and certain viscous materials having a flash point
at or below seventy nine degrees Celsius (79°C), shall be determined in
accordance with the Standard Method of Test for Flash Point by the
Pensky-Martens Closed Tester, ASTM 93-62.
11
Fogging. The creation of a cloud of ultra-fine droplets, which are airborne
and readily picked up by the insect as it flies through the swathe of
insecticide, fog or mist.
Forging. A process where a piece of metal is heated prior to changing its

shape or dimensions.
Fluidized Bed. A container holding powder coating material that is aerated

from below so as to form an air-supported expanded cloud of such material
through which the preheated object to be coated is immersed and
transported.
Fulminate. A kind of stable explosive compound which explodes by

percussion.
Fumigant. Any substance which, by itself or in combination with any other

substance, emits or liberates a gas, fume or vapor used for the destruction or
control of insects, fungi, vermin, germs, rats, or other pests, and shall be
distinguished from insecticides and disinfectants which are essentially
effective in the solid or liquid phases. Examples are methyl bromide, ethylene
dibromide, hydrogen cyanide, carbon disulphide and sulfuryl fluoride.
Fumigation. The utilization within an enclosed space of a fumigant in

concentrations that is hazardous or acutely toxic to humans.
Fumigators. Persons or establishments engaged in fumigation and thermal

insecticidal fogging.
Government Fire Brigade. A group of firefighters rendering firefighting

activities in the premises of a public office.
Hangar. A large building in which aircrafts are kept or repaired.
Hazard Evaluation. Identification of potential hazards which includes risk

evaluation that takes into account the likelihood of the hazard resulting in a
fire or explosion.
Hazardous Fire Area. Any area covered with dry grass, cogon, reeds, brush,
and other highly combustible growth or any area used for stockpiling of used
or waste materials that, by virtue of exposure to environment, may cause its
deterioration, decomposition or other conditions that fires are likely to occur
therein and hard to suppress.
Hazardous Operation/Process. Any act of manufacturing, fabrication,

conversion, or other similar operations that use or produce materials which
are likely to cause fires or explosions.
Heavy Casting. Castings greater than eleven and three tenths kilograms (11.3
kg) with walls of large cross-sectional weights six and four tenths millimeters
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(6.4 mm). Castings less than eleven and three tenths kilograms (11.3 kg) are
considered light.
Heliport. An area of land or water or a structural surface that is used, or

intended for use, for the landing and taking off of helicopters, and any
appurtenant areas which are used, or intended for use, for heliport buildings
and other heliport facilities.
Helistop. Same as “heliport,” except that fueling, defueling, maintenance,

repairs or storage of helicopters is not permitted.
High Piled Storage. Include combustible materials on pallets or in racks more

than four meters (4 m) high. For highly combustible materials such as rubber
goods and certain plastics, the critical height of piling may be as low as two
hundred forty centimeters (240 cm). Buildings shall be deemed to be used for
the storage of high piled combustible stock when the floor area used for such
purpose exceeds either one-tenths (0.10) of the total floor area, or at least
two hundred thirty two square meters (232 m2).
High Rise Buildings. Buildings, structures or facilities fifteen (15) meters or more
in height.
Horizontal Channel. Any uninterrupted space between horizontal layers of

stored commodities. Such channels may be formed by pallets, shelves, racks
or other storage arrangements.
Horizontal Exit. A passageway from one building to another, or through or

around a wall in approximately the same floor level.
Hose Box. A box or cabinet where fire hoses, valves and other equipment are
stored and arranged for fire fighting.
Hose Reel. A cylindrical device turning on an axis around which a fire hose is
wound and connected.
Hypergolic Fuel. A rocket or liquid propellant which consists of combinations

of fuels and oxidizers which ignite spontaneously on contact with each other.
Impact Barriers. Are structures installed for the protection of dispensing

devices against possible collision damage/s.
Industrial Baking and Drying. Is the industrial process of subjecting materials to

heat for the purpose of removing solvents or moisture from the same, and/or
to fuse certain chemical salts to form a uniform glazing on the surface of
materials being treated.
Jumper. Any piece of metal or an electrical conductor used to bypass a

safety device in an electrical system.
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Limited Spraying Space. An area in which operations for touch-up or spot
painting of a surface area not exceeding of one square meter (1 m2) or less
are conducted.
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). Any flammable gas liquefied through

pressure. The liquid vaporizes under normal atmospheric pressure.
Loose Fibers. Fibers that are not bundled or packaged in suitable bales.
Loose House. A separate detached building in which unbaled combustible

fibers are stored.
Machinery Room. A specific room which is permanently installed and used

for the operation of machineries. Closets solely contained within and opening
only into a room shall be considered a part of such room.
Magnesium. A highly flammable metal which burns to over two thousand

nine hundred eighty degree Celsius (2,980 °C). It is used as a principal
element of aluminum alloy for the manufacture of mobile phones, laptop
computers, cameras, and other electronic components, beverage cans,
flashlight photography, flares, pyrotechnics, fireworks sparklers, automotive
and truck components.
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). Is a form that contains data and
information regarding the properties of a particular substance.
Maximum Allowable Working Pressure (MAWP). Is the maximum pressure

permissible at the top of a container in its operating position for a designated
temperature, as established by the container manufacturer.
Means of Egress. Is a continuous and unobstructed route of exit from one

point in a building, structure or facility to a public way.
Medical Air. A type of air product produced through the blending of

compressed nitrogen and oxygen and used in variety of patients’
application. It is also used during anesthesia as a substitute for nitrous oxide to
reduce the high concentration of oxygen exposure.
Medical Gas. A type of gas used in medical and similar facilities, including
oxygen, nitrous oxide, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, helium, medical air and
mixtures of these gases.
Nesting. A method of securing flat-bottomed compressed gas containers

upright in a tight mass using a contiguous three-point contact system
whereby all containers within a group have a minimum of three points of
contact with other containers, walls or bracing.
Occupancy. The purpose for which a building or portion thereof is used or

intended to be used.
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Occupant Load. The maximum number of persons that may be allowed to
occupy a particular building, structure, or facility, or portions hereof.
Occupant. Any person actually occupying and using a building or portions

thereof by virtue of a lease contract with the owner or administrator or by
permission or sufferance of the latter.
Oil Burning Equipment. An oil burner of any type together with its tank, piping,
wiring controls, blower, and related devices, and shall include all oil-fired
units, heating and cooking appliances.
Organic Coating. A liquid mixture of binders such as alkyd, nitrocellulose,

acrylic, or oil, and flammable and combustible solvents such as hydrocarbon,
ester, ketene or alcohol, which when spread on a surface becomes a
durable protective and decorative finish.
Organic Peroxide. A strong oxidizing organic compound which releases

oxygen readily. It causes fire when in contact with combustible materials
especially under conditions of high temperature.
Overloading. The use of one or more electrical appliances or devices which

draw or consume electrical current beyond the designed capacity of the
existing electrical system.
Owner. The person who holds the legal right of possession or title to a building
or real property.
Oxidizing Material. A material that readily yields oxygen in quantities sufficient

to stimulate or support combustion.
Ozone Depleting Refrigerant/Substance. Any group of halogenated

hydrocarbon chemicals which photochemically reacts in the stratosphere in
a way which destroys the ozone layer.
Panic Hardware. A mechanical device consisting of linkages and horizontal

bars across a door, which when pushed from the inside will cause the door to
open and facilitates exit from the building, structure or facility.
Picking Rooms. Rooms where baled, bundled or piled materials are

segregated into desired sizes or groups.
Plastics.
Group A Plastics. Plastic materials having heat of combustion much

higher than that of ordinary combustibles and burning rate higher than
that of Group B plastics. Examples of Group A plastics include, but are not
limited to, the following:
• ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer)
15
• Acetal (polyformaldehyde)
• Acrylic (polymethyl methacrylate)
• Butyl rubber
• EPDM (ethylene propylene rubber)
• FRP (fiberglass-reinforced polyester)
• Natural rubber (expanded)
• Nitrile rubber (acrylonitrile butadiene rubber)
• PET or PETE (polyethylene terephthalate)
• Polybutadiene
• Polycarbonate
• Polyester elastomer
• Polyethylene
• Polypropylene
• Polystyrene (expanded and unexpanded)
• Polyurethane (expanded and unexpanded)
• PVC (polyvinyl chloride greater than fifteen (15%) percent plasticized,
e.g., coated fabric unsupported film)
• SAN (styrene acrylonitrile)
• SBRr (styrene butadiene rubber)
Group B Plastics. Plastic materials having heat of combustion and burning

rate higher than that of ordinary combustibles, but not as high as those of
Group A plastics. Examples of Group B plastics include, but are not limited
to, the following:
• Cellulosics (cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, ethyl

cellulose)
• Chloroprene rubber
• Fluoroplastics (ECTFE, ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer; ETFE,
ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer; FEP, fluorinated ethylene-
propylene copolymer)
• Natural rubber (nonexpanded)
• Nylon (nylon 6, nylon 6/6)
• PVC (polyvinyl chloride greater than 5-percent, but not exceeding
fifteen (15)-percent plasticized)
• Silicone rubber
Group C Plastics. Plastic materials having heat of combustion and

burning rate similar to those of ordinary combustibles. Examples of Group
C plastics include, but are not limited to, the following:
• Fluoroplastics (PCTFE, Polychlorotrifluoroethylene; PTFE,

polytetrafluoroethylene)
• Melamine (melamine formaldehyde)
• Phenol
• PVC (polyvinyl chloride, rigid or plasticized less than five percent (5%),
e.g., pipe, pipe fittings)
• PVDC (polyvinylidene chloride)
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• PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride)
• PVF (polyvinyl fluoride)
• Urea (urea formaldehyde)
Limited quantities of Group A plastics in mixed commodities shall be used

to determine the quantity of Group A plastics allowed that can be stored
in a package or carton, or on a pallet without increasing the commodity
classification.
Plenum. An air compartment or chamber to which one or more ducts are

connected and which form part of an air distribution system.
Portable Tank. Any closed vessel having a liquid capacity over two hundred
twenty seven liters (227ℓ) and not intended for fixed installation.
Fire Safety Practitioner. Any qualified person, recognized by the BFP, engaged
in, but not limited to, the design, construction, installation, repair and
maintenance, assessment, and rehabilitation of fire safety construction,
suppression and control systems, protective and warning systems and life
safety related services, or employed as a safety officer of public and private
establishments/companies.
Pressurized or Forced Draft Burning Equipment. Any type of burner where the
fuel is subjected to pressure prior to discharge into the combustion chamber
and/or which includes fans or other provisions for the introduction of air at
above normal atmospheric pressure into the same combustion chamber.
Propeller. An inclusive term for all parts, appurtenances, and accessories of a

propeller.
Proscenium wall. A fire resistive wall which separates a stage or enclosed

platform from the public or spectators' area of an auditorium or theater.
Public Way. Any street, alley or other strip of land unobstructed from the
ground to the sky, deeded, dedicated or otherwise permanently
appropriated for public use.
Pyrophoric. Descriptive of any substance that ignites spontaneously when

exposed to air.
Recapping. A process of restoring used tire to a usable condition by bonding

new rubber onto the worn thread and lateral surface.
Refining. A process where impurities and/or deleterious materials are

removed from a mixture in order to produce a pure element or compound. It
shall also refer to partial distillation and electrolysis.
Refrigerating System. An assembly of four (4) major components, namely the

compressor, condenser, expansion valve, the evaporator, through which a
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very low boiling point substance (refrigerant) flow in cycle, and absorbs heat
from the immediate surroundings, thereby producing the cooling effect (also
known as the refrigerating effect).
Roll Coating. A process of coating, spreading and impregnating fabrics,

paper or other materials as they are passed directly through a tank or trough
containing flammable or combustible liquids, or over the surface of a roller
revolving partially submerged in a flammable or combustible liquid.
Safety Can. An approved container, of not more than eighteen and nine
tenths liter (18.9ℓ)-capacity having a spring-closing lid and spout cover and so
designed that it will safely relieve internal pressure when subjected to fire
exposure.
Safety Factor. Is the ratio of the design burst pressure to the maximum
working pressure and shall not be less than four (4).
Salvage Yards or Shops. An inclusive term that refers to wrecking yards, junk
yards or waste material handling plants/shops, which can be used
interchangeably.
Self-Closing Doors. Automatic closing doors that are designed to confine

smoke and heat and delay the spread of fire.
Smelting. Refers to the process of melting or fusing metallic ores or

compounds so as to separate impurities from pure metals.
Smoke Developed Rating. Refers to the rating of a combustible materials

based on the density and volume of smoke developed within a certain
period of time when its surfaces are ignited.
Smoking Area. A designated area where smoking is permitted within

premises where smoking is otherwise generally prohibited.
Solvents or Liquid Classifications. A method of classifying solvents or liquids

according to the following:
Class I Solvents. Liquids having a flash point below thirty seven and eight
tenths degrees Celsius (37.8°C).
Class II Solvents. Liquids having a flash point at or above thirty seven and
eight tenths degrees Celsius (37.8°C) and below sixty degrees Celsius
(60°C).
Class IIIA Solvents. Liquids having a flash point at or above sixty degrees
Celsius (60°C) and below ninety three and three-tenths degrees Celsius
(93.3°C).
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Class IIIB Solvents. Liquids having a flash point at or above ninety three
and three-tenths degrees Celsius (93.3°C).
Class IV Solvents. Liquids classified as non-flammable.
Source of Ignition. A source of energy sufficient to ignite a flammable

atmosphere and includes open flames, smoking, incandescent material,
electrical welding arcs, and electrical or mechanical equipment not suitable
for use in a particular hazard zone.
Special Bank Receipt (SBR). An accountable form transferred to the AGDB or

AGSB thru a Memorandum Receipt (MR) which shall be issued as a proof of
payment in the collection of the fees and charges imposed in pursuit of the
statutory and regulation functions of the BFP.
Spray Booth. A mechanically ventilated appliance of varying dimensions and

construction provided to enclose or accommodate a spraying operation and
to confine and limit the escape of spray vapor and residue and to exhaust it
safely.
Spraying Area. Any area in which dangerous quantities of flammable vapors

or mists, or combustible residues, dusts or deposits are present due to the
operation of spraying processes.
Sprinkler System. An integrated network of hydraulically designed piping

system installed in a building, structure or area with outlets arranged in a
systematic pattern which automatically discharges water when activated by
heat or combustion products from a fire.
Stage. A partially enclosed portion of an assembly building which is designed

or used for the presentation of plays, demonstrations, or other entertainment
activities wherein scenery, drops or other effects may be installed or used,
and where the distance between the top of the proscenium opening and
the ceiling above the stage in more than one hundred fifty two centimeters
(152 cm).
Standpipe System. A system of vertical pipes in a building to which fire hoses

can be attached on each floor, including a system by which water is made
available to water outlets as needed.
Sump Pit. The lowest part of a mine, vault, tank or a hole in the ground used
to collect water, waste water and sludge for purposes of draining through a
submersible pump.
Tank Truck. Any single self-propelled motor vehicle equipped with a cargo
tank mounted thereon and used for the transportation of flammable and
combustible liquids.
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Tank Vehicle. Any vehicle carrying or towing a cargo tank used for
transporting flammable fluids or hazardous chemicals.
Tank, Full-Trailer. Any vehicle with or without auxiliary motive power,

equipped with a cargo tank mounted thereon or built as an integral part
thereof, used for the transportation of flammable and combustible liquids,
and so constructed that practically all of its weight and load rests on its own
wheels.
Tank, Semi-Trailer. Any vehicle with or without auxiliary motive power,

equipped with a cargo tank mounted thereon or build as an integral part
thereof, used for the transportation of flammable and combustible liquids,
and so constructed that, when drawn by a tractor by means of a fifth wheel
connection, some part of its load and weight rests upon the towing vehicle.
Thermal Insecticidal Fogging Liquid. Any insecticidal liquid specifically

designed for emission from a thermal fog-generating unit in the form of an
aerosol fog which is lethal to pest organisms and insects. Examples of thermal
insecticidal fogging liquids are permethrin, deltamethrin, cyfluthrin, malathion,
pirimiphos methyl and fenithrothion.
Thermal Insecticidal Fogging. The utilization of any insecticidal liquids passed

through thermal fog-generating units where, by means of heat, pressure and
turbulence, such liquids are transformed and discharged in the form of fog or
mist blown into an area to be treated.
Thrust Stage. The portion of a stage which projects into the audience on the
audience side of a proscenium wall or opening.
Tote Box. A box constructed for use in the handling of stocks in process or
finished stocks while in tote box store rooms.
Toxicity. The degree to which a substance is able to damage an exposed

organism.
Used Water. Liquid waste generated by treatment plants, housekeeping,

operation and maintenance, and laboratory activities, including but not
limited to washing, flushing, and cleaning activities. It also includes the
cleaning, flushing and draining water that bear dirt and sludge from
sedimentation basin, settling tank, and other treatment processes and unit
operation facilities, and backwash water generated in the backwashing,
cleaning and flushing of filter media or beds.
Ventilation. The process of supplying or removing air by natural or

mechanical means to or from any space. Such air may or may not have
been conditioned.
Vertical Shaft. An enclosed vertical space of passage that extends from floor
to floor, as well as from the base to the top of a building.
20
Vestibule. A passage hall or antechamber between the outer doors and the
interior parts of a house or building.
Ventilation. Refers to the copious flushing of an area with fresh air for the
mitigation of explosion and other fire hazards.
Water Treatment Plants. Single or compact or multi-stage units and/or

combination of unit processes and operation systems, including but not
limited to their facilities, appurtenances, service areas and premises, for the
purification or treatment of raw water or water from a source that requires the
removal and/or reduction of impurities or improvement of its quality to
comply with water quality standards as prescribed by the concerned
government agency, intended for public use or for specific industrial
applications.
Waste Water. Liquid waste generated by human activities that use water
and/or those water that come from residential, commercial, institutional,
recreational, industrial, agricultural and other facilities, similar occupancies
and related activities.
Waste Water Treatment Plants. Single or compact or multi-stage units and/or

combination of unit processes and operation systems, including but not
limited to their facilities, appurtenances, service areas and premises, for the
treatment of used water or waste water generated by residential,
recreational, institutional, commercial and industrial and other similar
occupancies and related activities that required the removal and/or
reduction of contaminants and/or pollutants or improvement of its quality to
comply with effluent water quality standards of receiving body of water or
environment as prescribed by the concerned government agency.
RULE 4. AUTHORITY OF THE CHIEF, BUREAU OF FIRE PROTECTION
SECTION 4.0.0.1 GENERAL AUTHORITY TO ADMINISTER AND ENFORCE RA 9514

AND ITS IRR
The Administration and Enforcement of the Fire Code and this IRR shall be
under the direct supervision and control of the Chief, BFP, through the
hierarchy of organization as provided for in Chapter VI of Republic Act No.
6975, the DILG Reorganization Act of 1990 as amended by Republic Act No.
9263, the Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) and Bureau of Jail Management and
Penology (BJMP) Professionalization Act of 2004.
SECTION 4.0.0.2 AUTHORITY OF THE CHIEF, BFP SUBJECT TO APPROVAL OF SILG
The Chief, BFP, with the approval of the Secretary, DILG, is hereby authorized
to:
21
A. Issue implementing rules and regulations, and prescribe standards,
schedules of fees/fire service charges and administrative penalties
therefore as provided in the pertinent provisions of the Fire Code;
B. Reorganize the BFP as may be necessary and appropriate;
C. Enter into long term agreement, either through public biddings or

negotiations in accordance with the provisions of Republic Act No. 9184,
otherwise known as the Government Procurement Reform Act of 2003, for
the acquisition of fire prevention, fire protection and fire fighting
investigation, rescue, paramedics, hazardous material handling
equipment, supplies, materials and related technical services necessary
for the fire service;
D. Enter into Memoranda of Agreement with other departments, bureaus,

agencies, offices and corporations of the government, as well as private
institutions, in order to define areas of cooperation and coordination and
delineate responsibility on fire prevention education, fire safety, fire
prevention, fire suppression and other matters of common concern;
SECTION 4.0.0.3 SPECIFIC AUTHORITY OF CHIEF, BFP
A. Further, the Chief, BFP or his duly authorized representative, is hereby

specifically authorized to:
1. Support and assist fire volunteers, practitioners and fire volunteer

organizations in the country that shall undergo mandatory fire
suppression, inspection, rescue, emergency medical services and
related emergency response trainings and competency evaluations to
be conducted by the BFP. In the case of the fire practitioners, they
shall undergo mandatory continuous professional education and
competency evaluation of their expertise, knowledge and skills in the
area of fire science, engineering and technology to be conducted by
the BFP;
2. Enter into external party agreements for the conduct of trainings,

education and evaluation of fire volunteers, practitioners and fire
volunteer organizations, which shall be under the full control and
supervision of the BFP: Provided, however, that during firefighting
operations, fire volunteer organizations shall be under the direct
operational control of the fire ground commanders of the BFP;
3. Call on the police, other law enforcement agencies, and local

government assistance to render necessary assistance in the
enforcement of the Fire Code and this IRR;
4. Designate Fire Safety Inspectors (FSI) through his/her duly authorized

representative, who shall conduct inspections of every building or
structure within his/her area of responsibility at least once a year and
22
every time the owner, administrator or occupant shall renew his/her
business permit or permit to operate;
5. Issue Fire Safety Inspection Certificate (FSIC) as a pre-requisite to the

grants of permits and/or licenses by the local governments and other
government agencies concerned;
6. Inspect at reasonable time, any building, structure, installation or

premises for dangerous or hazardous conditions or materials as set
forth in the Fire Code and this IRR, provided that in case of single family
dwelling, an inspection must be upon the consent of the occupant or
upon lawful order from the proper court. The Chief, BFP or his/her duly
authorized representative shall order the owner/occupant to remove
hazardous materials and/or stop hazardous operations/processes in
accordance with the standards set by the Fire Code and this IRR or
other pertinent laws;
7. Order the owner/occupant of any building or structure to summarily

abate conditions that are deemed hazardous to life and property;
8. Require the building owner/occupant to submit plans and

specifications, and other pertinent documents of said building to
ensure compliance with applicable codes and standards; and
9. Issue a written notice to the owner and/or contractor to stop work on

any portion of any work due to the absence, or in violation of,
approved plans and specifications, permits and/or clearances or
certifications as approved by the Chief, BFP or his/her duly authorized
representative. The notice shall state the nature of the violation and no
work shall be continued on that portion until the violation had been
corrected.
B. However, the authority granted under this section should not in anyway
diminish the power of the SILG to change, alter, modify, revise or amend
the actions of the Chief, BFP.
RULE 5. BFP REORGANIZATION AND PROFESSIONALIZATION
DIVISION 1. REORGANIZATION
SECTION 5.0.1.1 AUTHORITY OF THE CHIEF, BFP TO RECOMMEND

REORGANIZATION
To ensure the proper implementation of the Fire Code and this IRR, the Chief,
BFP shall, as may be necessary, recommend the reorganization of the BFP.
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DIVISION 2. TECHNICAL STAFF
SECTION 5.0.2.1 CONSTITUTION AND QUALIFICATIONS
The Chief, BFP, shall constitute a technical staff of highly qualified persons
who are knowledgeable on fire prevention, fire safety, and fire suppression.
SECTION 5.0.2.2 SOURCES
The Technical staff may be drawn from the following:
A. Organic members of the BFP;
B. Other government offices and agencies; and
C. Other sources.
In the case of paragraph “B” and/or “C” above, members may either be
appointed into the service or hired as consultants in accordance with existing
laws, rules and regulations.
SECTION 5.0.2.3 DUTIES AND FUNCTIONS
The Technical Staff shall:
A. Study, review and evaluate latest developments and standards on fire

safety, prevention and suppression;
B. Prepare plans/programs on fire safety, prevention and suppression and

evaluate implementation thereof;
C. Develop programs on the professionalization of the fire service;
D. Coordinate with appropriate government and private institutions for the

offering of college courses on fire technology and fire protection
engineering;
E. Propose amendments to the Fire Code and this IRR;
F. Advise the Chief, BFP on any matter brought to his attention; and
G. Perform such other functions as directed by the Chief, BFP.
SECTION 5.0.2.4 REMUNERATION
Remuneration for the members of the Technical Staff shall be prescribed by

the Chief, BFP in accordance with existing government accounting and
auditing rules and regulations.
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RULE 6. FIRE BRIGADES, FIRE VOLUNTEER ORGANIZATIONS AND FIRE SAFETY
PRACTITIONERS
DIVISION 1. SCOPE
This Rule shall govern the organization, equipage, operation, and proficiency
training of company and community fire brigades as well as continuous
training and competency evaluation of fire volunteers and fire volunteer
organizations in the country who shall undergo mandatory fire suppression,
inspection, rescue, emergency medical services and other related
emergency response training programs and competency evaluations to be
conducted by the BFP. This also prescribes the continuous professional
education, competency evaluation and recognition of Fire Safety
Practitioners, to be conducted by the BFP. For this purpose, the term
“company” shall include government and/or private offices and buildings.
DIVISION 2. ORGANIZATION OF FIRE BRIGADES
SECTION 6.0.2.1 REQUIREMENTS
A. All business establishments employing at least fifty (50) persons shall, in

addition to the requirements set forth under Section 7 of RA 9514 for the
grant of Fire Safety Inspection Certificate (FSIC), establish an organization
of fire brigade to deal with fire and other related emergencies. The head
of the company, through its duly designated safety officer shall evaluate
the potential magnitude of a fire emergency within the company, and
the availability of firefighting assistance from the BFP to determine the
nature of the organization to be established.
B. For buildings having various occupancies, the Building Administrator

and/or owner shall initiate the organization of a fire brigade in the
premises irrespective of the number of occupants.
C. In cases where a fire brigade is already established for a building, said fire
brigade shall be sufficient to comply with the requirements of para “A” of
this Section.
D. All barangays shall likewise endeavor to organize their own Fire Brigades.
SECTION 6.0.2.2 COMPOSITION
The organization of company fire brigades shall consist of the Fire Brigade
Chief, which shall be designated by the head of the company, and shall be
assisted by selected personnel. In companies where more persons are
available, they must be organized into teams to function as a fire brigade
established according to its needs. The organization shall be such that a fire
brigade is on duty or on call at all times.
25
SECTION 6.0.2.3 COMPONENTS
The equipment that must be put into service at a fire or other related
emergencies will determine the number of men required for each operating
unit or company into which the brigade is organized, and the total number
may be composed of two or more individuals to operate a specific item of
equipment or a larger group to perform more complicated operations. Each
fire brigade shall have a Leader or a Chief. In his absence, an Assistant Chief
shall be appointed.
SECTION 6.0.2.4 DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF A FIRE BRIGADE CHIEF
A. He/She shall be responsible for the development of fire prevention

programs and plans of action for the company or organization to address
possible fire situation in the plant or community, subject to the approval of
the company or establishment head or fire prevention officer;
B. He/She shall initiate the procurement of necessary firefighting equipment

and supplies for use of the brigades;
C. He/She shall conduct periodic evaluation of all equipment available for

firefighting and be responsible for setting in motion necessary procedures
for replacing missing equipment or correction of inoperative equipment;
D. He/She shall also bring to the immediate attention of the company or

establishment head, or his fire prevention officer, any situation that would
likely reduce the effectiveness of firefighting operations;
E. He/She shall ensure that the brigades are suitably staffed, conduct
periodic review of the fire brigade roster and prepare recommendations
on the need for additional members to be selected, appointed and
made available to beef up the team;
F. He/She shall prepare training programs for the members of the fire
brigade and supervise its implementation; and
G. In his/her absence, the Deputy Fire Brigade Chief shall assume and
perform the duties and responsibilities of the Fire Brigade Chief.
SECTION 6.0.2.5 QUALIFICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP IN THE COMPANY FIRE

BRIGADE
Members of the fire brigade shall consist of persons who have met
qualifications appropriate for the fire brigade work. For establishments,
members must be taken from the roster of its own workforce. The head of the
company shall identify the persons who are fit to perform fire operation
activities and further assign them to specific fire suppression positions.
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SECTION 6.0.2.6 AVAILABILITY OF PERSONNEL
To qualify as a member of a fire brigade, individuals must be available to

respond to fire alarms and attend required training programs. A pre-
arranged schedule for availability must be established to prevent conflict of
duties and to cover absences such as regular off-duty periods, vacations and
sickness.
DIVISION 3. TRAINING OF FIRE BRIGADES, FIRE SAFETY PRACTITIONERS AND FIRE

VOLUNTEER ORGANIZATIONS
SECTION 6.0.3.1 CERTIFICATE OF COMPETENCY
A. Certificate of Competency shall be issued to fire volunteers, members of

fire brigades and fire safety practitioners after completion of the
mandatory training and competency evaluations conducted by the BFP
and upon submission of the following documentary requirements:
1. Certificate of completion of the fire suppression training;
2. Personal profile;
3. Certificate of employment, in the case of fire safety practitioners; and
4. Other documents the BFP may require.
SECTION 6.0.3.2 TRAINING DESIGN
A training design shall be developed by the BFP for fire brigades, fire safety
practitioners and fire volunteer organizations. Members shall be required to
complete the specified program of instruction.
SECTION 6.0.3.3 SCOPE OF TRAINING
A. All members of the fire brigade shall undergo training on fire suppression,
rescue, emergency medical services and related emergency response.
They shall be instructed on the handling of available fire rescue
apparatus, equipment, devices and tools. The training program shall be
adapted to suit the purpose of the particular brigade. It shall include fire
suppression strategies, tactics, techniques and the use of portable fire
extinguishers and other equipment, devices and tools.
B. In the case of fire safety practitioners, they shall undergo mandatory

continuous professional education and competency evaluation of their
expertise, knowledge and skills in the areas of fire science, engineering
and technology to be conducted by the BFP.
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SECTION 6.0.3.4 ASSISTANCE IN TRAINING PROGRAMS
The BFP shall assist in setting up a training program for the fire brigade and fire
volunteer organization. Members of the fire brigade and fire volunteer
organization shall be afforded opportunities to improve their knowledge on
fire prevention and suppression through attendance in seminars and special
training classes.
SECTION 6.0.3.5 IDENTIFICATION
Members of the volunteer fire brigade organization shall wear proper

identification cards duly signed by the head of their organization and
authenticated by the City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction over the
area.
DIVISION 4. COMMAND, EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE AND FIRE DRILLS
SECTION 6.0.4.1 PRACTICE DRILLS
Practice drills shall be held to check the ability of members to perform the
operations they are expected to carry out. Drills shall be occasionally held
under adverse weather conditions to work on special procedures needed
under such circumstances.
SECTION 6.0.4.2 OPERATION OF EQUIPMENT
In practice drills, all available equipment, devices and tools for fire
suppression and medical and rescue operation must be operated.
SECTION 6.0.4.3 REACTIVATION OF EQUIPMENT
At the conclusion of a practice drill, equipment shall be made readily

available to respond to a fire call.
SECTION 6.0.4.4 INSPECTION AND SCHEDULED MAINTENANCE WORK
Inspection and maintenance of fire equipment, both fixed and portable, may
be assigned to individual members of the fire brigade. However, the Fire
Brigade Chief must establish the necessary schedules for such work, and
assign these duties to specific personnel and ensure that these inspection and
maintenance operations are carried out and reported.
SECTION 6.0.4.5 COMMAND AT FIRE SCENE
During firefighting operations, the fire brigades and fire volunteer

organizations shall be under the direct operational control of the fire ground
commanders of the BFP.
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RULE 7. ASSISTANCE AND SUPPORT TO THE BFP
DIVISION 1. POLICE AND OTHER LAW ENFORCEMENT SUPPORT
SECTION 7.0.1.1 FROM PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE
Upon request, the Philippine National Police (PNP) shall render necessary
assistance to the Chief, BFP or his duly authorized representative on the
following actions:
A. During actual fire fighting operations and fire scene investigations;
B. Business closure and summary abatement proceedings;
C. Installation of signs that the building/structure is a fire hazard and/or fire

trap;
D. Obstruction of designated fire lanes and fire hydrants;
E. Apprehension of violators/persons removing, destroying, tampering or

obliterating warning signs and similar abatement appurtenances; and
F. Such other duties and functions of the BFP which would essentially require
police assistance.
SECTION 7.0.1.2 FROM LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS
Local Government Units (LGU) and other government agencies shall render
necessary assistance on the following duties of the BFP:
A. Strict observance of the requirement of fire safety measures for the

issuance of Fire Safety Inspection Certificate (FSIC) as a pre-requisite in the
grant of and renewal of business, occupancy and other related
permits/licenses. For this purpose, the LGU and/or other government
agencies concerned shall refrain from issuing such licenses and/or permits
without the applicant first securing an FSIC from the BFP;
B. Organization and training of fire brigades in all barangays in partnership

with BFP to serve as first responders;
C. In summary abatements, closure and/or stoppage of operation of

buildings/structures or portions thereof; and
D. Such other duties and functions of the BFP which would essentially require
their assistance.
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SECTION 7.0.1.3 FROM OTHER LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES
Other Law Enforcement Agencies, such as but not limited to, National Bureau
of Investigation and Philippine National Police Crime Laboratory shall, upon
request, accommodate and render necessary assistance on the following
functions of the BFP:
A. Laboratory/physical examinations of the pieces of evidence gathered in

the fire scene and submit the result thereof to the Chief, BFP or his duly
authorized representative, as the case may be;
B. In the investigation and prosecution of arson cases, appear as expert

witness thereof;
C. Such other duties and functions of the BFP which require their expertise.
DIVISION 2. OTHER AGENCIES’ SUPPORT
SECTION 7.0.2.1 COORDINATION WITH OTHER AGENCIES
To institutionalize the areas of cooperation and coordination of the BFP with

other departments, bureaus, agencies, offices and corporations of the
government, as well as private institutions, the BFP may enter into
Memoranda of Agreement with, but not limited to, the following:
A. National and Local Waterworks, for providing sufficient source of water,

especially in times of fire or conflagration and for the establishment of fire
hydrants in strategic areas;
B. Electric Companies and Cooperatives, on the immediate cut-off of

electric main lines/power lines during fires or conflagration to avoid the
danger of the people being electrocuted;
C. Department of Transportation and Communication (DOTC), on fire safety

measures on all ports and land transportation vehicle, traffic flow during
fire operation and establishment of effective communication system for
the BFP;
D. Department of Education (DepED), on institutionalizing the kiddie and

junior fire marshal program in all pre-school, elementary and secondary
education levels;
E. Commission on Higher Education (CHED), on coordinating with state

academic institutions to develop and promote fire safety engineering
courses and post graduate studies on fire science and technology and
development of fire testing laboratories;
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F. Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), on instituting continuing
development and enhancement of standards on fire protection and
related fire and life safety facilities, equipage and systems;
G. Technical Education Skills Development Authority (TESDA), on providing

and enhancing technical skills and know-how of BFP personnel and fire
volunteer organizations as well as their subsequent accreditation/
certification.
H. Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), on providing

pertinent information in the field of hazardous materials and hazardous
waste management as well as collaboration on forest fire and life safety
programs.
I. Such other government agencies, instrumentalities and subdivisions and

non-government institutions, with respect to future concerns as may be
deemed necessary by the BFP in furtherance of the enforcement of the
Fire Code and this IRR.
RULE 8. FIRE SAFETY ENFORCERS
CHAPTER 1. QUALIFICATIONS OF FIRE SAFETY ENFORCERS
DIVISION 1. MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS
BFP personnel duly designated as Fire Safety Enforcers shall posses

minimum required qualification standard stated herein.
SECTION 8.1.1.1 FIRE SAFETY INSPECTORS
A. UNIFORMED PERSONNEL
1. Licensed Engineer (Civil, Electrical, Mechanical, Chemical, Sanitary

and Electronic and Communication); or Architect with at least one (1)
year in the BFP service; or Graduate of any baccalaureate degree
course with at least three (3) years in the BFP service;
2. Shall have completed Fire Arson Investigation and Inspection Course

(FAIIC); or have undergone at least forty (40) hours of relevant
seminars/workshops on the Fire Code of the Philippines of 2008and
other relevant fire safety seminars/workshops; and
3. Non-licensed and non-engineering graduate must pass the written fire

safety inspection examination conducted by the BFP.
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B. NON- UNIFORMED PERSONNEL
1. Appointed as Engineers (Civil, Electrical, Mechanical, Chemical,

Sanitary and Electronics and Communication ); or Appointed as
Electrical/Building Inspectors; and
2. Shall have undergone at least forty (40) hours of relevant

seminars/workshops on the Fire Code of the Philippines and other
relevant fire safety seminars/workshops.
3. Electrical/building inspectors must pass the written examination

conducted by the BFP, otherwise they can only conduct inspection
relative to their appointment’s duties and functions.
SECTION 8.1.1.2 PLAN EVALUATORS
A. Must be a licensed Architect or Engineer; and
B. Shall have undergone at least forty (40) hours of relevant training on the
Fire Code of the Philippines of 2008 and other relevant fire safety
seminars/workshops.
C. In cases where there is no licensed engineer or architect in a specific

jurisdiction, a graduate of any baccalaureate degree with FAIIC training
shall be designated as plan evaluator.
CHAPTER 2. FUNCTIONS OF FIRE SAFETY ENFORCERS
DIVISION 1. RESPONSIBILITIES OF DESIGNATED FIRE SAFETY ENFORCERS
SECTION 8.2.1.1 FIRE SAFETY INSPECTORS
The following shall be the main duties and responsibilities of Fire Safety
Inspectors:
A. Inspect any building, structure or facility and/or any part thereof,

hazardous operations, storage facilities and transportation vehicles of
hazardous materials to ensure compliance of the Fire Code of the
Philippines, this IRR and other related laws, regulations, standards and
ordinances within the area of responsibility;
B. Assess compliance with the fire safety requirements, identify and

recommend corrective actions for violations/defects and deficiencies
and inform the owner/building administrator/occupants of such actions to
comply with the provisions of the Fire Code of the Philippines, this IRR and
other related laws, regulations, standards and ordinances;
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C. Testify in any judicial and quasi-judicial bodies regarding matters relating
to the Fire Code of the Philippines and this IRR, and/or the performance of
his/her duties related thereto, when needed;
D. Conduct fire safety lectures, seminars/workshop and drills; and
E. Prepare necessary documents and maintain files and/or records.
SECTION 8.2.1.2 PLAN EVALUATORS
The following shall be the main duties and responsibilities of Plan Evaluators:
A. Review and evaluate building plans and specifications including fire

protection system to determine compliance to the requirement of the Fire
Code, this IRR, Building Code of the Philippines and other Life and Safety
Standard; and
B. Conduct site verification and inspection on building under construction to

determine compliance with the approved plans and specifications.
RULE 9. ENFORCEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION OF FIRE SAFETY MEASURES
DIVISION 1. GENERAL
A. Inspection of all buildings, structures, facilities and premises, hazardous

operations, storage facilities and transportation vehicles of hazardous
materials and the determination of compliance of provisions of the Fire
Code of the Philippines and this IRR shall be done by City/Municipal Fire
Marshal having jurisdiction.
B. Fire safety inspections shall be conducted as a pre-requisite to grants of

permits and/or licenses by local governments or other government
agencies. No occupancy permit, business or permit to operate shall be
issued without securing a Fire Safety Inspection Certificate (FSIC) from the
City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction.
C. In coordination with the Building Official, the City/Municipal Fire Marshal

having jurisdiction shall review, evaluate and assess plans, design
calculations and specifications, and issue the necessary building Fire
Safety Evaluation Clearance (FSEC) upon determination that design and
specification is in accordance with the provisions of the Fire Code of the
Philippines and this IRR.
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DIVISION 2. FIRE SAFETY EVALUATION AND INSPECTION
SECTION 9.0.2.1 BUILDING PLAN REVIEW
A. Upon receipt by the City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction of six

(6) sets of the building plans from the Building Official (BO), the Costumer
Relation Officer or the designated staff shall check compliance of
documentary requirements, assess the Fire Code Fees (FCF) and issue
Order of Payment (OP) to be paid at the Cashier’s Office or the
Authorized Government Depository Bank (AGDB) or Authorized
Government Servicing Bank (AGSB) by the BFP. After payment of FCF, the
owner or his duly authorized representative shall submit copy of the
Official Receipt (OR). The Costumer Relation Officer shall record the
application for Building Plan Review including the date and time the plans
were received and the OR No., acknowledge and assign a control
number and endorse the same without delay to the Plan Evaluator.
B. The Plan Evaluator shall undertake the necessary evaluation and review of
the plans indicating whether or not such plans conform to the fire safety
and life safety requirements of the Fire Code of the Philippines and this IRR.
For this purpose, a Fire Safety Checklist (FSC) shall be used to facilitate
checking of the building plan. The evaluated plans and the
corresponding FSC shall then be submitted to the Chief, Fire Safety
Enforcement Section (FSES).
C. The Chief, FSES shall consolidate and review the findings of the Plan
Evaluator and shall submit, without delay, the evaluation report and/or
recommendations to the City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction.
D. The City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction will either approve or

disapprove the evaluated plans together with FSC. The
approved/disapproved application for FSEC will then be transmitted to
the Costumer Relation Officer for its release.
E. No building plan shall be evaluated without the submission of Fire and Life
Safety Assessment Report 1 (FALAR 1) in accordance with Division 3 of this
Rule.
F. The City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction, through the Costumer

Relation Officer shall endorse back five (5) copies of the approved
Building Plans, together with the FSEC and FSC to the Building Official.
SECTION 9.0.2.2 INSPECTION DURING CONSTRUCTION
During construction, renovation, modification or alteration, the

City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction, on the basis of issued FSC,
shall inspect the premises to determine whether the plans, and
specifications are being followed and fire safety precautions are being
34
observed. He shall cause the correction of any defects/deficiencies
noted, when necessary.
SECTION 9.0.2.3 INSPECTION AFTER COMPLETION OF CONSTRUCTION
A. After construction/ renovation/ modification or alteration and prior to the

issuance of the occupancy permit by the Building Official, the
City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction shall inspect the premises
and issue the necessary Fire Safety Inspection Certificate (FSIC) upon
determination that the required fire safety construction are in place, and
fire protective and/or warning system are properly installed in
accordance with the approved plans and specifications.
B. Inspection procedure shall be as follows:
1. The process starts with the endorsement by the Building Official (BO) of
the application for Occupancy Permit accompanied by a Certificate
of Completion. The Customer Relation Officer or designated staff shall
assess the Fire Code Fees and issue Order of Payment to be paid at
the Cashier’s Office or the AGDB or AGSB of the BFP. After payment,
the owner shall submit a copy of the Official Receipt to the Customer
Relation Officer. The Customer Relation Officer shall then assign an
application control number on the endorsement/application and
prepare an Inspection Order.
2. The prepared Inspection Order will be forwarded to Chief, FSES for

signing and recommendation.
3. The Chief, FSES will endorse the said Inspection Order including the
name of assigned FSI to the City/Municipal Fire Marshall having
jurisdiction for approval and signature. The Inspection Order will then
be given back to the Record Section for the assignment of a control
number and dispatch to assigned FSI.
4. The FSI shall conduct final inspection in the establishment applying for
Occupancy Permit then shall prepare an After Inspection Report (AIR)
using the Classified Standard Checklist.
5. The FSI will prepare a report of recommendation (FSIC or Notice of

Disapproval (NOD)), which shall be submitted to the Chief, FSES. The FSI
will prepare the FSIC, to be signed by Chief, FSES if said establishment
has substantially complied with the provisions of the Fire Code of the
Philippines. Otherwise, the FSI shall prepare NOD.
6. The Chief, FSES will evaluate and recommend final action, which is
subject to the approval of the City/Municipal Fire Marshall having
jurisdiction.
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7. No FSIC shall be issued without the submission of Fire and Life Safety
Assessment Report 2 (FALAR 2) in accordance with Division 3 of this
Rule.
8. Upon approval or disapproval, the City/Municipal Fire Marshall having

jurisdiction shall issue an FSIC or NOD, as the case may be, and
endorse to BO/Owner, retaining one (1) copy for filing and properly
maintained for future reference.
SECTION 9.0.2.4 BUSINESS AND ROUTINE INSPECTION
A. Existing Building, Structure or Facility
The City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction shall inspect all

buildings, structures or facilities to determine the presence of any fire
hazard, the types of occupancy, the prohibited acts being committed as
provided in Section 7 of Republic Act 9514, and to check or test the
required fire protective and/or warning systems. For this purpose, the
building owner or administrator shall make available to the FSI copies of all
plans, design calculations and specifications of the building as it was
actually built/ constructed, or in the absence of the same, copies of all
plans, design calculations and specifications of the building as it is at the
time of the inspection. The provisions of Section 9.0.2.2 apply when the
building, structure or facility will be repaired, renovated or modified as a
consequence of the inspection.
B. Industrial, Commercial or Business Operation
The City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction shall cause the

inspection of premises of any industrial, commercial or business operations
and issue the necessary FSIC upon determination that fire safety measures
for storage, handling, and/or use of explosives or combustible, flammable,
toxic and other hazardous materials, as well as, for hazardous operations
or processes, have been complied.
C. Periodic Inspection by Fire Safety Inspectors
The City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction shall cause the conduct
of periodic fire safety inspection of any building, structure, facility or
premises for the purpose of determining compliance with the provisions of
the Fire Code and this IRR. For this purpose, Inspection Order shall be
issued by the City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction. Before
leaving the place inspected, report shall be prepared. Such inspection
Order and After Inspection Report shall conform to the herein prescribed
format, prepared in three sets and distributed as indicated. Format of the
After Inspection Report shall follow the approved fire safety standard
inspection checklist.
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D. No FSIC shall be issued without the submission of Fire and Life Safety
Assessment Report 3 (FALAR 3) in accordance with Division 3 of this Rule.
DIVISION 3. FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY ASSESSMENT REPORT
SECTION 9.0.3.1 APPLICABILITY
A. All private and public buildings, facilities and structures to be constructed

or being constructed upon the effectivity of this IRR shall be required to
submit FALAR 1 and 2, among other documents, to the City/Municipal Fire
Marshal having jurisdiction as one of the requirements for securing FSEC or
FSIC for the issuance of Building Permit and Occupancy Permit.
B. All existing private and public buildings, facilities or structures with

occupancy of at least fifty (50) persons shall be required to submit FALAR
3 annually to the City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction when
securing FSIC.
SECTION 9.0.3.2 PROCEDURES
A. Three (3) sets of FALAR 1 shall be submitted to the City/Municipal Fire

Marshal having jurisdiction by the building owner duly signed by the
Architect and Fire Safety Practitioner duly accredited by the BFP, together
with six (6) sets of plans and specifications. The City/Municipal Fire Marshal
having jurisdiction shall not issue a FSEC for the issuance of Building Permit
without the submission of FALAR 1.
B. Prior to beneficial occupancy, together with the Certificate of

Completion of Construction, three (3) sets of FALAR 2 shall be submitted to
the City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction by the building owner,
duly signed by the Construction Manager and Contractor. The
City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction shall not issue a FSIC as a
requirement for the issuance of Occupancy Permit without the submission
of FALAR 2.
C. The building owner shall make available for submission to the

City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction, three (3) sets of FALAR 3,
duly signed by the Building Administrator during the regular annual fire
safety inspection. The City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction shall
not issue a FSIC as a requirement for the issuance of Business Permit
without the submission of FALAR 3.
SECTION 9.0.3.3 FORMAT OF PREPARATION
A. FALAR 1 - Documentation on Fire and Life-Safety Features of the Facility
(Consisting of a written report prepared by the Architect and his Fire

Protection Consultant. This is a compilation of the plans/specification and
design analysis normally submitted by the Architect and Engineers. )
37
1. Objectives
2. Short Project Description
3. Statement of who is the enforcing authority for the National Building

Code and the Fire Code of the Philippines.
4. Statement of the Codes and Standards used in the design.
5. Discussion of Fire Protection and Life Safety Issues.
a. Building Classification and Construction;
b. Hazards of contents and combustible loading including fire

scenarios adopted if design is performance based;
c. Occupancy Classification;
d. Structural Requirements/Separation of Building Spaces;
e. Exit and egress description
i. Basis of design;
ii. Number of exits;
iii. Travel distances;
iv. Exit calculations (may be included in appendices); and
v. Timed-exit analysis (for equivalencies and variances);
f. Fire Suppression Description
i. Design criteria used for sprinkler system/standpipe;

ii. Other suppression systems;
iii. Water supplies, and fire pumps, capacities;
iv. Portable extinguishers;
v. Hydraulic and other calculations (may be placed in
appendices); and
vi. Riser diagrams (may be placed in appendices);
g. Fire detection, alarm, communication and evacuation systems
i. Description of each system including features and controls;

and
ii. Sound pressure calculations (for equivalencies and variances);
h. Smoke Control Management
i. Description of smoke control strategies;

ii. Design criteria used;
iii. Calculations (may be included in appendices); and
38
iv. Equipment capacities and description
i. Exit light and emergency lighting systems
i. Description;
ii. Typical location of exit lights and emergency lighting systems;
iii. Design criteria; and
iv. Calculations (equivalencies and variances).
j. Emergency Power Supply
i. Description;
ii. Capacities; and
iii. Calculations (may be included in appendices)
k. Fire Department Access
i. Description and location of street hydrant and BFP station;

and
l. Other issues not discussed above including elevator recall and use
of elevators for evacuation
B. FALAR 2 - Documentation submitted by the Contractor/s and the

Construction Manager certifying that the construction was in accordance
with the FALAR 1 and authorized changes.
(Documents will be a compilation report of all approved submittals, test

and acceptance forms of all fire protection and life safety features and
shall form part of the as-built documents turned over by the contractor to
the building owner.)
1. Short Description of Project.
2. Objectives of the Report.
3. Enforcing Authorities.
4. Standards used for Authorized Changes.
5. Fire Protection and Life Safety Issues.
a. Building classification and construction - a statement saying there is

no deviation from FALAR 1.
b. Hazards of content and combustible loadings - description of

authorized changes from FALAR 1. If none, a statement saying
none.
39
c. Occupant characterization- description of any changes from
FALAR 1. If none, a statement saying none.
d. Structural requirements and separation of building spaces and

description of authorized changes from FALAR 1.
e. Exit and Egress
i. Calculations (for changes and variances)

ii. Description of authorized major changes to FALAR 1.
iii. Egress calculation for variances from code requirements.
f. Fire Suppression Systems
i. Description of authorized major changes to FALAR 1.

ii. Calculations for major changes (maybe included in
appendices)
g. Fire detection, alarm, communication and evacuation systems
i. Description of authorized major changes.

ii. Calculation for major changes.
iii. Testing, commissioning and acceptance data of the fire alarm
and detection system.
iv. Testing, commissioning and acceptance data including fire and
jockey pumps
i. Description of Authorized Changes

ii. Calculation for major changes
iii. Testing, commissioning and acceptance data for smoke
exhaust and pressurization blowers
i. Emergency Power Supply
i. Description of authorized changes

ii. Calculation for major changes
iii. Testing, commissioning and acceptance data of the generator
set.
j. Other issues including testing and commissioning of the elevator

recall system.
C. FALAR 3 - Documentation on the required periodic maintenance and

upkeep of the fire and life-safety features of the facility.
(It consists of a written report prepared by the building owner, his fire
safety officer or his authorized representative. This is a compilation of the
40
maintenance and testing records kept by the buildings engineering and
maintenance departments. )
1. Objectives
2. Short Description of Building or Facilities.
3. Statement on who is the enforcing authority for the National Building

Code and the Fire Code of the Philippines.
4. Statement of Testing and Maintenance Standards Used.
5. Discussions of Fire Protection and Life Safety Issues.
a. Building Classification and Construction.
b. Hazards of Content and Combustible Loadings.
c. Occupancy Classifications.
d. Separation of Building Spaces.
e. Exit and Egress
i. Number of active exits; and

ii. Maintenance records done on egress component such as
doors and enclosed stairways.
f. Fire Suppression
i. Maintenance and testing records done on fire pumps,

sprinkler system, portable extinguishers, standpipes and other
fire suppression systems; and
ii. Submit results of annual fire pump flow tests, annual main
drain tests, and water flow tests for standpipe; submit other
test results as appropriate.
g. Fire detection, alarm communication and evaluation system
i. Testing and maintenance records done on the components

of the detection and alarm system including the fire alarm
control panel.
i. Maintenance and testing records of the various component

of the smoke management system. Include test records for
pressurization fans for flows and fan controls.
i. Emergency Power Supply

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i. Maintenance and testing records of the system components
of the emergency power supply.
j. Other testing and maintenance records, including test results of the

elevator recall system.
DIVISION 4. FIRE SAFETY INSPECTION CERTIFICATE
SECTION 9.0.4.1 FSIC AS A PRE-REQUISITE FOR ISSUANCE OF PERMIT/LICENSE
Upon compliance of the fire safety requirements under Rule 10 of this IRR, a
Fire Safety Inspection Certificate (FSIC) shall be issued by the BFP as a pre –
requisite for the issuance of Business or Mayor’s Permit, Permit to Operate,
Occupancy Permit, PHILHEALTH Accreditation for Hospitals, DOH License to
Operate and other permits or licenses being issued by other government
agencies.
SECTION 9.0.4.2 DOCUMENTARY REQUIREMENTS
A. FSIC for Occupancy Permit
1. Endorsement from the Building Official (BO);
2. Photocopy of Building Permit and Assessment of Occupancy Permit

Fee;
3. Copy of Fire Insurance Policy, if any;
4. Copy of Latest Fire Safety Inspection Certificate immediately

preceding this application, if any; and
5. Three (3) sets of FALAR 2.
B. FSIC for Business Permit
1. Endorsement from the Business Permit Licensing Office (BPLO);
2. Photocopy of Building Permit and Assessment of Business Permit

Fee/Tax Bill for Business Permit;
3. Copy of Fire Insurance Policy, if any;
4. Copy of Latest Fire Safety Inspection Certificate immediately

preceding this application, if any; and
5. Three (3) sets of FALAR 3.
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DIVISION 5. FIRE SAFETY CLEARANCE
Fire Safety Clearance shall be required for the storage, handling, installation
and transportation of hazardous materials, operations and processes as may
be prescribed in other provisions of this IRR.
DIVISION 6. FIRE INSURANCE DATA REQUIRED
All persons having fire insurance coverage on their properties and/or business
shall submit a certified true copy of all coverages currently in effect, including
subsequent and/or additional policies to the City/Municipal Fire Marshal
having jurisdiction not later than ten (10) days after receipt of the document
from any insurance company. Exempted from this requirement are owners of
detached, single- or two-family dwellings actually being used for residential
occupancy.
RULE 10. FIRE SAFETY MEASURES
CHAPTER 1. COVERAGE
This Rule covers the Fire Safety Measure for Buildings, Structures and Facilities,
Hazardous Materials and Wastes, Hazardous Operations and Processes and
Miscellaneous Hazardous Premises and/or conditions, that by its very nature
or relation to life, property and environment poses threat or danger.
CHAPTER 2. FIRE SAFETY IN BUILDINGS, STRUCTURES AND FACILITIES
DIVISION 1. SCOPE
A. This Chapter deals with life safety from fire and like emergencies in
buildings, structures and facilities. It covers construction, protection and
occupancy features to minimize danger to life from fire, smoke, vapor
and fumes before buildings are vacated. It also discusses procedures and
guidelines in fire drills required for all types of occupancies to prevent
panic in times of emergencies. It specifies the number, size, and
arrangement of means of egress sufficient to permit prompt and safe
escape of occupants from buildings, or structures or facilities in case of
fire or other conditions dangerous to life and property.
B. Nothing in this Chapter shall be construed to prohibit a better type of

design, building construction, more exits, or otherwise safer conditions
than the requirements specified in this Chapter.
DIVISION 2. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
A. Every building or structure, new or old, designed for human occupancy

shall be provided with exits sufficient to permit the fast and safe escape
43
of occupants in case of fire or other emergency. The design of exits and
other fire safety construction shall be such that reliance for safety to life in
case of fire or other emergency will not depend solely on any single fire
safety construction. Additional safeguards shall be provided for life safety
in case any single safeguard is ineffective due to some human or
mechanical failure.
B. Every building or structure shall be designed, constructed, equipped,

maintained and operated to avoid danger to the lives and ensure safety
of its occupants from fire, smoke, vapor and fumes, during the period of
escape from the building or structure.
C. Every building or structure shall be provided with exits of kind, number,

location and capacity appropriate to the individual building or structure,
with due regard to the character of the occupancy, the number of
persons exposed, the fire protection available and the height and type of
construction of the building or structure, to afford all occupants
convenient facilities for escape.
D. Every exit of buildings or structures shall be arranged and maintained to

provide free and unobstructed egress from all parts thereof at all times.
No lock or fastening device that would prevent escape from the inside of
any building shall be installed except in mental, penal, or correctional
institutions where personnel are continually on duty and effective
provisions are made to evacuate occupants in case of fire or other
emergencies.
E. Every exit shall be clearly visible. The route to the exit shall be con-
spicuously marked in such a manner that every occupant of a building or
structure will readily know the direction of escape. Each route of escape,
in its entirety, shall be so arranged or marked that the way to a place of
safety outside is unmistakable. Any doorway not constituting an exit shall
be marked to minimize its possible confusion as an exit. Likewise, passage
constituting a way to reach an exit shall be marked to minimize
confusion.
F. All means of egress shall be provided with adequate and reliable

illumination.
G. Fire alarm systems or devices shall be provided in every building or

structure of such size, arrangement, or occupancy, to provide adequate
warning to occupants.
H. Every building or structure, section, or area thereof of such size,

occupancy and arrangement such that the reasonable safety of a
number of occupants may be endangered by the blocking of any single
means of egress due to fire or smoke, shall have at least two means of
egress remote from each other, so arranged as to minimize any possibility
44
that both may be blocked by any one fire or other emergency
conditions.
I. Every vertical way of exit and other vertical openings between floors of a
building shall be suitably enclosed or protected to afford reasonable
safety of occupants while using exits and to prevent spread of fire,
smoke, or fumes through vertical openings from floor to floor before
occupants have entered exits.
J. Required Fire Safety Programs/Measures
1. In addition to the requirements, lessees or occupants of buildings,

structures or facilities shall observe all pertinent fire safety measures;
2. All occupants or lessees of buildings, structures or facilities shall or-

ganize themselves and develop and implement fire safety programs
to include among others, fire prevention in the premises, notification of
the BFP on the existence of a fire, evacuation of persons and initial fire
fighting. The building owner shall take the initiative of formulating the
fire safety program for his building and of organizing the occupants to
implement the programs.
3. In buildings, leased to and used by one or several companies or

persons, the management of each company or each person shall be
responsible for fire safety measures within the leased or occupied
areas. The building owner shall be responsible for the common areas
in the building such as the means of egress, utilities and building
service equipment or systems.
4. In building structures or facilities, such as condominium and the like,

where some units of the building are not yet sold, the provisions of
paragraph “J” sub-para "3" above shall apply. When all condominium
units have been sold, responsibility for fire safety measures in the
common areas such as the means of egrees, utilities, building
equipment/system and the building as a whole, shall devolve jointly
upon all individual unit owners or occupants.
K. Compliance with this Chapter shall not be construed as eliminating or

reducing the necessity from complying with the other provisions for safety
of persons using a structure under normal occupancy conditions. Also, no
provision of the Fire Code of the Philippines and this IRR shall be construed
as requiring or permitting any condition that might be hazardous under
normal occupancy conditions.
L. Construction and Repair Operations
1. New Construction
a. No building or structure under construction shall be occupied in

45
whole or in part until all required means of egress required for the
part to be occupied are completed, inspected and approved for
occupancy.
b. Adequate escape facilities shall be maintained at all times in

buildings under construction for the use of construction workers.
These facilities shall consist of doors, walkways, stairs, ramps, fire
escapes, or other arrangements in accordance with the general
guidelines of the Fire Code of the Philippines and this IRR in so far as
they can reasonably be applied to buildings under construction.
2. Repairs or Alterations
a. Existing buildings may be occupied during repairs or alterations

provided that all existing fire protection systems/devices are
continuously maintained or, in lieu thereof, other measures are
taken to provide equivalent safety.
b. Flammable or explosive substances or equipment necessary for the

repair or alteration of a building or structure may be introduced
therein while it is occupied, only if the conditions of use and the
safeguards therefore provided will not create any additional
danger or impair the use of the means of egress.
DIVISION 3. CLASSIFICATION OF OCCUPANCY
A. A building or structure shall be classified as follows:
1. Assembly
a. Assembly occupancies include, but are not limited to, all buildings
or portions of buildings used for gathering together of fifty (50) or
more persons for such purposes as deliberation, worship,
entertainment, eating, drinking, amusement, awaiting
transportation, or similar uses.
b. Assembly occupancies include: theaters; assembly halls;

auditorium; exhibition halls; museum; restaurants; drinking
establishments; places of worship; classrooms of 50 persons and
over capacity; libraries; internet shops of over 50 persons capacity;
dance halls; club rooms; skating rinks; gymnasiums; cockpit arenas;
bowling facilities; pool rooms; armories; passenger stations and
terminals of air, surface, underground, and marine public
transportation facilities; recreational facilities; piers; court-rooms;
conference rooms; and mortuary chapels or funeral homes.
c. Restaurants and drinking establishments with an occupant load of

less than 50 persons shall be classified as mercantile occupancies.
46
d. Occupancy of any room or space for assembly purposes by less
than fifty (50) persons in a building of other occupancy and
incidental to such other occupancy shall be classified as part of the
other occupancy and subject to the provisions applicable thereto.
2. Educational
a. Educational occupancies include all buildings or portions thereof

used for the gathering of group of six (6) or more persons for
purposes of instruction.
b. Educational occupancies include: Schools; Universities; Colleges;

Academies; Nursery schools; Kindergartens; and Child Day Care
facilities.
c. Other occupancies associated with educational institutions shall be

in accordance with the appropriate parts of this Chapter, except
licensed day care facilities of any capacity.
d. In case where instruction is incidental to some other occupancy,

the Section of the Chapter governing such other occupancy shall
apply.
3. Health Care
a. Health care facilities are those used for purposes of medical or

other treatment or care of persons where such occupants are
mostly incapable of self preservation because of age, physical or
mental disability, or because of security measures not under the
occupants’ control.
b. Health care facilities include: hospitals; nursing homes; birth centers;

and residential custodial care centers such as nurseries, homes for
the aged and the like.
4. Detention and Correctional
a. Detention and correctional buildings are those used to house one

or more persons under varied degrees of restraint or security where
such occupants are mostly incapable of self-preservation because
of security measures not under the occupants’ control.
b. Detention and correctional occupancies shall include those used

for purposes such as correctional institutions, detention facilities,
community residential centers, training schools, work camps, and
substance abuse centers where occupants are confined or housed
under some degree of restraint or security.
47
5. Residential
a. Residential occupancies are those occupancies in which sleeping

accommodations are provided for normal residential purposes and
include all buildings designed to provide sleeping
accommodations.
b. Residential buildings, structures or facilities are treated separately in

this Rule in the following groups: hotels; motels; apartelles; pension
houses; inns; apartments; condominiums; dormitories; lodging or
rooming houses; and one- and two-family dwellings; and the likes.
6. Mercantile
a. Mercantile occupancies include stores, markets, and other rooms,

buildings, or structures for the display and/or sale of merchandise.
b. Mercantile occupancies include: malls; supermarkets; department

stores; shopping centers; flea markets; restaurants of less than 50
persons capacity; public/private dry and wet markets; water
refilling stations; drugstores; hardwares/construction supplies;
showrooms; and auction rooms.
c. Minor merchandising operation in building predominantly of other

occupancies, such as newsstand in an office building, shall be
subject to the exit requirements of the predominant occupancy.
d. Office, storage, and service facilities incidental to the sale of

merchandise and located in the same building should be
considered part of the mercantile occupancy classification.
7. Business
a. Business buildings are those used for the transaction of business

other than that covered under Mercantile, for the keeping of
accounts and records and similar purposes.
b. Included in this occupancy group are: offices for lawyers; doctors;

dentists and other professionals; general offices; City/Municipal
halls; internet shops; massage parlors, beauty parlors, barbershops
of less than 50 occupants and court houses;
c. Minor office occupancy incidental to operations in other

occupancy shall be considered as a part of the dominant
occupancy and shall be subject to the provisions of the Chapter
applying to the dominant occupancy.
8. Industrial
a. Industrial occupancies include factories that make products of all
48
kinds and properties which shall include but not limited to product
processing, assembling and disassembling, mixing, packaging,
finishing or decorating, repairing and material recovery including,
among others, the following: factories of all kinds; laboratories; dry
cleaning plants; power plants; pumping stations; smokehouses; gas
plants; refineries; and sawmills, laundries; creameries
9. Storage
a. Storage occupancy includes all buildings or structures utilized

primarily for the storage or sheltering of goods, merchandise,
products, vehicles, or animals. Included in this occupancy group
are: warehouses; cold storages; freight terminals; truck and marine
terminals; bulk oil storage; LPG storage; parking garages; hangars;
grain elevators; barns; and stables.
b. Minor storage incidental to other occupancy shall be treated as

part of the other occupancy.
10. Mixed Occupancies
a. Refers to two or more classes of occupancies

occurring/located/situated/existing in the same building and/or
structures so intermingled that separate safeguards are
impracticable.
b. The means of egress shall be sufficient to meet exit requirements for

the occupants of each individual room or section, and for the
maximum occupant load of the entire building. Fire safety
construction, protective and warning systems and other safeguards
shall met requirements of the most hazardous occupancy unless
otherwise specified in Division 8 through 17 of this Chapter.
11. Miscellaneous
a. This class of occupancy includes buildings or structure which

cannot be properly classified in any of the preceding occupancy
groups. Such miscellaneous buildings and structures shall conform
to the fundamental guidelines provided for in Division 2 and to any
specific provisions applicable thereto in Division 17 both of this
Chapter.
B. In case of conflict as to the type or classification of occupancy, the same

shall be determined by the Chief, BFP or his duly authorized
representative.
49
DIVISION 4. HAZARD OF BUILDINGS
SECTION 10.2.4.1 GENERAL
A. For purposes of this Chapter, the degree of hazard shall be the relative
danger of the start and spread of fire, the generation of smoke or gases,
the danger of explosion or other occurrences potentially endangering
the lives and safety of the occupants of the building or structure due to
the nature of the contents or processes/operations therein.
B. The degree of fire hazard shall be determined by the City/Municipal Fire

Marshal having jurisdiction on the basis of the nature, character of the
contents and the process or operations being conducted in the building
or structure: Provided, however, that where the flame spread rating of
the interior finish or other features of the building or structure are such as
to involve a fire hazard greater than the hazard of contents, the greater
degree of fire hazard shall govern, except if such hazardous areas are
segregated or protected as specified in Section 10.2.6.8 of this IRR and
the applicable sections of Divisions 8 through 17 of this Chapter.
SECTION 10.2.4.2 CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARD OF CONTENTS
A. The hazard of contents of any building or structure shall be classified as

follows:
1. Low Hazard
Those of such low combustibility that no self-propagating fire therein

can occur and that consequently, the only probable danger requiring
the use of emergency exits will be from panic, fumes or smoke or fire
from some external source.
2. Moderate Hazard
Those which are liable to burn with moderate rapidity or to give off a
considerable volume of smoke but from which neither poisonous
fumes nor explosions are to be expected in the event of fire.
3. High Hazard
Those which are liable to burn with extreme rapidity or from which
poisonous gases or explosions are to be expected in the event of fire.
50
DIVISION 5. MEANS OF EGRESS
SECTION 10.2.5.1 APPLICATION
A. Means of egress for both new and existing buildings shall comply with this
Division except as may be modified for individual occupancies by
Divisions 8 through 17 of this Chapter.
B. Any change, alteration or addition that would reduce the means of

egress below the requirements for new buildings is prohibited.
SECTION 10.2.5.2 GENERAL PROVISIONS
A. Permissible Exit Components
An exit shall consist of the approved components that are described,

regulated, and limited as to use by Sections 10.2.5.3 through 10.2.5.12 of
this IRR. Exit components shall be constructed as an integral part of the
building or shall be permanently affixed thereto.
B. Protective Enclosure of Exits
1. When an exit is required to be protected by separation from other

parts of the building by some requirements of this IRR, the construction
of the separation shall meet the following requirements:
a. The separation shall have at least one (1) hour fire resistance rating
when the exit connects three (3) storeys or less, regardless of
whether the storeys connected are above or below the storey at
which the exit discharge begins.
b. The separation shall have at least two (2) hours resistance rating
when the exit connects four (4) or more storeys, whether above or
below the floor of discharge. It shall be constructed of
noncombustible materials and shall be supported by construction
having at least a two (2)-hour fire resistance rating.
c. Any opening in the separation wall/construction shall be protected

by an approved self-closing fire resistive door.
d. Openings in exit enclosure shall be confined to those necessary for

access, to the enclosure from normally occupied spaces and for
egress from the enclosure.
2. No exit enclosure shall be used for any purpose other than for means
of egress.
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C. Capacity of Means of Egress
1. The egress capacity for approved components of means of egress

shall be based on the capacity factors shown in Table 1.
Table 1: CAPACITY FACTORS
Level Components
Stairways
and Ramps
Area (width per person)
(width per person)
mm in mm in
Board and Care 10 0.4 5 0.2
Health Care, 7.6 0.3 5 0.2
Sprinklered
Health Care, Non 15 0.6 13 0.5
Sprinklered
High Hazards 18 0.7 10 0.4
All Others 7.6 0.3 5 0.4
2. The required capacity of a corridor shall be the occupant load that

utilizes the corridor for exit access divided by the required number of
exits to which the corridor connects, but the corridor capacity shall be
not less than the required capacity of the exit to which the corridor
leads.
D. Occupant Load
1. The total capacity of means of egress for any floor, balcony, tier, or
other occupied space shall be sufficient for the occupant load
thereof. The occupant load in any building or portion thereof shall be
the maximum number of persons that may be in the space at any
time, as determined by the City/Municipal Fire Marshal having
jurisdiction, but shall not be less than the number computed by
dividing the floor area assigned to that use by the occupant load
factor in accordance with the requirements of Divisions 8 through 17 of
this Chapter for individual occupancies
2. Where exits serve more than one floor, only the occupant load of
each floor considered individually need be used in computing the
capacity of the exits of that floor; Provided, that exit capacity shall not
be decreased in the direction of exit travel. When means of egress
from the floor above and below converge at an intermediate floor,
the capacity of the means of egress from the point of convergence
shall not be less than the sum of the two.
3. When any required egress capacity from a balcony or mezzanine

passes through the room below, that required capacity shall be
added to the required egress capacity of the room below.
52
E. Measurement of Means of Egress
1. The width of means of egress shall be measured by clear width starting

from the narrowest point of the egress component under
consideration, unless otherwise provided in para (2) hereof.
2. Projections of not more than one hundred fourteen millimeters (114

mm) at a maximum height of nine hundred sixty five millimeters (965
mm) within the means of egress on each side shall be permitted.
F. Minimum Width
The width of any means of egress shall not be less than nine hundred
fifteen millimeters (915 mm) except when specifically provided under
Division 8 to Division 17 of this Chapter.
G. Number of Means of Egress
1. The number of means of egress from any balcony, mezzanine, storey,

or portion thereof shall not be less than two (2), except when
specifically permitted in Division 8 through 17 of this Chapter.
2. When the occupant load for any storey or portion thereof is more than
five hundred (500) but not more than one thousand (1000), the means
of egress shall not be less than three (3); in excess thereof, the means
of egress shall not be less than four (4).
3. The occupant load of each storey considered individually shall be

required to be used in computing the number of means of egress at
each storey, provided that the required number of means of egress is
not decreased in the direction of exit travel.
4. No doors other than hoistway door, the elevator car door, and doors
that are readily openable from the car side without a key, tool, special
knowledge, or special effort shall be allowed at the point of access to
an elevator car.
5. Elevator lobbies shall have access to at least one exit. Such exit access
shall not require the use of a key, a tool, special knowledge, or special
effort.
H. Arrangement of Exit
1. Exits shall be located and exit access shall be arranged so that exits
are readily accessible at all times.
2. When exits are not immediately accessible from an open floor area,
continuous passageways, aisles, or corridors leading directly to every
exit shall be maintained and shall be arranged to provide access for
53
each occupant to not less than two exits by separate ways of travel.
3. Corridors shall provide exit access without passing through any

intervening rooms other than corridors, lobbies, and other spaces
permitted to be open to the corridor.
4. Remoteness shall be determined in accordance with the following:
a. When more than one exit is required from a building or portion

thereof, such exits shall be remotely located from each other and
shall be arranged and constructed to minimize the possibility that
more than one exit has the potential to be blocked by any fire or
other emergency condition.
b. When two (2) exits or exit access doors are required, they shall be
located at a distance from one another not less than one-half (1/2)
of the length of the maximum over-all diagonal dimension of the
building or area to be served, measured in a straight line between
the nearest edge of the exit doors or exit access doors, unless
otherwise provided in para (c) hereof.
c. In buildings protected throughout by an approved supervised

automatic sprinkler system, the minimum separation distance
between two exits or exit access doors measured in accordance
with para (b) hereof shall not be less than one-third (1/3) the length
of the maximum overall diagonal dimension of the building or area
to be served.
d. Where exit enclosures are provided as the required exits specified

in para (b) and para (c) hereof and are interconnected by not less
than 1-hour fire resistance-rated corridor, exit separation shall be
measured along the line of travel within the corridor.
e. Where more than two exits or exit access doors are required, at
least two (2) of the required exits or exit access doors shall be
arranged to comply with the minimum separation distance
requirement.
5. Interlocking or scissor stairs shall be considered only as a single exit for

new buildings.
I. Dead-End Limits
Means of egress shall be so arranged that there are no dead-end

pockets, hallways, corridors, passage ways or courts whose depth
exceeds the limits specified in individual occupancies by Divisions 8
through 17 of this Chapter.
54
J. Measurement of Travel Distance to Exits
1. The maximum travel distance in any occupied space to the nearest

exit shall not exceed the limits specified for individual occupancies by
Divisions 8 through 17 of this Chapter. Maximum travel distance shall
be determined as follows:
a. The travel distance to an exit shall be measured on the floor or

other walking surface along the center line of the natural path of
travel, starting from the most remote point subject to occupancy,
curving around any corner or construction with a thirty (30)
centimeter clearance therefrom, and ending at the center of the
doorway or other point at which the exit begins. Where
measurement includes stairs, it shall be taken in the place of the
tread nosing.
b. In the case of open areas, distance to exits shall be measured from

the most remote point subject to occupancy. In case of individual
rooms subject to occupancy by not more than six (6) persons,
distance to exits shall be measured from the floors of such rooms
provided the path of travel from any point in the room to the room
door does not exceed fifteen meters (15 m).
2. Where open stairways or ramps are permitted, as a path of travel to

required exit, such as between mezzanines or balconies and the floor
below, the distance shall include the travel on the stairway or ramp,
and the travel from the end of the stairway or ramp to reach an
outside door or other exit, in addition to the distance to reach the
stairway or ramp.
3. Where any part of an exterior way of exit access is within three meters
(3 m) horizontal distance of any unprotected building opening, as
permitted by Section 10.2.5.5 for outside stairs, the distance to the exit
shall include the length of travel to ground level.
K. Access to Exits
1. A door from a room to an exit or to a way of exit access shall be of the

side-hinged, swinging type. It shall swing with exit travel.
2. In no case shall access to exit be through a bathroom, bedroom, or

other room subject to locking, except where the exit is required to
serve only the bedroom or other room subject to locking, or adjoining
rooms constituting part of the same dwelling or apartment used for
single family occupancy.
3. Ways of exit access and the doors to exits to which they lead shall be
designed and arranged to be clearly recognizable as such. Deco-
rations or draperies shall not be placed on exit doors. Mirrors shall not
55
be placed in or adjacent to any exit in such a manner as to confuse
the direction of exit.
4. Exit access shall be arranged that it will not be necessary to travel

toward any area of high hazard occupancy in order to reach the
nearest exit, unless the path is protected by suitable partitions.
L. Exterior Ways of Exit Access
1. Access to an exit may be by means of any exterior balcony, porch,

gallery, or roof that conforms to the requirements of this Section.
2. Exterior ways of access shall have smooth, solid floors, substantially

level, and shall have guards on the unenclosed sides at least
equivalent to those specified in paragraph “H” of Section 10.2.5.4 of
this IRR.
3. A permanent, reasonably straight path of travel shall be maintained

over the required exterior way of exit access. There shall be no
obstruction by railings, barriers, or gates that divide the open space
into sections appurtenant to individual rooms, apartments, or other
uses. Where the City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction finds
that the required path of travel is obstructed by furniture or other
movable objects, he shall require their removal. However, if the width
of the exterior way of exit access is greater than the required path of
travel, he may permit the relocation of such furniture to one side so
that they are out of the path's way. Such furniture shall then be
fastened so they can no longer be moved. Alternatively, he may
require that railings or other permanent barriers be installed to protect
the path of travel against encroachment.
4. An exterior way of exit access shall be arranged so that there are no

dead-ends in excess of six meters (6 m) in length.
5. Any gallery, balcony, bridge, porch or other exterior exit access that
projects beyond the outside wall of a building shall comply with the
requirements of this Division as to width and arrangement.
M. Discharge from Exits
1. All exits shall terminate directly at a public way or at an exit discharge.

Yards, courts, open space, or other portions of the exit discharge shall
be of required width and size to provide all occupants with a safe
access to a public way.
2. Where permitted for individual occupancies by Divisions 8 through 17

of this Chapter, a maximum of fifty (50) percent of the exits may
discharge through areas on the floor of discharge provided all of the
following requirements are met:
56
a. Exits shall discharge to a free and unobstructed way to the exterior
of the building and is readily visible and identifiable from the point
of discharge from the exit.
b. The floor of discharge into which the exit discharges and any other
portion of the level of discharge with access to the discharge areas
are protected with approved, supervised sprinkler system or
separated from it in accordance with the requirement for the
enclosure of exits except if the discharge area is a vestibule or
foyer complying with all of the following, and where allowed in
Divisions 8 through 17:
i. The depth from the exterior of the building is not greater than
three meters (3m);
ii. The length is not greater than six meters (6m);
iii. The foyer is separated from the remainder of the level of

discharge by construction providing protection at least the
equivalent of wired glass in steel frames; and the foyer serves
only for means of egress including exits directly to the outside.
c. The entire area on the floor of discharge is separated from areas

below by construction having a minimum of two-hour (2-hr) fire
resistance rating.
3. Stairs and other exits shall be so arranged as to make clear the

direction of egress to the street. Exit stairs that continue beyond the
floor of discharge shall be interrupted at the floor of discharge by
partitions, doors, or other effective means.
4. Stairs, ramps, bridges, balconies, escalators, moving walks and other

components of an exit discharge shall comply with the detailed
requirements of this Division for such components.
5. Subject to the approval of the City/Municipal Fire Marshal having

jurisdiction, exits may be accepted where discharging to roofs or other
sections of the building or adjoining buildings, where the roof has a fire
resistance rating at least the equivalent of that required for the exit en-
closure, where there is a continuous and safe means of egress from the
room, and all other reasonable requirements for the safety are
maintained.
N. Headroom
The minimum headroom shall not be less than two meters (2 m) nor any
projection from the ceiling be less than two meters (2 m) from the floor.
57
O. Changes in Elevation
Where a means of egress is not level, such differences in elevation shall be

negotiated by stairs or ramps conforming to the requirements of this
Section for stairs and ramps.
P. Interior Finish in Exits
The flame spread of interior finish shall not exceed Class B in accordance
with Section 10.2.6.3 of this IRR in exit enclosures except when allowed in
Division 8 through 17 of this Section.
SECTION 10.2.5.3 DOORS
A. Application
1. A door assembly, including the doorway, frame, door, and necessary

hardware, may be used as a component in a means of egress when it
conforms to the general requirements of Section 10.2.5.2 of this IRR and
to the specific requirements of this Section.
2. Every door and every principal entrance which are required to serve
as an exit shall be designed and constructed that the way of exit
travel is obvious and direct. Windows, which because of their physical
configuration or design and the materials used in their construction
could be mistaken for doors, shall be made inaccessible to the
occupants by barriers or railings conforming to the requirements of
paragraph “H” of Section 10.2.5.4 of this IRR.
3. The door assembly required by this Section shall comply with the fire
protection rating and, where rated, is self-closing or automatic-closing
by means of smoke detection in accordance with Section 10.2.5.3
para “G” of this IRR, and is installed in accordance with NFPA 80,
Standard for Fire Doors and Fire Windows.
B. Swing and Force to Open
1. Any door in a means of egress shall be of the side-hinged or pivoted-

swinging type. The door shall be designed and installed so that it is
capable of swinging from any position to the full required width of the
opening in which it is installed. Doors required to be of the side-hinged
or pivoted-swinging type shall swing in the direction of egress travel
where serving a room or area with an occupant load of fifty (50) or
more persons.
2. A door shall swing in the direction of egress travel when used in an exit
enclosure or where serving a high hazard contents area, unless it is a
door from an individual living unit that opens directly into an exit
enclosure. During its swing, any door in a means of egress shall leave
58
not less than one-half of the required width of an aisle, corridor,
passageway, or landing unobstructed and shall not project more than
one hundred seventy eight millimeters (178 mm) into the required
width of an aisle, corridor, passageway, or landing, when fully open.
Doors shall not open directly onto a stair without a landing. The landing
shall have a width not less than the width of the door.
3. Any door used in an exit and, unless exempt by other provisions of this
Rule, shall be designed and installed that when a force is applied to
the door on the side from which egress is to be made, it shall swing in
the direction of exit travel from any position to the full instant use of the
opening in which it is installed.
C. Locks, Latches, Alarm Devices
1. A door shall be arranged to be readily opened from the side from

which egress is to be made at all times when the building served
thereby is occupied. Locks, if provided, shall not require the use of a
key, a tool, or special knowledge or effort, for operation from the
inside of the building.
2. A latch or other fastening device on a door shall be provided with a

knob, handle, panic bar, or other simple type releasing device, the
method of operation of which is obvious, even in darkness.
3. A door designed to be kept normally closed in a means of egress, such

as a door to a stair or horizontal exit, shall be provided with a reliable
self-closing mechanism in accordance with para G of this Section,
and shall not at any time be secured in the open position. A door
designed to be kept normally closed shall bear a sign reading
substantially as follows:
FIRE EXIT
KEEP DOOR CLOSED
4. Doors on buildings of four (4) or more storeys in height shall be

provided with re-entry mechanism to provide access out of the
stairway to another exit. There shall be re-entry mechanism every four
(4) floors that provide a way out of the stairway.
5. Doors not allowing re-entry shall be provided with a sign indicating the
location of the nearest door, in each direction of travel that allows re-
entry or exit.
NO RE – ENTRY
PROCEED TO ________ FLOOR
AND _________ FLOOR
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D. Egress Capacity Width
In determining the egress width for swinging doors, only the clear width of
the doorway when the door is open ninety degrees (90o) shall be mea-
sured. In determining the egress width for other types of doors for purposes
of calculating capacity, only the clear width of the doorway when the
door is in the full open position shall be measured. Clear width of
doorways shall be measured between the face of the door and the stop
in accordance with Section 10.2.5.2 para “E” of this IRR.
E. Width and Floor Level
1. Door openings in means of egress shall not be less than seventy one
centimeters (71 cm) in clear width. When a pair of doors is provided,
not less than one of the doors shall provide at least seventy one
centimeters (71 cm) clear width opening.
2. No single door in a doorway shall exceed one hundred twenty two

centimeters (122 cm) in width.
3. The elevation of the floor surfaces on both sides of a door shall not
vary by more than one and three-tenths centimeters (1.3 cm). The
elevation shall be maintained on both sides of the doorway for a
distance not less than the width of the widest leaf. Thresholds at
doorways shall not exceed three-tenths centimeters (1.3 cm) in height.
Raised thresholds and floor level changes in excess of six millimeters (6
mm) doorways shall be beveled with a slope not steeper than 1 in 2.
F. Panic Hardware
1. When a door is required to be equipped with panic hardware by

some other provisions of this Rule, the panic hardware shall cause the
door latch to release when a force of not more than seven kilogram
force (7 kg-f) is applied to the releasing device in the direction of exit
travel.
2. Such releasing devices shall be bars or panel extending not less than
two-thirds (2/3) of the width of the door and placed at heights suitable
for the service required, and shall not be less than seventy six (76) nor
more than one hundred twelve centimeters(112 cm) above the floor.
3. Required panic hardware shall not be equipped with any locking or

dogging device, set screw, or other arrangement which can be used
to prevent the release of the latch when pressure is applied to the bar.
G. Self-Closing Devices
1. A door normally required to be kept closed shall be installed or

equipped with automatic door closer in accordance with the
following criteria:
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a. Upon release of the hold-open mechanism, the door becomes self-
closing.
b. The release device is designed so that the door instantly releases

manually and, upon release, becomes self-closing, or the door can
be readily closed.
H. Maintenance
No lock, padlock, hasp, bar, chain, or other device, or combination

thereof shall be installed or maintained at any time on or in connection
with any door on which panic hardware is required by this Chapter, if
such device prevents, or is intended to prevent, the free use of the door
for purposes of egress.
I. Power Operated Doors
1. Where required doors are operated by power, such as those with

photo-electric actuated mechanism which open upon the approach
of a person or doors with power-assisted manual operation, the design
shall be such that in event of power failure, the door may be opened
manually to permit exit travel or closed where necessary to safeguard
means of egress.
2. No power-operated door shall be counted as a required exit unless it

also swings with the exit travel by manual means.
J. Screen and Storm Doors
No screen door or storm door in connection with any required exit shall
swing against the direction of exit travel in any case where doors are
required to swing with the exit travel.
K. Revolving Doors
1. A revolving door shall not be used in a means of egress for an exit from
the floor of discharge directly to the outside except where specifically
permitted in other Divisions of this Chapter. It shall not be used at the
foot or top of stairs at the floor of discharge. Where permitted, the
revolving door or doors shall be given a credit of only fifty (50%)
percent of the required capacity of exit except as provided in
paragraph “K" (2) hereof. Such revolving doors shall be of approved
type.
2. The number of revolving doors used as exit doors shall not exceed the
number of swinging doors used as exit doors within six meters (6 m)
except when revolving doors may serve as exits without adjacent
swinging doors for street floor elevator lobbies, if no stairways or doors
from other parts of the building discharge through the lobby, and the
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lobby has no occupancy other than as a means of travel between
elevators and street.
3. Revolving doors shall be equipped with means to prevent their rotation

at too rapid a rate to permit orderly egress.
L. Turnstiles
1. No turnstiles or similar device to restrict travel to one direction, or to

collect fares or admission charges, shall be placed to obstruct any
required means of egress, except that approved turnstiles not over
ninety one centimeters (91 cm), which turn freely in the direction of exit
travel, may be used in any occupancy where revolving doors are
permitted. Turnstiles over ninety one centimeters (91 cm) shall be
subject to the requirements for revolving doors.
2. No turnstiles shall be placed in any required exit, or barring the way of

access thereto or travel therefrom, unless immediately adjacent or
within six and one-tenth meters (6.1 m) there is a swinging door or
gate opening freely in the direction of exit travel, an open passage
serving the same general path of travel as the turnstile.
3. Turnstile shall be rated the same as revolving doors as regards units of

exit width and rates of travel.
M. Doors in Folding Partitions
1. When permanently mounted folding movable partition are used to

divide a room into smaller spaces, a swinging door or open doorway
shall be provided as a way of exit access from each such space.
2. The swinging door may be omitted and the partition may be used to
enclose the space completely under the following conditions:
a. The subdivided space shall not be used by more than twenty (20)
persons at any time;
b. The use of the space shall be under adult supervision;
c. The partitions shall be so arranged that they do not extend across

any aisle or corridor used as a way of access to the required exits
from the floor;
d. The partitions shall conform to the interior finish and other

applicable requirements of this Chapter; and
e. The partitions shall be an approved type, shall have a simple

method of release, and shall be capable of being opened quickly
and easily by inexperienced persons in case of emergency.
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N. Horizontal Sliding Doors
1. Horizontal sliding doors shall meet the following criteria:
a. The door is readily operable from either side without special

knowledge or effort.
b. The force that, when applied to the operating device in the

direction of egress, is required to operate the door is not more than
seven kilogram force (7 kg-f).
c. The force required to operate the door in the direction of door

travel is not more than fifteen kilogram force (15 kg-f) to set the
door in motion and is not more than seven kilogram force (7 kg-f)
to close the door or open it to the minimum required width.
d. The door assembly complies with the fire protection rating and,
where rated, is self-closing or automatic-closing by means of smoke
detection in accordance with Section 10.2.5.3 para G of this IRR,
and is installed in accordance with NFPA 80, Standard for Fire Doors
and Fire Windows.
SECTION 10.2.5.4 STAIRS
A. General
1. Stairs used as a component in the means of egress shall conform to

the general requirements of Section 10.2.5.2 of this IRR and to the
special requirements of this Section.
2. All stairways designated as a means of egress shall be continuous from

the uppermost floor level down to ground floor.
B. Dimensional Criteria
1. Standard stairs shall meet the following criteria:
a. New stairs shall be in accordance with Table 2 and 4.
b. Existing stairs shall be permitted to remain in use, provided that they

meet the requirements for existing stairs shown in Table 3.
c. Approved existing stairs shall be permitted to be rebuilt in

accordance with the following:
i. Dimensional criteria of Table 3.
ii. Other stair requirements of Section 10.2.5.4 of this IRR.
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d. The requirements for new and existing stairs shall not apply to stairs
located in industrial equipment access areas except as otherwise
provided in Division 15 of this Chapter.
Table 2: DIMENSIONAL CRITERIA FOR NEW STAIRS

Dimensional Criteria
Feature
mm in
Minimum Width See Table 4
Maximum height of risers 180 7
Minimum height of risers 100 4
Minimum tread depth 280 11
Minimum headroom 2000 80
Maximum height between landings 3660 144
Table 3: DIMENSIONAL CRITERIA FOR EXISTING STAIRS

Feature
mm in
Minimum width clear of all
obstructions, except projections
not more than 114 mm (4½ in) at or
below handrail height on each side 915 36
Maximum height of risers 205 8
Minimum tread depth 230 9
Minimum headroom 2000 80
Maximum height between landings 3660 144
2. Minimum New Stair Width
a. Where the total occupant load of all storeys served by the stair is
fewer than 50, the minimum width clear of all obstructions, except
projections not more than one hundred fourteen millimeters (114
mm) at or below handrail height on each side, shall be nine
hundred fifteen millimeters (915 mm).
b. Where stairs serve occupant loads exceeding that permitted by

para B 2(a) of this Section, the minimum width clear of all
obstructions, except projections not more than one hundred
fourteen millimeters (114 mm) at or below handrail height on each
side, shall be in accordance with Table 4 and the requirements of
para B 2(c), (d), and (e) of this Section.
Table 4: NEW STAIR WIDTH

Total Cumulative Occupant Width
Load Assigned to the Stair mm in
<2000 persons 1120 44
>2000 persons 1420 56
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c. The total cumulative occupant load assigned to a particular stair
shall be that stair’s prorated share of the total occupant load, as
stipulated in (d) and (e), calculated in proportion to the stair width.
d. For downward egress travel, stair width shall be based on the total
number of occupants from storeys above the level where the width
is measured.
e. For upward egress travel, stair width shall be based on the total
number of occupants from storeys below the level where the width
is measured.
C. Curved Stairs
Curved stairs shall be permitted as a component in a means of egress,

provided that the depth of tread is not less than two hundred eighty
millimeters (280 mm) at a point three hundred five millimeters (305 mm)
from the narrowest end of the tread and the smallest radius is not less than
twice the stair width.
D. Spiral Stairs
1. Where specifically permitted for individual occupancies by Divisions 8

to 17 of this Chapter, spiral stairs as a component of means of egress
shall comply with the following:
a. Riser heights shall not exceed one hundred eighty millimeters (180
mm).
b. The stairway shall have a tread depth of not less than two hundred
eighty millimeters (280 mm) for a portion of stairway width sufficient
to provide egress capacity for the occupant load served in
accordance with Section 10.2.5.2 para C of this IRR.
c. At the outer side of the stairway, an additional two hundred sixty-

five millimeters (265 mm) of width shall be provided clear to the
other handrail, and this width shall not be included as part of the
required egress capacity.
d. Handrails shall be provided on both sides of the spiral stairway.
e. The inner handrail shall be located within six hundred ten millimeters
(610 mm), measured horizontally, of the point where a tread depth
of not less than two hundred eighty millimeters (280 mm) is
provided.
f. The turn of the stairway shall be such that the outer handrail is at
the right side of descending users.
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2. Where the occupant load served does not exceed three, spiral stairs
shall be permitted, provided that the following criteria are met:
a. The clear width of the stairs shall be not less than six hundred sixty
millimeters (660 mm).
b. The height of risers shall not exceed two hundred forty millimeters
(240 mm).
c. The headroom shall be not less than one hundred ninety-eight

centimeters (198 cm).
d. Treads shall have a depth of not less than one hundred ninety
millimeters (190 mm) at a point three hundred five millimeters (305
mm) from the narrower edge.
e. All treads shall be identical.
f. Handrails shall be provided on both sides of the stairway.
3. Where the occupant load served does not exceed five, existing spiral
stairs shall be permitted, provided that the requirements of para D 2(a)
through (e) above are met.
E. Winders
Where allowed in Division 8 through Division 17 of this Chapter, winders

shall be permitted in stairs, provided that the same shall have a tread
depth of not less than one hundred fifty millimeters (150 mm) and a tread
depth of not less than two hundred eighty millimeters (280 mm) at a point
three hundred five millimeters (305 mm) from the narrowest edge.
F. Enclosure
1. All interior stairways shall be enclosed in accordance with the

provisions of Section 10.2.5.2 and Section 10.2.6.2 of this IRR, except
insofar as open stairways are permitted by paragraph "A" (2) of
Section 10.2.6.2 of this IRR.
2. There shall be no enclosed, usable space within an exit enclosure,

including under stairs, nor shall any open space within the enclosure
be used for any purpose that has the potential to interfere with egress.
G. Stair Details
1. All stairs serving as required means of egress shall be of permanent

fixed construction.
Each new stair and platform, landing, balcony and stair hallway floor
66
used in building of four (4) storeys or more and in all new buildings,
required by this rule to be of fire-resistive construction, shall be non-
combustible material throughout except that handrails are exempted
from this requirement. Treads of stairs and landing floors shall be solid.
2. Each stair, platform, landing, balcony, and stair hallways floor shall be
designed to carry a load of four hundred eighty-eight (488) kilos per
square meter or a concentrated load of one hundred thirty six (136)
kilos, so located as to produce maximum stress conditions.
3. There shall be no variation exceeding five millimeters (5mm), in the

width of treads or in height of risers in any flight, except as permitted
by paragraph H of this Section for monumental stairs.
4. Every tread less than twenty five centimeters (25 cm) shall have a nos-
ing or an effective projection of approximately twenty five millimeters
(25mm) over the level immediately below.
5. Where material of stair treads and landings is such as to involve

danger of slipping, non-slip material shall be provided on tread
surface.
6. Stairways and intermediate landings shall continue with no decrease in

width along the direction of exit travel.
H. Guards and Handrails
1. Means of egress such as stairs, stair landings, balconies, ramps and

aisles located along the edge of open-sided floor and mezzanines,
shall have guards to prevent falls over the open side. Each new stair,
stair landing, and ramp shall have handrails on both sides.
2. Required guards and handrails shall continue for the full length of each
flight of stairs.
3. The design of guards and handrails and the hardware for attaching
handrails to guards, balusters, or masonry walls shall be such that there
are no projecting logs on attachment devices or non-projecting
corners or members of grilles or panels which may engage loose
clothing. Opening in guards shall be designed to prevent loose
clothing from becoming wedged in such openings.
4. Handrails Details:
a. Handrails on stairs shall be not less than seventy six centimeters (76
cm) nor more than eighty six and one-half centimeters (86.5 cm)
above the upper surface of the tread, measured vertically to the
top of the rail from a point on the tread twenty five millimeters (25
mm) back from the leading edge, except on stairways designed
67
for use by children an additional handrail may be provided lower
than the main handrail.
b. Handrails shall provide a clearance of at least thirty eight (38)

millimeters between handrail and wall to which it is fastened.
Handrails shall be of such design and so supported as to withstand
a load of not less than ninety one kilos (91 kg) applied to any point,
downward or horizontally.
c. Handrails shall be so designed as to permit continuous sliding of

hands on them.
d. Every stairway required to be more than two hundred twenty three

centimeters (223 cm) in width, shall have intermediate handrails
dividing the stairway into portions not more than two hundred
twenty three centimeters (223 cm) in width, except that on
monumental outside stairs, two handrails may be permitted.
5. Guard Details:
a. The height of guards required by paragraphs "H" of this Section shall

be measured vertically to the top of the guard from a point on the
tread twenty five millimeters (25mm) back from the leading edge
or from the floor of landings or balconies.
b. No guards shall be required for inside stairs which reverse direction

at intermediate landings, where the horizontal distance between
successive flights is not more than thirty and a half centimeters
(30.5cm).
c. Guards shall nor be less than one hundred six centimeters (106cm)
high. Guards protecting changes in level one storey or less on
interior balconies and mezzanines shall be not less than ninety one
centimeters (91cm).
d. Guards shall be so constructed that the area in the plane of the

guard from the top of the floor, riser, or curb to the minimum
required height of guard shall be subdivided or filled in one of the
following manners:
i. A sufficient number of intermediate longitudinal rails so that the

clear distance between rails measured at right angles to the run
of rail do not exceed twenty five and a half centimeters (25.5
cm). The button rails shall not be more than twenty five and a
half centimeters (25.5cm) from the top of the floor, tread or
curb measured vertically.
ii. Vertical balusters spaced not more than fifteen and one-fourth
centimeters (15.25 cm) apart.
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iii. Areas filled wholly or partially by panels of solid wire mesh or ex-
panded metal construction or by ornamental grilles which
provide protection against falling through the guard equivalent
to that provided by the intermediate rails or vertical balusters
specified in the two preceding paragraphs.
iv. The lower part of the area may consist of a continuous

substantial curb, the top of which is parallel to the run of stairs of
level areas and the height of which is not less than seventy six
millimeters (76mm) on stairs (measured qt right angles to the
curb from its top to the nosing of the tread) and not less than
fifteen and one-fourth centimeters (15.25 cm) for level areas.
v. Masonry walls may be used for any portion of the guard.
vi. Any combination of the foregoing that provides equivalent

safety.
e. Enclosure walls and guards consisting of masonry, railings, or other

construction shall either be designed for toads transmitted by
attached handrails or shall be designed to resist a horizontal force
of seventy five kilograms (75 kg) per lineal meter applied at the top
of the guard, whichever condition produces maximum stress. For
walls or guards higher than the minimum height, the specified force
shall be applied at a height one hundred seven centimeters (107
cm) above the floor or tread.
f. Intermediate rails, balusters, and panel fillers shall be designed for a

uniform load of not less than one hundred twenty two kilograms
(122 kg) per square meter over the gross area of the guard
(including the area of any opening in the guard) of which they are
a part. Reactions due to this loading need not be added to the
loading specified by para H 5(c) of Guard Details in designing the
main supporting members of guards.
I. Smokeproof Enclosures
1. General
Where smokeproof enclosures are required in other sections of this

code, they shall comply with this Section, except for approved
existing smokeproof enclosures.
2. Performance Design
An appropriate design method shall be used to provide a system that

meets the definition of smokeproof enclosure. The smokeproof
enclosure shall be permitted to be created by using natural
ventilation, by using mechanical ventilation incorporating a vestibule,
or by pressurizing the stair enclosure.
69
3. Enclosure
A smokeproof enclosure shall be enclosed from the highest point to

the lowest point by barriers having 2-hour fire resistance ratings.
Where a vestibule is used, it shall be within the 2-hour-rated enclosure
and shall be considered part of the smokeproof enclosure.
4. Vestibule
Where a vestibule is provided, the doorway into the vestibule shall be

protected with an approved fire door assembly having a 1½-hour fire
resistance rating, and the fire door assembly from the vestibule to the
smokeproof enclosure shall have not less than a 20-minute fire
resistance rating. Doors shall be designed to minimize air leakage and
shall be self-closing or shall be automatic-closing by actuation of a
smoke detector within three meters (3 m) of the vestibule door. New
doors shall be installed in accordance with NFPA 105, Standard for
the Installation of Smoke Door Assemblies.
5. Discharge
Every smokeproof enclosure shall discharge into a public way, into a

yard or court having direct access to a public way, or into an exit
passageway. Such exit passageways shall be without openings, other
than the entrance to the smokeproof enclosure and the door to the
outside yard, court or public way. The exit passageway shall be
separated from the remainder of the building by a 2-hour fire
resistance rating.
6. Access
For smokeproof enclosures other than those consisting of a pressurized

stair enclosure complying with para (9) hereof, access to the
smokeproof enclosure stair shall be by way of a vestibule or by way of
an exterior balcony.
7. Natural Ventilation
Smokeproof enclosures using natural ventilation shall comply with

para (3) hereof and the following:
a. Where access to the stair is by means of an open exterior balcony,

the door assembly to the stair shall have a 1½-hour fire resistance
rating and shall be self-closing or shall be automatic-closing by
actuation of a smoke detector. Openings adjacent to the exterior
balcony specified in the preceding paragraph shall be protected
b. Every vestibule shall have a net area of not less than one and a
half (1.5 m2) of opening in an exterior wall facing an exterior court,
yard, or public space not less than six meters (6 m) in width.
70
c. Every vestibule shall have a minimum dimension of not less than
the required width of the corridor leading to it and a dimension of
not less than one hundred eighty three centimeters (183 cm) in the
direction of travel.
8. Mechanical Ventilation
Smokeproof enclosures using mechanical ventilation shall comply

with the following requirements:
a. Vestibules shall have a dimension of not less than one hundred

twelve centimeters (112 cm) in width and not less than one
hundred eighty three centimeters (183 cm) in direction of travel.
b. The vestibule shall be provided with not less than one air change
per minute, and the exhaust shall be 150 percent of the supply.
Supply air shall enter and exhaust air shall discharge from the
vestibule through separate tightly constructed ducts used only for
such purposes. Supply air shall enter the vestibule within one
hundred fifty millimeters (150 mm) of the floor level. The top of the
exhaust register shall be located not more than one hundred fifty
millimeters (150 mm) below the top of the trap and shall be
entirely within the smoke trap area. Doors, when in the open
position, shall not obstruct duct openings. Controlling dampers
shall be permitted in duct openings if needed to meet the design
requirements.
c. To serve as a smoke and heat trap and to provide an upward-

moving air column, the vestibule ceiling shall be not less than five
hundred ten millimeters (510 mm) higher than the door opening
into the vestibule. The height shall be permitted to be decreased
where justified by engineering design and field testing.
d. The stair shall be provided with a dampered relief opening at the

top and supplied mechanically with sufficient air to discharge at
least 70.8 m3/min through the relief opening while maintaining a
positive pressure of not less than 25 N/m2 in the stair, relative to the
vestibule with all doors closed.
9. Stair Pressurization
a. Smokeproof enclosures using stair pressurization shall use an

approved engineered system with a design pressure difference
across the barrier of not less than 12.5 N/m2 in sprinklered
buildings, or 25 N/m2 in nonsprinklered buildings, and shall be
capable of maintaining these pressure differences under likely
conditions of stack effect or wind. The pressure difference across
doors shall not exceed that which allows the door to begin to be
71
opened by a force of 133 N in accordance with Section 10.2.5.3 of
this IRR.
b. Equipment and ductwork for stair pressurization shall be located in

accordance with one of the following specifications:
i. Exterior to the building and directly connected to the stairway

by ductwork enclosed in noncombustible construction
ii. Within the stair enclosure with intake and exhaust air vented
directly to the outside or through ductwork enclosed by a 2-
hour fire-resistive rating
III. Within the building under the following conditions:
iii.a. Where the equipment and ductwork are separated from

the remainder of the building, including other mechanical
equipment, by a 2-hour fire-resistive rating.
iii.b. Where the building, including the stairway enclosure, is

protected throughout by an approved, supervised
automatic sprinkler system and the equipment and
ductwork are separated from the remainder of the
building, including other mechanical equipment, by not
less than a 1-hour fire-resistive rating
c. In all cases specified by para “I” 9(a) through (b) of this Section,
openings into the required fire resistance–rated construction shall
be limited to those needed for maintenance and operation and
shall be protected by self-closing fire protection–rated devices.
10. Activation of Mechanical Ventilation and Pressurized Stair Systems
a. For both mechanical ventilation and pressurized stair enclosure

systems, the activation of the systems shall be initiated by a smoke
detector installed in an approved location within three meters (3
m) of the entrance to the smokeproof enclosure.
b. The required mechanical system shall operate upon the activation

of the smoke detectors specified in para “I” 10(a) above and by
manual controls accessible to the fire department. The required
system also shall be initiated by the following, if provided:
i. Water flow signal from a complete automatic sprinkler system;

or
II. General evacuation alarm signal.
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11. Door Closers
The activation of an automatic-closing device on any door in the

smokeproof enclosure shall activate all other automatic-closing
devices on doors in the smokeproof enclosure.
12. Emergency Power Supply System (EPSS)
EPSS for new mechanical ventilation equipment shall be provided in

accordance with NFPA 110, Standard for Emergency and Standby
Power Systems.
J. Monumental Stairs
Monumental stairs, either inside or outside, may be accepted as required

exits if all requirements for exit stairs are complied with, including required
enclosures and minimum width of treads, except that curved stairs may
be accepted with a radius of seven and one-half meters (7.5 m) or more
at the inner edges.
SECTION 10.2.5.5 OUTSIDE STAIRS
A. General
Any permanently installed stair outside of the building being served is

acceptable as a means of egress under the same condition.
B. Enclosures
1. Under all conditions where enclosure of inside stairways is required,

outside stairs shall be separated from the interior of the buildings with
walls having the same fire-resistance rating as that required for the wall
enclosing inside stairs. Any opening in such wall shall be protected by
fire doors or fixed wired glass windows.
2. Wall construction required by para “B” (1) of this Section shall extend
as follows:
a. Either vertically from the ground to a point 3,050 mm above the

topmost landing of the stairs or to the roofline, whichever is lower.
b. Horizontally for not less than 3050 mm.
SECTION 10.2.5.6 HORIZONTAL EXITS
A. Application
1. A horizontal exit is a way of passage from one building to an area of

refuge in another building on approximately the same level, or a way
73
of passage through or around a wall or partition to an area of refuge
on approximately the same level in the same building, which affords
safety from fire or smoke from the area of escape and areas
communicating therewith.
2. Horizontal exits may be substituted for other exits to an extent that the
total exit capacity of the other exits (stairs, ramps, doors leading out
side the building) will not be reduced below half that required for the
entire area of the building or connected building if there were no
horizontal exits, except for heath care occupancies, the total exit
capacity of the other exits (stairs, ramps, doors leading outside the
building) shall not be reduced below one-third (1/3) that required for
the entire area of the building.
B. Egress from Area of Refuge
1. Every fire section allowed in connection with a horizontal exit shall

have in addition to the horizontal exit or exits at least one stairway,
doorway leading outside or other standard exit. Any fire section not
having a stairway or doorway leading outside shall be considered as
part of an adjoining section with stairway.
2. Every horizontal exit shall be arranged that there are continuously

available paths of travel leading from each side of the exit to stairways
or other standard means of egress leading to outside the building.
This requirement is complied with where the entire areas from each
side of the horizontal exit to the stairways or other standard means of
egress are occupied by the same tenant; or where there are public
corridors or other continuously available passageways leading from
each side of the exit to stairway or other standard means of egress
leading to outside of the building.
3. Whenever either side of the horizontal exit is occupied, doors used in

connection with the horizontal exit shall swing in opposite directions
and shall not be locked from either side.
4. The floor area on either side of a horizontal exit shall be sufficient to

hold the occupant of both floor areas, allowing not less than three-
tenths square meter (0.3 m2) clear floor areas per person.
5. Every building shall be provided with separate means of egress. in

cases where means of egress is by means of horizontal exit to another
building or structure, the exits of said building shall be maintained,
properly protected and readily accessible to the occupants of the
other building
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C. Bridges and Balconies
1. Each bridge or balcony utilized in conjunction with horizontal exits shall

comply with the structural requirements for outside stairs and shall
have guards and handrails in general conformity with the
requirements of Section 10.2.5.4 of this IRR for stairs and smokeproof
enclosures.
2. Every bridge or balcony shall be at least as wide as the door leading

to it and not less than one hundred twelve centimeters (112 cm) for
new construction.
3. Every door leading to a bridge or balcony serving as a horizontal exit

from a fire area, shall swing with exit travel out of the fire area.
4. Where the bridge of balcony serves as a horizontal exit in one

direction, only the door from the bridge or balcony into the area of
refuge shall swing in.
5. Where the bridge or balcony serve as a horizontal exit in both

direction, doors shall be provided in pairs swinging in opposite
directions, only the door swinging with the exit travel to be counted in
determination of exit width, unless the bridge or balcony has sufficient
floor area to accommodate the occupant load of either connected
or fire area on the basis of three-tenths square meter (0.3 m2) per
person or in existing buildings by specific permission of the
City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction, in which case doors on
both ends of the bridge or balcony may swing out from the buildings.
6. The bridge or balcony floor shall be level with the floor of the building.
7. Ramps shall be employed where there is a difference in level between

connected buildings or floor areas. Steps may be used where the
difference in elevation is greater than fifty three and one-third
centimeters (53.34 cm). Ramps and stairs shall be in accordance with
the sections of this Rule pertaining to ramps, stairs and outside stairs.
8. All wall openings, in both of the connected buildings or fire areas any
part of which is within three meters (3 m) of any bridge or balcony as
measured horizontally or below, shall be protected with fire doors or
fixed metal-frame wired-glass windows, except where bridges have
solid sides not less than one and eight-tenths meters (1.8 m) in height,
such protection of wall openings may be omitted.
D. Openings through Walls for Horizontal Exits
1. Walls connected by a horizontal exit between buildings shall be of

non-combustible material having a two (2) hour fire resistance rating.
They shall provide a separation continuous to the ground.
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2. Any opening in such walls, whether or not such opening serves as an
exit, shall be adequately protected against the passage of fire or
smoke there from.
3. Swinging fire exit doors on horizontal exits shall swing with the exit
travel. Where a horizontal exit serves on both sides of a wall there shall
be adjacent openings with swinging doors at each wall, opening in
opposite directions, with signs on each side of the wall or partitions
indicating as the exit door which swings with the travel from that side,
or other approved arrangements providing doors always swinging with
any possible exit travel.
4. Sliding fire doors shall not be used on a horizontal exit except where
the doorway is protected by a fire door on each side of the wall in
which such sliding fire doors are located. In this case, one fire door
shall be of the swinging type as provided in paragraph "C" (3) of this
Section and the other may be an automatic sliding fire door that shall
be kept open whenever the building is occupied.
E. Omission of Fire Partition on Certain Floors
1. Where a fire partition is used to provide a horizontal exit in any storey

of a building, such partition may be omitted in any lower storey under
the following conditions:
a. The open fire area storey from which the fire partition is omitted
shall be separated from the storeys above by construction having
at least a 2-hour resistance rating.
b. Required exits from the storeys above the open fire area storey
shall be separated there from by construction having a 2-hour fire
resistance rating and shall discharge outside without travel
through the open fire area storey.
c. Vertical openings between the open fire area storey and the
storeys above shall be enclosed with construction having a 2-hour
fire resistance rating. Other details shall be in accordance with the
applicable provisions of Section 10.2.5.2 of this IRR.
2. Where a fire partition is used to provide a horizontal exit for any storey
below the discharge level, such partition may be omitted at the level
of the discharge under the following conditions:
a. The open fire area storey shall be separated from the storeys
below by construction having at least a 2-hour fire resistance
rating.
b. Required exits from storeys below the open fire area storey shall be
separated from the open fire area storey by construction having a
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2-hour fire resistance rating and all discharge directly outside
without travel through the open fire area storey.
c. Vertical openings between the open fire area storey and the floors
below shall be enclosed with the construction having a 2-hour fire
resistance rating. Other details shall be in accordance with the
applicable provisions of Section 10.2.5.2 of this IRR.
SECTION 10.2.5.7 RAMPS
A. Application
A ramp shall be permitted as component in a means of egress when it

conforms to the general requirements of Section 10.2.5.2 of this IRR and to
the special requirements of this Section.
B. Dimensional Criteria
The following dimensional criteria shall apply to ramps:
Table 5: DIMENSIONAL CRITERIA FOR NEW RAMPS

Feature
mm in
Minimum width clear of all
obstructions, except projections
not more than 4½ in. (114 mm) at
or below handrail height on each side 1120 44
Maximum slope 1 in 12
Maximum cross slope 1 in 48
Maximum rise for a single ramp run 760 30
C. Protective Enclosure
1. When a ramp inside a building is used as an exit or exit component, it

shall be protected by separation from other parts of the building as
specified in Section 10.2.5.2 "B" of this IRR.
2. Fixed wired glass panels in steel sash may be installed in such a

separation in a building fully provided with approved, supervised
sprinkler system.
3. There shall be no enclosed usable space under ramps in an exit

enclosure nor shall the open space under such ramps be used for any
purpose.
D. Other Details
1. A ramp and the platforms and landings associated therewith shall be
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designed for not less than four hundred eighty eight kilos per square
meter (488 kg/m2) live load and shall have a nonslip surface.
2. The slope of a ramp shall not vary between landings. Landings shall be
level and changes in direction of travel if any shall be made only at
landings.
3. A ramp used as an exit component in a building more than three (3)

storeys, or in a building of any height of noncombustible or fire-resistive
construction, shall be of noncombustible material. The ramp floor and
landings shall be sold and without perforations.
4. Guards and handrails complying with Section 10.2.5.4 "H" of this IRR
shall be provided in comparable situations for ramps except that
handrails are not required on Class A ramps.
E. Special Provisions for Outside Ramps
1. Outside ramps shall be arranged to avoid any impediments to their

use. For ramps more than three storeys in height, any arrangement
intended to meet this requirement shall be at least one hundred
twenty two centimeters (122 cm) in height.
2. Outside ramps and landings shall be designed and maintained to

minimize water accumulation on their surfaces.
SECTION 10.2.5.8 EXIT PASSAGEWAYS
A. Application
Any hallway, corridor, passage or tunnel, may be designated as an exit,

passageway and used as an exit or component when conforming to all
applicable requirement of Section 10.2.5.2 of this IRR as modified by the
provisions of this Section.
B. Protective Enclosure and Arrangement
1. An exit passageway shall be protected by separation from other parts

of the building as specified in paragraph "B" of Section 10.2.5.2 of this
IRR.
2. Fixed wired glass panels in steel sash may be installed in such a

separation in building provided with automatic fire suppression system.
C. Width
The width of an exit passageway shall be adequate to accommodate

the aggregate capacity of all exits discharging through it.
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D. Floor
The floor shall be solid and without perforations.
SECTION 10.2.5.9 ESCALATORS AND MOVING WALKS
Escalators and moving walks shall not constitute a part of the required means
of egress, unless they are previously approved existing escalators and moving
walks.
SECTION 10.2.5.10 FIRE ESCAPE STAIRS, LADDERS AND SLIDE ESCAPES
A. Fire Escape Stairs
1. General
a. Fire escape stairs (not those under Section 10.2.5.4 and 10.2.5.5 of
this IRR) may be used in required means of egress only in existing
buildings, subject to the applicable provisions of Divisions 8 through
17 of this Chapter. Fire escape stairs shall not constitute more than
(50%) percent of the required exit capacity in any case. Fire
escape stairs shall not be accepted as constituting any part of the
required means of egress for new buildings.
b. Fire escape shall provide a continuous unobstructed safe path of

travel to the ground or other safe area of refuge to which they
lead. Where the fire escape is not continuous, as in cases where
stairs lead to an adjoining roof, which must be clearly indicated,
and suitable walkways with handrails shall be provided where
necessary. Where a single means of egress consists of a
combination of inside stairs and fire escape stairs, each shall
comply with the applicable provision of this Chapter, and the two
shall be so arranged and connected as to provide a continuous
safe path of travel.
2. Types
a. The following types of fire escape stairs are recognized by this

Chapter:
i. Return platform types with superimposed runs; or
ii. Straight run type, with platforms continuing in the same

direction.
b. Either of these may be parallel to or at right angle to the building.

They may be attached to buildings or erected independently of
them and connected bridges.
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3. Stairs Details
Fire escape stairs, depending upon the requirement of Division 8

through 17 of this Chapter, shall be in accordance with the following
table and subsequent paragraphs.
Table 6: DIMENSIONAL CRITERIA FOR FIRE ESCAPE STAIRS
PARTICULARS DIMENSIONS
Minimum widths 60 cm clear between rails
Minimum horizontal dimension
any landing of platform 60 cm
Maximum rise 23 cm
Minimum tread, exclusive of
23 cm
nosing
Solid, 13 mm diameter perforation
Tread construction
permitted
Winders (spiral) None
Risers None
Maximum height between
3.66 m
landings
Headroom, minimum 2.00 m
Door or casement windows 61 cm by
Access to escape 1.98 m or double hung windows 76.20
cm by 91.44 cm clear
Not over 30.50 cm above floor; steps if
Level of access opening
higher
Discharge to ground Swinging stair section permitted
45 per unit* access by door; 20 if
Capacity number of persons
access by climbing over window rail
4. Arrangement and Protection of Openings
Fire escape stairs shall be so arranged that they will be exposed by

the smallest possible or window and door openings. There shall be no
transom over doors. Every opening, any portion of which is in the limits
specified below, shall be completely protected by approved fire
doors or metal-frame wired glass windows in the same manner as
provided for outside stairs and outside ramps.
5. Access
a. Access to fire escape stairs shall be provided in accordance with

the table in para “A” (3) of this Section and the general provisions
of paragraph “K” Section 10.2.5.2 of this IRR.
b. Where access is by way of double windows, such windows shall be
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so counterbalanced and maintained that they can be readily
opened with a minimum of physical effort. Insert screens, if any, on
any type of opening giving access to fire, an escape stair shall be
of types that may be readily opened or pushed out. No storm sash
shall be used on any window providing to fire escape stairs.
c. Fire escape stairs shall extend to the roof in all cases where the
roof is subject to occupancy or is constructed and arranged to
provide an area of refuge from fire. In all cases where stairs do not
extend to the roof, access thereto shall be provided by a ladder in
accordance with pertinent provision of Section 10.2.5.10 of this IRR
on Fire Escape Ladder, except that such ladders are not required
in the case of roofs with pitch or slope steeper than sixteen and
two-thirds (16.67%) percent.
d. Balconies, to which access is secured through windows with sills

above the inside floor level, shall be not more than forty six
centimeters (46 cm) below the sill. In no case shall be balcony
level be above the sill.
6. Materials and Strength
a. Iron, steel, or reinforced or concrete or other approved

noncombustible material shall be used for the construction of fire
stairs, balconies, railings, and other features appurtenant thereto.
b. Balconies and stairs shall be designed to carry a load of four hun-

dred eighty eight (488) kilos per square meter or a concentrated
load of one hundred thirty six (136) kilos so located as to produce
maximum stress conditions.
c. Except where embedded in masonry or concrete or where a suit-

able fire resistive and waterproof covering is provided no structural
metal member shall be employed the entire surface of which is
not capable of being inspected and painted.
d. All supporting members for balconies and stairs, which are in ten-
sion and ate fastened directly to the building, shall pass through
the wall and be securely fastened on the opposite side or they
shall be securely fastened to the framework of the building. Where
metal members pass through walls, they shall be protected
effectively against corrosion. Holes in the wall through which metal
member pass shall be effectively fire-stopped to preserve the fire
resistive quality of the wall.
e. Balcony and stair enclosure and railings shall be designed to with-

stand a horizontal force of seventy five (75) kilos per meter of
railing or enclosure without serious deflection, and support at walls
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for such railings or enclosures shall be in the manner specified in
(6)(b) for tension members, except as provided in para “A”(6)(f) of
this Section.
f. Notwithstanding the provisions of para “A” (6)(b) and (6)(c) of this

Section, the City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction may
approve any existing fire escape stair for a very small building
when it has been shown by load test or other evidence a
satisfactory to him to have adequate strength.
7. Guards and Handrails
a. All fire escape shall have walls or guards on both sides, in

accordance with para “H” of Section 10.2.5.4 of this IRR, except for
height, which shall be one hundred seven centimeters (107 cm)
and ninety one centimeters (91 cm) for fire escape for every small
buildings, the height being measured vertically from a point on the
stair tread twenty five millimeters (25 mm) back from the leading
edge, or vertically above any landings or balcony floor level.
b. All fire escape shall have handrails on both sides, not less than
seventy six centimeters (76 cm) not more than one hundred seven
centimeters (107 cm) high, measured vertically from a point on the
stair tread twenty five millimeters (25mm) back from the leading
edge, all in general conformity to the requirements for stair
handrails, para “H” of Section 10.2.5.4 of this IRR.
c. Handrails and guards shall be so constructed as to withstand a

force of ninety one kilograms (91 kg) applied downward or
horizontally at any point.
8. Swinging Section of Fire Escape Stairs
a. Swinging stair sections shall not be used for fire escape stairs
except where termination over sidewalks, alleys or driveways
makes it impracticable to build stairs permanently to the ground.
Where used, swinging stairs shall comply with all provisions of this
subsection.
b. Swinging section of stairs shall not be located over doors, over the
path of travel from any other exit, or in any location where there
are or likely to be obstruction.
c. Width of swinging section of stairs shall be at least equal to that of

the stairs above.
d. Pitch/slope shall not be steeper than that of the stairs above.
e. Railings shall be provided similar in height and construction to

those required for the stairs above. Railings shall be designed to
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prevent any possibility of injury to persons at head or stairs or on
balconies when stairs swing downward. Minimum clearance
between moving sections where hands might be caught shall be
ten centimeters (10 cm).
f. If distance from lowest platform to ground exceed three and two-

thirds meters (3.67 m), an intermediate balcony not more than
three and two-thirds meters (3.67 m) from the ground or less than
two meters (2 m) in the clear underneath shall be provided with
width not less than that of the stairs and length not less than one
and two tenths meters (1.2 m).
g. Counterweight shall be provided for swinging stairs and this shall

be of type balancing about a pivot, no cables being used.
Counterweight shall be securely bolted in place, but sliding ball
weights or their equivalent may be used to hold stairs up and help
lower them. Counterbalancing shall be such that a person
weighing sixty eight kilos (68 kg), who makes one step from the
pivot, will not start swinging the section downward, but when he is
one quarter of the length of the swinging stairs from the pivot, the
section will swing down.
h. Pivot for swinging stairs shall either have a bronze bushing or have
sufficient to prevent sucking on account on corrosion.
i. No latch to lock swinging stairs section in up position shall be

installed.
B. Fire Escape Ladders
1. Application
No form of ladder shall be used as a fire escape under the provisions

of this Chapter, except that ladders conforming to the following
specifications may be used to provide access to unoccupied roof
spaces to provide a means of escape from boiler rooms, grain
elevators and towers as permitted by Division 16 and 17 of this
Chapter, elevated platforms around machinery or similar spaces
subject to occupancy by not more than three able-bodied adults and
in single and two family dwellings and residential apartments of not
more than three (3) storey provided that the height shall not exceed
nine meters (9 m). For purposes of this subsection, mezzanine floors
shall be counted as ordinary floor.
2. Installation
a. All ladders shall be permanently installed in fixed position,

supported by rigid connection to the building or structure at
intervals not exceeding three meters (3 m).
83
b. Where ladders provide access to roofs or elevated platforms, rails
shall extend not less than one hundred fourteen centimeters (114
cm) above roofline or platform floor or above coping or parapet,
Extension of side rails to roof shall be carried over coping or
parapet to afford hand hold.
c. Ladders shall be arranged parallel to buildings or structures with

travel either between ladder and buildings, in which case
minimum clearance center of rungs and buildings shall be sixty
eight centimeters (68 cm), or outside of ladder, in which case
minimum clearance between center of rungs and buildings shall
be sixteen centimeters (16 cm).
d. Ladders shall be vertical or positively inclined. No negatively

inclined ladders (i.e., ladder sloping out over the head of a person
using it) shall be permitted.
3. Construction
a. Ladders shall be constructed of iron, of steel or of other metal in

design having equivalent strength and resistance to corrosion.
b. Rails of iron or steel ladders shall not less than one and one-fourth
centimeters (1.25 cm) by five centimeters (5 cm) in section, not less
than forty centimeters (40 cm) apart.
c. Rungs shall not less than twenty two millimeters (22 mm) diameter
and shall be riveted or welded in position not less than twenty five
centimeters (25 cm) nor more than thirty and one-half centimeters
(30.5 cm) on center.
d. The lowest rung of any ladder shall be not more than thirty and
one half centimeters (30.5 cm) above the level of the ground or
balcony floor beneath it.
C. Slide Escape
1. Use and Capacity Rating
a. A slide escape may be used as component in means of egress

where specifically authorized by Divisions 8 through 17 of this
Chapter.
b. Slide escapes, where permitted as required exits, shall be rated at

one exit unit per slide, with rated travel capacity of 60 persons per
minute.
c. Slide escapes, except as permitted for high hazard manufacturing

buildings or structures, shall not constitute more than twenty five
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(25%) percent of the required number of units of exit width from
any building or structure or any individual storey or floor thereof.
d. Slide escapes, used as exits shall comply with the applicable re-
quirements of this Division for other types of exits.
SECTION 10.2.5.11 ILLUMINATION OF MEANS OF EGRESS
A. General
1. Illumination of means of egress shall be provided for every building

and structure in accordance with this Section, as required by Divisions
8 through 17 of this Chapter.
2. Illumination of means of egress shall be continuous during the time that

the conditions of occupancy require that the means of egress be
available for use. Artificial lighting shall be employed at such places
and for such periods of time as required to maintain the illumination to
the minimum lumen values herein specified.
3. The floors of means of egress shall be illuminated at all points including

angles and intersections of corridors and passageways, landings of
stairs, and exit doors to values of not less than 10.7 lux.
4. Any required illumination shall be so arranged that the failure of any

lighting unit, such as the burning out of an electric bulb, will not leave
any area in darkness.
B. Sources of Illumination
1. Illumination of means of egress shall be from a source of reasonably

assured reliability, such as public utility electric service.
2. Where electricity is used as a source of illumination of means of egress,

the installation shall be properly made in accordance with the ap-
propriate and internationally accepted standards.
3. No battery operated electric light nor any type of portable lamp or

lantern shall be used for primary illumination of means of egress; but
may be used as an emergency source to the extent permitted under
Emergency Lighting, paragraph "C" of this Section.
4. No luminescent, fluorescent, or reflective material shall be permitted

as substitutes for any of the required illumination herein specified.
C. Emergency Lighting
1. In occupancies specified in Division 8 through 17 of this Chapter,

emergency lighting, facilities shall be provided for means of egress.
85
Where maintenance of illumination depends upon charging from one
energy source to another, there shall be no appreciable interruption of
illumination during the changeover. Where emergency lighting is
provided by a prime mover-operated electric generator, a delay of
not more than ten (10) seconds shall be permitted.
2. Emergency lighting facilities shall be arranged to maintain the speci-

fied degree of illumination in the event of failure of the normal lighting
for a period of at least one and one half (1 ½ ) hour.
3. An emergency lighting system shall be provided as specified in Divi-

sions 8 through 17, subject to the approval of the City/Municipal Fire
Marshal having jurisdiction as to the suitability of the equipment for its
intended use and the conditions in the individual premises.
4. Electric battery-operated emergency lights shall use only reliable types

of storage batteries, provided with suitable facilities for maintenance
in properly charged condition. Dry batteries shall not be used to satisfy
these requirements. Electric storage batteries used in such lights or
units shall be approved for their intended use and shall comply with
Philippine National Standard (PNS) or other internationally accepted
standards.
5. An emergency lighting system shall be so arranged as to provide the

required illumination automatically in the event of any interruption of
normal lighting, such as any failure of public utility or other outside
electrical power supply, opening of a circuit breaker or fuse, or any
manual act, including accidental opening of a switch controlling
normal lighting facilities.
6. An emergency lighting system shall either be continuously in operation

or shall be capable of repeated automatic operation without
intervention.
7. All emergency lighting systems installed in accordance with this

section shall be properly maintained. Maintenance program shall be
documented and incorporated in FALAR 3.
SECTION 10.2.5.12 EXIT MARKING
A. Signs
1. Where required by the provisions of Division 8 through Division 17 of this

Chapter exits shall be marked by a readily visible sign. Access to exit
shall be marked by readily visible signs in all cases where the exit or
way to reach it is not immediately visible to the occupants and in any
case where required by the applicable provisions of Divisions 8 through
17 of this Chapter for individual occupancies.
86
2. Any door, passage, or stairway, which is neither an exit nor a way of
exit access and which is so located or arranged as likely to be
mistaken for an exit, shall be identified by a sign reading "NOT AN EXIT"
and shall be identified by a sign indicating its actual character, such
as "TO BASEMENT”, "STOREROOM", "LINEN CLOSET", or the like.
3. Every required sign designating an exit or way of exit access shall be so

located and of such size, color, and design as to be readily visible. No
decorations, furnishing, or equipment which impair visibility of an exit
sign shall be permitted, nor shall there be any brightly illuminated sign
(for other than exit purposes), display, or object in or near the line of
vision to the required exit sign of such a character as to distract
attention from the exit sign.
4. A sign reading "EXIT" with an arrow indicating the direction shall be

placed in every location where the direction of travel to reach the
nearest exit is not immediately apparent.
5. Every sign shall be distinctive in color and shall provide contrast with
decorational interior finish, or other signs.
B. Illumination of Signs
1. Every sign shall be suitably illuminated by a reliable light source giving

a value of not less than five thousandth (0.005) lumens per square
centimeters on the illuminated surface. Such illumination shall be
continuous as required under the provisions of Section 10.2.5.11 of this
IRR (Illumination of Means of Egress), and where emergency lighting
facilities are required, exit signs shall be illuminated from the same
source.
2. Internally illuminated signs shall be provided in all occupancies where

reduction of normal illumination is permitted, such as in motion picture
theaters.
3. Luminous directional signs shall comply with para “C” hereof.
C. Size of Signs
Every exit shall have the word "EXIT" in plainly legible letters not less than
fifteen centimeters (15 cm) high with the principal strokes of letters not less
than nineteen millimeters (19 mm) wide, except that in existing building
externally illuminated exit signs therein having the word "EXIT" in plainly
visible letters not less than eleven and one half centimeters (11.5 cm) high,
other than in places of assembly, may be continued in use. Other
signages required by this rule shall be of the same dimension unless
otherwise provided.
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SECTION 10.2.5.13 EMERGENCY EVACUATION PLAN
An emergency evacuation plan shall be posted on strategic and

conspicuous locations in the building. This shall be drawn with a
photoluminiscent background to be readable in case of power failure. The
minimum dimension shall be 8 ½ inches in height and 11 inches in width.
DIVISION 6. FEATURES OF FIRE PROTECTION
SECTION 10.2.6.1 CONSTRUCTION AND COMPARTMENTATION
A. Buildings or structures occupied or used in accordance with the individual

occupancy Division (Divisions 8 through 17 of this Chapter) shall meet the
minimum construction requirements of those Divisions.
B. Appropriate provisions of PD 1096 and its IRR (National Building Code) shall
be used to determine the requirements for the construction classification.
C. Where the building or facility includes additions or connected structures of

different construction types, the rating and classification of the structure
shall be as follows:
1. Two-hour (2-hr) fire resistance rating or greater, if vertically-aligned fire

barrier wall exists between the portions of the building, and
2. The least fire-resistive type of construction of the connected portions, if

no such separation is provided.
SECTION 10.2.6.2 PROTECTION OF VERTICAL OPENING AND COMBUSTIBLE

CONCEALED SPACES
A. General
1. Every stairway, elevator shaft, light and ventilation shaft, chute and
other opening between storeys shall be enclosed or protected to
prevent the spread of fire or smoke, except openings of building
protected by automatic fire suppression system as permitted by other
Section of this Rule.
2. In any building with low or ordinary hazard occupancy protected with

approved, supervised sprinkler system, up to three (3) communicating
floor levels are permitted without enclosure protection between floors,
provided all the following conditions are met:
a. The arrangement is permitted by the applicable occupancy sec-

tion of this Chapter;
b. The lowest or next to the lowest level is a street floor;
88
c. The entire area, including all communicating floor levels, is
sufficiently open and unobstructed so that it may be assumed that
a fire or other dangerous condition in any part will be immediately
obvious to the occupants of all communicating levels and areas;
d. Exit capacity is sufficient to provide simultaneously for all

occupants of all communicating levels and areas, all
communicating levels in the same fire area being considered as a
single floor area for purposes of determination of required exit
capacity;
e. Each floor level, considered separately, has at least one-half of its

individual required exit capacity provided by an exit or exits
leading directly out of that area without traversing another
communicating floor level or being exposed to the spread of fire
or smoke therefrom; and
f. All requirements of this Chapter with respect to interior finish,

protection of hazards, construction and other features are fully
observed, without waivers, except openings in floors of
educational, healthcare, and detention and correctional
occupancies shall be enclosed as required in Divisions 9, 10 and 11
of this Chapter, respectively.
3. Each floor opening, as specified in paragraph A (1) of this Section shall

be enclosed by substantial walls having fire resistance not less than
that required for stairways, paragraph A (4) hereof, with approved fire
doors at windows provided in openings therein, all so designed and in-
stalled as to provide complete barrier to the spread of fire or smoke
through such openings.
4. The enclosing walls of floor openings serving stairways or ramps shall be

so arranged as to provide a continuous path of escape including
landings and passageways, in accordance with Section 10.2.5.4 of this
IRR providing protection for person using the stairway or ramp against
fire or smoke therefrom in other parts of the building. Such walls shall
have fire resistance rating as follows:
a. New buildings four storeys or more in height - two (2) hours fire
resistance rating.
b. New buildings below four storeys - One (1) hour fire resistance
rating.
B. Special Provisions for Escalator Openings
Any escalator shall have its floor opening enclosed or protected as

required for other vertical openings, except in building completely
protected by approved, supervised sprinkler system in accordance with
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Section 10.2.6.5 of this IRR, escalator opening may be protected by
anyone of the methods as described in paragraph C through E below.
C. Sprinkler Vent Method
1. Under the conditions specified in paragraph B (1) above, escalator

openings may be protected by the "sprinkler-vent" method, consisting
of a combination of an automatic or smoke detection system,
automatic exhaust system and an automatic water curtain meeting
the design and other requirements as specified in this succeeding
sections.
2. The exhaust system shall be of such capacity as to create a downdraft

through the escalator floor opening. The downdraft has an average
velocity of not less than ninety one and half meters per minute (91.5
m/min) under normal conditions for a period of not less than thirty (30)
minutes.
3. Operation of the exhaust system for any floor opening shall be initiated
by an approved device in the storey involved and shall be any one of
the following means in addition to a manual means of opening and
testing the system.
a. Thermostats - fixed temperature, rate-of-rise, or a combination of

both.
b. Water flow in the sprinkler system.
c. Approved supervised smoke detection. Smoke detection devices,

if used, shall be located that the presence of smoke is detected
before it enters the stairway.
4. Electric power supply to all parts of the exhaust system and its control
devices shall be designed and installed for maximum reliability.
5. Any fan or duct used in connection with an automatic exhaust system

shall be of the approved type (mechanical and electrical codes)and
shall be installed and maintained in accordance with good
engineering practice.
6. Periodic tests, not less frequently than quarterly, shall be made of the
automatic exhaust system to maintain the system and the control de-
vices in good working conditions.
7. The water curtain shall be formed by open sprinklers or spray nozzles so

located and spaced as to form a complete and continuous barrier
along all exposed sides of the floor opening and reaching from the
ceiling to the floor. Water intensity for water curtain shall be not less
than approximately thirty seven and one-fourth liters per minute (37.25
90
L/min) per linear meter of water curtain, measured horizontally around
the opening.
8. The water curtain shall operate automatically from thermal responsive

elements of fixed temperature type so placed with respect to the
ceiling (floor) opening that the water curtain comes into action upon
the advance of heat toward the escalator opening.
9. Every automatic exhaust system, including all motors, controls and

automatic water curtain system shall be supervised in an approved
manner, similar to that specified for automatic sprinkler system
supervision.
D. Spray Nozzle Methods
1. Under the conditions specified in paragraph "B" (1) above, escalator

openings may be protected by the nozzle method, consisting of a
combination of an automatic fire or smoke detection system and a
system of high velocity water spray nozzle meeting the following
requirements:
a. Spray nozzles shall be in the open type and shall have a solid coni-
cal spray pattern with discharged angles between forty-five (45)
and ninety (90) degrees. The number of nozzles, their discharge
angles and their location shall be such that the escalator opening
between the top of the wellway housing and the treadway will be
completely filled with the dense spray on operation of the system.
b. The number and size of nozzles and water supply shall be sufficient
to deliver a discharge of one and four-tenths (1.4) liters of water
per square meter per second through the wellway, area to be
figured perpendicular to treadway.
c. Spray nozzles shall be so located as to effectively utilize the full

advantage of the cooling and counterdraft effect. They shall be
so positioned that the center line of spray discharge is as closely as
possible in line with the slope of the escalator, not more than an
angle of thirty (30) degrees with the top slope of the wellway
housing. Nozzles shall be positioned, also so that the center line of
discharge is an angle of not more than an angle of thirty (30)
degrees with the top slope of the wellway housing.
d. Spray nozzles shall discharge at a minimum pressure of 172 KPa.

Water supply piping may be taken from the sprinkler system,
provided that in so doing an adequate supply of water will be
available for the spray nozzles and the water pressure at the
sprinkler farthest from the supply riser is not reduced beyond the
required minimum.
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e. Control valves shall be readily accessible to minimize water dam-
age.
f. A noncombustible draft curtain shall be provided extending at

least fifty one (51) centimeters below and around the opening
and a solid non-combustible wellway housing at least one and a
half (1.5) meter long measured parallel to the handrail, and
extending from the top of the handrail enclosure to the soffit of the
stairway or ceiling above, at each escalator floor opening. When
necessary, spray nozzles shall be protected against mechanical
injury or tampering that might interfere with proper discharge.
g. The spray nozzle system shall operate automatically from thermal

response elements of the fixed temperature type, so placed with
respect to the ceiling (floor) opening that the spray nozzle system
comes into action upon the advance of heat towards the
escalator opening. Supervised smoke detector located in or near
the escalator opening may be used to sound an alarm. The spray
nozzle systems shall also be provided with manual means of
operation.
h. Control valves for the spray nozzle system and approved smoke
detection or thermostatic devices shall be supervised in
accordance with applicable provisions of Section 10.2.6.4 of this
IRR.
E. Partial Enclosure Method
1. Under the conditions specified in paragraph B of Section 10.2.6.2 of this

IRR, escalator opening may be protected by a partial enclosure, so
designed as to provide an effective barrier to the spread of smoke
from floor to floor.
2. Partial enclosure shall be of construction providing fire resistance

equivalent to that specified for stairway enclosures in the same
building, with openings therein protected by approved self-closing fire
doors or may be of approved wired glass and metal frame
construction with wired-glass panel doors. Such doors may be
equipped with electric opening mechanism to open the door
automatically upon the approach of a person. However, the
mechanism shall be such as to return the door to its closed position
upon any interruption of electric current supply, and the adjustment
shall be such that the pressure of smoke will not cause opening of the
door.
F. Firestopping Concealed Spaces
1. In new construction, any concealed space, in which materials having
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a flame-spread rating greater than Class A as defined in Section
10.2.6.3 of this IRR are exposed, shall be effectively fire-stopped as
provided below, with approved materials, unless the space is sprinkled
in accordance with Section 10.2.6.5 of this IRR.
a. Every exterior and interior wall and partition shall be firestopped at

each level, at the top storey ceiling level, and at the level of
support for roofs.
b. Every unoccupied attic space shall be subdivided by firestops into

areas not to exceed two hundred eighty (280) square meters.
c. Any concealed space between the ceiling and the floor or roof
above shall be firestopped for the full depth of the space along
the line of support of the floor or roof structural members and, if
necessary at other locations to form areas not to exceed ninety
three square meters (93 m2) for any space between the ceiling
and floor and two hundred eighty square meters (280 m2) for any
space between the ceiling and the roof.
2. In every existing building, firestopping shall be provided as required by

the provisions of Divisions 8 through 17 of this Chapter.
SECTION 10.2.6.3 INTERIOR FINISH
A. General
1. Interior finish means the exposed interior surfaces of buildings including,

but not limited to fixed or movable walls and partitions, columns, and
ceilings. For requirements on decorations and furnishing, see
paragraph B of Section 10.2.18.1 of this IRR.
2. A finish floor or covering shall be exempt from the requirements of this

Section provided however; that in any case where the City/Municipal
Fire Marshal having jurisdiction finds a floor surface of unusual hazard
the floor surface shall be considered a part of the interior finish for the
purposes of this Chapter.
3. Interior finish materials shall be grouped in the following classes, in

accordance with their flame spreads rating.
a. Class A Interior Finish
Flame Spread 0.25. Include any material classified at 25 or less on

the test scale described in paragraph (4) hereof. Any element
thereof when so tested shall not continue to propagate fire;
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b. Class B Interior Finish
Flame Spread 26-75. Includes any material classified at more than

25 but not more than 75 on the test scale described in paragraph
(4) hereof;
c. Class C Interior Finis
Flame Spread 76-200. Includes any material classified at more than

75 but not more than 200 on the test scale described in paragraph
(4) hereof;
d. Class D Interior Finish
Flame Spread 201 -500. Includes any material classified at more

than 200 but not more than 500 on the test scale described in
paragraph (4) hereof, and
e. Class E Interior Finish
Flame Spread over 500. Includes any material classified at over 500
on the test scale described in paragraph (4) below.
4. Interior finish materials as specified in paragraph (3) above shall be

classified in accordance with the Method of Test of Surface Burning
Characteristics of Building Materials, NFPA Pamphlet No. 255.
B. Fire Retardant Paints
1. In existing buildings the required flame spread classification of interior

surfaces may be secured by applying a proven fire retardant paints or
solutions to existing interior surfaces having a higher flame spread
rating than permitted.
2. Fire retardant paints or solution shall be renewed at such intervals as

necessary to maintain the necessary fire retardant properties.
C. Automatic Sprinklers
Where approved, supervised automatic sprinklers is installed, interior finish

with flame spread rating not over Class C may be used in any location
where Class B is normally specified, and with rating of Class B in any
location where Class A is normally specified, unless specifically prohibited
in this IRR.
D. Use of Interior Finishes
1. Interior finish material shall be used in accordance with requirements

for individual classes of occupancy specified elsewhere in the Rule.
Wherever the use of any class of interior finish is specified, the use of a
94
class of lower flame spread rating shall be permitted; e.g., where Class
B is specified, Class A may be used.
2. In all new buildings other than private residences Class A or Class C

interior shall be used in all basements or other underground spaces
from which there is no direct exit to the outside of the building, if
subject to occupancy for any purpose other than storage or service
facilities.
3. Interior finish of Class E shall not be used in any room space subject to
human occupancy, except to such extent as may be specifically
permitted by the City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction on the
basis of finding that such use does not significantly increase the life
hazard, provided, however, that such use of Class E interior finish shall
not in any case exceed ten (10%) percent of the aggregate interior
surface of the walls and ceiling of the room or space in which such
Class E material is located.
SECTION 10.2.6.4 FIRE DETECTION, ALARM, AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
A. General
1. Fire detection, alarm, and communication systems if required by

Division 8 through 17 of this Chapter shall be in accordance with NFPA
72 and the Philippine Electrical Code.
2. When a required fire alarm system is out of service for more than 4
hours in a 24-hour period, the City/Municipal Fire Marshal having
jurisdiction shall be notified within 24 hours, and a fire watch shall be
assigned until the fire alarm system has been returned to service.
3. To ensure operational integrity, the fire alarm system shall have an

approved maintenance and testing program which shall be
developed by the building management in accordance with
internationally accepted standards. Records of conducted
maintenance and testing should be maintained and submitted
together with FALAR 3 when required by the Chief, BFP or his duly
authorized representative.
B. Signal Initiation
1. As provided in Divisions 8 through 17 of this Chapter, activation of the

complete fire alarm system shall be initiated by, but not be limited to,
any or all of the following means of initiation;
a. Manual initiation.
b. Automatic detection.
c. Extinguishing system operation.
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2. Manual fire alarm boxes shall be used only for fire protective signaling
purposes.
3. A manual fire alarm box shall be provided in the natural path of

escape from fire near each exit from an area and shall be readily
accessible, unobstructed and at visible points.
4. Additional fire alarm boxes shall be so located that from any part of
the building not more than thirty meters (30 m) horizontal distance on
the same floor must be traversed in order to reach a fire alarm box.
5. For fire alarm systems using automatic fire detection or waterflow

detection devices, at least one manual fire alarm box shall be
provided to initiate a fire alarm signal. This manual fire alarm box shall
be located where required by the city/municipal fire marshal or his
duly authorized representative.
6. Where a sprinkler system provides automatic detection and alarm

initiation it shall be provided with an alarm initiation device which will
operate when the flow of water is equal to or greater than that from a
single automatic sprinkler.
7. Where a complete smoke detection system is required by another

section of this Code, automatic detection of smoke shall be provided
in all occupiable areas, common areas, and work spaces in those
environments suitable for proper smoke detector operation.
C. Smoke Alarms
Where required by Division 8 through 17 of this Chapter, single-station

smoke alarms and multiple station smoke alarms shall be in accordance
with NFPA 72.
D. Occupant Notification
1. Occupant notification shall provide signal notification to alert

occupants of fire or other emergency as required by other sections of
this code.
2. A presignal system may be permitted where the initial fire alarm signal
is automatically transmitted without delay either to the nearest fire
station, a fire brigade or to an on-site staff person trained to respond to
a fire emergency.
3. A positive alarm sequence may be permitted, provided that it is in

accordance with NFPA 72.
4. Notification signals for occupants to evacuate shall be by audible and

visible signals in accordance with NFPA 72, or other means of
notification subject to the determination and approval of the
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5. The general evacuation alarm signal shall operate throughout the

entire building.
E. Emergency Forces Notification
1. When required by Division 8 through 17 of this Chapter, emergency

forces notification shall be provided to alert the nearest fire station
and fire brigade in case of fire or other emergency.
2. Where fire department notification is required by another section of

this code, the fire alarm system shall be arranged to transmit the alarm
automatically via any of the following means which shall be in
accordance with NFPA 72:
a. auxiliary fire alarm system
b. central station connection accredited by the BFP
c. proprietary system
d. remote station connection
3. Automatic fire department notification through central station

accredited by the BFP shall be mandatory to the following types of
occupancy:
a. All high rise buildings;
b. All hospitals;
c. All educational institutions, hotels and apartment buildings

(condominium) of at least four (4) storey in height;
d. All highly hazardous occupancies; and
e. All mall buildings.
F. Emergency Control
1. A fire alarm and control system shall be arranged to activate

automatically the control functions necessary to make the protected
premises safer for building occupants.
2. Where required, the following functions shall be activated by the

complete fire alarm system:
a. release of hold-open devices for doors or other opening

protectives;
97
b. stairwell or elevator shaft pressurization;
c. smoke management or smoke control systems; and
d. unlocking of doors
3. The functions specified in para (2) above shall be permitted to be

activated by any fire alarm and control system where otherwise not
required by this code. Additionally, such a fire alarm and control
system shall be permitted to recall elevators, if the activation of the
system for this purpose comes only from elevator lobby, hoistway, or
associated machine room detectors.
G. Location of Controls
Operator controls, alarm indicators, and manual communications

capability shall be installed in a control center at a convenient location
acceptable to the City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction.
H. Annunciation
1. Where alarm annunciation is required by another section of this IRR, it

shall comply with the requirements of the para (2) through para (7)
below.
2. Alarm annunciation at the control center shall be by means of audible

and visible indicators.
3. For the purposes of alarm annunciation, each floor of the building,

other than floors of existing buildings, shall be considered as not less
than one zone, unless otherwise permitted by another section of this
code.
4. Unless otherwise permitted by another Section of this Code, if a floor

area exceeds one thousand eight hundred sixty square meters (1860
m2), additional zoning shall be provided, and the length of any single
zone shall not exceed ninety one meters (91 m) in any direction.
Exception: where the building is provided with automatic sprinklers

throughout, installed in accordance with Section 10.2.6.5 of this IRR,
the area of the alarm zone shall be permitted to coincide with the
allowable area of the sprinkler zone.
5. A system trouble signal shall be annunciated at the control center by

means of audible and visible indicators.
6. A system supervisory signal shall be annunciated at the control center

by means of audible and visible indicators.
7. Where the system serves more than one building, each building shall
be considered separately.
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SECTION 10.2.6.5 AUTOMATIC SPRINKLERS AND OTHER EXTINGUISHING
EQUIPMENT
A. General
1. Automatic sprinklers if required by Division 8 through Division 17 of this

Chapter shall be in accordance with NFPA 13, Standard for the
Installation of Sprinkler Systems
2. All automatic sprinkler and standpipe systems required by this code

shall be inspected, tested, and maintained in accordance with NFPA
25, Standard for the Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance of Water-
Based Fire Protection Systems. Records of conducted maintenance
and testing should be maintained and submitted together with FALAR
3.
3. Where a required automatic sprinkler system is out of service for more

than 4 hours in a 24-hour period, the owner shall notify the nearest fire
station immediately upon discovery but not later than 24 hours and a
fire watch shall be assigned until the sprinkler system has been
returned to service.
4. Sprinkler impairment procedures shall comply with NFPA 25, Standard

for the Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance of Water-Based Fire
Protection Systems.
B. Supervision
1. Supervisory Signals
Where supervised automatic sprinkler systems are required by another

Section of this Code, supervisory attachments shall be installed and
monitored for integrity in accordance with NFPA 72, a distinctive
supervisory signal shall be provided to indicate a condition that would
impair the satisfactory operation of the sprinkler system. Monitoring
shall include, but shall not be limited to, monitoring of control valves,
fire pump power supplies and running conditions, water tank levels
and temperatures, tank pressure, and air pressure on dry-pipe valves.
Supervisory signals shall sound and shall be displayed either at a
location within the protected building that is constantly attended by
qualified personnel or at an approved, remotely located receiving
facility.
2. Alarm Signal Transmission
Where supervision of automatic sprinkler systems is required, waterflow

alarms shall be transmitted to an approved, proprietary alarm
receiving facility, a remote station, a central station, or the fire station.
99
C. Other Automatic Extinguishing Equipment
1. In any occupancy where the character of the potential fuel fire is such
that extinguishment or control of fire will be more effectively
accomplished by a type of automatic extinguishing systems other than
automatic sprinkler system such as but not limited to carbon dioxide,
dry chemical, foam, or water spray, a standard extinguishing system of
appropriate type shall be installed subject to the approval of the
2. If the extinguishing system is installed in lieu of a required, supervised

automatic sprinkler system, the activation of the extinguishing system
shall activate the building fire alarm system, where provided. The
activation of an extinguishing system that is not installed in lieu of a
required, supervised automatic sprinkler system shall be indicated at
the building fire alarm system, where provided.
D. Manual Extinguishing Equipment
1. Any fire extinguisher provided shall be installed, inspected and

maintained in accordance with Section 10.2.6.7 of this IRR.
2. Each standpipe and hose system provided shall be in accordance

with Section 10.2.6.6 of this IRR
SECTION 10.2.6.6 STANDPIPES
A. The design, installation and maintenance of Standpipe Systems shall be in

accordance with NFPA 14, Standard for the Installation of Standpipe,
Private Hydrant and Hose Systems.
B. Classes of Standpipe System
1. A standpipe system shall be any of the following:
a. Class I System. This system is provided with 64 mm (2 ½ in.) hose

connections for full-scale firefighting at the following designated
building locations:
i. At each intermediate landing between floor levels in every

required exit stairway;
ii. On each side of the wall adjacent to the exit openings of

horizontal exits;
iii. In each exit passageway at the entrance from the building

areas into the passageway;
100
iv. In covered mall buildings, at the entrance to each exit
passageway or exit corridor, and at exterior public entrances to
the mall;
v. At the highest landing of stairways with stairway access to a

roof and on the roof where stairways do not access the roof. An
additional 64 mm (2 ½ in) hose connection shall be provided at
the hydraulically most remote riser to facilitate testing of the
system;
vi. Where the most remote portion of a nonsprinklered floor or

storey is located in excess of 40 meters of travel distance from a
required exit containing or adjacent to a hose connection, or
the most remote portion of a sprinklered floor or storey is
located in excess of 61 meters of travel distance from a
required exit containing or adjacent to a hose connection,
additional hose connections shall be provided, in approved
locations, where required by the BFP.
b. Class II System. This a hose connection provided with 38 mm (1 ½

in.) hose or within thirty seven meters (37 m) of a hose connection
system shall be provided with 38 mm (1 ½ in.) hose connections for
first aid fire fighting, so that all portions of each floor level of the
building are within forty meters (40 m) of provided with less 38 mm
(1 ½ in.) hose. Distances shall be measured along a path of travel
originating at the hose connection.
c. Class III System. This system shall be provided with hose

connections as required for both Class I and Class II system
C. Dry Standpipes
1. Dry standpipes shall be used for Class I system.
2. All buildings with required enclosed stairway or smokeproof enclosure

shall have at least one dry standpipe outlet connection located at
every floor level landing above the first floor of every required
enclosure. No point within a building, requiring dry standpipes, shall be
more than forty meters (40 m) travel distance from a dry standpoint
outlet connection.
3. Dry standpipes shall not be concealed in building walls or built into

pilasters. Portions of dry standpipes systems not located within an
enclosed stairway or smokeproof enclosure shall be protected by a
degree of fire resistance equal to that required for vertical enclosures
in the building in which they are located.
101
4. Detailed Requirements
a. Construction. Fittings and connections shall be of sufficient strength

to withstand 300 psi (21 kg/cm2) of water pressure when ready for
service. All dry standpipes shall be tested hydrostatically to
withstand not less than 50 psi (3.5 kg/cm2) above the maximum
working pressure.
b. Piping. All horizontal runs of dry standpipes systems shall have a

twenty (20%) percent slope for the purpose of draining. Where pipe
traps occur in such standpipes systems including fire service
connections, they shall be provided with drains. Pipings shall not
pass through hazardous areas and shall be located so that it is
protected from mechanical and fire damage.
c. Size. The size of the standpipe shall have a diameter of at least 102
mm (4 in.) in buildings in which the highest outlet is twenty three
(23) meters or less above the fire service connections and shall not
be less than 153 mm (6 in.) where the highest outlet is higher than
twenty three meters (23 m) above the fire service connection.
d. Fire Service Connections. Fire service connections shall be in the

street side of the buildings, fully visible and recognizable from the
street or nearest point of fire apparatus accessibility. And shall be
located and arranged so that hose lines can be attached to the
inlets without interference from nearby objects, including buildings,
fences, posts, or other fire service connections.
All one hundred two millimeters (102 mm) dry standpipes shall
be equipped with a four-way fire service connection. All fire
service connections shall be located on a street front, not less
than forty six centimeters (46cm) or more than one hundred
twenty two centimeters (122cm) above grade and shall be
equipped with an approved straight way check valve and
substantial plugs or caps. All fire service connections shall be
protected against mechanical injury and shall be visible and
accessible. More than on fire service connection may be
required.
e. Valves. Connections other than for fire service use shall be

provided with an approved indicating-type valve and check valve
located close to the supply such as tanks, pumps, and connections
from waterworks system. Valves shall be provided to allow isolation
of a standpipe without interrupting the supply to other standpipes
from the same source of supply.
f. Outlets. Each standpipe shall be equipped with an approved sixty

four millimeters (64 mm) outlet not less than sixty one centimeters
102
(61 cm) nor more than one hundred twenty two centimeters (122
cm) above the floor of each storey. All dry standpipe shall be
equipped with a two way sixty four millimeters (64 mm) outlet
above the roof line of the building when the roof has a slope of less
than thirty centimeters (30 cm) long wrench may be used in
connecting the hose with clearance for the wrench on all sides of
the outlet. Standpipes located in smokeproof enclosures shall have
outlets located in the vestibule or on the balcony. Standpipes
outlets in stairway enclosures or smoke towers shall be so located
that the exit doors do not interfere with the use of the outlet. All
outlets shall be equipped with an approved valve cap and chains.
g. Signs. An approved durable sign with raised letters of at least

twenty five millimeters (25mm) in height shall be permanently
attached to all fire Service street connections, cast on a plate or
fitting that reads “DRY STANDPIPE”. A sign indicating the pressure
required at the inlets to deliver the system demand shall also be
provided.
D. Wet Standpipes
1. Wet standpipe system extending from the cellar or basement into the
topmost storey shall be required in the following:
a. Assembly occupancies with an occupant load exceeding one

thousand (1,000);
b. Educational, healthcare and detention and correctional, business

and mercantile, industrial, and hotels and apartments
occupancies, four or more storeys in height, and
c. Hazardous storage and business and mercantile occupancies

having a floor area exceeding one thousand eight hundred sixty
square meters (1,860 m2) per floor.
2. However, the preceding provision does not apply to:
a. Buildings equipped throughout with an approved, supervised

sprinkler system.
b. Basement or cellars equipped with approved, supervised sprinkler

system.
3. Location
a. Wet standpipes shall be located so that all portions of the buildings

are within six meters (6m) of a nozzle attached to twenty two
meters (22 m) of hose.
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b. In theaters, auditoriums and other assembly occupancies where
the occupant load is more than one thousand (1,000), outlets shall
be located on each side of any stage, on each side of the rear of
the auditorium and on each side of the balcony.
a. Construction. Wet standpipes shall be installed and tested as

required for the water distribution system within the building.
b. Size. The size of the standpipes shall not be less than 64 mm (2 ½ in.)
in diameter.
c. Outlets. All interior wet standpipes shall be equipped with thirty

eight millimeters (38 mm) valve in each storey, including the
basement or cell roof of the building and located not less than
ninety one centimeters (91cm) nor more than one hundred eighty
two centimeters (182 cm) above the floor.
d. Water Supply. The wet standpipe shall deliver not less than one
hundred thirty two liters (132 ℓ) of water per minute at not less than
one and eight-tenths (1.8) kilos per square centimeters residual
pressures from each of any two outlets flowing simultaneously for
thirty (30) minutes. When more than one interior wet standpipe is
required in the building, such standpipes may be connected at
their bases or highest points by pipes of equal size. Where
combination standpipes are installed, the thirty eight millimeters (38
mm) outlet system may be supplied from the combination system
with a fifty one millimeters (51 mm) connecting line.
e. Pressure and Gravity Tanks. Pressure or gravity tanks shall have a

capacity sufficient to furnish at least two hundred sixty five (265)
liters of water per minutes for thirty (30) minutes. Other such tanks
shall be located so as to provide not less than one and eight-tenths
(1.8) kilos per square centimeters residual pressure from each of
two (2) outlets flowing simultaneously for thirty (30) minutes.
Discharge pipes from pressure tanks shall extend five (5)
centimeters from and into the bottom of such tanks. All tanks shall
be equipped with a manhole, ladder and platform, drainpipe,
water pressure gauges, and a pressure relief valve. Each pressure
tanks shall be tested in place after installation and proved tight at
a hydrostatic pressure required, but not less than ten (10) kilogram
per square centimeters. Where such tanks are used also for
domestic purposes, the supply take off for such purposes shall be
located above the required capacity of such tanks. Supply tanks
shall be supported on non-combustible construction with not less
than ninety one (91) centimeters clearances over the top and
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under the bottom of an adjacent construction. Approved pressure
gauges shall be provided at pressure tanks and t the fire pump.
f. Fire Pumps. Fire pumps shall be approved and shall deliver not
less than the required fire flow and pressure. Such pumps shall be
supplied with adequate power source and shall be automatic in
operation. Where the wet standpipe system is supplied with water
from the domestic supply of building, approved fire pumps shall not
be required provided the domestic pump used delivers the
required fire flow.
g. Hose and Hose Reels. Each wet standpipe outlet shall be supplied
with a hose not less than thirty eight millimeters (38 mm) in
diameter. Such hose shall be equipped with an approved variable
for nozzle. An approved hose reel rack or cabinet shall be provided
and shall be located so as to make the hose accessible. The hose
reel rack or cabinet shall be recessed in the wall or protected by
suitable cabinet.
h. Connection to Fire-Sprinkler System. Wet standpipe system may be

supplied from a sprinkler system only when a compliance with NFPA
13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler System.
i. Signs. Signs shall be provided. If automatic sprinklers are also

supplied by the fire service connection, the sign or combination of
signs shall indicate both designated services. The sign shall read
“STANDPIPE AND AUTOSPKR” or “AUTOSPKR AND STANDPIPE”.
j. Pressure Reduction. Where the static pressure at any standpipe

outlet exceeds seven (7) kilos per square-centimeter, an approved
pressure reduction device shall be permanently installed at the
outlet to reduce the water flow so that the nozzle pressure does not
exceed five and six tenths (5.6) kilos per square centimeter in
accordance with Table 7.
Table 7: STANDPIPE PRESSURE AT HOUSE

OUTLET AND SIZE OF ORIFICE
Standpipe Pressure
at House Outlet Size of Orifice
(Kilograms per (millimeter)
square centimeter)
7.75 27.0
8.45 23.0
9.15 23.8
9.86 19.1
10.6 18.3
11.27 17.5
105
Standpipe Pressure
at House Outlet Size of Orifice
(Kilograms per (millimeter)
square centimeter)
11.97 16.7
12.68 15.9
14.08 15.1
15.85 14.3
17.61 13.5
19.72 12.7
E. Combination Standpipes
1. All combination standpipes shall comply with the requirements of this

Section. Design and installation shall be in accordance with NFPA 14,
Standard for the Installation of Standpipe, Private Hydrant and Hose
Systems. Where a combination standpipe system is installed in
accordance with section, a separate dry standpipe system need not
be installed.
2. Required combination standpipes shall be maintained in accordance

with this Section.
3. Location
a. Combinations standpipe system shall have connections for dry

standpipe located as required in para “C” above and shall have
wet standpipe outlets as required in para “D” above.
b. Portions of combination standpipe systems, including extensions for

wet standpipe outlets, not within an enclosed stairway or
smokeproof enclosure shall be protected by a degree of fire
resistance equal to that required for vertical enclosures in the
building in which they are located.
c. In buildings where more than one combination standpipe system is

provided, they shall be cross connected at the bottom.
a. Construction. Combination standpipe system shall be installed and

tested as required for dry standpipe system in accordance with
para “C” above.
b. Size. Combination standpipe system shall not less than one

hundred fifty millimeters (150 mm) in diameter.
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c. Riser shut off valve and drain. Each individual riser must be
equipped with an OS and Y valve at its base and an approved
valve for draining.
d. Fire Service Connections. All combination standpipe systems shall

be equipped with a four-way fire service connection. Combination
standpipe system with three or more standpipes shall be provided
with not less than two four-way service inlet connection.
e. All fire service connections shall be located on a street front not less
than forty six centimeters (46 cm) nor more than one hundred
twenty two centimeters (122 cm) above grade and shall be
equipped with an approved straight-way check valve and
substantial plugs or caps. All fire service connections shall be
protected against mechanical injury and shall be visible and
accessible. The number
f. Outlets. Every standpipe shall be equipped with a sixty four

millimeters (64 mm) outlet of not less than sixty one centimeter (61
cm) nor more than one hundred twenty two centimeter (122 cm)
above the floor level at each storey. All standpipes shall be
equipped with three-way sixty four millimeters (64 mm) outlet
above the roof line when the roof has a slope of less than thirty four
percent (34%). Roof outlets are not required for roofs with a greater
than thirty four (34%) percent. All outlets shall be installed so that a
thirty centimeters (30 cm) long wrench may be used in connecting
the hose with wrench clearance on all sides of the outlet.
Standpipes located in smokeproof enclosures shall have outlets at
the vestibule with thirty meters (30 m) of sixty four millimeters (64
mm) approved unlined fabric hose with twenty five and four-tenths
millimeters (25.4 mm) orifice, straight-tipped brass nozzle without a
shutoff at the nozzle unless waived by the Chief, BFP or his duly
authorized representative. Such outlets shall be identified with a
sign having seventy six millimeter (76 mm) high letters reading; “BFP
USE ONLY”. The hose and nozzle shall be installed in an approved
hose cabinet. An approved drip cock or drain connection shall be
located between the standpipes outlet and the hose. Roof outlets
need not be provided with hoses.
g. Signs. An approved durable sign with raised letter at least twenty

five millimeters (25mm) high shall be permanently attached to all
fire service street connections and test connection, and such sign
shall read “COMBINATION STANDPIPE AND TEST CONNECTION”.
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F. Building Under Construction
1. During the construction of the building and until the permanent fire-
extinguishing system has been installed and is in service, fire protection
shall be provided in accordance with this Section.
2. Every building, six storeys or more in height, shall be provided with not
less than one standpipe for fire service use during construction. Such
standpipes shall be installed when the progress of construction is not
more than fifteen meters (15m) in height above grade. Such standpipe
shall be provided with fire service inlet connecting at accessible
locations adjacent to usable stairs. Such standpipe system shall be
extended as construction progresses to within one floor of the highest
point of construction having secured decking or flooring.
3. In each floor there shall be provided sixty four millimeter (64mm) valve
outlet for fire service use. When construction height requires installation
of a combination standpipe, fire pumps and water main connection
shall be provided to serve the standpipe.
4. Temporary standpipes may be provided in place of permanent system

if they are designed to furnish two hundred eighty four liters (284ℓ) of
water per minute at three and one half kilograms (3.5 kg) per square
centimeters pressure with a standpipe of not less than ten centimeters
(10 cm). All outlets shall not be less than sixty four millimeters (64 mm).
Pumping equipment sufficient.
5. Standpipe system for building under construction shall be installed as

required for permanent standpipe system.
G. Basement Pipe Inlets
1. Basement pipe inlets shall be installed in the first floor of every storey,
warehouse, or factory having cellar or basement.
2. The location of basement/pipe inlet shall be as required by the

3. All basement pipe inlets shall be of cast iron, steel, brass, or bronze with
lids of cast bronze.
4. The basement pipe inlet shall consist of a sleeve not less than twenty
centimeter (20cm) inside diameter extending through the floor and
terminating flush with or through the basement or cellar ceiling and
shall have a top flange recessed with an inside shoulder to receive the
lid. The top flange shall be installed flush with finish floor surface. The lid
shall be a solid casting and have a lift recesses in the top. This lid shall
be provided with a casting sign reading: “FIRE SERVICE ONLY, DO NOT
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COVER.” The lid shall be installed in such a manner to permit its easy
removal from the flange shoulder.
H. Standpipe hose threads and pressure regulation device settings shall be

compatible with the threads, hose and nozzles used by the BFP.
I. Each standpipe shall be provided with a means of draining. A drain valve

and piping, located at the lowest point of the standpipe piping
downstream of the isolation valve, shall be arranged to discharge water
at an approved location. Sizing shall be specified in Table 8 below.
Table 8: SIZING FOR STANDPIPE DRAINS

STANDPIPE SIZE SIZE OF DRAIN CONNECTION
(in) (in)
Up to 2 ¾ or larger
2 ½ , 3 , or 3 ½ 1 ¼ or larger
4 or larger 2 only
SECTION 10.2.6.7 PORTABLE AND WHEELED FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
A. The City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction shall designate the type
and number of fire extinguishers to be installed and maintained in all
buildings, structures and facilities, but shall not be less than the minimum
requirements as outlined in this Section.
B. All buildings, structures and facilities shall be installed with portable fire
extinguishers that are designed, installed and maintained in accordance
with this Section. Fire extinguishers shall be installed even if the property is
equipped with automatic sprinklers, standpipe and hose, or other fixed
protection equipment.
C. Classification of Hazards
The classification of Hazard for purposes of application of this section shall

be as follows:
1. Low Hazard
Light hazard occupancies are locations where the total amount of

Class A combustible materials, including furnishings, decorations, and
contents, is of minor quantity. This can include some buildings or rooms
occupied as offices, classrooms, churches, assembly halls, guest room
areas of hotels/motels, and so forth. This classification anticipates that
majority of content items are either noncombustible or so arranged
that a fire is not likely to spread rapidly. Small amounts of class B
flammables used for duplicating machines, art departments, and so
forth, are included, provided that they are kept in closed containers
and safely stored.
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2. Moderate Hazard
Ordinary hazard occupancies are locations where the total amount of

Class A combustibles and Class B flammables are present in greater
amounts than expected under light (low) hazard occupancies. These
occupancies could consist of dining areas, mercantile shops, and
allied storage; light manufacturing, research operations, auto
showrooms, parking garages, workshop or support service areas of
light (low) hazard occupancies; and warehouses containing Class I or
Class II commodities as defined by NFPA 231, Standard for General
Storage.
3. High Hazard
Extra hazard occupancies are locations where the total amount of

Class A combustibles and Class B flammables present, in storage,
production, use, finished product, or combination thereof, is over and
above those expected in occupancies classed as ordinary
(moderate) hazard. These occupancies could consist of woodworking,
vehicle repair, aircraft and boat servicing, cooking areas, individual
product display showrooms, product convention center displays, and
storage and manufacturing processes such as painting, dipping, and
coating, including flammable liquid handling. Also included is
warehousing of or in-process storage of other than Class I and Class II
commodities.
D. Classification, Ratings, and Performance of Fire Extinguishers
1. Portable fire extinguishers are classified for use on certain classes of

fires and rated for relative extinguishing effectiveness as determined
by the Bureau of Product Standard, DTI.
2. The classification are as follows
a. Class A: fires involving ordinary combustible solid materials
b. Class B : fires in flammable and combustible liquid and gas
c. Class C: fires involving energized electrical equipment
d. Class D: fires involving combustible metal fires
E. Fire Extinguisher General Requirements
1. The classification of fire extinguishers shall consist of a letter that

indicates the class of fire on which a fire extinguisher has been found
to be effective, preceded by a rating number (Class A and Class B
only) that indicates the relative extinguishing effectiveness, except for
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fire extinguishers classified for use on Class C, Class D hazards shall not
be required to have a number preceding the classification letter.
2. Portable fire extinguishers shall be maintained in a fully charged and

operable condition, and kept in their designated places at all times
when they are not being used.
3. Fire extinguishers shall be conspicuously located where they will be

readily accessible and immediately available in the event of fire.
Preferably they shall be located along normal paths of travel,
including exits from areas.
4. The following types of fire extinguishers are considered obsolete and

shall be removed from service:
a. soda acid
b. chemical foam (excluding film-forming agents)
c. vaporizing liquid (e.g., carbon tetrachloride)
d. cartridge-operated water
e. cartridge-operated loaded stream
f. copper or brass shell (excluding pump tanks) joined by soft solder

or rivets
5. Cabinets housing fire extinguishers shall not be locked, except where

fire extinguishers are subject to malicious use, locked cabinets shall be
permitted to be used, provided they include means of emergency
access.
6. Fire extinguishers shall not be obstructed or obscured from view,

except in large rooms, and in certain locations where visual
obstruction cannot be completely avoided, arrows, lights, signs, or
coding of the wall are the acceptable means of identifying its
location.
7. Portable fire extinguishers other than wheeled types shall be securely

installed on the hanger or in the bracket supplied or placed in
cabinets or wall recesses. The hanger or bracket shall be securely and
properly anchored to the mounting surface in accordance with the
manufacturer’s instructions. Wheeled-type fire extinguishers shall be
located in a designated location. Portable fire extinguishers other than
wheeled types shall be securely installed on the hanger or in the
bracket supplied or placed in cabinets or wall recesses. The hanger or
bracket shall be securely and properly anchored to the mounting
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surface in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. Wheeled-
type fire extinguishers shall be located in a designated location.
8. Fire extinguishers installed under conditions where they are subject to

physical damage, (e.g., from impact, vibration, the environment) shall
be adequately protected.
9. Fire extinguishers having a gross weight not exceeding eighteen

kilogram (18 kg) shall be installed so that the top of the fire extinguisher
is not more than one and five-tenths meter (1.5 m) above the floor. Fire
extinguishers having a gross weight greater than eighteen kilogram (18
kg), except wheeled types, shall be so installed that the top of the fire
extinguisher is not more than one meter (1.0 m) above the floor. In no
case shall the clearance between the bottom of the fire extinguisher
and the floor be less than one hundred millimeters (100 mm).
10. Extinguisher operating instructions, original manufacturer’s labels,

labels that specifically relate to the extinguisher’s operation or fire
classification, or inventory control labels specific to that extinguisher
shall be located on the front face of the extinguisher and be clearly
visible, except the hazardous materials identification systems (HMIS)
labels, six-year maintenance labels, hydrotest labels, or other labels.
11. Fire extinguishers mounted in cabinets or wall recesses shall be placed

so that the fire extinguisher operating instructions face outward. The
location of such fire extinguishers shall be marked conspicuously.
12. Where fire extinguishers are installed in closed cabinets that are
exposed to elevated temperatures, the cabinets shall be provided
with screened openings and drains. Vented fire extinguisher cabinets
should utilize tinted glass and should be constructed to prevent the
entrance of insects and the accumulation of water. Vented fire
extinguisher cabinets constructed in this manner will lower the
maximum internal temperature 5.6°C to 8.3°C.
13. Water-type (e.g., water, AFFF, FFFP) fire extinguishers shall not be
installed in areas where the temperatures are outside the range of 40°f
to 120°f (4°c to 49°c). All other types shall not be installed in areas
where temperatures are outside the range of -40°f to 120°f (-40°c to
49°c). Fire extinguishers shall not be exposed to temperatures outside
of the range shown on the fire extinguisher label, except: where it is
installed in locations subject to temperatures outside these ranges, it
shall be of a type approved and listed for the temperature to which it
is exposed, or it shall be placed in an enclosure capable of
maintaining the stipulated temperature range.
14. The fire extinguisher owner or the owner’s agent shall be provided with
an instruction manual that details condensed instructions and cautions
112
necessary to the installation, operation, inspection, and maintenance
of the fire extinguisher(s). The manual shall refer to this standard as a
source of detailed instruction.
F. Selection of Fire Extinguishers
1. General Requirements
The selection of fire extinguishers for a given situation shall be

determined by the character of the fires anticipated, the construction
and occupancy of the individual property, the hazard to be
protected, ambient-temperature conditions, and other factors. The
number, size, placement, and limitations of use of fire extinguishers
required shall meet the requirements of para 2 hereof.
2. Selection by Hazard
a. Fire extinguishers shall be selected for the Classes of hazards to be

protected.
i. Fire extinguishers for protecting Class A hazards shall be

selected from the following:
i.a. Water type
i.b. Multipurpose dry chemical type
i.c. Wet chemical type
ii. Fire extinguishers for protection of Class B hazard shall be

selected from the following:
ii.a. Aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF)
ii.b. Film-forming fluoroprotein foam (FFFP)
ii.c. Carbon dioxide
ii.d. Dry chemical type
iii. Fire extinguishers for protection of Class C hazard shall be

selected from types that are specifically listed for use on Class C
hazards.
iv. Fire extinguishers and extinguishing agents for the protection of

Class D hazards shall be of types approved for use on the
specific combustible-metal hazard.
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3. Application for Specific Hazards
a. Selection of fire extinguishers for pressurized flammable liquids and

pressurized gas fires type of hazard shall be made on the basis of
recommendations by manufacturers of this specialized equipment.
The system used to rate the effectiveness of fire extinguishers on
Class B fires (flammable liquids in depth) is not applicable to these
types of hazards. It has been determined that special nozzle design
and rates of agent application are required to cope with such
hazards.
b. Selection of fire extinguishers for fires involving Class B materials in

motion (three – dimensional Class B fires) such as pouring, running,
or dripping flammable liquids and generally includes vertical as
well as one or more horizontal surfaces shall be made on the basis
of recommendations by manufacturers of this specialized
equipment.
c. Fire extinguishers for the protection of delicate electronic

equipment shall be selected from either a carbon dioxide type or a
halogenated agent type.
G. Distribution of Fire Extinguishers
a. Fire extinguishers shall be provided for the protection of both the

building structure and the occupancy hazards contained therein.
b. Required building protection shall be provided by fire extinguishers

suitable for Class A fires.
c. Occupancy hazard protection shall be provided by fire

extinguishers suitable for such Class A, B, C, D, fire potentials as
might be present.
d. Fire extinguishers provided for building protection can be

considered also for the protection of occupancies having a class a
fire potential.
e. Buildings having an occupancy hazard subject to Class B or Class C

fires, or both, shall have a standard complement of Class A fire
extinguishers for building protection, plus additional Class B or Class
A fire extinguishers, or both. Where fire extinguishers have more
than one letter classification (such as 2-A:20-B:C), they can be
considered to satisfy the requirements of each letter class.
114
f. Rooms or areas shall be classified generally as light (low) hazard,
ordinary (moderate) hazard, or extra (high) hazard. Limited areas
of greater or lesser hazard shall be protected as required.
g. On each floor level, the area protected and the travel distances
shall be based on fire extinguishers installed in accordance with
Tables 1 and 2.
2. Size and Placement
a. Class A Hazards
i. Fire extinguishers for the different types of hazards shall be

provided on the basis of Table 9.
Table 9: FIRE EXTINGUISHERS FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF CLASS A HAZARDS

MAX. TRAVEL MAX. AREA
MIN.
TYPE OF DISTANCE TO (OPEN AREA) PER
EXTINGUISHER
HAZARD EXTINGUISHER EXTINGUISHER
RATING
(m) (m2)
Low 2-A 15 200
Moderate 3-A* 12 100
High 4-A* 10 75
* Two 2-A rated fire extinguisher, provided they are installed

adjacent to each other, may be used to fulfill the requirements of
one 3-A or 4-A rated extinguisher.
ii. The protection requirements shall be permitted to be fulfilled

with fire extinguishers of higher rating, provided the travel
distance to such larger fire extinguishers does not exceed
fifteen meters (15 m).
iii. In cases where building spaces are compartmentalized or

separated from each other by fire barriers, each compartment
not exceeding the maximum protection area specified Table 9
shall be provided with at least one (1) fire extinguisher.
b. Class B Hazards (other than for fires in flammable liquids of

appreciable depth).
i. Fire extinguishers for the different types of Class B hazards shall

be provided on the basis of Table 10.
115
Table 10: FIRE EXTINGUISHERS FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF CLASS B HAZARDS
TYPE OF MIN. MAX. TRAVEL MAX. AREA
HAZARD EXTINGUISHER DISTANCE TO (OPEN AREA) PER
RATING EXTINGUISHER EXTINGUISHER
(m) (m2)
Low 5-B 10 200
Moderate 10-B 10 100
High 40-B 10 75
ii. The protection requirements shall be permitted to be fulfilled

with fire extinguishers of higher rating, provided the travel
distance to such larger fire extinguishers does not exceed
fifteen meters (15 m).
iii. In cases where building spaces are compartmentalized or

separated from each other by fire barriers, each compartment
not exceeding the maximum protection area specified Table 10
shall be provided with at least 1 fire extinguisher.
c. Class B Hazards in Flammable Liquids of Appreciable Depth

(greater than 0.6 cm).
i. Portable fire extinguishers shall not be installed as the sole

protection for flammable liquid hazards of appreciable depth
where the surface area exceeds one square meters (1.0 m2 ).
ii. For flammable liquid hazards of appreciable depth, a Class B

fire extinguisher shall be provided on the basis of at least two
numerical units of Class B extinguishing potential per square
meters of flammable liquid surface of the largest hazard area.
iii. Travel distances for portable fire extinguishers shall not exceed
ten meters (10 m).
d. Class C Hazards
Fire extinguishers with Class C ratings shall be required where

energized electrical equipment can be encountered that would
require a nonconducting extinguishing medium. This requirement
includes situations where fire either directly involves or surrounds
electrical equipment. Since the fire itself is a Class A or Class B
hazard, the fire extinguishers shall be sized and located on the basis
of the anticipated Class A or class B hazard.
e. Class D Hazards
i. Fire extinguishers or extinguishing agents with Class D ratings

shall be provided for fires involving combustible metals.
116
ii. Fire extinguishers or extinguishing agents (media) shall be
located not more than fifteen meters (15 m) of travel distance
from the Class D hazard.
iii. Portable fire extinguishers or extinguishing agents (media) for

Class D hazards shall be provided in those work areas where
combustible metal powders, flakes, shavings, chips, or similarly
sized products are generated.
iv. Size determination shall be on the basis of the specific

combustible metal, its physical particle size, area to be
covered, and recommendations by the fire extinguisher
manufacturer on data from control tests conducted.
SECTION 10.2.6.8 SEGREGATION AND PROTECTION OF HAZARDS
A. Any process, operation or storage having a degree of hazard greater

than that normal to the general occupancy of the building or structure
under consideration shall be enclosed with construction having at least a
4-hour fire resistance rating or shall be provided with automatic fire
protection or both, as specified in Divisions 8 through 17 of this Chapter.
Where a hazard is high, both the fire-rated construction and automatic
fire protection shall be used.
B. All construction enclosing hazardous operation or storage shall have not

less than 2-hour fire resistance, and all openings between the balance of
the building and rooms or enclosures for hazardous operations or pro-
cesses shall be protected with self-closing or automatic fire doors.
C. Where hazardous processes or storage area of such a character as to

involve an explosion hazard, explosion venting to outside the building shall
be provided by thin glass or other approved vents.
D. Where automatic protection is required, such protection shall be by

automatic sprinklers in accordance with Section 10.2.6.5 of this IRR or
other approved extinguishing system appropriate to extinguish fires in the
hazardous materials stored or handled.
SECTION 10.2.6.9 SMOKE PARTITIONS
A. Any smoke partition when required shall be constructed of fire resistive

materials and shall form an effective member, continuous from outside
wall to outside wall and from floor to floor slab thereby including continuity
through all concealed, spaces, such as those found above a suspended
ceiling, and including industrial spaces.
B. Smoke partitions shall have openings only for ingress and egress and for
building service equipment. Doorways shall be protected by doors
meeting the provisions of paragraph "C" hereof, and any openings where
117
building service equipment pierces the partitions shall be closed. Transfer
grills, whether equipped with fusible links, release dampers or not, shall not
be used in these partitions.
C. Doors in Smoke Partitions
1. Doors in required smoke partitions shall be of a swinging type and shall

have a protection rating of at least twenty (20) minutes.
2. Any glass panels in doors in smoke partitions shall be of transparent

wired glass mounted in steel frames.
3. Doors in smoke partitions shall be automatically self-closing.
4. Doors in smoke partitions shall close the opening with only the clear-
ance for proper operation under self-closing.
5. Doors in smoke partitions shall be without undercuts, louvers, or grills.
SECTION 10.2.6.10 FIRE DOORS
A. Any fire door, installed in accordance with the requirements of this

Chapter shall be of an approved type. The fire resistance rating of any fire
door shall be as measured in accordance with the appropriate
internationally accepted standard. Each fire door shall be appropriate for
the location in which it is installed.
B. Any swinging fire door and any door in stair enclosure walls designed to
prevent the spread of fire shall be provided with approved positive
latching means to hold it in the closed position against the pressure of
expanding fire gases.
DIVISION 7. BUILDING SERVICE EQUIPMENT
SECTION 10.2.7.1 UTILITIES
A. Equipment using gas and related gas piping shall be in accordance with
NFPA 54, National Fuel Gas Code, or NFPA 58, Liquefied Petroleum Gas
Code, as the case may be.
B. Electrical wiring and equipment shall be in accordance with the Philippine

Electrical Code.
C. Cooking equipment shall be protected by automatic kitchen hood fire

Suppression in accordance with NFPA 96, Standard for Ventilation Control
and Fire Protection of Commercial Cooking Operations.
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SECTION 10.2.7.2 HEATING, VENTILATING AND AIRCONDITIONING
A. The design and installation of air conditioning, ventilating, heating,

cooking, incinerating, or other building service equipment shall be
installed in accordance with the Philippine Mechanical Code.
B. Where ducting of airconditioning and ventilating system passes through

from one room to another room or from one fire barrier to another fire
barrier shall be provided with automatic fire dampers.
SECTION 10.2.7.3 SMOKE VENTING
A. Design and installation of smoke venting facilities, where required for safe
use of exits, in windowless buildings, underground structures, and large
area factories in accordance with the Philippine Mechanical Code.
B. Natural draft smoke venting shall utilize roof vents in walls at or near the
ceiling level. Such vents shall be normally open or if closed shall be
designed for automatic opening in case of fire.
C. Where smoke venting facilities are installed for purposes of exit safety in
accordance with the requirements of this Rule, they shall be adequate to
prevent dangerous accumulations of smoke during the time necessary to
evacuate the area served, using available exit facilities with a standard
margin of safety to allow for unforeseen contingencies.
D. The discharge apertures of all natural draft smoke vents shall be so

arranged as to be readily opened from the exterior.
E. The required natural draft vents may be substituted by a power-operated

smoke exhaust system subject to the approval of the City/Municipal Fire
SECTION 10.2.7.4 RUBBISH CHUTES, LAUNDRY CHUTES, AND FLUE-FED

INCINERATORS
A. Every chute and incinerator flue shall be enclosed and the openings
therein shall be protected in accordance with Section 11.2.6.2 "A" (1) and
"A" (3) of this IRR, respectively. In new construction, inlet openings serving
chutes shall open only to a room that is designed and used exclusively for
accessing the chute opening rubbish chutes and laundry chutes shall be
permitted to open into rooms not exceeding 37 m2 that are used for
storage, provided that the rooms is protected by automatic sprinklers.
B. Every incinerator flue, rubbish chute, and laundry chute shall be designed
and maintained in accordance with the Philippine Mechanical Code.
C. In new constructions, any chute other than an incinerator flue shall be

provided with approved, supervised sprinkler system.
119
D. The above requirements shall not apply to detached single- or two-family
dwellings.
SECTION 10.2.7.5 ELEVATORS AND ESCALATORS
A. Elevator installations shall be in accordance with the PSME Code.
B. All new elevators shall conform to the firefighters’ emergency operations

requirements of ASME A17.1 Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators,
except buildings of less than 5-storeys in height.
C. Elevators shall be subject to periodic inspections and tests by building

management, without prejudice to the power or authority of the BFP to
conduct inspections. All elevators equipped with firefighters’ emergency
operation in accordance with paragraph (2) hereof shall be subject to a
monthly operation with a written record of the findings made and kept by
the building management. Such record shall be included in the
submission of FALAR 3.
SECTION 10.2.7.6 INSTALLATION CLEARANCE
All equipment/utilities/facilities mentioned in Section 10.2.7.1 to 10.2.7.5 of this IRR

shall not be installed without first securing an installation clearance from the
C/MFM having jurisdiction. This installation clearance shall be a pre-requisite for
the issuance of permits required by law for these installations.
DIVISION 8. PLACES OF ASSEMBLY
SECTION 10.2.8.1 OCCUPANT LOAD
A. The occupant load permitted in any assembly building, structure, or

portion thereof shall be determined by dividing the net floor area or
space assigned to that use by the square meter per occupant as follows:
1. As assembly area of concentrated use without fixed seats such as an

auditorium, place of worship, dance floor, and lodge room: sixty-five
hundredths (0.65) square meter per person.
2. An assembly area of less concentrated use such as conference room,

dining room, drinking establishment, exhibit room, gymnasium, or
lounge: one and four-tenths (1.4) square meters per person.
3. Standing room or waiting space: twenty-eight hundredths (0.28)

square meter per person.
4. The occupant load of an area having fixed seats shall be determined

by the number of fixed seats installed. Required aisle space serving the
fixed seats shall not be used to increase the occupant load.
120
5. Every room constituting a place of assembly and not having fixed
seats shall have the occupant load of the room posted in a
conspicuous place near the main exit from the room. Approved signs
shall be maintained in legible manner. Signs shall be durable and shall
indicate the number of occupants permitted for each room.
6. In theaters and similar places of assembly where person are admitted

to the building at times when seats are not available for them and are
allowed to wait in a lobby or similar space until seats are available,
such use of lobby or similar spaces shall not encroach upon the
required clear width of exits. Such waiting spaces shall be restricted to
areas other than the required means of egress. Exits shall be provided
for such waiting spaces on the basis of one person for each one-fourth
(0.25) square meters of waiting space area. Such exits shall be in
addition to the exits specified for the main auditorium area and shall
conform in construction and arrangement to the general rules for exits
given in this division.
7. In areas not in excess of nine hundred thirty square meters (930 m2),
the occupant load shall not exceed one person in forty-six tenths
square meters (0.46 m2); in areas in excess of nine hundred thirty
square meters (930 m2), the occupant load shall not exceed one
person in sixty-five tenths square meters (0.65 m2).
SECTION 10.2.8.2 EXIT DETAILS
A. Capacity of Exits
1. The capacity of means of egress shall be in accordance with Section

10.2.5.2 paragraph C or shall be in accordance with succeeding
paragraph for means of egress serving theater-type seating or similar
seating arranged in rows.
2. Minimum clear width of aisles and other means of egress serving

theater-type seating, or similar seating arranged in rows, shall be in
accordance with Table 11 below.
Table 11: CAPACITY FACTORS FOR THEATER TYPE SEATING
Clear width per seat served (in mm)

No. of seats Passageways, Ramps, and
Stairs
Doorways
Unlimited 7.6 AB 5.6C
3. The minimum clear widths shown in Table 11 shall be modified in

accordance with all of the following:
a. If risers exceed one hundred seventy-eight millimeters (178 mm) in
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height, multiply the stair width in Table 8 by factor A, where
A = 1 + (RISER HEIGHT – 178/125)
b. Stairs without a handrail located within a seven hundred sixty

millimeters (760 mm) horizontal distance shall be 25 percent wider
than otherwise calculated, that is, multiply by factor B = 1.25.
c. Ramps steeper than 1 in 10 slope where used in ascent shall have

their widths increased by 10 percent, that is, multiply by factor C =
1.10.
B. Minimum Number of Exit
The number of exits shall be in accordance with Section 10.2.5.2 para “G”
of this IRR .
C. Location of Exits
1. Main Exit
Every assembly occupancy shall be provided with a main exit. The

main exit shall be of sufficient width to accommodate one-half (1/2) of
the total occupant load, but shall be not less than the total required
width of all aisles, exit passageways and stairways leading thereto,
and shall connect to a stairway or ramp leading to a street.
2. Other Exits
Each level of an assembly occupancy shall have access to the main

exit and an addition shall be provided with exits of sufficient width to
accommodate two-thirds (2/3) of the total occupant load served by
that level. Such exits shall open directly to a street or into an exit court,
enclosed stairway, outside stairway, or exit passageway leading to a
street. Such exits shall be located as far apart and as far from the main
exits as practicable. Such exits shall be accessible from a cross aisle or
a side aisle.
D. Minimum Corridor Width
The width of any exit access corridor serving 50 or more persons shall not
be less than one hundred twelve centimeters (112 cm).
E. Travel Distance To Exits
Exits shall be so arranged that the total length of travel from any point to
reach an exit will not exceed forty six (46) meters in any place of assembly
for spaces not protected by approved, supervised sprinkler system and
sixty one (61) meters in areas so protected.
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F. Types of Exits
1. Exits of the specified number and width shall be of one or more of the
following types, in accordance with the provisions of Division 5 of this
Rule.
a. Doors of the swinging type leading directly outside or through a

lobby or passageway leading to the outside of the building.
b. Horizontal exits
c. Smokeproof enclosures
d. Stairs
e. Ramps
2. Turnstiles
No turnstiles or other devices to restrict the movement of persons shall

be installed in any place of assembly in such a manner as to interfere
in any way with required exit facilities. (See Division 5 of this Chapter for
further requirements for turnstiles).
G. Panic Hardware
An exit door from an assembly occupancy shall not be provided with a

latch or lock unless it is panic hardware.
H. Seating, Aisles and Railings
1. Seating
a. The spacing of rows of seats from back to back shall be not less
than eighty three centimeters (83 cm), nor less than sixty eight
centimeters (68 cm) plus the sum of the thickness of the back and
inclination of the back. There shall be a space of not less than thirty
centimeters (30 cm) from the back of one seat and the front of the
seat immediately behind it as measured between plumb lines.
b. Rows of seats between aisles shall have not more than fourteen
(14) seats.
c. Rows of seats opening onto an aisle at one side only shall have not
more than seven (7) seats.
d. Seats without dividing arms shall have their capacity determined

by allowing sixty centimeters (60 cm) per person.
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2. Aisles
Every portion of any assembly building which contains seats, tables,

displays, equipment, or other materials shall be provided with aisles
leading to exit as follows:
a. When serving more than sixty (60) seats; every aisle shall be not less
than nine hundred fifteen millimeters (915 mm) when serving seats
on one side only and not less than one hundred twenty-two
centimeters (122 cm) when serving seats on both sides. Such
minimum width shall be measured at the point farthest from an exit,
cross aisles, or foyer and shall be increased in width by two and a
half centimeters (2.5 cm) for each meter in length toward the exit,
cross aisles, or foyer.
b. When serving sixty (60) seats or less, aisles shall be not less than
seventy six centimeters (76 cm) wide.
c. Aisles shall terminate in a cross aisle, foyer, or exit. The width of such
cross aisle, foyer, or exit shall be not less than the sum of the
required width of the widest aisle plus fifty (50%) percent of the
total required width of the remaining aisles which it serves.
d. No dead-end aisle shall be greater than six and one-tenth meters

(6.1 m) in length. In arena or thrust stage theaters, dead-end aisles
at the stage shall not exceed five rows beyond a cross aisle.
e. The length of travel to an exit door by any aisle shall be not greater
than forty six meters (46 m).
f. Steps shall not be placed in aisles to overcome differences in level

unless the gradient exceeds twelve and a half (12.5%) percent.
Steps in aisles shall conform to the requirement for stairs as to rise
end tread.
g. The gradient of sloping aisles shall not exceed twelve and a half
(12.5%) percent.
3. Railings
a. The fasciae of boxes, balconies and galleries shall have substantial

railings not less than sixty six centimeters (66 cm) high above the
floor.
b. The railings at the ends of aisles extending to the fasciae shall be

not less than seventy six centimeters (76 cm) high for the width of
the aisle, or ninety one centimeters (91 cm) high if at foot of steps.
c. Cross aisles shall be provided with railings not less than sixty-six (66)
centimeters high.
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I. Lighting and Signs
1. All places of assembly shall have exit lighting in accordance with

Section 10.2.5.11 and signs in accordance with Section 10.2.5.12 of this
IRR. All places of assembly shall be provided with emergency lighting.
2. In every auditorium or other places of assembly where pictures, motion

pictures or other projections are made by means of directed light, the
illumination projections are made by means of directed light, the
illumination of the floors of exit access may be reduced during such
period projection to values of not less than two ten-thousandths
(0.0002) lumen per square centimeter.
J. Exits Common to Other Occupancies
1. Places of assembly in building of other occupancy may use exits

common to the place of assembly and the other occupancy
provided that the assembly area and the other occupancy
considered separately each have exits sufficient to meet the
requirements of this Chapter.
2. Exits shall be sufficient for simultaneous occupancy of both the place

of assembly and other parts of the building.
SECTION 10.2.8.3 STAGE AND ENCLOSED PLATFORM
A. Definitions
1. Enclosed Platform – is a partially enclosed portion of an assembly room

the ceiling of which is not more than one hundred fifty five cen-
timeters (155 cm) above the proscenium opening of which is designed
or used for the presentation of plays, demonstrations, or other
entertainment wherein scenery, drops, decorations or other effects
may be installed or used.
2. Stage – is partially enclosed portion of an assembly building which is

designed or used for the presentation of plays, demonstrations, or
other entertainment wherein scenery, drops or other effects may be
installed or used, and where the distance between the top of the
proscenium opening and the ceiling above the stage in more than
one hundred fifty two centimeters (152 cm).
3. Thrust Stage – is that portion of a stage which projects into the

audience on the audience side of a proscenium wall or opening.
4. Arena stage – is a stage of platform open on at least three (3) sides to

audience seating. It may be with or without overhead scene handling
facilities.
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5. Proscenium wall – is a fire resistive wall which separates a stage or
enclosed platform from the public or spectators' area of an auditorium
or theater.
B. Every stage equipped with fly galleries, gridirons, and rigging for movable
theater-type scenery, and every enclosed platform larger than forty six
and a half square meters (46.5 m2) in area shall be protected with the
automatic fire suppression system at the ceiling, under the gridiron, in
usable spaces under the stage or platform and in auxiliary spaces and
dressing rooms, storerooms, and workshops.
When opening are provided in the stage floor for stage lifts, trap doors or
stairs, automatic fire suppression system shall be provided around the
opening at the ceiling below the stage, and baffles at least thirty (30)
centimeters in depth shall be installed around the perimeter of the
opening.
C. Every stage and every enclosed platform larger than forty six and a half
square meters (46.5 m2) shall have ventilators in or above it, operable from
the stage floor by hand and also opening by fusible links or other
approved automatic heat actuated device, or heat and smoke
actuated device, to give a free opening equal to at least five (5) percent
of the area floor of the stage or enclosed platform. Where mechanical
ventilation is provided it shall be so arranged that natural ventilation, at
least equal to the above, will be available. Make up air for mechanical
ventilation shall not be obtained from the audience (seating) areas.
D. The proscenium opening of every stage shall be provided with a fire

resistant curtain constructed and mounted so as to intercept hot gases,
flames, and smoke, and to prevent glow from a severe fire on the stage
showing on the auditorium side within a five (5) minute period. The curtain
shall be automatic closing without the use of applied power.
E. Every stage shall be provided with a fire control station located on or

adjoining the stage. The fire control station shall have the following:
1. Lights to indicate the operations of all emergency lights and power

circuits.
2. Manual operating devices to actuate automatic spray heads at

proscenium, proscenium curtain, and smoke vents.
3. Indicator light to show that the automatic fire suppression system is

operating, or sprinkler system valves are open and system is charged
with water under pressure.
4. A public address system energized from normal and emergency light

and power sources.
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5. An alarm system connected to the manager's office, dressing rooms,
and auxiliary stage spaces. It shall not sound an alarm audible in the
audience or seating portion of the theater.
F. Auxiliary stage spaces such as under-stage areas, dressing rooms,

workshops and similar spaces associated with the functioning of a stage
1. No point within any auxiliary space shall be more than fifteen and one-
fourth meters (15.25 m) from a door providing access to an exit.
2. There shall be at least two (2) exits available from every auxiliary stage
space, one of which shall be available within a travel distance of
twenty three meters (23 m). A common path of travel of six meters (6
m) to the two (2) exits shall be permitted.
3. Auxiliary stage spaces shall be protected as provided under this

Section.
4. No workshop involving the use of combustible or flammable paint,

liquids, or gases, or their storage shall open directly upon a stage.
G. Where approved, supervised sprinkler system is not required, the

proscenium wall of every theater using movable scenery or decorations
shall not have more than two (2) openings entering the stage, exclusive of
the proscenium opening. Such opening shall not exceed two square
meters (2 m2) each and shall be fitted with self-closing fire doors.
H. Each stage shall be equipped with a one and a half inch (38.1 millimeters)
wet-standpipe equipped with at least 30 meters hose on -each side of the
stage.
SECTION 10.2.8.4 PROJECTION BOOTH
A. Every place of assembly in which pictures are projected from cellulose

acetate, or other safety film using electric arc, xenon, or other light
sources, which generate hazardous gases, dust, or radiation, shall have a
projection room which complies with Section 10.2.8.17 of this IRR and the
following paragraph. This also applies to other latest types of projection
(e.g. LCD and i-MAX)
B. There shall be posted on the outside of each projection room door and
within the projection room proper, a conspicuous sign in block letters
twenty (25) millimeters stroke stating: "Safety Film Only Permitted in This
Room."
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SECTION 10.2.8.5 DECORATIVE MATERIAL
A. No decorative material, which will ignite and allow flame to spread over
the surface when exposed to a flame test shall be allowed to be used in
places of assembly.
B. The method of test shall be as follows: the piece shall be exposed to the
flame from a common match and held in horizontal position twelve and
seven-tenths (12.7) millimeters underneath the piece, and a constant
location for a minimum of fifteen (15 ) seconds.
C. Treatments may be applied to decorative material to accomplish flame

proofing. Such treatments shall be renewed as often as may be necessary
to maintain the flame-proofed condition of the material.
SECTION 10.2.8.6 PYROXYLIN COATED FABRIC
Use of pyroxylin coated fabrics inside places of assembly shall be restricted as

follows:
A. The nitrocellulose coating shall not exceed four hundred thirty (430)
grams for every square meter of fabric.
B. The total surface area of fabric-complying with paragraph “A” above

shall not exceed one (1) square meter for every four and a half (4.5) cubic
meter of room volume.
C. Where the coating exceeds forty seven (47) grams per square meter, the
total area of such fabric shall not exceed one (1) square meter for every
two and one-fourth (2.25) cubic meter of room volume.
SECTION 10.2.8.7 MOTION PICTURE SCREENS, STAGE CURTAINS AND DRAPES
No motion picture screens or screen masking curtains, buntings or other

draperies shall be used unless the material is flame-proofed and will pass the
match-flame test described in Section 10.2.8.5 of this IRR.
SECTION 10.2.8.8 PROTECTION
A. Protection of Vertical Opening
Any vertical opening shall be enclosed or protected in accordance with

B. Interior Finish
1. The interior finish requirements of this Section shall be in accordance

with Section 10.2.6.3 of this IRR and subject to modifications specified
therein.
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2. Interior finish in all means of egress in all places of assembly shall be
Class A.
3. Interior finish in general assembly areas shall be Class A.
4. Screen on which pictures are projected shall comply with requirements

of Class A or Class B interior finish, as the case maybe.
C. Protection from Hazards
Rooms or spaces used for hazardous equipment, operations and process,

such as but not limited to rooms containing high –pressure vessels,
refrigerating machineries, large transformers, or other service equipment;
rooms or spaces used for the storage, processing or use of boilers or
furnaces, combustible supplies, hazardous materials or flammable or
combustible liquids; laundries; and maintenance shops including
woodworking and painting areas; shall not be directly located under or
abutting required exits and shall be separated from other parts of the
building by fire barriers by construction of not less than 1 hour fire
resistance rating.
D. Fire Detection and Alarm System
1. All assembly occupancies shall be provided with fire alarm system with
manual initiation, provided, however that where occupants of the
building exceed 300 persons, the initiation shall be through an
automatic detection system.
2. The required fire alarm system shall activate an audible and visible
alarm in a constantly attended receiving station within the building
when occupied for purposes of initiating emergency action.
E. Extinguishing Requirement
1. The following assembly occupancies shall be protected throughout by

an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system:
a. bars with live entertainment;
b. dance halls;
c. discotheques; and
d. assembly occupancies with festival seating.
2. Buildings containing assembly occupancies with occupant loads of

more than 300 shall be protected by an approved, supervised
automatic sprinkler system:
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a. throughout the storey containing the assembly occupancy;
b. throughout all storeys below the storey containing the assembly

occupancy;
c. in case of an assembly occupancy located below the level of exit

discharge, throughout all storeys intervening between that storey
and the level of exit discharge, including the level of exit discharge.
3. The provisions of para “E” (1) and (2) above shall not apply to
assembly occupancies consisting of single multipurpose room of less
than 1115 square meters that are not used for exhibition or display and
are not part of a mixed occupancy, all assembly occupancy with all
sides open and places of worship at the level of exit discharge with
sufficient means of egress.
SECTION 10.2.8.9 BUILDING SERVICE EQUIPMENT
A. Elevators
Elevators shall not constitute required means of exit. When places of

assembly are more than three (3) storeys above ground level and
equipped with automatic elevators, at least one elevator shall be
designed and equipped for fire emergency use by members of the BFP, or
as may be determined by the City/Municipal Fire Marshal. Key operation
shall transfer automatic elevator operation to manual and bring elevator
to ground or first floor use by said members. The elevator shall be situated
so as to be readily accessible.
B. Air Conditioning
All air conditioning, heating, and ventilation installations shall comply with
the provisions of Division 7 of this Chapter.
C. Special Provisions for Food Service Establishments
1. All devices in connection with the preparation of food shall be

installed and operated to avoid hazard to the safety of occupants
and shall be installed and maintained in accordance with good engi-
neering practice.
2. Cooking equipment shall be protected by automatic kitchen hood fire

suppression in accordance with NFPA 96, Standard for Ventilation
Control and Fire Protection of Commercial Cooking Operations.
SECTION 10.2.8.10 PLAN OF EXIT WAYS AISLES
A. A plan showing the capacity and location of the exit ways and aisles
thereto shall be submitted for approval by the City/Municipal Fire Marshal,
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and approved copy of such plan shall be kept prominently on display in
the premises.
B. In all theaters, nightclubs, dance halls and similar occupancies, an

audible announcement and other means of announcement shall be
made prior to the performance describing the location of exits to be used
in case of fire or other emergencies.
SECTION 10.2.8.11 OVERCROWDING
No person shall permit the overcrowding or admittance of any person

beyond the approved capacity of any place of public assemblage. The
City/Municipal Fire Marshal, upon finding any overcrowding condition or
obstruction in aisles, passageways or other means of egress; or upon finding
any condition which constitutes a serious menace of life, shall cause the
performance, presentation, or entertainment to be stopped until the
condition or obstruction is corrected.
SECTION 10.2.8.12 STANDBY FIREMEN
A. The City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction whenever in his

judgment, it is essential for public safety to deploy standby firemen in any
place of public assembly, or any other place where people congregate,
due to the number of persons, or the nature of the performance,
exhibition, display contest or activity, is authorized to detail standby
firemen at such place.
B. The said firemen shall be in uniform and remain on duty during the time
such places are open to the public, or when the activity is being
conducted. Before each performance or the start of the activity, the said
firemen shall inspect the required fire appliances provided, to see that
they are in proper place and in good working order, and shall keep
diligent watch for fires during the time such place is open to the public or
such activity is being conducted and take prompt measures for the
extinguishment of fire that may occur.
SECTION 10.2.8.13 OUTDOOR ASSEMBLY
A. All grandstands, tents, and other places of outdoor assembly shall comply
with the requirements of NFPA Pamphlet No. 102, “Standards for Tents,
Grandstands, and Air-Supported Structures used for Public Assembly”.
B. Grandstand and bleacher type seating may be used as indoor type

seating only when it meets with the requirements of this Division.
SECTION 10.2.8.14 UNDERGROUND STRUCTURE AND WINDOWLESS BUILDINGS
The requirements of underground structures and windowless buildings used

as places of assembly shall be in accordance with Division 17 of this Chapter.
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SECTION 10.2.8.15 SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR EXHIBITIONS HALLS
A. No display or exhibit shall be so installed or operated as to interfere in any

way with access to any required exit or with visibility of any required exit or
of any required exit sign, nor shall any display block access to fire fighting
equipment.
B. All displays or exhibits of combustible material or construction and all

booths and temporary construction in connection therewith shall be so
limited in combustibility or protected as to avoid any undue hazard of fire
which might endanger occupants before they have opportunity to use
available exits.
C. Any place of assembly used for exhibition or display purposes shall be

equipped with a complete automatic fire suppression system, when the
exhibition or display area exceeds one thousand three hundred ninety
four square meters (1394 m2). For combustible materials not on display,
storage room having an enclosure with a fire resistance rating of at least
two (2) hours and protected by an automatic fire extinguishing system
shall be provided.
SECTION 10.2.8.16 EXISTING PLACES OF ASSEMBLY
A. Capacity Limitations
In existing places of assembly, the Chief, BFP or his duly authorized rep-
resentative may permit occupancy by number of persons not to exceed
that for which the existing exits are adequate provided that measures are
established satisfactory to the Chief, BFP or his duly authorized repre-
sentative to prevent occupancy by any greater number of persons based
on the calculated occupant load of the building.
B. INTERIOR FINISH
Provisions of Section 10.2.6.3 of this IRR shall apply in existing places of

assembly where interior finish does not conform to the requirements for
new assembly buildings.
SECTION 10.2.8.17 PROJECTION ROOMS FOR SAFETY FILM
A. Every projection room shall be of permanent construction consistent with

the construction requirements for the Type of building in which the
projection room is located. The room shall have a floor area of not less
than seven and four-tenths square meters (7.4 m2) for a single machine
and at least three and three-fourths square meters (3.75 m2) for each
additional machine. Each motion picture projector, floodlight, spotlight,
or similar piece of equipment shall have a clear working space not less
than two and one-fourth square meters (2.25 m2).
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B. Each projection room shall be at least one out-swinging, self-closing door
not less than seventy six centimeters (76 cm) wide by two meters (2 m)
high.
C. The aggregate of ports and openings for projection equipment shall not
exceed twenty-five percent (25%) of the area of the wall between the
projection room and the auditorium. All opening shall be provided with
glass or other approved materials, so as to completely close the opening.
D. Projection booth room ventilation shall be not less than the following:
1. Supply Air
Each projection room shall be provided with two or more separate

fresh air inlet ducts with screened openings terminating within thirty
centimeters (30 cm) of the floor, and located at opposite ends of the
room. Such air inlets shall be of sufficient size to permit an air change
every three minutes. Fresh air may be supplied from the general
building air conditioning system, providing it is so arranged that the
projection booth will continue to receive one change of air every
three (3) minutes, when no other air is supplied by the general air
conditioning system.
2. Exhaust Air
Each projection room shall be provided with one or more exhaust air
outlets which may be manifold into a single duct outside the booth.
Such outlets shall be so located as to ensure circulation throughout the
room. Projection room exhaust air system shall be independent of any
other air systems in the buildings. Exhaust air ducts shall terminate at
the exterior of the building in such a location that the exhaust system
shall be mechanically operated and of such a capacity as to provide
a minimum of one change of air every three minutes. The blower
motor shall be outside the duct system. The projection room ventilation
system may also appurtenant rooms, such as the generator room and
the rewind room.
E. Each projection machine shall be provided with an exhaust duct which

will draw air from each lamp and exhaust it directly to the outside of the
building in such a fashion that it will not be picked up by supply inlets.
Such a duct shall be of rigid materials, except for a continuous flexible
connector approved for the purpose. The lamp exhaust systems shall not
be interconnected with any other system.
1. Electric Arc Projection Equipment
The exhaust capacity shall be five and two-thirds cubic meters (5.66
m3) per minute for each lamp connected to the lamp exhaust system
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or as recommended by the equipment manufacturer, whichever «s
greater. Auxiliary air may be introduced into the system through a
screened opening to stabilize the arc.
2. Xenon Projection Equipment
The lamp exhaust shall exhaust not less than eight and one-half (8.5)
cubic meters per minute per lamp, nor less than that exhaust volume
required or recommended by the equipment manufacturer,
whichever is greater. The external temperature of the lamp housing
shall not exceed fifty four and one-half (54.5˚C) degrees Celsius when
operating.
F. Each projection room shall be provided with rewind and film storage
facilities.
G. A maximum of four (4) containers for flammable liquids not greater than
one-half liter (0.5ℓ) capacity and of a non-breakable type may be per-
mitted in each projection booth.
H. Appurtenant electrical equipment such as rheostats, transformers, and

generators may be located within the booth or in a separate room of
equivalent fire resistance construction.
SECTION 10.2.8.18 OPEN FLAME
No person shall cause or permit any open flame to be used in any place of
public assemblage, or drinking or eating establishments, except when used in
conjunction with approved heating or cooking appliances or under a written
permit from the City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction.
DIVISION 9. EDUCATIONAL OCCUPANCIES
SECTION 10.2.9.1 OCCUPANCY AND OCCUPANT LOAD
A. Classification of Educational Occupancies
1. Educational occupancies shall include all buildings used for the

gathering of groups of six (6) or more persons for purposes of
instruction, such as schools, universities, colleges, and academies.
2. Educational occupancy includes part-day, nursery schools, kinder-

gartens, day care facilities, and other schools whose purpose is
primarily educational even though the children are of pre-school age.
3. Other occupancies associated with educational institutions shall be in

accordance with the appropriate parts of this Chapter.
4. In cases where instruction is incidental to some other occupancy the

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Section of the Chapter governing such other occupancy shall apply.
B. Occupant Load
1. The occupant load of educational buildings or any individual storey or

section thereof for the purpose of determining exits shall not be less
than one person for each one and nine -tenths square meters (1.9 m2)
of net classroom area or four and six-tenths (4.6) square meters of net
area of shops, laboratories, and similar vocational rooms. In dry nurs-
eries where sleeping facilities are provided, the occupant load shall be
not less than one person for each three and three tenths square
meters (3.3 m2).
2. The occupant load of an area having fixed seats shall be determined

by the number of fixed seats installed. Required aisle space serving the
fixed seats shall not be used to increase the occupant load.
3. The occupant load of individual lecture rooms, gymnasiums, or

cafeterias used for assembly purposes of more than fifty (50) persons
shall be determined in accordance with Section 10.2.8.1 of this IRR.
A. Capacity of Exits
Capacity of means of egress shall be in accordance with Section 10.2.5.2

para “C” of this IRR.
B. Minimum Number of Exits
1. Every room or space with a capacity of fifty (50) or more persons or

over ninety three square meters (93 m2) in area shall have at least two
(2) doorways as remote from each other as practicable. Such
doorways shall provide access to separate exits, but, where egress is
through corridors, shall open upon a common corridor leading to
separate exits in opposite directions.
2. Not less than two separate exits shall be provided on every storey and
accessible from every part of every storey and mezzanine.
C. Travel Distance to Exits
Travel distance to an exit from any point in a building without an

approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system shall not exceed forty six
meters (46 m), and shall not exceed sixty one meters (61 m) in any
building protected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic
sprinkler system.
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D. Access to Exits
1. Every aisle, corridor, balcony, other means of access to exits, and

discharge from exit shall be in accordance with Section 10.2.5.2 of this
IRR.
2. Any corridor shall be not less than one and eighty-three tenths meters
(1.83 m) wide in the clear.
3. Doors which swing into an exit access corridor shall be recessed to

prevent interference with corridor traffic; any doors not so recessed
shall open the one hundred eighty degrees (180˚) to stop against the
wall. Doors in any position shall not reduce the required corridor width
by more than one half.
4. Drinking fountains or other equipment, fixed or movable shall not be so

placed as to obstruct the required minimum 1.83 meters corridor
width.
E. Exterior Corridors or Balconies
1. Where exterior corridors or balconies are provided as means of exit,

they shall open to the outside air except for railings or balustrades with
stairs or level exits to grade not over seventy six and one-fourth meters
(76.25 m) apart, so located that an exit will be available in either
direction from the door to any individual room or space, with dead
ends not to exceed six meters (6 m). If balconies are enclosed by glass
or in any other manner, they shall be treated as interior corridors.
2. The floors of balconies (exterior corridors) and stairs shall be solid,

without openings, and shall comply with requirements for outside stairs
as regards balustrades or railings, width and pitch of stairs, and other
details, but are not required to be shielded from fire within the building
by blank walls, wired glass windows or the like where the stairs are
located on the side of balcony or corridor away from the building and
are separated from the building by the full width of the balcony or-
corridor.
F. Exit Arrangement
1. Exits shall be so arranged that at least two (2) separate exits will be
available from every floor area. Exits shall be as remote from each
other as practicable, so arranged that there will be no pockets or
dead ends in which occupants may be trapped, and in no case shall
any dead-end corridor extend more than six meters (6 m) beyond the
stairway or other means of exit therefrom.
2. Every classroom or room used for educational purposes or student
136
occupancy below the floor of exit discharge shall have access to at
least one (1) exit which leads directly to the exterior at level of
discharge without entering the floor above.
G. Types of Exits
1. Exits of the specified number and width shall be of one or more of the
following types, in accordance with the provisions of Division 5 of this
Chapter.
a. Doors of the swinging type leading directly outside or through a

lobby or passageway leading to the outside of the building. Any
exterior door and any room door subject to use by fifty (50) or more
persons shall be operated by bars or other panic hardware device
with re – entry mechanism, in accordance with Section 10.2.5.3 of
this IRR, except that a door leading directly to the outside from a
classroom occupied by less than 50 persons may be equipped with
the same knob-operated schoolhouse type lock as is used on
classroom doors leading to corridor, with no provision whatsoever
for locking against egress from the classroom.
b. Horizontal exits
c. Smokeproof enclosures
d. Stairs
e. Ramps
H. Additional Exit Details
The provisions of this Section are based on occupancy by normal

individuals. Educational buildings used by persons with physical or mental
handicaps shall have additional features as may be required by the
Chief, BFP or his duly authorized representative to ensure safe use of such
exits in an emergency.
SECTION 10.2.9.3 LIGHTING AND SIGNS
A. All educational buildings shall have adequate exit illumination in

accordance with Section 10.2.5.11 of this IRR. Flexible plan and open
plan buildings and buildings designed for night occupancy and portions
of buildings having interior and windowless rooms, areas, and corridors,
shall have emergency lighting.
B. All educational buildings shall have signs designating the location of exits
or the path of travel to reach them, in accordance with Section 10.2.5.12
of this IRR.
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SECTION 10.2.9.4 WINDOWS FOR RESCUE AND VENTILATION
A. Except in buildings with protected with approved, supervised sprinkler

system in accordance with Section 10.2.6.5 of this IRR, every room or
space used for classroom or other educational purposes or normally
subject to student occupancy, unless it has a door leading directly to the
outside of building, shall have at least one outside window which can
readily be used for emergency rescue or ventilation purposes, and which
meets all of the following provisions:
1. It can readily be opened from the inside without the use of tools.
2. It provides a clear opening with a minimum dimension of 560 mm in

width and 800 mm in height.
3. The bottom of window opening is not more than eighty two (82)
centimeters above the floor; and
4. Where storm windows, screens, or anti-burglar devices are used, these

shall be provided with quick opening mechanism so that they may be
readily opened from the inside for emergency egress and shall be so
arranged that when opened they will not drop to the ground.
A. Vertical Opening
Any interior stairways and other vertical openings in educational buildings

shall be enclosed and protected in accordance with Section 10.2.5.2 of
this IRR, except when it serves only one adjacent floor other than a
basement, it is not connected to other stairway serving other floors and it
is not connected with corridors or stairways serving other floors.
B. Interior Corridors
1. Every interior corridor shall be of construction having not less than a

one-half fire resistance rating, and all openings therein protected
accordingly. Room doors may be forty four (44) millimeters solid
bonded core wood doors or the equivalent. Such corridor protection
shall not be required when all classrooms served by such corridors
have at least one door directly to the outside or to an exterior balcony
or corridor as in Section 10.2.9.2 of this IRR.
2. Any interior corridor more than ninety one (91) meters in length shall be
divided into sections not to exceed ninety one (91) meters in length by
smoke partitions installed in accordance with Section 10.2.6.7 of this
IRR.
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C. Interior Finish
Interior finish shall be Class A in corridors, stairways and other means of

egress and may be Class B or Class C elsewhere, in accordance with the
provisions of Section 10.2.6.3 of this IRR.
D. Fire Alarm System
1. Approved fire alarm facilities capable of being manually operated in

accordance with Section 10.2.6.4 of this IRR shall be provided in every
educational building.
2. In building provided with automatic fire suppression system the

operation of the system shall automatically actuate electrical school
fire alarm system.
E. Automatic Fire Suppression System
Every portion of educational buildings below the floor of exit discharge

shall be protected with complete automatic sprinkler protection in
accordance with Section 10.2.6.5 of this IRR.
F. Hazardous Areas
An area used for general storage, boiler or furnace rooms, fuel storage,
janitors closets, maintenance shops including woodworking and painting
areas, laundries and kitchen shall be separated from other parts of the
building with construction having not less than a one-hour fire resistance
rating, and all openings shall be protected with self-closing fire doors, or
such area shall be provided with automatic fire suppression system. Where
the hazard is high as determined by the Chief, BFP or his duly authorized
representative, both the fire resistive separation and automatic fire
suppression system shall be provided.
G. Cooking equipment
Cooking equipment shall be protected by automatic kitchen hood fire

suppression in accordance with NFPA 96, Standard for Ventilation Control
and Fire Protection of Commercial Cooking Operations.
A. Elevators
1. An elevator shall not constitute required means of exit.
2. When an educational occupancy is more than three (3) storeys and

equipped with automatic elevators, one or more elevators shall be
designed and equipped for fire emergency use by firefighters, as
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specified in Section 10.2.7.5 of this IRR. Key operation shall transfer
automatic elevator operation to manual and bring elevator to ground
or first floor for use of firefighters. The elevator shall be situated so as to
be readily accessible. If the building is equipped with only one
elevator, the same shall be equipped with firefighter’s switch to be
capable of being manually operated.
B. Air conditioning
Every air-conditioning, heating, and ventilating installation shall comply

with Division 7 of this Chapter.
C. Electrical Wiring and Equipment
Electrical wiring and equipment shall be in accordance with provisions of

the Philippine Electrical Code, and all cooking, heating, incinerating and
other building service equipment shall be installed in accordance with
Division 7 of this Chapter.
SECTION 10.2.9.7 SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR FLEXIBLE PLAN AND OPEN PLAN
BUILDINGS
A. Definitions
1. Flexible plan and open plan educational buildings or portion of a

building not having corridors which comply with Section 10.2.9.1 of this
IRR and are designed for multiple teaching stations.
a. Flexible plan buildings have movable corridor walls and movable

partitions of full height construction with doors leading from rooms
to corridors. Flexible plan buildings without exit access doors
between rooms and corridors shall be classified as open plan
buildings.
b. Open plan buildings have rooms and corridors delineated by use

of tables, chairs, desks, bookcases, counters, low height partitions,
or similar furnishings.
2. Common Atmosphere – a common atmosphere exits between rooms,

spaces or area within a building, which are not separated by an
approved smoke partition.
3. Separate Atmosphere – a separate atmosphere exits between rooms,

spaces area, that are separated by an approved smoke partition.
4. Smoke Partition – (See Section 10.2.6.9). For purposes of this Section,

smoke partitions shall also include floors and openings therein.
5. Room – for the purpose of this Section, a room is a space or area

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bounded by an obstruction to egress which at any time enclose more
than eighty (80%) percent of the perimeter of the space or area.
Openings of less than two (2) meters high shall not be considered in
computing the unobstructed perimeter.
6. Interior Room – a room whose only means of egress is through an

adjoining or intervening room which is not an exit.
7. Separate Means of Egress – a means of egress separated in such a

manner from other means of egress as to provide an atmosphere
separation which preclude contamination of both means of egress by
the same fire. (See Section 10.2.6.7 of this IRR).
B. Area Limitations and Separations
1. Flexible plan and open plan buildings shall not exceed two thousand
seven hundred eighty seven square meters (2,787 m2) in undivided
area. A solid wall or smoke partition (Section 10.2.6.7 of this IRR) shall
be provided at maximum intervals of ninety one (91) meters and
openings in such walls or partition shall comply with Section 10.2.6.7 of
this IRR.
2. Vertical openings shall be enclosed as required by Section 10.2.9.1 of

this IRR.
3. Stages in places of assembly shall be separated from school areas by

construction of non-combustible materials having at least a two-hour
fire resistance rating and shall comply with Section 10.2.8.1 of this IRR.
4. Shops, laboratories, and similar vocational rooms, as well as storage

rooms, shall be separated from school areas by construction having at
least a one-hour fire resistance rating, they shall have exits
independent from other areas.
C. General Provisions
1. The specific requirements of this Section are not intended to prevent

the design or use of other systems, equipment or techniques which will
effectively prevent the products of combustion from breaching the
atmospheric separation.
2. The provisions of this subsection shall apply only to the requirements for
providing separate atmosphere. The fire resistance requirements shall
comply with other provisions of this Chapter.
a. Walls, partitions and floors forming all of or part of an atmospheric

separation shall be of materials consistent with the requirements for
the type of construction, but of construction not less effective than
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a smoke partition. Openings in walls or partition, used to allow the
passage of light shall be wired glass set in metal frames.
b. Every door opening therein shall be protected with a fire assembly

as required in this Chapter, but not less than a self-closing or auto-
matic closing, tight-fitting smoke assembly having a fire-protection
rating of not less than twenty (20) minutes.
c. Ducts penetrating atmospheric separation walls, partitions or floors,

shall be equipped with an approved automatic-closing smoke
damper when having openings into more than one atmosphere or
atmospheric separation shall be maintained by an approved
method of smoke control.
d. All automatic-closing fire assemblies installed in the atmospheric

separation shall be activated by approved smoke detectors.
e. Janitor closets and storage rooms shall be enclosed by materials

having one-hour fire resistance. Stages and enclosed platform shall
be constructed in accordance with Division 8.
D. Means of Egress
1. Each room occupied by more than three hundred (300) persons shall
have one of its exit access through a separate means of egress. Where
three (3) or more means of egress are required, not more than two (2)
of them shall enter into the same means of egress.
2. Means of egress from interior rooms may pass through an adjoining or

in intervening room, provided that the travel distance do not exceed
those set forth in the succeeding paragraph entitled Travel Distance of
Exit. Foyers and lobbies constructed as required for corridors shall not
be construed as intervening rooms. Where the only means of egress
from a room is through an adjoining or intervening room, smoke
detectors shall be installed in the area of common atmosphere
through which the means of egress must pass. The detectors shall
actuate alarms audible in the interior room and shall be connected to
the school fire alarm system.
E. Travel Distance to Exits
No point in a building shall be more than forty six (46) meters from an exit,
measured in accordance with Section 10.2.5.2 of this IRR.
F. Interior Finish
Interior finish in flexible plan and open plan buildings shall be as follows:
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1. Corridors in flexible plan buildings
Class A on rigid material which will not deform at temperature below

two hundred thirty two degrees Celsius (232˚C).
2. Other than corridor walls
Class A and Class B throughout except that fixtures and low height
partitions may be Class C. In one-storey buildings the exposed portions
of structural members complying with the requirements for heavy
timber construction may be permitted. (See also Section 10.2.6.3 of this
IRR).
G. Variable Plans
1. Flexible plan schools may have walls and partitions rearranged

periodically, only after revised plans or diagrams have been approved
by the City/Municipal Fire Marshal.
2. Open plan schools shall have furniture, fixtures, or low height partitions
so arranged that exits be clearly visible and unobstructed, and exit
paths are direct, not circuitous. If paths or corridors are established,
they shall be at least as wide as required by Section 10.2.9.1 of this IRR.
H. Sprinkler Systems
1. Any flexible plan building or open plan building in which the travel
distance to exits exceeds forty six (46) meters shall have approved,
supervised sprinkler systems in accordance with Section 10.2.6.5 of this
IRR. Such systems shall be electrically interconnected with the school
fire alarm system.
2. Automatic fire suppression systems shall be modified to conform with

partition changes. Modification plans shall have prior approval of the
City/Municipal Fire Marshal.
SECTION 10.2.9.8 SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR PRE-SCHOOLS
Rooms used for pre-schoolers, first grade and second grade pupils shall not
be located above or below the floor of exit discharge.
SECTION 10.2.9.9 UNDERGROUND AND WINDOWLESS EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS
The provisions of Section 10.2.17.4 of this IRR shall apply to Underground and
Windowless Educational Buildings and such buildings shall be provided
completely with automatic fire suppression system.
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SECTION 10.2.9.10 SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR COMBINED OCCUPANCIES
A. Assembly and Educational
Any auditorium, assembly room, cafeteria, gymnasium used for assembly

purposes such as athletic events with provisions for seating of spectators,
or other spaces subject to assembly occupancy shall comply with Division
8 which provided that where auditorium and gymnasium exits lead
through corridors stairways also serving as exits for other parts of the
building, the exit capacity shall be sufficient to permit simultaneous exit
from auditorium and classroom sections.
B. Dormitory and Classroom
Any building used for both classroom and dormitory purposes shall
comply with the applicable provisions of Division 12 in addition to
complying with Division 9 of this Chapter. Where Classroom and dormitory
sections are not subject to simultaneous occupancy, the same exit
capacity may serve both sections.
C. Other Combined Occupancies
Any other combinations of occupancy not covered in this Section shall

comply with all applicable Divisions of this Chapter, with exits adequate to
serve all occupancies simultaneously.
SECTION 10.2.9.11 EXISTING EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS
A. General
An existing building being used for educational occupancies established

prior to the effective date of this Fire Code may have its use continued if
it conforms or is made to conform to the provisions of this Rule to the
extent that, in the opinion of the City/Municipal Fire Marshal having
jurisdiction, reasonable life safety against the hazards of fire, explosion,
and panic is provided and maintained subject to the provisions of para
“B” through “E” below.
B. Additional Protection
The provision of additional means of egress, automatic fire suppression

system, area separations, emergency lighting, and other alternate means
of protection may be used to provide reasonable life safety from fire and
panic.
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C. Exits
1. Exit deficiency may be corrected by adding additional exits,

preferably those which will provide direct exit to the outside from
classroom or student-occupied areas.
2. In lieu of direct exit to the outside from classrooms, additional life safety
may be afforded by the provisions of communicating doors between
classroom or student-occupied areas to provide access to at least one
(1) exit stair without passing through interior corridors.
D. Interior Finish
In existing educational buildings which have interior finish that do not

comply with the requirements for new buildings, the provisions of Section
10.2.6.3 of this IRR shall be acceptable as alternate requirements.
E. Fire Alarm Systems
Requirements for Fire Alarm System for existing educational buildings shall
conform to those for new educational buildings.
SECTION 10.2.9.12 CHILD DAY CARE CENTERS
A. General
1. Application
a. This Section establishes life safety requirements for child day care
centers, in children receive care, maintenance and supervision for
twenty-four (24) hours or less per day.
b. For the purposes of this section, children are classified in age

groups, as follow: Children under three (3) years of age, children
from three (3) through five (5) years of age, and children six (6)
years of age and older.
c. The text principally applies to centers for children under three (3)
years of age. Variation for centers housing children three (3) years
of age and older are indicated.
d. Centers housing children six (6) years of age and older shall
conform to the requirements for educational occupancies.
e. Where a facility houses more than one age group, the

requirements for the younger children shall apply, unless the area
housing the younger children is maintained as a separate fire area.
f. Where centers are located in a building containing mixed
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occupancies the separation requirements of the Building Code
shall be satisfied.
2. Occupant Load
The occupant load for which means of egress shall be provided to any
floor shall be the maximum number of persons intended to occupy
that floor but not less than one person for each three and three tenths
square meters (3.3 m2) of net floor area used by the children.
B. Exit Details
1. Number
a. The storey below the floor of exit discharge may be used in

buildings of fire-resistive construction, protected non-combustible
construction, protected wood frame construction and protected
ordinary construction, if the following conditions are met:
i. For up to thirty (30) children there shall be two (2) remote exits.
One exit shall discharge directly outside and the vertical travel
to ground level shall not exceed two hundred forty four
centimeters (244 cm). There shall be no unprotected opening
into the enclosure of the second exit.
ii. For over thirty (30) children a minimum of two (2) exits shall be
provided directly outside with one of the two (2) exiting at
ground level.
2. Access to Exits
a. Travel distance between any room or intended as exit access and

an exit shall not exceed thirty and a half meters (30.50 m);
b. Travel distance between any point in a room and an exit shall not
exceed forty five and eight-tenths meters (45.80m);
c. Travel distance between any point in a sleeping room or suite shall

not exceed fifteen and one fourth meters (15.25 m).
d. The travel distance in (a) and (b) above may be increased by

fifteen and one fourth meters (15.25 m) in building completely
equipped with an approved, supervised sprinkler system.
e. Travel distance shall be measured in accordance with Section

10.2.5.2 of this IRR.
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3. Doors
a. Doors in means of egress shall swing in the direction of exit travel

and shall meet the requirements of Section 10.2.9.2 of this IRR.
b. Every closet door latch shall be such that children can open the
door from inside the closet.
c. Every bathroom door lock shall be designed to permit opening of

the locked door from the outside in an emergency, and the
opening device shall be readily accessible to the staff.
4. Stairs
a. Exit stairs shall be enclosed in accordance with Section 10.2.6.2of

this IRR
b. There shall be no enclosed usable space under stairs in an exit

enclosure nor shall the open space under such stairs be used for
any purpose.
5. Areas of Refuge
In building over five (5) storeys above ground level, areas of refuge
shall be provided for occupants of child day care centers, either by
smokeproof enclosures or horizontal exits.
6. Emergency Lighting
Means of egress in each day care center shall be provided with

emergency lighting, in accordance with Section 10.2.5.11 of this IRR.
C. Protection
1. Centers Housing Children
a. Sleeping areas in centers housing children under three (3) years of

age shall be compartmentalized with partitions having a one (1)
hour fire resistance rating so there are not more than six (6) children
in each compartment.
b. Compartment doors shall be not less than ninety one centimeters

(91 cm) in new construction and not less than eighty one and one-
fourth centimeters (81.25 cm) wide in existing building. Door
assemblies shall have a twenty-minute (20) fire protection rating
and shall be equipped with a self-closing device, a latch and an
automatic hold-open device as specified in Section 10.2.5.3of this
IRR.
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2. Centers in Apartment Buildings
a. If the two (2) exit access from the center the same corridor as in an
apartment building, the exit access shall be separated in the
corridor by a smoke partition having not less than one-hour fire
resistance rating. The smoke partition shall be so located that there
is an exit on each side of it.
b. The door in the smoke partition shall be not less than ninety one
centimeters (91 cm) wide.
c. The door assembly shall have a fire protection rating of at least

twenty (20) minutes and shall be equipped with self-closing device,
a latch and an automatic hold-open device as specified in
Section 10.2.5.3of this IRR.
3. Minimum Construction Standards
Centers shall not be located above the heights indicated for the types of
construction given in Table 12:
Table 12: NUMBER OF STAIRS PER TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION BY AGE GROUP

Number of Stairs
(Storeys are counted starting
Type of Age at floor of exit discharge)
Construction group
1 2 3 4 and over
Fire Resistive 0 to 3 X X X X
and Protected 3 to 5 X X X X
Non-
6 & older X X X X
combustible
Protected 0 to 3 X See Note 1 1 Not permitted
Wood 3 to 5 X See Note 1 X See Note 1
Frame and
Protected 6 & older X See Note 1 X See Note 1
Ordinary
0 to 3 X See Note 1
Heavy Timber 3 to 5 X See Note 1
6 & older X See Note 1
Unprotected 0 to 3 X See Note 1
Non - 3 to 5 X See Note 1
combustible 6 & older X See Note 1
0 to 3 Not permitted
3 to 5 See Note 1
6 & older See Note 2
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Note 1. Permitted if entire building is equipped with an automatic fire sup-
pression system.
Note 2. May be permitted for children three (3) years of age and
older if the children are limited to the first floor and number of children
to fifty (50) and there are two (2) remote exits; or if they are limited to
the first floor and the number of children is limited to one hundred (100)
and each room has an exit directly to the outside.
4. Protection of Vertical Openings
Any vertical opening in centers shall be enclosed and protected in

accordance with Section 10.2.6.2of this IRR.
5. Interior Finish
a. In centers for children five (5) years old or less, interior finish for all
walls and ceilings shall be Class A or Class B in accordance with
Section 10.2.6.3 of this IRR and floors shall be Class A, B or C.
b. In centers for children more than five (5) years of age, interior finish
for means of egress shall be Class A or Class B for individual rooms.
Floors shall be Class A, B, or C.
c. Decorations and furnishing shall be in accordance with Section

6. Extinguishing and Alarm Systems
a. Smoke and/or heat detectors shall be installed on the ceiling of

each storey in front of the doors to the stairways and at no greater
than nine meters (9 m) spacing in the corridors of all floors
containing the centers. Detectors shall also be installed in lounges
and recreation areas in centers. The detectors may be single
station unit with an integral local alarm having a decibel rating of
at least 85, and shall be electrically connected to the centralized
fire alarm system.
b. There shall be manually operated switch for the fire alarm system
on each floor of the center. In centers with more than one
hundred (100) children, the fire alarm system shall be installed to
transmit an alarm by the most direct and reliable method.
c. Portable fire extinguishers, suitable for Class B fires shall be installed

in kitchens and cooking areas and extinguishers suitable for Class A
fires shall be installed throughout the remainder of the center. (See
Section 10.2.6.5 of this IRR).
d. Standpipes shall be installed in all buildings of four (4) storeys or

more housing child day care centers.
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7. Hazardous Areas
An area used for general storage, boiler or furnace rooms, fuel

storage, janitor's closets, maintenance shops including woodworking
and painting areas, laundries and kitchens shall be separated from
other parts of the building with construction having not less than a
one-hour fire resistance rating and all openings shall be protected with
self-closing fire doors, or such area shall be provided with automatic
fire suppression system. Where the hazard is high as determined by the
Chief, BFP or his duly authorized representative, both the fire-resistive
separation and automatic fire suppression systems shall be provided.
D. Center Service Equipment
1. Air Conditioning, Ventilation, Heating, Cooking and other Service

Equipment
Airconditioning, ventilating, heating, cooking and other service

equipment shall be in accordance with Division 7 of this Chapter.
2. Electrical Services
a. Electrical wiring in new construction shall be installed in accor-

dance with the provision of the Philippine Electrical Code.
b. Receptacles and outlets services by extension cord type wiring are

prohibited. Electrical appliances shall be grounded.
c. Special protective receptacle covers shall be installed in all areas

occupied by children in centers for children under five (5) years of
age.
DIVISION 10. HEALTH CARE OCCUPANCIES
SECTION 10.2.10.1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
A. Definitions
1. Hospitals
A building or part thereof used for the medical, psychiatric, obstetrical

or surgical care, on a 24-hour basis, of four (4) or more inpatients.
Hospitals, wherever used in this Chapter, shall include general hospi-
tals, mental hospitals, tuberculosis hospitals, children's hospitals, and
any such facilities providing inpatient care.
2. Nursing Home
A building or part thereof used for the lodging, boarding and nursing
care, on a 24-hour basis, of four (4) more persons who, because of
150
mental or physical incapacity, maybe unable to provide for their own
needs and safety without the assistance of another person. Nursing
home, wherever used in this IRR, shall include nursing and convales-
cent homes, skilled nursing facilities, intermediate care facilities, and
infirmaries of homes for the aged.
3. Residential-Custodial Care Facility
A building, or part thereof, used for the lodging or boarding of four (4)
or more persons who are incapable of self-preservation because of
age, or physical or mental limitation. This includes facilities such as
homes for the aged, nurseries (custodial care for children under six (6)
years of age), and mentally retarded care institutions. Day care
facilities that do not provide lodging or boarding for institutional
occupants are not covered in this Division.
B. Fundamental Requirements
1. All health care buildings shall be so designed, constructed, main-

tained, and operated as to minimize the possibility of a fire emergency
requiring the evacuation of occupants. Because the safety of
occupants of health care buildings cannot be assured adequately by
dependence on evacuation of the building, their protection from the
fire shall be provided by appropriate arrangement of facilities,
adequate staffing, and careful development of operating and
maintenance procedure composed of the following:
a. Proper design, construction, and compartmentation;
b. Provisions for detection, alarm, and extinguishment; and
c. Fire prevention and the planning, training, and drilling in programs

for the isolation of fire and transfer of occupants to areas of refuge
or evacuation of the building.
2. It is recognized that in buildings housing various types of psychiatric

patients, it may be necessary to lock doors and bar windows to
confine and protect building inhabitants. Sections of this Rule requiring
the keeping of exits unlocked maybe waived by the Chief, BFP or his
duly authorized representative. It is also recognized that some
psychiatric patients are not capable of seeking safety without
guidance. In buildings in which doors are locked or windows are
barred, provisions shall be made for the removal of occupants by such
reliable means as the remote control of locks or by keying all locks to
keys carried by attendants.
C. Emergency Rooms, Operating Rooms, Intensive Care Units, Delivery

Rooms and Other Similar Facilities
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Emergency rooms, operating rooms, intensive care units, delivery rooms
and other similar facilities shall not be located more than one (1) storey
above or below the floor of exit discharge. In existing buildings where any
of the aforementioned facilities are located above or below the floor of
exit discharge, same shall be equipped with ramps complying with
D. New Construction, Additions, Conversion
1. Any addition shall be separated from any existing non-conforming

structure by a non-combustible fire partition having at least a 2-hour
fire resistance rating. Communicating openings in such dividing fire
partition shall occur only in corridors and shall be protected by an
approved self-closing fire door. Such doors shall normally be kept
closed.
2. Any building converted to these occupancies shall comply with all

requirements for new facilities.
E. Occupancy and Occupant Load
1. Health care occupancies in buildings housing other occupancies shall

be completely separated from them by noncombustible construction
having at least a two (2)-hour fire-resistance rating. All means of egress
from health care occupancies that traverse non-health care spaces
shall conform to requirements of this standard for health care
occupancies. Any occupancy with a hazard of contents classified
higher than that of the health care and located in the same building
as health care occupancies shall be protected. Industrial, office,
mercantile and storage occupancies categorized as high hazard shall
not be permitted in buildings housing health care occupancies.
2. Sections of health care buildings may be classified as other occu-

pancies if they meet at the following conditions:
a. They are not intended to serve health care occupants for purposes
of housing, treatment, customary access, or means of egress.
b. They are adequately separated from areas of health care occu-

pancies by construction having a two-(2) hour fire resistance rating.
3. Auditoriums, chapels, staff residential areas, garages or similar oc-

cupancies provided in connection with health care occupancy shall
have exits provided in accordance with other applicable sections of
this Chapter.
4. The occupant load for which means of egress shall be provided for
any floor shall be the maximum number of persons intended to
occupy that floor but not less than one (1) persons for each eleven
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square meters (11.1 m2) gross floor area in health care sleeping
departments and not less than one (1) persons for each twenty two
square meters (22.3 m2) of gross floor area of inpatient health care
treatment departments. Gross floors areas shall be measured within
the exterior building walls with no deductions.
A. Number and Types
1. Exits shall be restricted to the following permissible types;
a. Doors leading directly outside the building
b. Stairs and smoke-proof enclosures
c. Ramps
d. Horizontal exits
e. Exit Passageways
2. At least two (2) exits of the above types, remote from each other, shall
be provided for each floor or fire section of the building.
3. Elevators constitute a supplementary facility, but-shall not be counted

as required exits.
B. Capacity of Exits
The capacity of means of egress shall be in accordance with Section

10.2.5.2 para “C” of this IRR.
C. Access to Exit
1. Every aisle, passageway, corridor, exit discharge, exit location and

access shall be in accordance with Section 10.2.5.2 of this IRR, except
as modified in the succeeding paragraphs of this subsection.
2. Travel distance shall comply with the following:
a. Between any room door intended as exit access and an exit shall
not exceed thirty (30) meters;
b. Between any point in a room and an exit shall not exceed forty six
(46) meters;
c. Between any point in a health care sleeping room or suite and an

exit access door of that room or suite shall not exceed fifteen (15)
meters.
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d. Travel distance shall be measured in accordance with Section
e. The travel distances in para (2) (a) and (b) above may be
increased by fifteen meters (15 m) in buildings completely
equipped with an automatic fire suppression system.
3. Every health care sleeping room, unless it has a door opening at

ground level, shall have an exit access door leading directly to a
corridor which leads to an exit. One adjacent room such as a sitting or
anteroom may intervene if all doors along the path of exit travel are
equipped with non-lockable hardware, and this intervening room is
not intended to serve more than eight (8) health care sleeping beds.
However, special nursing suites or nurseries permitted in this Division
shall not be limited to eight (8) cribs or bassinets.
4. Aisles, corridors and ramps required for exit access of exit in hospitals or
nursing homes shall be at least two hundred forty four (244) centime-
ters in clear and unobstructed width. Aisles, corridors and ramps
required for exit access or exit in a residential-custodial care institution
shall be at least one hundred eighty three centimeters (183 cm) in
clear and unobstructed width. Corridors and ramps in adjunct areas
not intended for the housing, treatment, or use of inpatients, shall be at
least one hundred eighty three centimeters (183 cm) in clear and
unobstructed width.
5. Any rooms and any suite or rooms of more than ninety three square
meters (93 m2) shall have at least two (2) exit access doors remote
from each other.
6. Every exit or exit access shall be so arranged that no corridor or aisle

has a pocket or dead-end exceeding six meters (6 m).
7. Any health care sleeping room which complies with the requirements
previously set forth in this section may be subdivided with non fire-
rated, non-combustible partitions, provided, that the arrangement
allows for direct and constant visual supervision by nursing personnel.
Rooms which are so subdivided shall not exceed four hundred sixty five
square meters (465 m2).
D. Doors
1. Doors shall be in accordance with Section 10.2.5.3, except as modified

in this subsection. For door requirements in horizontal exits and smoke
partitions, see Section 10.2.5.6, Section 10.2.6.Error! Reference source
not found.9 and this Section.
2. Locks shall not be permitted on patient sleeping room doors.
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Exception No. 1: Key-locking devices that restrict access to the room
from the corridor and that are operable only by staff from the corridor
side shall be permitted. Such devices shall not restrict egress from the
room.
Exception No. 2: Door-locking arrangements shall be permitted in

health care occupancies, or portions of health care occupancies,
where the clinical needs of the patients require specialized security
measures for their safety, provided that keys are carried by staff at all
times.
3. Exit access doors from hospital and nursing home sleeping rooms,
diagnostic and treatment rooms or areas such as X-ray, surgery and
physical therapy, all doors between these spaces and the required
exits, and all exit doors serving these spaces shall be at least one
hundred twelve (112) centimeters. Doors to residential-custodial
sleeping rooms and door to nursery sleeping rooms and all exit doors
serving these spaces shall be at least ninety one centimeters (91 cm)
wide.
4. Any door in a fire separation, horizontal exit or a smoke partition may

be held open only by an electrical device which complies with
Section 10.2.5.3. Each of the following systems shall be so arranged as
to initiate the self-closing action throughout the entire health care
facility.
a. The required alarm system
b. The required automatic fire detection system
c. An approved automatic fire suppression system,
5. Doors in stair enclosures and in walls surrounding hazardous areas shall

not be equipped with hold-open devices.
E. Stairs and Smokeproof Enclosures
Every stair and smokeproof enclosure shall be in accordance with Section

10.2.5.4.
F. Horizontal Exits
A horizontal exit shall be in conformance with Section 10.2.5.6and/or as

modified in this subsection.
1. At least two and eight-tenths (2.80) square meter per occupant in a

hospital or nursing home or one and four-tenths (1.40) square meter
per occupant in a residential-custodial care institution shall be
provided on each side of the horizontal exit for the total number of
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occupants in adjoining compartments.
2. A single door may be used as a horizontal exit if it serves one direction,

only and is at least one hundred twelve centimeters (112 cm) wide for
a hospital or nursing home or at least ninety one centimeters (91 cm)
wide for residential-custodial care institutions. The swing shall be in the
direction of exit travel.
3. A horizontal exit involving a corridor two and four tenths (2.40) meters
or more in width serving as means of egress from both sides of the
doorway shall have the opening protected by a pair of swinging
doors, each door having a clear width of 1055 mm and swinging in
the opposite direction from the other.
4. An approved vision panel is required in each horizontal exit door.

Center mullions are prohibited.
G. Ramps
Ramps in accordance with Section 10.2.5.7 shall be permitted.
H. Emergency Lighting, Exit Markings, Alarms and Communication Systems
1. Each hospital shall be provided with emergency lighting as described

in Section 10.2.5.11 and exit markings as described in Section 10.2.5.12
of this IRR. Such emergency lighting and the illumination of required
exits and directional signs shall be supplied by the Life Safety Branch of
the hospital electrical system as described in NFPA 99, Standard for
Health Care Facilities. The Life Safety Branch shall also serve alarms,
emergency communication systems and the illumination of generator
set locations as described in paragraph (c), (d) and (e), Section 312 of
the same reference.
2. Each nursing home and residential-custodial care facility shall have

emergency lighting in accordance with Section 10.2.5.11 of this IRR.
Emergency lighting with at least 1 ½ hour duration shall be provided.
3. Exit signs shall be provided in each hospital, nursing home, and

residential custodial care facility in accordance with Section 10.2.5.12
of this IRR.
A. Subdivision of Building Spaces
1. Smoke Partitions Required - Smoke partitions shall be provided,

regardless of building construction type, as follows:
a. To divide into at least two (2) compartments every storey used by
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inpatients for sleeping or treatment and any storey having an
occupant load of fifty (50) or more persons.
b. To limit on any storey the maximum area of each smoke compart-

ment to no more than two thousand one hundred square meters
(2,100 m2), of which both length and width shall be no more than
forty six meters (46 m).
Note: Protection may be accomplished in conjunction with the

provisions of horizontal exits.
2. Smoke partitions shall be provided on storeys which are usable but

unoccupied.
3. Any smoke partition shall be constructed in accordance with Section

10.2.6.9 of this IRR and shall have a fire resistance rating of at least one
(1) hour.
4. At least two and eight-tenths square meters (2.8 m2) per occupant for
the total of bed or litter patients shall be provided on each side of the
smoke partition. On other storeys not housing bed or litter patients at
least one half square meter (0.5 m2) per occupant shall be provided
on each side of the smoke partition for the total number of occupants
in adjoining compartments.
5. Corridor openings in smoke partitions shall be protected by a pair of

swinging doors, door to swing in a direction opposite from the other.
The minimum width of each door for hospitals and nursing homes shall
be one hundred twelve centimeters (112 cm), while that for residential-
custodial care institutions shall be eighty one centimeters (81 cm).
6. Doors in smoke partitions shall comply with Section 10.2.6.9 of this IRR
and shall be self-closing and held open only if they meet the
requirements of this section.
7. Vision panels of approved transparent wired glass not exceeding forty

six-hundredth square meter (0.46 m2) in steel frames shall be provided
in all doors in smoke partitions.
8. Stops are required on the head and sides of door frames in smoke par-
titions and center mullions are prohibited.
B. Minimum Construction Standards
1. Health care buildings of one (1) storey only may be constructed of

protected non-combustible construction, fire-resistive construction,
protected ordinary construction, protected wood frame construction,
heavy timber construction or unprotected noncombustible
construction. For the purpose of this subsection, storeys shall be
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counted starting at the lowest floor of exit discharge. All levels below
the floor of exit discharge shall be separated from the floor of exit
discharge by at least protected non-combustible construction.
2. Health care buildings two (2) storeys or more shall be at least fire-
resistive construction.
3. Health care occupancies two (2) or more storeys shall have enclosure
walls of non-combustible materials having a fire resistance rating of at
least two (2) hours around stairways, elevators, chutes, and other
vertical openings between floors.
4. All interior walls and partitions in buildings of fire-resistive and non-

combustible construction shall be composed on non-combustible
materials.
5. Every health care sleeping room shall have an outside window or

outside door arranged and located so that it can be opened from the
inside without the use of tools or keys to permit the products of
combustion and to permit any occupant to have direct access to
fresh air in case of emergency. The maximum allowable sill height shall
not exceed ninety one centimeters (91 cm) above the floor except
that in special nursing care areas the window sill may be one and a
half meters (1.5 m) above the floor.
C. Construction of Corridor Walls
1. Corridors shall be separated from use areas by partitions having a fire-

resistance rating of at least one (1) hour.
2. These walls shall be continuous from the floor slab to the underside of
the floor or rood slab above, through any concealed spaces such as
those above the, suspended ceilings and through interstitial structural
and mechanical spaces.
3. Doors with a twenty (20) minute fire protection rating shall be used on
openings other than those serving exits or hazardous areas. Doors shall
be provided with latches of a type suitable for keeping the door tightly
closed.
4. Transfer grills, whether protected by fusible link-operated dampers or

not, shall not be used in these walls or doors.
5. Fixed wired glass vision panels may be placed in corridor walls,

provided they do not exceed eighty four-hundredth square meters
(0.84 m2) in size and are installed in approved steel frames. Fixed wired
glass vision panels may be installed in wooden doors, provided they
do not exceed forty six-hundredth square meters (0.46 m2) size and
are installed in approved steel frames.
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6. Waiting areas of twenty three square meters (23 m2) or less on an
institutional sleeping floor of fifty six square meters (56 m2) or less on
other floors may be open to the corridor, provided that they are
located to permit direct supervision by the institutional staff so
arranged as not to obstruct any access to required exits. Such areas
shall be equipped with an electrically supervised automatic smoke
detection system installed in accordance with this Section. Not more
than one such waiting area is permitted in each smoke compartment.
D. Protection of Vertical Openings and Fire-stopping
1. Any stairway, ramp, elevator shaft, light and ventilation shaft, chute
and other openings between storeys shall be enclosed with
noncombustible materials in accordance with Section 10.2.5.2.,
Section 10.2.6.2 of this IRR and this Section.
2. A door in a stairway enclosure shall be self-closing, shall normally be

kept in closed position and shall be marked in accordance with
3. Fire-stopping shall be provided in accordance with Section 10.2.6.5 of

this IRR.
E. Interior Finish
Interior finish of walls and ceilings in means of egress and of any room shall
be Class A in accordance with Section 10.2.6.3 of this IRR, while floor finish
material shall be Class A or B throughout all hospitals, nursing homes and
residential-custodial care facilities.
F. Alarm, Detection and Extinguishment Systems
1. Every building shall have an electrically supervised automatic fire

alarm system capable of being manually operated in accordance
with Section 10.2.6.4 of this IRR. The fire alarm system shall be installed
with provisions for future connection to the nearest BFP station in the
locality. Internal audible alarm devices shall be provided in
accordance with Section 10.2.6.4 of this IRR. Pre-signal systems shall not
be permitted in healthcare occupancies.
2. An approved automatic heat and/or smoke detection system shall be

installed in all corridors of hospitals, nursing homes, and residential-
custodial care facilities, such systems shall be installed in accordance
with the applicable standards of the NFPA 72, but in no case shall
smoke detectors be spaced further apart than nine (9) meters on cen-
ters or more than four and six-tenths meters (4.60 m) from any wall all
automatic heat and/or smoke detection systems required by this
section shall be electrically inter-connected to the fire alarm system.
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3. Approved, supervised sprinkler system shall be provided throughout all
hospitals, nursing homes, and residential-custodial care facilities.
Replenishment of water supplies shall be strictly considered in the
design. Quick-response sprinklers shall be required in smoke
compartments containing patient sleeping rooms.
4. Approved, supervised sprinkler system shall be in accordance with the

requirements of Section 10.2.6.5 of this IRR.
5. In light hazard occupancies, required automatic fire suppression

systems shall be in accordance with Section 10.2.6.5 of this IRR for
systems and shall be electrically interconnected with the fire alarm
system. The main automatic fire suppression control valve shall be
electrically monitored so that at least a local alarm will sound when
the valve is closed.
6. If the fire suppression system is an automatic sprinkler, its piping serving

no more than six (6) sprinklers for any isolated hazardous area, may be
connected directly to a domestic water supply system having a
capacity sufficient to provide six (6) liters per minute per square meters
of floor area throughout the entire enclosed area. As outside-screw-
and-yoke shutoff valve shall be installed in an accessible location
between the sprinklers and the connection to the domestic water
supply.
7. Portable fire extinguishers shall be provided in all institutional oc-

cupancies in accordance with Section 10.2.6.5 of this IRR.
G. Hazardous Areas
Any hazardous area shall be segregated and protected in accordance

with Section 10.2.6.8 of this IRR. Hazardous areas include, but are not
limited to the following:
Boiler and heater rooms *Rooms or spaces, including shops, used for
Laundries the storage of combustible supplies and
Kitchens equipment in quantities deemed
Repair shops hazardous by the Chief, BFP or his duly
Handicraft shops authorized representative.
Employee locker rooms Trash collection rooms
*Soiled linen rooms Gift shops
*Paint shops
Those areas marked by asterisk (*) shall be both separated and provided
with automatic fire suppression system.
A. Air Conditioning, Ventilating, Heating, Cooking and Other Service
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Equipment
1. Air-conditioning, ventilating, heating, cooking and other service

2. Any heating device other than a central heating plant shall be so

designed and installed that combustible material will not be ignited by
it or its appurtenances. If fuel fired, such heating devices shall be
chimney or vent connected, shall take air for combustion directly from
outside, and shall be so designed and installed to provide for
complete separation of the combustion system from the atmosphere
of the occupied area. The heating system shall have safety devices to
immediately stop the flow of fuel and shut down the equipment in
case of either excessive temperatures or ignition failure. Fire-places
may be installed and used only in areas other than patient sleeping
areas, provided that these areas are separated from patient sleeping
spaces by construction having a one-hour fire resistance rating. In
addition thereto, the fireplace shall be equipped with a hearth that
shall be raised at least ten centimeters (10 cm), and a heat tempered
glass fireplace enclosure guaranteed against breakage up to a
temperature of three hundred forty three (343˚C) degrees Celsius. If
special hazards are present, a lock on the enclosure and other safety
precautions may be required.
3. Combustion and ventilation air for Boiler, incinerator or heater rooms

shall be taken directly from and discharged directly to the outside air.
4. Any rubbish chute and linen chute including pneumatic systems shall
be safeguarded in accordance with Section 10.2.6.2and 10.2.7.4 of
this IRR. An incinerator shall not be directly flue-fed nor shall any floor
charging chute directly connect with the combustion chamber. Any
rubbish chute shall discharge into a rubbish collecting room used for
no other purpose and protected in accordance with Section 10.2.6.8
of this IRR
DIVISION 11. DETENTION AND CORRECTIONAL OCCUPANCIES
A. Definition
Detention and correctional occupancies shall include those used for

purposes such as correctional institutions, detention facilities, community
residential centers and substance abuse or rehabilitation centers where
occupants are confined or housed under some degree of restraint or
security.
B. Occupancy
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1. For the application of the life safety requirements of this Division, the
resident user category shall be divided into the following five groups.
a. Use Condition I — Free Egress. Free movement is allowed from

sleeping areas and other spaces where access or occupancy is
permitted to the exterior via means of egress that meet the
requirements of this IRR.
b. Use Condition II — Zoned Egress. Free movement is allowed from

sleeping areas and any other occupied smoke compartment to
one or more other smoke compartments.
c. Use Condition III — Zoned Impeded Egress. Free movement is

allowed within individual smoke compartments, such as within a
residential unit comprised of individual sleeping rooms and a group
activity space, with egress impeded by remote-controlled release
of means of egress from such a smoke compartment to another
smoke compartment.
d. Use Condition IV — Impeded Egress. Free movement is restricted

from an occupied space. Remote-controlled release is provided to
allow movement from all sleeping rooms, activity spaces, and other
occupied areas within the smoke compartment to another smoke
compartment.
e. Use Condition V — Contained. Free movement is restricted from an

occupied space. Staff-controlled manual release at each door is
provided to allow movement from all sleeping rooms, activity
spaces, and other occupied areas within the smoke compartment
to another smoke compartment.
2. To be classified as Use Condition III or Use Condition IV, the

arrangement, accessibility, and security of the release mechanism(s)
used for emergency egress shall be such that the minimum available
staff, at any time, can promptly release the locks.
3. Areas housing occupancies corresponding to Use Condition I shall

conform to the requirements of residential occupancies under this
Chapter.
Exception: Use Condition I facilities shall be permitted to conform to

the requirements of this Division for Use Condition II facilities, provided
that said facilities is provided with a 24-hour on-duty staff.
C. Occupant Load
The occupant load for which means of egress shall be provided for any
floor shall be the maximum number of persons intended to occupy that
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floor but not less than one (1) person for each eleven and one-tenth
square meters (11.1 m2) gross floor area.
A. Types
1. Exits shall be restricted to the following permissible types;
a. Doors
b. Stairs and smoke-proof enclosures
c. Horizontal exits
d. Exit passageways
The capacity of means of egress shall be calculated in accordance with

Section 10.2.5.2 para “C” of this IRR.
C. Number of Exits
1. At least two (2) exits of the above types, remote from each other, shall
be provided for each floor or fire section of the building.
2. Exit access travel shall be permitted to be common path not

exceeding thirty meters (30 m).
D. Access to Exit
Every aisle, passageway, corridor, exit discharge, exit location and access
shall be in accordance with Section 10.2.5.2 of this IRR.
E. Arrangement of Means of Egress
1. Every sleeping room shall have a door leading directly to an exit

access corridor, unless otherwise permitted by the following:
a. If there is an exit door opening directly to the outside from the room
at the ground level.
b. One adjacent room, such as a day room, group activity space, or

other common space shall be permitted to intervene. Where
sleeping rooms directly adjoin a day room or group activity space
that is used for access to an exit, such sleeping rooms shall be
permitted to open directly to the day room or space and shall be
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permitted to be separated in elevation by a one-half or full storey
height.
2. No exit or exit access shall contain a corridor, hallway, or aisle having a

pocket or dead end exceeding six meters (6 m).
3. A sally port shall be permitted in a means of egress where there are

provisions for continuous and unobstructed travel through the sally port
during an emergency egress condition.
F. Travel Distance to Exits
1. Between any room door intended as exit access and an exit shall not
exceed thirty meters (30 m);
2. Between any point in a room and an exit shall not exceed forty six
meters (46 m); and
3. Any point in a sleeping room to the door in that room shall have a
maximum travel distance of ten meters (10 m).
G. Discharge from Exits
1. Exits shall be permitted to discharge into a fenced or walled courtyard,

provided that not more than two walls of the courtyard are the
building walls from which egress is being made. Enclosed yards or
courts shall be of sufficient size to accommodate all occupants at a
distance of not less than fifteen meters (15 m) from the building while
providing a net area of one and four-tenths square meters (1.4 m2)
per person.
2. All exits shall be permitted to discharge through the level of exit

discharge. This requirement shall be waived, provided that not more
than 50 percent of the exits discharge into a single fire compartment
separated from other compartments by construction having not less
than a 1-hour fire resistance rating.
H. Emergency Lighting and Exit Markings
1. Means of egress shall be illuminated in accordance with Section

2. Emergency lighting shall be provided in accordance with Section

3. Exit signs shall be provided in areas accessible to the public.
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1. Any vertical opening shall be enclosed or protected.
Exception no. 1: Unprotected vertical openings in accordance with

Section 10.2.6.2 of this IRR shall be permitted.
Exception no. 2: In sleeping quarters smoke compartments,

unprotected vertical openings shall be permitted in accordance with
the conditions of 10.2.6.2of this IRR, provided that the height between
the lowest and highest finished floor levels does not exceed seven
meters (7 m). The number of levels shall not be restricted. Sleeping
quarters subdivided in accordance with this section shall be permitted
to be considered as part of the communicating space. The separation
shall not be required to have a fire resistance rating.
B. Interior Finish
Interior finish shall be Class A or Class B
C. Detection, Alarm and Communication Systems
1. Detention and correctional occupancies shall be provided with a fire

alarm system in accordance with Section 10.2.6.4 of this IRR, except as
modified by the succeeding paragraphs.
2. Initiation of the required fire alarm system shall be by manual means in

accordance with Section 10.2.6.4 of this IRR, by means of any required
detection devices or detection systems, and by means of waterflow
alarm in the sprinkler system.
Exception No. 1: Manual fire alarm boxes shall be permitted to be

locked, provided that staff is present within the area when it is
occupied and staff has keys readily available to unlock the boxes.
Exception No. 2: Manual fire alarm boxes shall be permitted to be

located in a staff location, provided that the staff location is attended
when the building is occupied and that the staff attendant has direct
supervision of the sleeping area.
3. Occupant notification shall be accomplished automatically in

accordance with Section 10.2.6.4 of this IRR, a positive alarm
sequence shall be permitted.
Exception: any smoke detectors required by this chapter shall be

permitted to be arranged to alarm at a constantly attended location
only and shall not be required to accomplish general occupant
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notification.
4. Fire department notification shall be accomplished in accordance

with section 10.2.6.4 of this IRR, a positive alarm sequence shall be
permitted .
Exception no. 1: Any smoke detectors required by this chapter shall

not be required to transmit an alarm to the fire department.
Exception no. 2: This requirement shall not apply where staff is

provided at a constantly attended location that has the capability to
promptly notify the fire department or has direct communication with
a control room having direct access to the fire department.
5. An approved automatic smoke detection system shall be in

accordance with Section 10.2.6.4 of this IRR, as modified by the para 6
through 8 hereof throughout all resident sleeping areas and adjacent
day rooms, activity rooms, or contiguous common spaces.
6. Smoke detectors shall not be required in sleeping rooms with four or

fewer occupants.
7. Other arrangements and positioning of smoke detectors shall be

permitted to prevent damage or tampering, or for other purposes.
Such arrangements shall be capable of detecting any fire, and the
placement of detectors shall be such that the speed of detection is
equivalent to that provided by the spacing and arrangements
required by the installation standards referenced in Section 10.2.6.4of
this IRR. Detectors shall be permitted to be located in exhaust ducts
from cells, behind grilles, or in other locations.
8. Smoke detectors shall not be required in Use Condition II open

dormitories where staff is present within the dormitory whenever the
dormitory is occupied.
D. Extinguishment Requirements
1. All buildings classified as Use Condition II, Use Condition III, Use
Condition IV, or Use Condition V shall be protected throughout by an
approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system in accordance with
2. The automatic sprinkler system required by the preceding paragraph

shall be fully supervised and electrically connected to the fire alarm
system.
3. Portable fire extinguishers shall be provided in accordance with

Section 10.2.6.5 para “C” of this IRR.
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Exception No. 1: Access to portable fire extinguishers shall be
permitted to be locked, provided that personnel are on duty on a 24-
hour basis and keys are readily available to unlock access to the
extinguishers.
Exception No. 2: Portable fire extinguishers shall be permitted to be

located at staff locations only.
4. Standpipe and hose systems shall be provided in accordance with

Section 10.2.6.5 “C” of this IRR as follows:
a. Class I standpipe systems shall be provided for any building over

two storeys in height.
b. Class III standpipe and hose systems shall be provided for all
nonsprinklered buildings over two storeys in height.
Exception No. 1: Separate Class I and Class II systems shall be

permitted in lieu of a Class III system.
E. Subdivision of Building Spaces
1. Every storey used for sleeping by residents, or any other storey with an
occupant load of fifty (50) or more persons, shall be subdivided into
compartments by means of smoke barrier.
2. The requirement for subdivision of building space shall be permitted as

follows:
a. By smoke compartments having exit to the public way, provided

that such exit serves only one area and has no opening to other
areas;
b. A building separated from the resident housing area by 2 – hour fire

resistance rating or 14 meters of open area ; and
c. Secured open area holding a space located 15 meters from the

housing area that provides 1.4 m2 or more of refuge area for each
person.
F. Hazardous Areas
1. Any hazardous area shall be protected in accordance with Section

10.2.6.8 The areas described in Table 13 shall be protected as
indicated.
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Table 13: HAZARDOUS AREA OPERATION
HAZARDOUS AREA DESCRIPTION SEPARATION/PROTECTION
Areas not incidental to resident housing 2 hours

Boiler and fuel-fired heater rooms 1 hour
Central or bulk laundries > 9.3 m2 1 hour
Commercial cooking equipment In accordance with 3.601
Commissaries Smoke resistant
Employee locker rooms Smoke resistant
Hobby/handicraft shops Smoke resistant
Maintenance shops Smoke resistant
Padded cells 1 hour
Soiled linen rooms 1 hour
Storage rooms >4.6 m2 in area but 9.3 m2 in
Smoke resistant
area storing combustible material
Storage rooms >9.3 m2 storing combustible
1 hour
materials
Trash collection rooms 1 hour
Doors used to access the areas specified above shall meet the
requirements for doors at smoke barriers for the applicable use
condition.
2. Where smoke barriers are required, they shall limit the occupant load
to not more than 200 residents in any smoke compartment and limit
the travel distance to a door in a smoke barrier as follows:
a. The distance from any room door required as exit access shall not
exceed forty five meters (45 m).
b. The distance from any point in a room shall not exceed sixty meters
(60 m).
3. Any required smoke barrier shall be constructed in accordance with

Section 10.2.6.9. Barriers shall be of substantial construction and shall
have structural fire resistance.
4. Openings in smoke barriers shall be protected in accordance with

Section 10.2.6.9 of this IRR, provided, that, there shall be no restriction
on the total number of vision panels in any barrier. Provided, further,
that sliding doors in smoke barriers that are designed to normally be
kept closed and are remotely operated from a continuously attended
location shall not be required to be self-closing.
5. Not less than fifty six hundredths square meters (0.56 m2) of net area
per occupant shall be provided on each side of the smoke barrier for
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the total number of occupants in adjoining compartments. This space
shall be readily available wherever occupants are moved across the
smoke barrier in a fire emergency.
6. Doors shall provide resistance to the passage of smoke. Swinging doors

shall be self-latching, or the opening resistance of the door shall be not
less than 22 N.
7. Doors in smoke barriers shall conform to the requirements for doors in

means of egress and shall have locking and release arrangements
according to the applicable use condition.
8. Vision panels shall be provided in smoke barriers at points where the

barrier crosses an exit access corridor.
9. Smoke dampers shall be provided.
A. Air-conditioning, ventilating, heating, cooking and other service

equipment shall be in accordance with Division 7 of this Chapter, and
shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer's specifications,
except as modified in the following paragraphs.
B. Combustion and ventilation air for boiler or incinerator shall be taken

directly from and discharged directly to the outside air.
C. Any rubbish chute and linen chute including pneumatic systems shall be
safeguarded in accordance with Sections 10.2.6.2 and 10.2.7.4 of this IRR.
An incinerator shall not be directly flue-fed nor shall any floor charging
chute directly connect with the combustion chamber. Any trash chute
shall discharge into a trash collecting room used for no other purpose and
protected in accordance with Section 10.2.6.8 of this IRR.
DIVISION 12. RESIDENTIAL OCCUPANCIES
SECTION 10.2.12.1 CLASSIFICATION
Residential occupancies shall include all occupancies so classified in Division 3 of

this IRR. They shall be classified in the following groups, subject to determination
by the Chief, BFP or his duly authorized representative.
A. Hotels – includes buildings or groups of building under the same

management in which there are more than fifteen (15) sleeping
accommodations for hire, primarily used by transients who are lodged
with or without meals, whether designated as a hotel, inn, motel, or by
any other name. So-called appartelle, condotel or pension houses shall
be classified as hotels, because they are potentially subject to transient
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occupancy like that of hotels.
B. Dormitories – includes buildings where group sleeping accommodation

are provided for persons, not members of the same family group in one
room or in series of closely associated room under joint occupancy and
single management, as in college dormitories, convents, fraternity houses,
military barracks, and the like.
C. Apartment Buildings – includes buildings containing three (3) or more living

units independent cooking and bathroom facilities, whether designated
as condominium, row house, apartment house, tenement, garden
apartment, or by any other name.
D. Lodging or Rooming Houses – includes building in which separate sleeping

rooms are rented providing sleeping accommodations for a total of
fifteen (15) or less persons, on either a transient or permanent basis; with or
without meals, but without separate cooking facilities for individual oc-
cupants.
E. Single-and-Two Family Dwellings – includes detached dwellings in which

each living unit is occupied by members of a single family.
A. Occupant Load
The occupant load of residential occupancies in number of persons for

whom exits are to be provided except in detached single-and-two-family
dwellings shall be determined on the basis of one (1) person per eighteen
and six-tenths square meters (18.6 m2) gross floor area, or the maximum
probable population of any room or section under consideration,
whichever is greater. The occupant load of any open mezzanine or
balcony shall be added to the occupant load of the floor below for the
purpose of determining exit capacity.
Capacity of means of egress shall be in accordance with Section 10.2.5.2

paragraph “C” of this IRR.
C. Maintenance of Exits
1. No door in any means of egress shall be locked against egress when

the building is occupied.
2. No residential occupancy shall have its means of egress pass through

any nonresidential occupancy in the same building, except in
buildings provided with approved, supervised sprinkler system provided
that the means of egress shall not pass through a high hazard content
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area as determined by the City/Municipal Fire Marshal having
jurisdiction and the means of egress shall be separated by a
construction of not less than 1 hour.
3. No guest room or guest suite shall be permitted to be located above a

nonresidential occupancy except when the guest room or guest suite
and its exits are separated from the nonresidential occupancy by
construction having a fire resistance rating of not less than 1 hour or
when the nonresidential occupancy is protected throughout by
approved, supervised sprinkler system.
SECTION 10.2.12.3 HOTELS AND DORMITORIES
A. Requirements
1. Any ballroom assembly or exhibition hall, and other space used for
purposes of public assembly shall be in accordance, with Division 7 of
this Chapter. Restaurant having a capacity of fifty (50) or more persons
shall be treated as places of assembly.
2. Any dormitory divided into suites of rooms, with one or more bedrooms
opening into a living room or study that has a door opening into a
common corridor serving number of suites, shall be classified as an
apartment building.
B. Exit Details
1. Requirements
a. Any room having a capacity of less than fifty (50) persons with an
outside door at street or ground level may have such outside door
as a single exit provided that no part of the room or area is more
than fifteen and one-fourth meters (15.25 m) from the door
measured along the natural path of travel.
b. Any floor below the floor of exit discharge occupied for public
purposes shall have exits arranged in accordance with the
subsequent paragraph of this Section, with access thereto in
c. Any floor below the floor of exit discharge not open to the public
and used only for mechanical equipment, storage, and service
operations (other than kitchens which are considered part of the
hotel occupancy) shall have exits appropriate to its actual
occupancy in accordance with applicable sections of this
Chapter.
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d. The same stairway or other exit required to serve any one upper
floor may also serve other upper floor, except that no inside open
stairway, escalator, or ramp may serve as a required egress from
more than one floor.
2. Types of Exits
Exits, arranged in accordance with Division 5 of this Chapter, shall be

one or more of the following types:
a. Doors, provided that doors in any means of egress shall not be

locked against egress when the building is occupied. Delayed
egress locks may be permitted, provided that not more than one
such is located in any one egress path.
b. Stairs and smokeproof enclosures.
c. Ramps.
d. Horizontal exits.
3. Minimum Corridor Width
Corridors, other than those in within individual guest rooms or individual

guest suites, shall be of sufficient width to accommodate the required
occupant load and shall not be less than one hundred twelve
4. Number of Exits
Not less than two (2) exits shall be accessible from every floor,
including floors below the floor of exit discharge and occupied for
public purposes.
5. Travel Distance to Exits
a. Any exit shall be such that it will not be necessary to travel more
than thirty meters (30 m) from the door of any room to reach the
nearest exit.
b. Travel distance within a guest room or guest suite to a corridor door

shall not exceed twenty three meters (23 m) in buildings not
protected by an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system.
c. Travel distance within a guest room or guest suite to a corridor door

shall not exceed thirty eight meters (38 m) in buildings protected by
an approved, supervised sprinkler system.
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6. Access to and Arrangement of Exits
a. Access to all required exits shall be in accordance with Section
10.2.5.2 of this IRR, shall be unobstructed, and shall not be veiled
from open view by ornamentation, curtain, or other appurtenance.
b. Means of egress shall be so arranged that, from every point in any

open area or from any room door, exits will be accessible in at least
two (2) different directions.
c. Doors between guest rooms and corridors shall be self-closing.
d. Common path of travel shall not exceed ten meters (10 m).
e. Dead end corridors shall not exceed six meters (6 m).
7. Discharge from Exits

a. At least half of the required number of units of exit from upper
floors, exclusive of horizontal exits, shall load directly to the street or
through a yard, court, or passageway with protected openings
and separated from all parts of the interior of the buildings.
b. A maximum of fifty percent (50%) of the exits may discharge

through areas on the floor of exit discharge provided:
i. Such exits discharge to a free and unobstructed way to the

exterior of the building, which way is readily visible and
identifiable from the point of discharge from the exit.
ii. The floor of discharge into which the exit discharge is provided
with automatic fire suppression system and any other portion of
the level of discharge with access to the discharge area is
provided with automatic fire suppression system or separated
from it in accordance with the requirements for the enclosure of
exit. (See Section 10.2.5.2 of this IRR),
iii. The entire area on the floor of discharge is separated from

areas below by construction having a minimum fire-resistance
rating of two (2) hours.
8. Lighting and Signs

a. Each public space, hallway, stairway, or other means of egress
shall have illumination in accordance with Section 10.2.5.11 of this
IRR. Access to exit shall be continuously illuminated at all times. Any
hotel and dormitory shall have emergency lighting installed in
individual guest rooms or guest suites, hallways, landings of
stairways and other appropriate areas as determined by the
C/MFM having jurisdiction.
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b. Every exit access door from public hallways or from corridors on
floors with sleeping accommodations shall have an illuminated sign
in accordance with Section 10.2.5.12 of this IRR. Where exits are not
visible in a hallway or corridor, illuminated directional signs shall be
provided to indicate the direction of exit.
C. Protection
a. Every stairway, elevator shaft and other vertical openings shall be

enclosed or protected in accordance with Section 10.2.6.2 of this
IRR.
b. Any required exit stair which is so located that it is necessary to pass

through the lobby or other open space to reach the outside of the
building shall be continuously enclosed down to the lobby level.
c. No floor below the floor of exit discharge, used only for storage,
heating requirements, or other than hotel occupancy open to
guest or the public, shall have unprotected openings to floors used
for hotel purposes.
2. Protection of Guest Rooms
a. In any new hotel building every corridor shall be separated from

guest rooms by partitions having at least a one (1) hour fire
resistance rating.
b. Each guest room shall be provided with a door having a fire

protection rating at least twenty (20) minutes.
c. Openings in corridor partitions other than door openings shall be

prohibited.
d. Doors that open directly onto exit access corridors shall be self-
closing and self-latching.
3. Interior Finish
Interior finish, in accordance with Section 10.2.6.3 of this IRR and

subject to the limitations and modifications therein specified, shall be
as follows:
a. For new construction or new Interior Finish
i. Exits – Class A or Class B;
ii. Lobbies, corridors – Class A or Class B;
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iii. Places of assembly – See Section 10.2.8.1 of this IRR;
iv. Individual guest rooms – B, or C; and
b. Existing Interior Finish
i. Exits – Class A or B;
ii. Lobbies and Corridors;
ii.a. Used as exit access – Class A or B
ii.b. Not used as required exit access – Class A, B or C
iii. Places of Assembly – See Section 10.2.8.16 of this IRR;
iv. Individual guest rooms – Class A, B or C; and
v. Other rooms – Class A, B or C.
4. Fire Detection and Alarm System
a. An automatic fire detection and alarm system, in accordance with

Section 10.2.6.4 of this IRR, shall be provided for any hotel or
dormitory having accommodations for fifteen (15) or more guests.
For less than 15 guests, a manual fire alarm system shall be installed.
b. Every sounding device shall be of such character and so located

as to arouse all occupants of the building or section thereof
endangered by fire.
c. An alarm-sending station and manual fire alarm box shall be

provided at the hotel desk or other convenient central control
point under continuous supervision of responsible employees.
d. Suitable facilities shall be provided for immediate notification of the

BFP.
e. Positive fire alarm sequence may be permitted.
f. Hotels and dormitories including its guest rooms and guests suites
shall be required to be equipped with both audible and visible
notification appliance.
g. In hotels and dormitories not equipped with automatic fire

detection and alarm system, guest rooms, living area and sleeping
rooms within a guest suite shall be installed with single-station
smoke detectors.
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5. Extinguishing Requirements
a. All buildings shall be protected throughout by an approve,

supervised sprinkler system except in buildings where all guest
sleeping rooms or guest suites have a door opening directly
outside at the street or grade level or exterior exit access arranged
in accordance with Section 10.2.5.2 of this IRR in buildings up to
and including three (3) storeys in height.
b. Listed quick response or listed residential sprinklers shall be used

throughout guest rooms and guest room suites.
c. Portable fire extinguishers shall be installed in accordance with

6. Subdivision of Building Spaces
a. In buildings not protected by an approved, supervised automatic

sprinkler system, each hotel guest room, including guest suites, and
dormitory rooms shall be separated from other guest rooms or
dormitory rooms by walls and floors having fire resistance ratings of
not less than one (1) hour.
b. In buildings protected throughout by an approved, supervised

automatic sprinkler system, each hotel guest room, including guest
suites, and dormitory room shall be separated from other guest
rooms or dormitory rooms by walls and floors constructed a fire
barriers having fire resistance ratings of not less than one half (½)
hour.
7. Hazardous Areas
a. Any room containing high pressure boilers, refrigerating machinery,

transformers, or other service equipment to possible explosion shall
not be located directly under or directly adjacent to exits. All such
rooms shall be effectively cut off from other parts of the building as
specified in Section 10.2.6.8 of this IRR.
b. Every hazardous area shall be separated from other parts of the

building by construction having a fire-resistance rating of at least
one (1) hour and communicating openings shall be protected by
approved automatic or self-closing fire doors, or such area shall be
equipped with automatic fire suppression system. Where a hazard
is high as determined by the City/Municipal Fire Marshal having
jurisdiction, both fire-resistive construction and automatic fire
suppression system shall be used. Hazardous areas include, but are
not limited to:
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i. Boiler and heater rooms
ii. Laundries
iii. Repair shops
iv. Rooms or spaces used storage of combustible supplies and

equipment in quantified deemed hazardous by the
D. Building Service Equipment
1. Air-Conditioning and Ventilation
a. Every air conditioning installation shall comply with Division 7 of this

Chapter.
b. No transom/windowpane shall be installed in partition of sleeping

rooms in new buildings. In existing buildings transoms shall be fixed
in the closed position and shall be covered or otherwise protected
to provide a fire-resistance rating at least equivalent to that of the
wall in which they are installed.
2. All other building services equipment installed or used in hotels and

dormitories shall comply with Division 7 of this Chapter.
SECTION 10.2.12.4 APARTMENT BUILDINGS
A. General Requirements
1. Any apartment building which complied with all of the preceding

requirements of this Section for hotels may be considered as a hotel
and as such, the following requirements for apartment buildings will
not be applicable.
2. Every individual unit covered by this Section shall at least comply with
the minimum provisions of Section 10.2.12.6 of this IRR entitled Single
and Two-Family Dwellings.
B. Exit Details
1. General Types and Capacities of Exits
a. Exits of the same arrangement, types and capacities, as required

by Section 10.2.12.3 of this IRR shall be provided.
b. Street floor exits shall be sufficient for the occupant load of the
street floor plus the required capacity of stairs and ramps
discharging onto the street floor.
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2. Number of Exits
a. Every living unit shall have access to at least two (2) separate exits.
Exception 1: Any living unit, which has an exit directly to the street
or yard at ground level or by way of an outside stairway that serve
a maximum of two units or an enclosed stairway with fire-resistance
rating of one (1) hour or more serving that apartment only and not
communicating with any floor below the floor of exit discharge or
other area not a part of the apartment served, may have a single
exit.
Exception 2: Apartment buildings of not more than three storeys in

height with not more than six (6) living units per floor, with a smoke-
proof enclosure or an outside stairway as the exit, immediately
accessible to all apartments served thereby, may have a single
exit.
Exception 3: Any building not more than three (3) storeys in height
with no floor below the floor of exit discharge or, in case there is
such a floor, with the street floor construction of at least one-hour
fire resistance, may have a single exit, under the following
conditions:
i. The stairway is completely enclosed with a partition having a

fire resistance rating of at least one (1) hour with self-closing fire
doors protecting all openings between the stairway enclosed
and the building.
ii. The stairway does not serve any floor below the floor of exit dis-
charge,
iii. All corridors serving as access to exits at least a one (1) hour fire-
resistance rating.
iv. There is not more than six and one-tenth meters (6.10 m) of
travel distance to reach an exit from entrance door of any living
unit.
3. Minimum Corridor Width
a. Corridors with a required capacity of more than 50 persons shall be

of sufficient width to accommodate the required occupant load
but have a width of not less than one hundred twelve centimeters
(112 cm).
b. Corridors with a required capacity of not more than 50 persons shall

not be less than ninety one centimeters (91 cm).
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4. Access to Exits
a. Exits shall be remote from each other, as required by Section

b. Exits shall be so arranged that there are no dead-end pockets,

hallways, corridors, passageways or courts.
c. Exits and exit access shall be so located that:
i. It will not be necessary to travel more than fifteen and one-half

meters (15.50 m) within any individual living unit to reach the
nearest exit, or to reach an entrance door of the apartment
which provides access through a public corridor to an exit on
the same floor level.
ii. Within any individual living unit it will not be necessary to

traverse stairs more than one (1) storey above or below the floor
level of the apartment to the nearest exit or entrance door.
iii. The entrance door to any apartment is within thirty one meters
(31 m) of an exit of within forty six and a half meters (46.50 m) in
a building protected by approved, supervised sprinkler system in
d. Doors between apartments and corridors shall be self-closing.
5. Discharge from Exits
Discharge from exits shall be the same as required for hotels. (See
Section 10.2.12.3 of this IRR)
6. Lighting and Signs
a. Every public space, hallway, stairway, and other means of egress

shall have illumination in accordance with Section 10.2.5.11 of this
IRR. All apartment buildings shall have emergency lighting.
b. Signs in accordance with Section 10.2.5.12 of this IRR shall be

provided in all apartment buildings .
C. Protection
1. Segregation of Dwelling Units
Dwelling units in row apartments shall be separated from each other

by partition walls having a fire resistance rating of four (4) hours. Such
walls shall be constructed solidly and continuously from the ground to
level one (1) meter above the ridge line of the roof.
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Protection of vertical openings shall be the same as required for hotels.

(See Section 10.2.12.3 of this IRR) There shall be no unprotected
vertical opening in any building or fire section with only one exit.
3. Interior Finish
a. For new construction and new interior finish
i. Exits - Class A or Class B;
ii. Lobbies, corridors and public spaces - Class A or B; and
iii. Individual living units - Class A or B or C
b. Existing Interior Finish
i. Exits - Class A or B
ii. Other spaces - Class A or B or C.
4. Alarm Systems
a. Every apartment building of four (4) storeys or more in height, or

more than twelve (12) apartment units shall have an automatic fire
detection and alarm system in accordance with Section 10.2.6.4 of
this IRR, except buildings provided with approved, supervised
sprinkler protection in accordance with Section 10.2.6.5 of this IRR.
b. Apartment buildings of not more than three (3) storeys in height

shall be provided with manual fire alarm system, provided that
dwelling units shall be installed with single – station or multi –station
smoke detectors.
5. Extinguishing Requirements
a. All buildings shall be protected throughout by an approve,

supervised sprinkler system except in buildings where all guest
sleeping rooms or guest suites have a door opening directly
outside at the street or grade level or exterior exit access arranged
in accordance with Section 10.2.5.2 of this IRR in buildings up to
and including three (3) storeys in height.
b. Listed quick response or listed residential sprinklers shall be used

throughout all dwelling units.
c. Portable fire extinguishers shall be installed in accordance with

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6. Hazardous Areas
a. Every hazardous area shall be separated from other parts of the

building construction having a fire-resistance rating of at least one
(1) hour. Communicating openings shall be protected by
approved automatic or self-closing fire doors. Hazardous areas
include, but shall not be limited to:
• Boiler and heater • Rooms or spaces used for

rooms storage of combustible supplies
• Laundries and equipment in quantities
• Repair Shops deemed hazardous by the
C/MFM having jurisdiction.
b. Where the hazard is high as determined by the C/MFM having

jurisdiction, both fire-resistant construction and automatic fire
suppression system shall be provided.
1. Air-Conditioning and Ventilation – Air conditioning and ventilation,

when provided, shall be in accordance with Division 7 of this Chapter.
2. All other building services equipment installed or used in hotels and

dormitories shall comply with Division 7 of this Chapter.
SECTION 10.2.12.5 LODGING OR ROOMING HOUSES
A. General
1. This Section applies only to lodging or rooming houses providing

sleeping accommodations for less than fifteen (15) persons, as
specified in Section 10.2.12.1 of this IRR.
2. In addition to the following provisions, every lodging or rooming house

shall comply with the minimum requirements for detached single and
two family dwellings.
B. Means of Escape Requirement
1. Every sleeping room and living area shall have access to two means of
escape complying with that of single or two family dwelling.
2. Every sleeping room above or below the street floor shall have access
to two (2) separate means of exit, at least one (1) of which shall consist
of an enclosed interior stairway, an exterior stairway, a fire escape or a
horizontal exit.
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3. All exits shall be arranged to provide a safe path of travel to the
outside of the building without traversing any corridor or space
exposed to an unprotected vertical opening.
4. Any sleeping room below the street floor shall have direct access to
the outside or the building.
C. Alarm System
A manual fire alarm system shall be provided in accordance with Section

SECTION 10.2.12.6 SINGLE AND TWO FAMILY DWELLINGS
A. General
This Section covers detached single and two family dwellings as specified
in Section 10.2.12.1 of this IRR. Where the occupancy is so limited, the only
requirements applicable are those in this Section.
B. Means of Escape Requirements
1. Number, Type and Access to Means of Escape
a. In any dwelling of more than two (2) rooms, every room used for
sleeping, living or dining purposes shall have at least two (2) means
of escape at least one (1) of which shall be a door or stairway
providing a means of unobstructed travel to the outside of the
building at street or ground level. No room or space shall be
occupied for living or sleeping purposes which is accessible only by
a ladder, folding stairs or through a trap door.
b. Every sleeping room shall have at least one (1) outside window.
Such window could be opened from the inside, without the use of
tools, keys or special effort or knowledge to provide a clear
opening of not less than five hundred sixty millimeters (560 mm) in
width and eight hundred millimeters (800 mm) in height. The
bottom of the opening shall be not more than one hundred twenty
two centimeters (122 cm) above the floor, except if the room has
two (2) doors providing separate ways of escape or has a door
leading directly outside of the building.
c. No required path of travel to the outside from any room shall be

through another room or apartment not under the immediate
control of the occupant of the first room or his family, not through a
bathroom or other space subject to locking.
d. No exit access from sleeping rooms to outside shall be less than

ninety centimeters (90 cm) wide.
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2. Doors
a. No doors in the path of travel providing means of escape shall be

less than seventy centimeters (70 cm) of clear width.
b. Every closet door latch shall be such that children can open the
door from inside the closet.
c. Every bathroom door lock shall be designed to permit the opening

of the locked door from the outside in an emergency.
3. Stairs
The width, risers, and treads of every stair shall comply at least with the
minimum requirements for stairs, as described in Section 10.2.5.4 of this
IRR.
C. Interior Finish
Interior finish of occupied spaces of new buildings shall be Class A, B or C

as defined in Section 10.2.6.3 of this IRR and in existing buildings the interior
finish shall be Class A, B, C or D.
No heating equipment such as stove or combustion heater shall be so

located as to block escape in case of fire arising from malfunctioning of
the stove or heater.
DIVISION 13. MERCANTILE OCCUPANClES
A. Classification of Occupancy
1. Mercantile occupancies shall include all buildings and structures or

parts thereof with occupancy as described in Division 3 of this
Chapter.
2. Sub-classification of Occupancy
a. Mercantile occupancies shall be classified as follows:
i. Class A. AII stores having aggregate gross area of two thousand

seven hundred eighty seven square meters (2,787 m2) or more,
or utilizing more than three (3) floor levels for sales purposes.
ii. Class B. All stores of less than two thousand seven hundred
eighty seven square meters (2,787 m2) aggregate area, but
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over two hundred eighty seven square meters (287 m2), or
utilizing any balcony, mezzanine or floor above or below the
street floor level for sales purposes except that if more than
three (3) floors are utilized, the store shall be considered Class A,
regardless of area.
iii. Class C. All stores of two hundred seventy eight square meters
(278 m2) or less gross area used for sales purposes on the street
floor only.
b. For the purpose of Class A and Class B, C, the aggregate gross

area shall be the total area of all floors used for mercantile
purposes and, where a store is divided into sections by fire walls
shall include the area of all sections used for sales purposes. Areas
of floors not used for sales purposes, such as a floor below the street
floor used only for storage and not open to the public, shall not be
counted for the purpose of the above classifications, but exits shall
be provided for such non-sales area in accordance with their
occupancy, as specified by other Divisions of this Chapter.
c. A balcony or mezzanine floor having an area less than one-half

(1/2) of the floor below shall not be counted as a floor level for the
purpose of applying the classification, but if there are two (2)
balconies or mezzanine floors, one (1) shall be counted.
d. Storeys not used for sales above or below sales floor are not
counted in the height classification.
e. A mezzanine less than or equal to 1/3 the area (new) or less than or
equal to ½ the area (existing) of the floor below is permitted.
f. Where a number of stores under different management are

located in the same building or in adjoining buildings with no fire
wall or other standard fire separations in between, the aggregate
gross of all such stores shall be used in determining classification.
B. Classification of Hazard
The contents of mercantile occupancies shall be classified in accordance

with Division 4 of this Chapter.
Exception: Mercantile occupancies classified as high hazard in

accordance with Division 4 of this Chapter shall meet the following
additional requirements:
1. Exits shall be located not more than twenty three (23) meters of travel
from any point is needed to reach the nearest exit.
2. From every point there shall be at least two (2) exits accessible by
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travel in different directions (no common path of travel).
3. All vertical opening shall be enclosed.
C. Occupant Load
1. For purposes of determining required exits, the occupant load of

mercantile buildings or parts of building used for mercantile purposes
shall not be less than the following:
a. Street floor, one (I) person for each two and eight-tenths square
meters (2.8 m2) gross floor area. In stores with no street floor as
defined in Division 2 of this Chapter, but with access directly from
the street by stairs or escalators, the principal floor at the point of
entrance to the store shall be considered the street floor. In stores
where due to difference in grade of streets on different sides, there
are two (2) or more floors directly accessible from the street (not
including alleys or similar back streets), each such floor shall be
considered a street floor for the purpose of determining occupant
load.
b. Due to differences in grade of streets on different sides, two or

more floors directly accessible from streets (not including alleys or
similar back streets) exist; each such floor is permitted to be
considered a street floor. The occupant load factor is one person
for each 3.7 square meters of gross floor area of sales space.
c. Sales floors below the street floor: same as street floor.
d. Upper floors, used for sale: one (1) person for each five and six
tenths square meters (5.6 m2) gross floor area.
e. Floor or sections used only for offices, storage, shipping and not
open to the general public: one (1) person for each nine and
three-tenths (9.3) square meters gross floor area.
f. Floors or sections used for assembly purposes: occupant load

determined in accordance with Division 8 of this Chapter.
g. Covered Walls: one (1) person for each two and eight-tenths
square meters (2.8 m2) gross floor area.
2. Where any required egress capacity from a balcony or mezzanine

passes through the room below, that required capacity shall be
added to the required egress capacity of the room below.
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A. General
1. All exit facilities shall be in accordance with Division 5 of this Chapter

and this Division. Only types of exits specified in this Section shall be
used as required exit facilities in any mercantile occupancy.
2. Where a stairway, escalator, outside stair, or ramp serves two (2) or

more upper floors, the same stairway or other exit required to serve
anyone (1) upper floor may also serve other upper floors.
Exception: No inside open stairway, escalator, or ramp may serve as

required egress facility from more than one (1) floor.
3. Where there are two (2) or more floors below the street floor, the same
stairway or other exit may serve all floors, but all required exits from
such areas shall be independent of any open stairways between street
and the floor below it.
4. Where a level outside exit from upper floors is possible owing to hills,
such outside exits may serve instead of horizontal exits. If, however,
such outside exits from the upper floor also serve as an entrance from
a principal street, the upper floor shall be classified as a street, and is
subject to the requirements of this Section for street floors.
B. Types of Exits
1. Exits shall be restricted to the following permissible types:
a. Doors;
b. Stairs and Smokeproof Enclosures;
c. Horizontal exits; and
d. Ramps.
2. In existing interior stair or fire escape not complying with Section

10.2.5.4 or Section 10.2.5.10 of this IRR may be continued in use, subject
to the approval of the City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction.

2. In Class A and Class B mercantile occupancies, street floor exits shall

be sufficient for the occupant load of the street floor plus the required
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capacity of stairs and ramps discharging through the street floor.
D. Number of Exits
1. Exits shall comply with the following, except as otherwise permitted by

paragraphs (2) through (5) below:
a. The number of means of egress shall be in accordance with Section

b. Not less than two separate exits shall be provided on every storey.
c. Not less than two separate exits shall be accessible from every part
of every storey.
2. Exit access as required by para (1) (c) above, shall be permitted to

include a single exit access path for the distances permitted as
common path of travel.
3. A single means of egress shall be permitted in a Class C mercantile

occupancy, provided that the travel distance to the exit or to a mall
does not exceed twenty meters (23 m).
4. A single means of egress shall be permitted in a Class C mercantile

occupancy, provided that the travel distance to the exit or to a mall
does not exceed thirty meters (30 m), and the storey on which the
occupancy is located, and all communicating levels that are
traversed to reach the exit or mall, are protected throughout by an
approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system in accordance with
5. A single means of egress to an exit or to a mall shall be permitted from

a mezzanine within any Class A, Class B, or Class C mercantile
occupancy, provided that the common path of travel does not
exceed thirty meters (30 m) if protected throughout by an approved,
supervised automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section
E. Arrangement and Access of Exits
1. Exits shall be remote from each other and shall be arranged to

minimize the possibility that both may be blocked by an emergency.
Exception: A common path may be permitted for the first fifteen (15)
meters from any point. (See Section 10.2.13.1 of this IRR, if there are
high hazard contents).
2. The aggregate width of all aisles leading to each exit shall be equal to
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at least the required width of the exit.
3. In no case shall aisle be less than eighty centimeters (80 cm) in clear
width.
4. In Class A stores, at least one (1) aisle of one and one-half meters (1.5
m) minimum width shall lead directly to an exit.
5. In the only means of entrance of customer is through one (1) exterior

wall of the building, two-thirds (2/3) of the required exit width shall be
located in this wall,
6. At least one-and one-half (1.5) of the required exits shall be so located

as to be reached without going through check-out stands In no care
shall checkout stands or associated railings or barriers obstruct exits or
required aisles or approached thereto.
F. Measurement of Travel Distance to Exits
Travel distance to exits shall be measured in accordance with Section

Exception: An increase in the above travel distance to forty six (46) meters
shall be permitted in a building completely protected by an approved,
supervised sprinkler system in accordance with Section 10.2.6.5 of this IRR.
In buildings with automatic fire suppression system in accordance with

Section 10.2.6.5 of this IRR, one-half (0.5) of rated number of exit units of
stairways, escalators or ramps serving as required exits from floors above
or below the street floor, may discharge through the main street floor
area, instead of directly to the street, provided that:
1. Not more than one-half (0.5) of the required exit units from any single
floor considered separately discharge through the street floor area.
2. The exits are enclosed in accordance with Section 10.2.6.2 of this IRR,
to the street floor.
3. The distance of travel from the termination of the enclosure to an

outside street door is-not more than fifteen and one-half meters (15 .5
m).
4. The street floor doors provide sufficient units of exit width to serve exits
discharging through the street floor in addition to the street floor itself,
per Section 10.2.13.1 o f this IRR.
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H. Doors
1. Every street floor door shall be in accordance with Section 10.2.5.3of

this IRR, and a horizontal exit door, if used, in accordance with Section
2. All doors at the foot of stairs from upper floors or at the end of stairs
leading to floors below the street floor shall swing with the exit travel.
I. Exit Signs and Lighting
1. Every mercantile occupancy shall have exit illumination and signs in

accordance with Section 10.2.5.11 and 10.2.5.12 of this IRR.
2. Every Class A and Class B store shall have emergency lighting facilities
conforming to Section 10.2.5.11 of this IRR.
A. Protection of Vertical Openings
1. Any stairway, elevator shaft, escalator opening or other critical

opening shall be enclosed or protected in accordance with Section
10.2.6.2 of this IRR, except as permitted in this Section.
2. Exceptions for Class A or Class B stores
a. In any Class A or Class B store, openings may be unprotected

between any two (2) floors, such as open stairs or escalators
between street floor and the floor below, or open stairs to second
floor or balconies or mezzanines above the street floor level (not
both to the floor below the street floor and above unless protected
throughout by an approved, supervised automatic fire suppression
system).
b. In any Class A or Class B store protected throughout by an

approved, supervised sprinkler system in accordance with Section
10.2.6.5 openings may be unprotected under the conditions
permitted by Section 10.2.6.2 of this IRR or between the street floor
and the floor below the street and between street floor and
second floor or, if no openings to the floor below the street floor,
between street floor, street floor balcony, or mezzanine, and
second floor, but not between more than three (3) floor levels.
c. In existing Class A or Class B stores only one (1) floor above those
otherwise permitted may open if such floor is not used for sales
purposes and the entire building is protected by an approved,
supervised automatic fire suppression system.
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3. Exceptions for Class C stores
In any Class C store, openings may be unprotected between street

floor and balcony or mezzanine.
B. Interior Finish
1. Interior finish of exits of all stores shall be Class A and Class B in

2. In any Class A or Class B store, interior finish of the ceiling shall be Class
A or Class B in accordance with Section 10.2.6.3 of this IRR, unless
completely protected by an approved, supervised automatic fire
suppression system in accordance with Section 10.2.6.5 of this IRR, in
which case Class C interior finish may be used in any Class A or Class B
store, interior finish of the' walls shall be Class A, Class B or Class C in
3. In any mercantile occupancy, exposed portions of structural members

complying with the requirements for heavy timber construction may
be permitted. Laminated wood shall be delaminate under the
influence of heat.
4. In a Class C store, interior finish shall be Class A, B or C in accordance

with Section 10.2.6.3 of this IRR.
C. Alarm Systems
Class A and Class B stores shall be provided with an automatic and

manual fire alarm system in accordance with Section 10.2.6.4of this IRR.
D. Automatic Sprinkler Protection
Approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system protection shall be

installed in accordance with Section 10.2.6.5 of this IRR in all mercantile
occupancies as follows:
1. Throughout all mercantile occupancies three or more storeys in height.
2. Throughout all mercantile occupancies exceeding one thousand one

hundred fifteen square meters (1,115 m2) in gross area.
3. Throughout floor below the street floor having an area exceeding two
hundred thirty two square meters (232 m2) when used for the sale,
storage or handling of combustible goods and merchandise.
E. Hazardous Areas
1. An area used for general storage, boiler or furnace rooms, fuel

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storage, janitor closet, maintenance shops including woodworking
and painting areas, and kitchens shall be separated from other parts
of the building by construction having a fire-resistance rating of not less
than one (1) hour, and all openings shall be protected with self-closing
fire doors.
2. Areas which high hazard contents as defined in Division 4 of this

Chapter, shall be provided with both fire-resistive construction and
automatic fire suppression system.
3. Cooking equipment shall be protected in accordance with NFPA 96,

Standard for Ventilation Control and Fire Protection of Commercial
Cooking Operations, unless the cooking equipment is one of the
following types:
a. Outdoor equipment;
b. Portable equipment;
c. Equipment used only for food warming.
A. Air conditioning, ventilating, heating, cooking, and other service

B. An elevator shall not constitute required means of exit. When mercantile

occupancies are more than three (3) storeys or more than three (3)
storeys above the street floor and equipped with automatic elevator,
one (1) or more elevators and escalators shall be designed and
equipped for fire emergency use by fire fighters as specified in Division 7
of this Chapter. Key operation shall transfer automatic elevator
operation to manual and bring elevator to the street floor for use of fire
service. The elevator shall be situated so as to be readily accessible by
firefighters.
SECTION 10.2.13.5 SPECIAL PROVISIONS
A. Self-Service Stores
1. In any self-service store, no check-out stand or associated railings or

barriers shall obstruct exits or required aisles or approaches thereto.
2. In every self-service store where, wheeled carts or buggIes are used by

customers, adequate provision shall be made for the transit and
parking of such carts to minimize the possibility that they may obstruct
exits.
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B. Open-Air Mercantile Operations
1. Open-air mercantile, operations, such as open-air markets, gasoline

filling stations, auto LPG refilling stations, roadside stands for the sale of
farm produce and other outdoor mercantile operations shall be so
arranged and conducted as to maintain free and unobstructed ways
of travel at all times to permit prompt escape from any point of
danger in case of fire or other emergency, with no dead ends in which
persons might be trapped due to display stands, adjoining buildings,
fences, vehicles, or other obstructions.
2. If mercantile operations are conducted in roof-over areas, they shall

be treated as mercantile buildings, provided that canopies over
individual small stands to protect merchandise from the weather shall
not be construed to constitute buildings for the purpose of this
Chapter.
C. Combined Mercantile and Residential Occupancies.
No dwelling unit shall have its sole means of exit through any mercantile
occupancy in the same building.
Exception No. 1: Where the dwelling occupancy and exits therefrom are
separated from the mercantile occupancy by construction having a fire
resistance rating of at least one (1) hour.
Exception No. 2: Where the mercantile occupancy is protected by

automatic fire suppression system in accordance with Section 10.2.6.5 of
this IRR.
Exception No. 3: Where an existing building with not more than two (2)
dwelling units above the mercantile occupancy is protected by an
automatic fire detection systems in accordance with Section 10.2.6.4 of
this IRR.
D. Covered Malls and Walkway.
A covered or roofed interior area used as a pedestrian public way and

connecting buildings housing individual or multiple tenants. Use of the
term covered mall shall include covered walkways.
1. Covered Mall and Walkways. - A covered or roofed interior area used

as a pedestrian public way and connecting buildings housing
individual or multiple tenants. Use of the term covered mall shall
include covered walkways.
2. A covered mall and all buildings connected to it shall be treated as a

single mercantile building and shall be subject to the requirements for
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mercantile occupancies, except as provided herein.
3. Exit Details
a. Every covered mall shall have no less than two (2) exits located
remote from each other.
b. No less than one-half (0.5) the required exit widths for each Class A
or Class B store connected to a covered mall shall lead directly
outside without passing through the mall.
c. Every mall shall be provided with unobstructed exit access, parallel

to and adjacent to the connected buildings: This exit access shall
extend to each mall exit.
d. In no case shall an exit access through a covered mall be less than

three (3) meters and sixty six centimeters (66 cm) in clear width.
DIVISION 14. BUSINESS OCCUPANCIES
A. Classification of Occupancy
Business Occupancies shall include all buildings and structures or parts

thereof with occupancy described in Division 3 of this Chapter.
B. Classification of Hazard of Contents
The contents of business occupancies shall be classified as ordinary

hazard in accordance with Division 4 of this Chapter. For purposes of the
design of an automatic fire suppression system, as office occupancy shall
be classified as "Light hazard occupancy".
C. Occupant Load
1. For purposes of determining required exits, the occupant load of

business purposes shall be no less than one (1) person per nine and
three tenths square meters (9.3 m2) of gross floor area.
2. In the case of mezzanine or balcony open to the floor below of other

unprotected vertical openings between floors, the occupant load of
the mezzanine or other subsidiary floor level shall be added to that of
the street floor for the purpose of determining required exits. However,
in no case shall the total number of exit units be less than would be
required if all vertical openings were enclosed.
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A. General
1. All exit facilities shall be in accordance with Section 10.2.5.10 of this IRR
and this Division. However, only types of exits specified in Subsection b
on types of exits may be used as required exit facilities in any business
occupancy with access thereto and ways of travel therefrom in
2. If, owing to differences in grade level, any street floor exits are at points
above or below the street or ground level, such exits shall comply with
the provisions for exits from upper floors or floors below the street floor.
3. Stairs and ramps serving two (2) or more floors below a street floor
occupied for business use shall be permitted in accordance with para
(4) and (5) below.
4. Where two (2) or more upper floors below the street floor are occupied
for business use, the same stairs or ramps shall be permitted to serve
each.
5. An inside open stairway or inside open ramp shall be permitted to

serve as a required egress facility from not more than one (1) floor level
below the street floor.
6. Floor levels below that are below the street floor; are used only for
storage, heating, and other service equipment; and are not subject to
business occupancy shall have means of egress in accordance with
Division 16 (Storage Occupancies) of this IRR.
B. Types of Exits
a. Doors.
b. Stairs and smoke proof enclosures.
c. Horizontal exits.
d. Ramps.
e. Exit Passageways
f. Fire escape ladders
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2. The clear width of any corridor or passageway serving an occupant

load of fifty (50) or more shall be not less than 1.12 meters.
a. It is not the intent that this provision apply to non-corridor or non-

passageway areas of exit access, such as the spaces between rows
of desks created by office layout or low-height partitions.
3. Street floor exits shall be sufficient for the occupant load of the street
floor plus the required capacity of stairs and ramps discharging
through the street floor.
D. Number of Exits
1. Exits shall comply with the following, except as otherwise permitted by

para (2) through (6) below:
a. The number of means of egress shall be in accordance with Section

b. Not less than two (2) separate exits shall be provided on every
storey.
c. Not less than two (2) separate exits shall be accessible from every
part of every storey.
2. Exit access, as required by para (D) (1) (a) through (c) above, shall be
permitted to include a single exit access path for the distances
permitted as common paths of travel.
3. A single exit shall be permitted for a room or area with a total

occupant load of fewer than 100 persons, provided that the following
criteria are met:
a. The exit shall discharge directly to the outside at the level of exit
discharge for the building.
b. The total distance of travel from any point, including travel within
the exit, shall not exceed 30 meters.
c. The total distance of travel specified in para (3) (b) above shall be
on the same floor level or, if traversing of stairs is necessary, such
stairs shall not exceed four thousand five hundred seventy
millimeters (4570) mm in height and the stairs shall be provided with
complete enclosures to separate them from any other part of the
building, with no door openings therein.
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d. A single outside stair in accordance with Section 10.2.5.4 of this IRR
shall be permitted to serve all floors permitted within the 4570 mm
vertical travel limitation.
4. Any business occupancy not exceeding three (3) storeys, and not
exceeding an occupant load of 30 people per floor, shall be
permitted a single separate exit to each floor, provided that the
following criteria are met:
a. This arrangement shall be permitted only where the total travel

distance to the outside of the building does not exceed thirty
meters (30 m) and where the exit is enclosed in accordance with
Section 10.2.6.2of this IRR, serves no other levels, and discharges
directly to the outside.
b. A single outside stair in accordance with Section 10.2.5.5 of this IRR

shall be permitted to serve all floors.
5. A single means of egress shall be permitted from a mezzanine within a

business occupancy, provided that the common path of travel does
not exceed twenty three meters (23 m), or thirty meters (30 m) if
protected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler
system in accordance with NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of
Sprinkler Systems.
6. A single exit shall be permitted for a maximum two-storey, single-tenant

space/building that is protected throughout by an approved,
supervised sprinkler system in accordance with NFPA 13, Standard for
the Installation of Sprinkler Systems and where the total travel to the
outside does not exceed thirty meters (30 m).
E. Arrangement of Means of Egress
1. Means of egress shall be arranged in accordance with Section 10.2.5.2

of this IRR.
2. Dead-end corridors shall be permitted in accordance with the

following:
a. In buildings protected throughout by an approved, supervised

automatic sprinkler system in accordance with NFPA 13, Standard
for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, dead-end corridors shall not
exceed fifteen meters (15 m).
b. In buildings other than those complying with para (c) below, dead-
end corridors shall not exceed six meters (6 m).
c. It is recognized that dead ends exceeding the permitted limits exist
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and, in some cases, are impractical to eliminate. The
City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction might permit such
dead ends to continue to exist, taking into consideration any or all
of the following:
i. Tenant arrangement
ii. Automatic sprinkler protection
iii. Smoke detection
iv. Exit remoteness
3. Limitations on common path of travel shall be in accordance with the

following:
a. Common path of travel shall not exceed thirty meters (30 m) in a

building protected throughout by an approved, supervised
automatic sprinkler system in accordance with NFPA 13, Standard
for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems.
b. Common path of travel shall not exceed thirty meters (30 m) within
a single tenant space having an occupant load not exceeding 30
persons.
c. In buildings other than those complying with para (3) (a) or (b)
above, the common path of travel shall not exceed twenty three
meters (23 m).
d. It is recognized that common paths of travel exceeding the

permitted limits exist and, in some cases, are impractical to
eliminate. The authority having jurisdiction might permit such
common paths of travel to continue to exist, taking into
consideration any or all of the following:
i. Tenant arrangement;
ii. Automatic sprinkler protection; and
iii. Smoke detection.
iv. Exit remoteness
1. In buildings protected throughout by an approved, supervised

sprinkler system in accordance with NFPA 13, Standard for the
Installation of Sprinkler Systems, the travel distance shall not exceed
sixty one meters (61 m).
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2. In buildings other than those complying with para (1) above, the travel
distance, measured in accordance with Section 10.2.5.2 of this IRR,
shall not exceed forty-six meters (46 m).
Exit discharge shall comply with Section 10.2.5.2 of this IRR.
H. Exit Signs and Lighting
1. Exit illumination shall be provided in accordance with Section 10.2.5.11

of this IRR.

10.2.5.11 of this IRR in any building where any one of the following
conditions exists:
a. The building is two (2) or more storeys in height above the level of
exit discharge.
b. The occupancy is subject to fifty (50) or more occupants above or

below the level of exit discharge.
c. The occupancy is subject to three hundred (300) or more total

occupants.
3. Emergency lighting in accordance with 10.2.5.11 of this IRR shall be

provided for all underground and limited access structures.
4. Means of egress shall have signs in accordance with Section 10.2.5.12

of this IRR.
1. Vertical openings shall be enclosed or protected in accordance with

section 10.2.6.2of this IRR, unless otherwise permitted by the following:
a. Unenclosed vertical openings in accordance with Section 10.2.6.2

of this IRR shall be permitted.
b. Exit stairs shall be permitted to be unenclosed in two-storey, single

tenant spaces that are provided with a single exit in accordance
with Section 10.2.14.2 para “D” (6) of this IRR.
c. Unprotected vertical openings shall be permitted in existing

buildings complying with all of the following:
198
i. Where protected throughout by an approved automatic
sprinkler system in accordance with NFPA 13, Standard for the
Installation of Sprinkler Systems.
ii. Where no unprotected vertical opening serves as any part of

any required means of egress.
iii. Where required exits consist of exit doors that discharge directly
to grade in accordance with Section 10.2.5.3, outside stairs in
accordance with Section 10.2.5.4, smokeproof enclosures in
accordance with Section 10.2.5.4, or horizontal exits in
d. Floors that are below the street floor and are used for storage or
other than a business occupancy shall have no unprotected
openings to business occupancy floors.
B. Interior Finish
1. Interior finish shall be in accordance with Section 10.2.6.3 of this IRR.
2. Interior wall and ceiling finish.
a. Interior wall and ceiling finish material complying with Section

10.2.6.3 of this IRR shall be Class A or Class B in exits and in exit
access corridors.
b. Interior wall and ceiling finishes shall be Class A, Class B, or Class C

in areas other than those specified in para (a) above.
3. Interior floor finish
a. Interior floor finish shall comply with Section 10.2.6.3 of this IRR.
b. Interior floor finish in exit enclosures shall be Class I or Class II.
C. Detection, Alarm, and Communications Systems
1. A fire alarm system in accordance with Section 10.2.6.4 of this IRR shall
be provided in all business occupancies where any one of the
following conditions exists:
a. The building is two (2) or more storeys in height above the level of
exit discharge.
b. The occupancy is subject to fifty (50) or more occupants above or

below the level of exit discharge. For existing building, the
occupancy is subject to one hundred (100) or more occupants
above or below the level of exit discharge.
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c. The occupancy is subject to three hundred (300) or more total
occupants. For existing building, the occupancy is subject to one
thousand (1000) or more total occupants.
2. Initiation. Initiation of the required fire alarm system shall be by one of

the following means:
a. Manual means in accordance with Section 10.2.6.4of this IRR.
b. Means of an approved automatic fire detection system that

complies with Section 10.2.6.4 of this IRR, and provides protection
throughout the building.
c. Means of an approved automatic sprinkler system that complies

with Section 10.2.6.5 of this IRR, and provides protection throughout
the building.
3. Occupant notification. During all times that the building is occupied,

the required fire alarm system, once initiated, shall perform one of the
following functions:
a. For new and existing building, it shall activate a general alarm in

accordance with Section 10.2.6.4 throughout the building. A
positive alarm sequence in accordance with Section 10.2.6.4 of this
IRR shall be permitted.
b. For existing building, a pre-signal system in accordance with

c. For new and existing building, it shall activate an alarm signal in a

continuously attended location for the purpose of initiating
emergency action by personnel trained to respond to
emergencies as follows:
i. Emergency action shall be initiated by means of live voice

public address system announcements originating from the
attended location where the alarm signal is received, unless
otherwise permitted by para (iii) below.
ii. The live voice public address system shall be permitted to be

used for other announcements, provided that the emergency
action use takes precedence over any other use.
iii. In lieu of live voice public address system announcements,

any other occupant notification means in accordance with
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D. Protection from Hazard
1. Hazardous areas including, but not limited to, areas used for general
storage, boiler or furnace rooms, and maintenance shops that include
woodworking and painting areas shall be protected in accordance
2. It is not the intent of this provision that rooms inside individual tenant
spaces that are used to store routine office supplies for that tenant be
required to be either separated or sprinklered.
3. High hazard contents areas. High hazard contents areas, as classified

in Division 4, shall meet the following criteria:
a. The area shall be separated from other parts of the building by fire
barriers having a fire resistance rating of not less than 1 hour, with
all openings therein protected by ¾-hour, fire protection-rated,
self-closing fire door assemblies.
b. The area shall be protected by an automatic extinguishing system

in accordance with NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of
Sprinkler Systems.
4. The requirement for separating high hazard contents areas from other
parts of the building is intended to isolate the hazard, and Section
10.2.6.8 of this IRR is applicable.
5. Cooking Equipment. Cooking equipment shall be protected in

accordance with NFPA 96, Standard for Ventilation Control and Fire
Protection of Commercial Cooking Operations, unless the cooking
equipment is one of the following types:
a. Outdoor equipment
b. Portable equipment not flue connected
c. Equipment used only for food warming
SECTION 10.2.14.4. BUILDING SERVICE UTILITIES
Utilities shall comply with the provisions of Section 10.2.7.1 of this IRR.
A. Heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning. Heating ventilating, and air-

conditioning equipment shall comply with the provisions of Section
B. Elevators, escalators, and conveyors, elevators, escalators, and

conveyors shall comply with the provisions of Section 10.2.7.5 of this IRR.
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C. Rubbish chutes, incinerators, and laundry chutes. Rubbish chutes,
incinerators, and laundry chutes shall comply with the provisions of
SECTION 10.2.14.5 COMBINED BUSINESS AND MERCANTILE OCCUPANCY
In any building occupied for both business and mercantile purposes, the entire
building shall have exits in accordance with Division 14 of this Chapter.
Exception: If mercantile occupancy sections are effectively segregated from

business section, exit facilities may be treated separately.
SECTION 10.2.14.6 HIGH RISE BUILDINGS
All business occupancy buildings fifteen (15) meters or more in height shall be
provided throughout with approved, supervised sprinkler system, fully electrically
supervised designed in accordance with NFPA 13: Standard for the Installation
of Sprinklers (latest edition); or shall be designed with a system that will provide
equivalent safety. Building height shall be measured from the ground level to
floor of the topmost storey.
In addition to the above requirements, all buildings regardless of height shall

comply with other applicable provisions of the Fire Code of the Philippines and
this IRR.
DIVISION 15. INDUSTRIAL OCCUPANCIES
A. Sub – Classification of Occupancy and Occupant Load
1. Sub – Classification of Occupancy
a. General Industrial Occupancy. Industrial occupancies that

conduct ordinary and low hazard industrial operations conducted
in buildings of conventional design suitable for various types of
industrial process.
This include multi-storey buildings where floors are occupied by

different tenants, or buildings suitable for such occupancy and
therefore subject to possible use for types of industrial process with
a high density of employee population.
b. Special Purpose Industrial Occupancy. Includes industrial

occupancies that conduct ordinary and low hazard industrial
operations in buildings all except high hazard occupancy,
designed for and suitable only for particular types of operations,
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characterized by a relatively low density of employee population
with much of the area occupied by machinery or equipment.
c. High Hazard Industrial Occupancy. Includes industrial occupancies

that use high hazard materials or processes or house high hazard
contents.
d. Open Industrial Structures. - Includes operations conducted in the

open air as distinguished from enclosure with buildings, such as
those often found in oil refining and chemical processing plants
where equipment is in the open platforms used for necessary
access, sometimes with roofs or canopies to provide some shelter,
but no walls.
2. Occupant Load
a. The occupant load of industrial occupancies for which exits are to

be provided shall be one (1) person per nine and three-tenths
square meters (9.3 m2) gross floor area, provided that in Special
Purpose Industrial Occupancy and for Open Industrial Structures,
the occupant load shall be the maximum number of persons to
occupy the area under any probable conditions, and further
provided that in existing industrial occupancies, the Chief, BFP or his
duly authorized representative may waive requirements for
additional exits if the existing exits are adequate for the maximum
number of persons actually employed.
b. Every auditorium, restaurant, office, garage and medical facility in

connection with industrial occupancies shall have exits in
accordance with the other applicable Sections of this IRR.
c. Exit requirements for specific occupancies shall comply with this

Division.
A. General
Each required exit shall be in accordance with the applicable Sections of

Division 4 of this Chapter, with access thereto and ways of travel
therefrom in accordance with Section 10.2.5.2 of this IRR.
B. Types of Exits
a. Doors
b. Stairs, or smokeproof enclosures
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c. Horizontal exits
d. Ramps
e. Slide Escapes
C. Minimum Corridor Width
The minimum width of any corridor or passageway serving as a required

exit or means of travel to or from required exit shall be one hundred
twelve centimeters (112 cm) in the clear.
D. Capacity of Exits
Capacity of means of egress shall be determined in accordance with

E. Number of Exits
At least two (2) exits shall be provided for every floor or section, including
floors below the floor of exit discharge used for industrial purposes or uses
incidental thereto. At least one of which shall be reached without
traversing another storey.
Exception: For rooms or areas with a total capacity of less than twenty five
(25) persons having direct exit to the street or to an open area outside the
building at ground level, with a total travel distance from any point of not
over fifteen and one-half meters (15.5 m), a single exit may be permitted.
Such travel shall be on the same floor level. If the traversing of stairs is
required, there shall not be a vertical travel or more than four and six-
tenths meters (4.6 m) and such stairs shall be provided with complete
enclosures to separate them from any other part of the building with no
door openings therein.
1. Exits shall be as remote from other as practicable, so arranged that it

will not be necessary to travel more than thirty one meters (31 m)
from any point to reach the nearest exit for buildings not protected by
a complete automatic fire suppression system, or forty six meters (46
m) in a building protected by an approved, supervised sprinkler
system in accordance with Section 10.2.6.5 of this IRR.
2. From every point there shall be at least two (2) separate exits
accessible, so arranged as to be reached by different paths of travel
in different directions.
Exception: A common path of travel may be permitted for the first

fifteen meters (15 m) from any point; i.e., no dead-end may be more
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than fifteen and one-half meters (15.5 m) deep.
A maximum of fifty (50%) percent of the exits may discharge through

areas on the floor of exit discharge provided:
1. Such exits discharges to a free and unobstructed way to the exterior

of the building, which way is readily visible and identifiable from the
point of discharge from the exit.
2. The floor of discharge into which the exit discharges is provided with
automatic fire suppression system and any other portion of the level of
discharge with access to the discharge area is provided with
automatic fire suppression system protection or separated from it in
accordance with the requirements for the enclosure of exits (see
Section 10.2.6.2 of this IRR).
Exception: If the discharge area is a vestibule or foyer with no

dimension exceeding three (3) meters and separated from the
remainder of the floor or discharge by construction providing
protection at least the equivalent of wired glass in steel frames, and
serving only for means of egress including exits directly to the outside,
the requirements of Section 10.2.6.2 of this IRR may be waived.
3. The entire area on the floor of discharge is separated from areas

below by construction having a minimum of two (2) hour fire-
resistance rating.
H. Signs, Lighting, and Exit Signages
1. Signs designating exits or ways of travel there to shall be provided in

2. Exit lighting shall be provided in accordance with Section 10.2.5.11 of

this IRR.

1. Every stairway, elevator shaft, escalator opening and other vertical

opening shall be enclosed or protected in accordance with Section
Exception No. 1: Unprotected vertical openings connecting not more

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than three (3) storeys used for industrial occupancy only maybe
permitted in accordance with the conditions of Section 10.2.6.2 of this
IRR, with approved, supervised sprinkler system.
Exception No.2: In any existing building only, where provided with

10.2.6.5 of this IRR, vertical openings not constituting as required means
of egress may be unprotected provided, that, all required exits shall
consist of smoke-proof enclosure or outside stairway in accordance
with Section 10.2.5.5 or horizontal exits in accordance with Section
B. Interior Finish.
Interior finish shall be Class A, Class B or Class C.
C. Detection, Alarm and Communications Systems
1. An approved automatic fire detection and alarm system shall be

required on all industrial occupancies except for buildings with less
than 25 employees where such building shall be equipped with
manual fire alarm system.
2. Not less than one (1) fire alarm box shall be installed for buildings
equipped with automatic fire detection and alarm system.
3. If buildings are equipped with approved, supervised automatic

sprinkler system, the flow of water shall initiate the fire alarm system.
D. Extinguishing Requirement
1. Every high hazard occupancy shall have automatic fire suppression

system protection or other equivalent protection as may be
appropriate to the particular hazard, including explosion venting for
any area subject to an explosion hazard, designed to minimize danger
to occupants in case of fire or other emergency before they have
time to utilize exits to escape.
2. Portable fire extinguishers shall be installed in accordance with Section

3. Standpipe systems shall be installed in accordance with Section

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DIVISION 16. STORAGE OCCUPANCIES
SECTION 10.2.16.1 GENERAL STORAGE OCCUPANCIES
A. Occupancy Load
The occupant load, in number of persons for whom means of egress and
other provisions are required, shall be determined on the basis of the
maximum probable population of the space under consideration.
B. Exit Details
1. Types of Exits
Means of egress for storage occupancies shall be restricted to the

following types:
a. Doors
b. Stairs and Smokeproof Enclosures
c. Horizontal Exits
d. Ramps
e. Slide Escapes
2. Capacity of means of egress
The capacity of means of egress shall be determined in accordance

with Section 10.2.5.2, para “C” of this IRR.
3. Number of Exits
a. Every building or structure used for storage and every section

thereof considered separately shall have at least two (2) separate
means of egress, as remote from each other as practicable.
Exception: In rooms or spaces of less than one thousand three

hundred ninety four square meters (1,394 m2) gross area where less
than ten (10) persons may normally be present, at least one (I)
means of egress shall be provided for any person employed
therein.
b. Every storage area shall have access to at least one (1) means of
exit which can be readily opened, not subject to locking at any
time that any persons are therein, and not dependent on any
power-operated doors except where the design of the power-
operated doors may be opened manually in case of power failure
to permit exit travel.
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4. Travel Distance to Exits
Every area used for the storage of high hazard commodities shall have
an exit within twenty three meters (23 m) of any point in the area
where persons may be present, except where automatic fire
suppression system protection is provided, distances may be increased
to thirty meters (30 m).
5. Signs, Lighting and Exit Signages
a. Means of egress shall be installed with signs that comply with

b. Means of egress shall be properly illuminated in accordance with

c. Emergency lighting shall be provided on normally occupied areas

and on component of means of egress.
1. Any vertical opening shall be protected in accordance with Section

10.2.6.2 of this IRR except for existing open stairs and open ramps shall
permitted where connecting only two floor levels.
2. Existing unprotected vertical opening in buildings protected

throughout by approved supervised sprinkler system in accordance
with Section 10.2.6.5 of this IRR, vertical openings not constituting as
required means of egress may be unprotected provided, that, all
required exits shall consist of smoke-proof enclosure or outside stairway
in accordance with Section 10.2.5.5 or horizontal exits in accordance
B. Detection, Alarm and Communications Systems
1. An approved automatic fire detection and alarm system shall be

required on all industrial occupancies except for buildings with
ordinary or low hazard not exceeding 2,000 square meters where such
building shall be equipped with manual fire alarm system.
2. Not less than one (1) fire alarm box shall be installed for buildings
equipped with automatic fire detection and alarm system.
3. If buildings are equipped with approved, supervised automatic

sprinkler system, the flow of water shall initiate the fire alarm system.
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C. Extinguishing Requirement
1. Every high hazard occupancy shall have automatic fire suppression

system protection or other equivalent protection as may be
appropriate to the particular hazard, including explosion venting for
any area subject to an explosion hazard, designed to minimize danger
to occupants in case of fire or other emergency before they have
time to utilize exits to escape.
2. Portable fire extinguishers shall be installed in accordance with Section

3. Standpipe systems shall be installed in accordance with Section

SECTION 10.2.16.3 SPECIAL PROVISION FOR PARKING STRUCTURES
A. General Requirements
The following provisions apply to parking structures of closed or open type,

above or below ground, but not to mechanical or exclusively attendant
parking facilities, which are not occupied by customers and thus require a
minimum of exits. Where repair operations are conducted the exits shall
comply with the rules on Industrial Occupancies, except if the parking
and repair sections are effectively separated by not less than 1-hour fire
resistive construction, the parking and repair sections shall be treated
separately.
B. Exit Details
1. Number and Types of Exits
Every floor of every parking structure shall have access to at least two
(2) separate exits. Such exits shall be provided with doors, interior stairs
of smokeproof towers, outside stairs or a horizontal exit in accordance
with this IRR.
Exception No. 1: In an open -type parking structure with open ramps

not subject to closure, the ramp may serve in lieu of the second exit,
provided the ramp discharges directly outside at the street level.
Exception No. 2. For parking structure extending only (1) floor level
below the floor of exit discharge, a ramp leading directly to the
outside may serve in lieu of the second exit.
2. Arrangement of and Travel Distance to Exit
a. Exits in parking structures shall be so arranged that no point in the

area will be more than forty five meters (45 m) from the nearest exit
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other than a ramp on the same floor level.
Exception no. 1: travel distance may be increased to ninety one

meters (91 m) for open floors of open parking structures.
Exception no 2: travel distance may be increased to sixty meters

(60 m) for enclosed parking structures completely protected by an
b. Exits shall be so arranged that from any point in the parking

structures, the paths of travel to the two (2) exits will be in different
directions, except that a common path of travel may be permitted
for the first fifteen (l 5) meters from any point.
c. If fuel pumps are located within any closed parking garage, exits
shall be so located that travel away from the fuel pump in any
direction which leads to an exit, with no dead end in which
occupants might be trapped by fire or explosion at any fuel pump.
Such exit shall lead to the outside of the building on the same level
or down stairs: no upward travel permitted unless direct outside
exits are available from that floor.
Any storey below the storey at which is being dispensed shall have
exits direct to the outside via outside stairs or doors at ground level.
C. Illumination of Means of Egress
Every public space, hallway, stairway and other means of egress shall
have illumination and emergency lighting facilities in accordance with
D. Exit Marking
Signs in accordance with Section 10.2.5.12 of this IRR shall be provided for
all required exits and exit access.
SECTION 10.2.16.4 SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR AIRCRAFT HANGARS
A. Exit Details
1. Exits from aircraft storage of servicing areas shall be provided at

intervals of not more than forty (40) meters on all exteriors waIls or
aircraft hangars. There will be a minimum of two (2) exits serving each
aircraft storage or servicing area. Horizontal exits through interior fire
walls shall be provided at intervals of not more than thirty meters (30
m). Dwarf or "smash" doors in doors accommodating aircraft may be
used to comply with these requirements. All doors designated as exits
shall be kept unlocked in the direction of exit travel while the area is
occupied.
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2. Exits from mezzanine floors in aircraft storage or servicing areas shall be
so arranged that the maximum travel to reach the nearest exit from
any point on mezzanine shall not exceed twenty three meters (23 m).
Such exits shall lead directly to a properly enclosed stairwell
discharging directly to the exterior or to a suitably cut-off area or to
outside stairs.
B. Signs
Exits signs shall be provided above all doors and exit ways in accordance
SECTION 10.2.16.5 SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR GRAIN ELEVATORS
A. In grain elevators, there shall be at least one (1) stair tower from storeys
below the floor of exit discharge to the floor of exit discharge and from
the floor of exit discharge to the top floor of the working house enclosed
on a dust tight non-combustible shaft.
B. Noncombustible doors of the self-closing type shall be provided at each

floor landing.
C. An exterior stair or basket ladder type fire escape accessible from all
working levels of the head house that provides access to the top of the
adjoining structure and that provides a continuous path to the means of
egress.
D. An exterior stair or basket ladder type fire escape accessible from all
working levels of the head house that provides passage to the ground
level.
DIVISION 17. MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES
Any building or structure occupied for purposes not covered by Division 8

through 17 of this IRR shall have exits and related safeguards in accordance with
the fundamental principles of this Chapter, and shall comply with the following
provisions where applicable.
SECTION 10.2.17.1 TOWERS
A. Any tower utilized for such purposes as observation, signaling, either as an

independent structure or on top of a building, shall be permitted to have
a single stairway or ramp exit if all of the following conditions are met:
1. The tower is of such size as not to be subject to occupancy by more

than twenty five (25) persons at any floor level.
2. The tower shall not be used for living or sleeping purposes.
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3. The construction shall be fire-resistant, noncombustible or constructed
of heavy timber. The interior finish, if any, is Class A or Class B, and
there shall be no combustible materials in, under, or in the immediate
vicinity of the tower except necessary furniture such as bare wooden
or metal chairs or benches.
B. In each tower where there is no occupancy below the top floor level and
the conditions required by para “A” (1) through (3) above are met, stairs
may be open with no enclosure required or, where the structure is entirely
open, fire-escape type stairs may be used.
C. Stairs shall be Class B for new construction. For existing towers, outside
stairs or fire-escape type stairs may be allowed
D. A tower such as a forest observation tower and a railroad signal tower,

designed for occupancy only of not more than three (3) persons
employed therein, may be of any type of construction, and may be
served by ladders instead of stairs. However, if used for living or sleeping
purposes, it shall at least comply with exit requirements of Section 10.2.12.6
for family dwellings.
E. Utility/transmitter building shall be provided with appropriate type of

automatic fire extinguishing system and, if subject to occupancy by
technician/authorized personnel, automatic fire alarm system and
portable fire extinguishers shall also be provided.
F. Advertisement structures shall be made of fire-resistant materials including

its signage components.
SECTION 10.2.17.2 PIERS AND WATER-SURROUNDED STRUCTURE
A. This Section applies to water-surrounded structures or piers occupied as a

place of amusement, passenger terminal or used for any purpose other
than for the mooring of vessels and handling of cargo. Such piers shall be
provided with means of exit from any structures thereon and to the shore
appropriate to the character or occupancy of the pier in general
accordance with the applicable sections of Division 8 through 17 of this
IRR.
B. Any pier so occupied, extending more than forty six meters (46 m) from
the shore, shall be so arranged as to minimize the possibility that fire in or
under the pier, may block escape of occupants to shore by one or more
of the following measures:
1. It must be provided with two (2) separate ways of travel to shore, by

two (2) well-separated walkways or independent structures.
2. The pier deck must be open fire-resistant and supported with non-
combustible materials.
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3. The pier deck must be provided with automatic fire suppression system
protection for combustible structure and for superstructure, if any.
4. It should be completely open and unobstructed and is fifteen meters

(15 m) in width if less than one hundred fifty two meters (152 m) long; or
its width is not less than ten (10%) percent of its length if over one
hundred fifty two meters (152 m) long.
C. Any building or structure surrounded by water such as a lighthouse shall

have sufficient outside area of ground as on an island, or fire-resistant
platform, to provide an adequate area of refuge from any fire in the
structure. Means shall be available for transportation of occupants away
from such structures to the shore or other places of safety such as by boat
or helicopter, in case of fire or other emergency, within a reasonable
period of time.
SECTION 10.2.17.3 IMMOBILIZED VEHICLE AND VESSELS
A. Any house trailer or similar vehicle, railroad car, street car, truck or bus
from which the wheels have been removed, provided with a permanent-
type foundation, or otherwise fixed so that it is not mobile shall be
considered as a building and shall be subject to the requirements of this
Rule which are applicable to buildings of similar occupancy.
B. Any ship, barge, or other vessel, which is permanently moored or aground

and is occupied for purposes other than navigation, shall be subject to
the requirements of this Rule applicable to buildings or similar occupancy.
SECTION 10.2.17.4 UNDERGROUND STRUCTURES AND WINDOWLESS BUILDINGS
A. General
1. Any area subject to occupancy by fifty (50) or more persons, from

which there is no direct access to outdoors or to another area and no
outside light or ventilation through windows, shall be equipped with
approved, supervised automatic fire suppression system protection in
2. Any underground structure, building, or floor area lacking direct

outside access or windows and having combustible contents, interior
finish, or construction, if subject to occupancy by more than one
hundred (100) persons shall have automatic smoke venting facilities in
accordance with Division 6 of this Chapter in addition to automatic
fire suppression system protection.
3. Any underground structure or windowless building, for which no
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natural lighting is provided, shall be provided with emergency lighting
in accordance with Section 10.2.5.11 of this IRR.
B. Underground Structures
Where required from underground structure involving upward travel such

as ascending stairs or ramps, such upward exits shall be cut off from main
floor areas and shall be provided with outside smoke venting facilities or
other means to prevent the exits serving as flues for smoke from any fire in
the area served by the exits, thereby making the exits impassable.
C. Windowless Buildings
Every windowless building shall be provided with outside access panels on

each floor level. Such panels shall be designed for use of firefighters.
DIVISION 18. OPERATING FEATURES
Fire exit drills shall be conducted in coordination with the Office of the
City/Municipal Fire Marshal.
A. Fire Exit Drills
1. Fire exit drills conforming to the provisions of this Division shall be

regularly conducted in schools and in other occupancies where
specified by the provisions of Divisions 8 through 17 of this Chapter, or
by appropriate action of the City/Municipal Fire Marshal having
jurisdiction over the area. The Chief, BFP or his duly authorized
representative shall exercise discretion for the necessary modifications
in detail of procedures to make the drills more effective for their
intended purposes.
2. Fire exit drills, where required, shall be held with sufficient frequency to
familiarize all occupants with the drill procedure and to have the
conduct of the drill a matter of established routine.
3. Drills shall be held at unexpected times and under varying conditions

to simulate the unusual conditions obtaining in case of fire.
4. Planning and conduct of drills shall be the responsibility of the

management and/or owners of business establishments. Such
planning and drill shall be made in consultation and coordination with
the City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction.
5. In the conduct of drills, emphasis shall be placed upon orderly

evacuation under proper discipline rather than upon speed. As such,
no running or horse play shall be permitted.
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6. Drills shall include suitable procedures to make sure that all persons in
the building, or all persons subject to the drill, actually participate.
7. Fire alarm facilities, where available, shall be used in the conduct of

fire exit drills.
B. Furnishing and Decorations
1. No furnishing, decorations, or other objects shall be so placed as to

obstruct exits, access thereto, egress therefrom, or visibility thereof.
2. Furnishing or decorations shall be treated with flame retardant where

required by the applicable provisions of the Fire Code and this IRR.
3. No furnishing or decorations of an explosive or highly flammable

character shall be used in any place of assembly or other occupancy.
C. Automatic Fire Suppression System
All automatic fire suppression systems required by this Chapter shall be

continuously maintained in reliable operational condition at all times and
such periodic inspections and tests shall be made to assure proper
maintenance.
D. Alarm and Fire Detection Systems
1. Systems shall be under the supervision of qualified and competent

persons, who shall cause proper tests to be made at specified intervals
and have general charge of all alternations and additions.
2. Systems shall be tested at intervals as recommended by the

3. Fire alarm signaling equipment shall be restored to service as promptly

as possible after each test or alarm and shall be kept in normal
conditions ready for operation. Equipment requiring rewinding or
replenishing shall be rewound or replenished as promptly as possible
after test or alarm.
E. Fire Retardant Paints
Fire retardant paints or solutions shall be reapplied at such intervals as

necessary to maintain the necessary flame retardant properties.
F. Recognition of Means of Egress
Hangings or draperies shall not be placed over exit doors or otherwise

located as to conceal or obscure any exit. Mirrors shall not be placed on
exit doors nor in or adjacent to any exit in such a manner as to confuse
the direction of exit.
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G. Preventive Maintenance Record
Preventive maintenance records shall be prepared and submitted to the

City/Municipal Fire Marshal every after inspection and test.
SECTION 10.2.18.2 PLACES OF ASSEMBLY
A. Drills
The employees or attendants of places or public assembly shall be trained

and drilled in the duties they are to perform in case of fire, panic, or other
related emergencies in order to be of greatest service in effecting the
orderly exit of occupants.
B. Opens Flame Devices
No open flame lighting devices shall be used in any place of assembly.
Exception No. I: Where necessary for ceremonial or religious purposes, the

City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction may permit open flame
lighting under such restrictions as are necessary to avoid danger of
ignition of combustible materials or injury to occupants.
Exception No. 2: Open the flame devices may be used on stages where a
necessary part of theatrical performances provided that adequate
precautions, satisfactory to the City/Municipal Fire Marshal having
jurisdiction, are taken to prevent ignition of any combustible materials.
Exception No. 3: Gas lights may be permitted provided that adequate

precautions satisfactory to the City/Municipal Fire Marshal having
jurisdiction are taken to prevent ignition or any combustible materials.
C. Special Food Service Devices
Portable cooking equipment shall be permitted only as follows:
1. Equipment fueled by small heat sources which can be readily

extinguished by water, such as candles or alcohol-burning equipment
(including "solid alcohol") may be used. Adequate precautions
satisfactory to the City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction are
taken to prevent ignition of any combustible materials.
2. Candles may be used on tables for food service if securely supported

on substantial non-combustible bases, so located as to avoid danger
of ignition of combustible materials and only if approved by the
City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction. Candle flames shall be
protected.
3. "Flaming Sword" or other equipment involving open flames and flamed

216
dishes such as cherries jubilee, crepes suzette, etc., may be permitted
provided that necessary precautions are taken, and subject to the
approval of the City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction.
D. Smoking
1. Smoking in places of assembly shall be regulated by the

2. In rooms or areas where smoking is prohibited, plainly visible "NO

SMOKING" signs shall be posted.
3. No person shall smoke in prohibited areas.
4. Where smoking is permitted, suitable ash trays or receptacles should

be provided in convenient locations.
E. Decorations and Stage Scenery
1. Combustible materials shall be treated with an effective flame

retardant material. Stage settings made of combustible materials shall
likewise be treated with flame retardant materials.
2. Only noncombustible materials or fire retardant pressure treated wood

may be used for stage scenery or props, on the audience side of the
proscenium arch.
3. The City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction over the area shall
impose controls on the volume and arrangement of combustible
contents (including decorations) in places of assembly to provide
adequate level of safety to life from fire.
F. Seating
1. Seats in assembly occupancies accommodating more than two

hundred (200) persons shall be securely fastened to the floor except
together in groups of not less than three (3) or more than seven (7) and
as permitted by the next paragraph. All seats in balconies and
galleries shall be securely fastened to the floor, except in places of
worship.
2. Seats not secured to the floor may be permitted in restaurants, night

clubs, and other occupancies where the fastening of seats to the floor
may be impractical; Provided, that in the area used for seating
(excluding dance floors, stage, etc.), there shall be not more than one
(1) seat for each one and four-tenths square meters (1.4 m2) of net
floor area and adequate aisles to reach exits shall be maintained at all
times.
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SECTION 10.2.18.3 EDUCATIONAL OCCUPANCIES
A. Drills
1. Fire exit drills shall be conducted regularly in accordance with the

applicable provisions of the following paragraphs.
2. There shall be at least four (4) exit drills a year in consultation and
coordination with the City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction
over the area.
3. Drills shall be conducted during class hours; during the changing of

classes; when the school is at assembly; during the recess or gymnastic
periods; etc., so as to avoid distinction between drills and actual fires. If
a drill is called when pupils are going up and down the stairways, as
during the time classes are changing, the pupils shall be instructed to
form in line and immediately proceed to the nearest available exit in
an orderly manner.
4. Every fire exit drill shall be an exercise by the school management.

Teachers shall have a complete control of the class. Great stress shall
be laid upon the execution of each drill in a brisk, quiet, and orderly
manner. Running shall be prohibited. In case there are pupils
incapable of holding their places in a line moving at a reasonable
speed, provisions shall be made to have them taken care of by the
more sturdy pupils, moving independently of the regular line of march.
5. BFP personnel shall be appointed to assist in the proper execution of all

drills. The searching of toilets and other rooms shall be the duty of the
teachers or other members of the staff.
6. As drills simulate an actual fire condition, pupils shall not be allowed to

obtain anything after the alarm is sounded, even when in classrooms,
which would contribute to the confusion.
7. Each class or group shall proceed to a primary predetermined point

outside the building and remain there while a check is made to make
sure that all are accounted for, leaving only when a recall signal is
given to return to their classrooms, or when dismissed. Such points shall
be sufficiently far away from the building and from each other as to
avoid danger from any fire in the building, interference with fire
department operations, or confusion between different classes or
groups. An alternate assembly point shall be planned for and used
during other drills to ensure safety of the children if and when the
primary assembly point cannot be used by any reason.
8. Where necessary for drill lines to cross roadways, signs reading "STOP!
SCHOOL FIRE DRILL" or equivalent shall be carried by assigned
218
personnel to the traffic intersecting points in order to stop the flow
traffic during the period of the drill.
B. Signals
1. All fire exit drill alarms shall be sounded on the fire alarm system and
not on the signal system used to dismiss classes.
2. Whenever any of the school authorities determine an actual fire exists,

they shall immediately call the nearest fire station. At the same time,
they shall try to extinguish the fire as circumstances permit.
3. In order to ensure that pupils will not return to a burning building, the
recall signal shall be one that is separate and distinct from and cannot
be mistaken for any other signals.
C. Child Day Care Centers
1. Fire prevention inspection shall be conducted monthly by a trained

senior member of the staff. A copy of the latest inspection form shall
be posted in a conspicuous place in the day care facility.
2. An approved fire evacuation plan shall be implemented at least once

every two (2) months.
3. Furnishing and decorations in child day care centers shall be in

accordance with the provisions of Section 10.2.18.1 of this IRR.
4. Waste baskets and other waste containers shall be made of non-

combustible materials and provided with close fitting covers.
5. Child-prepared artwork and teaching materials may be attached

directly to the walls but shall not exceed twenty (20%) percent of the
wall area.
SECTION 10.2.18.4 HEALTH CARE OCCUPANCIES
A. Evacuation Plan and Fire Exit Drills
1. The administration of every hospital, nursing home and residential-

custodial care institution shall have an approved evacuation plan for
the guidance of all persons in the event of fire. Copies of such plans
shall be made available to all supervisors and personnel. All employees
shall be instructed and kept informed of their detailed duties under the
plan. A copy of the plan shall be readily available at all times, in the
telephone operator’s position, or at the security center.
2. Every bed intended for use by institutional occupants shall be easily
219
movable under conditions of evacuation and shall be equipped with
the type and size of casters to allow easy mobility, especially over ele-
ments of the structure such as expansion plates and elevator
thresholds. The City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction may
make exceptions in the equipping of beds intended for use in areas
limited to patients such as convalescent, self-care or psychiatric
patients.
3. Fire exit drills in hospitals shall include the transmission of a fire alarm
signal and simulation of emergency fire conditions except that the
movement of infirm or bed-ridden patients to safe areas or to the
exterior or the building is not required. Drills shall be conducted
quarterly on each shift to familiarize hospital personnel (nurses, interns,
maintenance personnel and administrative staff) with signals and
emergency action required under varied conditions.
SECTION 10.2.18.5 RESIDENTIAL OCCUPANCIES
A. Hotel Emergency Organization
1. All employees of hotels shall be instructed and drilled in the duties they
are to perform in case of fire, panic, or other related emergencies.
2. Drills of the hotel emergency organization shall be held twice a year

covering such points as the operation and maintenance of the
available first aid fire appliances, the testing of guest alerting devices,
and a study of instruction for emergency duties.
B. Dormitories, Lodging and Rooming Houses
Fire exit drills shall be regularly conducted at least twice a year.
SECTION 10.2.18.6 MERCANTILE, BUSINESS, AND INDUSTRIAL OCCUPANCIES
In every mercantile, business and industrial occupancies subject to

occupancy with fifty (50) or more persons, fire exit drills shall be held at least
twice a year.
DIVISION 19. SPECIAL PROVISION FOR HIGH RISE BUILDINGS
SECTION 10.2.19.1 SCOPE
This Division deals with life safety from fires and similar emergencies in high rise
buildings. It covers fire safety features in construction and protection of exits
and passageways, and provisions for fire protection.
SECTION 10.2.19.2 DEFINITION
A high rise building is one in which the distance between the floor of the
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topmost storey and the ground level is fifteen meters (15 m) or more. Building
height shall be measured from the lowest level of fire department vehicle
access to the floor of the highest occupiable storey.
SECTION 10.2.19.3 SMOKE CONTROL
High rise buildings shall be designed in such a manner that the levels of smoke
concentration in protected spaces can be maintained within values that can
be tolerated by occupants. The protected spaces shall include stairwells, at
least one elevator shaft, and floor spaces readily accessible to all occupants
and large enough to accommodate them. In the spaces to which the
requirement for control of smoke level applies, the atmosphere shall not
include more than one (1%) percent by volume of the contaminated
atmosphere emanating from the fire area.
SECTION 10.2.19.4 SPRINKLER SYSTEMS PROTECTION
High rise buildings shall be protected with approved, supervised sprinkler

systems designed and installed in accordance with NFPA 13, Standard for
Installation of Sprinkler Systems. The approved, supervised sprinkler systems
must protect all floor spaces including every closet and concealed spaces
and plenums of certain configuration and construction – particularly where
combustible materials are located such as exposed electrical wiring,
combustible duct work, and combustible sound/thermal insulation. The
system shall be interconnected to a fire command center of the building.
SECTION 10.2.19.5 FIRE COMMAND CENTER
A. For buildings ten (10) storeys or more, a fire command center shall be
provided in a location approved by the City/Municipal Fire Marshal
having jurisdiction and shall contain the following features:
1. The emergency voice/alarm communication system unit must have

the following features:
a. Provide a predetermined message to the fire area where the alarm

originated, actuated by a smoke detector, sprinkler head, water
flow device, or manual fire alarm. The message must provide
applicable information and directions to occupants.
b. The fire department two-way communication system must operate

between the fire command center and every elevator, elevator
lobby, exit stairway, and exit access corridor. A telephone station
or jack shall be provided in each fire pump room.
2. The fire department communication unit.
3. Fire detection and alarm system annunciator unit
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4. Elevator floor location and operation annunciator.
5. Sprinkler valve and water flow display panels.
6. Emergency generator supervision devices, manual start and transfer

features. Emergency power must be available within ten (10) seconds
to operate the following:
a. Emergency voice/alarm communication systems.

b. Fire alarm systems.
c. Automatic fire detection systems.
d. Elevator car lighting.
e. Escape route lighting.
f. Exit sign illumination.
g. Stairway doors
7. Controls for unlocking stairway doors simultaneously.
8. Telephone for fire department use with controlled access to the public
telephone system.
9. Fire pump status indicators.
10. Status indicators and controls for air handling systems.
11. The fire fighters control panel for smoke control systems.
12. Emergency power and standby power status indicators.
13. Schematic building plans indicating the typical floor plan and
detailing the building core, means of egress, fire protection systems,
firefighting equipment and fire department access.
14. Public address system, where specifically required by other rules of this
code.
B. Shut off valves and water flow devices at the riser connection must be
provided on each floor. Combined sprinkler/standpipe systems must have
an individual control valve and check valve at each sprinkler connection.
SECTION 10.2.19.6 STAIRWELLS
A. All stairwells shall be enclosed and protected in accordance with Rule 3.

All doors on stairwells shall be kept closed. Stairway doors, which can be
locked, must be provided with automatic electrical unlocking from the fire
command center.
B. All interior stairwells used as a means of egress shall be pressurized. In no
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case shall stairwells in high rise buildings be allowed to be unprotected.
SECTION 10.2.19.7 FIRST-AID PROTECTION
A. In addition to the other requirements of this Code, each floor shall be

provided with at least thirty eight (38) to nineteen (19) millimeters
lightweight flexible hose equipped with a spray nozzle and connected to
the wet standpipe system or other water supply capable of providing
nineteen (19) to thirty eight (38) liter per minute of water for a period of
thirty minutes.
B. Portable fire extinguisher installed in accordance with Section 10.2.6.7

shall be provided.
SECTION 10.2.19.8 APPLICABILITY OF ALL OTHER PROVISIONS OF THIS CODE
This Section shall supplement all other applicable provisions of the Fire Code
and this IRR.
DIVISION 20. AERODROME FACILITIES
SECTION 10.2.20.1 GENERAL FIRE SAFETY REQUIREMENTS
A. The BFP shall conduct regular and periodic fire safety inspection on all
Aerodrome facilities.
B. No dispensing, transfer or storage of flammable or combustible liquids

shall be permitted within aerodrome facilities, except as provided in
Section 10.3.4.2.1 of this IRR.
C. Flammable and combustible liquid and fuel shall not be dispensed into or
removed from the fuel system of an aircraft within any aircraft hangar, a
container, tank, vehicle or aircraft except in locations approved by the
D. The application of flammable and combustible liquid finishes shall be

done only in locations approved by the City/Municipal Fire Marshal
having jurisdiction.
E. No person shall clean any aircraft engines or parts of an aircraft in an

aircraft hangar nor within fifteen meters (15 m) of another aircraft, building
or hangar with any flammable liquid having a flash point under thirty
seven and eight-tenths degree Celsius (37.80°C).
F. In case of spills on Aerodrome Facilities, the following shall be observed:
1. All activities in the affected area not related to the mitigation of the
spill shall cease until the spilled material has been removed or the
hazard has been mitigated.
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2. No aircraft or other vehicles shall be moved through the spill area until
the spilled material has been removed or the hazard has been
mitigated.
3. Spills shall be reported immediately to the City/Municipal Fire Marshal

having jurisdiction, documented and mitigated.
G. Every aircraft hangar shall be equipped and maintained with metal drip
pans under the engines of all aircraft stored or parked thereon.
H. No open flame, flame-producing device, or other source of ignition shall

be permitted in any hangar, except in locations approved by the
I. “NO SMOKING” signs with white letters at least ten centimeters (10 cm),
high upon a red background shall be posted conspicuously throughout
every aircraft hangar and each fuel transfer point except in approved
designated and posted locations where smoking is permitted.
J. Smoking equipment such as cigarette lighters and ash trays shall be

prohibited in aircraft-fueling vehicles.
K. No person shall run the engine of any aircraft in any aircraft hangar
except in approved engine test area.
L. All repairing of aircraft requiring the use of open flames, fire-producing

devices or the heating parts above two hundred sixty degrees Celsius
(260°C) shall be done in the open or in a room separated from any
hangar or other building by a fire resistive construction having fire
resistance rating of not less than two (2) hours.
M. Storage of flammable and combustible or other hazardous materials in an

aircraft hangar shall be prohibited, except in locations and containers
approved by the City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction.
N. Portable fire extinguishers shall be installed as follows:
1. Every vehicle used for towing aircraft and every welding apparatus
shall be equipped with at least one (1) fire extinguisher having a
minimum 4-B-C classification.
2. Every aircraft refueller shall be equipped with a minimum of two (2) B-

C Fire extinguishers. The fire extinguisher shall be readily accessible
from either side of the vehicle.
3. At every aircraft service station, including heliports, there shall be at

least one fire extinguisher having a minimum 6-B-C classification, and
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shall be so located that no pump or dispenser shall be more than
twenty three (23) meters from such extinguisher.
O. All pumps of a positive displacement type shall be provided with a by-

pass relief valve set at a pressure of not more than thirty-five (35) percent
in excess of the normal working pressure of the unit. Such unit shall be
equipped and maintained with a pressure gauge on the discharged side
of the pumps.
P. Dispensing Hose and Nozzle shall conform to the following:
1. Only hose designed for the transferring of hydrocarbon liquids shall be

permitted.
2. The length of the hose shall be limited to the actual needs of the
individual transfer apparatus. Such hose shall be equipped with an
approved shut-off nozzle. Fuel transfer nozzles shall be of self closing
type, designed to be actuated by hand pressure only. No notches or
other devices shall be used for holding the nozzle valve handle in an
open position. Such nozzle shall be equipped with a grounding cable
complete with proper attachment for the aircraft to be serviced.
Q. Electrical wiring, switches, lights and any other source of ignition, when
located in compartment housing piping, pumps, air eliminators, water
separators, hose reels and the like shall be enclosed in a vapor-tight
housing. Any electric motor located in such a compartment shall be of a
type approved for use in hazardous locations as specified in the Philippine
Electrical Code
R. Compartments housing piping and the like, pumps, air eliminators, water
separators, hose reels, shall be adequately ventilated at floor level or
within the floor itself.
S. Accessory Equipment shall conform to the following:
1. Ladders constructed from non-combustible material may be used

with, or attached to any aircraft refueller unit; Provided that the
manner of attachment or use of such ladder is approved and shall not
in any occasion constitute any additional fire or accident hazard in
the operation of such refueller unit.
2. Hose reels used in connecting with any such refueller unit shall be
constructed of noncombustible materials and shall be provided with a
pacing gland or other device which will preclude fuel leakage
between such reel and fuel manifold in connection therewith.
3. Similar accessory equipment shall be of approved type
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T. Bonding and Grounding shall be as follows:
1. Every transfer apparatus shall be metallically interconnected with the

tank, chassis, axles and springs of every aircraft refueller unit.
2. Every aircraft refueller unit shall be provided and maintained with a

substantially heavy ground cable of sufficient length to be bonded to
the aircraft to be serviced. Such cable shall be metallically connected
to the transfer apparatus of chassis of the aircraft refueller unit on one
and shall be provided with a suitable metal clamp on the other end,
to be fixed to the aircraft.
3. The ground cable shall be bare or have a transparent protective

sleeve and be carried on a reel or in a compartment for no other
purpose in such a manner that it will not be subjected to sharp kinks or
accidental breakage under conditions of general use.
SECTION 10.2.20.2 REFUELLER UNITS
A. Design and Construction of Aircraft Refuellers shall conform to the

following:
1. Tanks and vehicles shall be designed and constructed in accordance

with NFPA 385, “Tank Vehicles for Flammable Liquids,” and NFPA 407,
Part IV, “Aircraft Fuel Servicing Tank Vehicles.”
2. Every aircraft refueller unit shall be equipped and maintained with an

approved transfer apparatus.
a. If such transfer apparatus is operated by an individual unit of

internal combustion motor type, such power unit shall be located
as remotely as practicable from any pumps, piping, meters, air
eliminators, water separators, hose reels, etc., and shall be housed
in separate compartment from any aforementioned items; the fuel
tank in connection therewith shall be suitably designed and
installed and the maximum capacity shall not exceed nineteen
(19) liters when such tank is installed on any such engine or in any
compartment housing any such engine. The exhaust pipe, muffler
and tail pipes shall be shielded.
b. If operated with gears or chains, the gears, chains, shafts, bearings,

housing and all parts thereof shall be of an approved design and
shall be installed in a workmanlike manner and so maintained.
c. Flexible connections for the purpose of eliminating vibration may

be permitted if the material used therein is designed, installed and
maintained in an approved manner and provided such
connections do not exceed sixty one (61) centimeters in length.
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B. Operations, Maintenance and Use of Aircraft Refueller Units shall conform
to the following:
1. In addition to all other applicable provisions of this Code, the following

regulations shall apply to the operations, maintenance, and use of
aircraft refueller units.
a. Aircraft-fueling vehicles and all related equipment shall be properly

maintained and kept in good working condition. Accumulations of
oil, grease, fuel and other flammable or combustible materials are
prohibited. Maintenance and servicing of such equipment shall be
accomplished in approved areas.
Minor adjustment and repairs may be made when necessary to

move such units to the storage locations when failure occurs
elsewhere on the airport or heliport.
b. Tanks, pipes, hoses, valves and other fuel delivery equipment shall
be maintained leak free at all times.
c. Aircraft-fueling vehicles and related equipment which are in

violation of this rule shall be immediately defueled and removed
from service and shall not be returned to service until proper repairs
have been made.
d. Aircraft-fueling vehicles that are operated by a person, firm or

corporation other than the permitee’s authorized employee shall
be provided with a legible sign visible from outside the vehicle
showing the name of a person, firm or corporation operating such
unit and signage conforming with.
C. Fueling and Defueling shall conform to the following:
1. Aircraft refueller units shall not be located, parked, or permitted to

stand under any portions of an aircraft nor in any position where such
unit could obstruct egress from aircraft should fire occur during fuel
transfer operations.
2. Every aircraft refueller unit shall be electrically bonded to the aircraft

being fueled or defueled and either the aircraft refueller unit or the
aircraft shall be adequately grounded in approved manner. A drag
chain and flexible ground conductor shall not be deemed to fulfill the
requirements of this Section for grounding during fuel transfer.
3. Transfer nozzle shall be equipped with approved bonding conductors

which shall be clipped or otherwise positively engaged with the
bonding attachment provided on the aircraft adjacent to the fuel
tank cap.
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4. All bonding and ground connections required by this section shall be
made prior to any fuel transfer and shall not be disconnected until fuel
transfer operations are completed.
5. During fuel transfer operations, qualified persons shall be in immediate

control of each transfer nozzle and fuel pumping equipment to shut off
or otherwise control the flow of fuel from the time fuelling operations
have begun until they are completed except for under wing refueling
6. Fuel transfer nozzle shall not be held in the open position by any
device other than by direct hand pressure by the operator.
D. Aircraft refueller unit shall be attended and operated only by qualified

personnel. Each qualified operator shall be required to carry his
identification card and to submit documents issued by the employer
certifying his qualifications to the BFP.
E. The fuel transfer hoses shall be properly placed on the approved reels, or
in the compartment provided, or may be stored on top decking of
refuellers; provided that rails of proper height are provided for security
and protection of such equipment before any aircraft refueller unit is
moved. Such transfer hose shall not be looped or dropped over any part
of the refueller unit nor shall fuel transfer hose be dragged when such
refueller unit is moved from fueling unit to another.
F. Maintenance of Refuelling Units shall conform to the following:
1. Every aircraft refueller unit and all equipment shall be maintained in a

safe operating condition and in good repair at all times.
2. On finding any aircraft servicing equipment which is in use for fuelling

operations to be defective or in a state of disrepair, and by reason of
such defect or disrepair, the use of such aircraft servicing equipment
constitutes an undue fire hazard, the City/Municipal Fire Marshal
having jurisdiction shall order the use of such equipment discontinued
until such repairs, replacements or such changes are made as
necessary to render the same safe for continued use. No person shall
use any such defective equipment until the same is rendered safe by
the City/Municipal Fire Marshal.
G. Loading and Unloading shall conform to the following:
1. Aircraft refueller units shall be loaded only at an approved loading

rack, except that when refueling aircraft, such unit may be loaded
from the fuel tanks or the aircraft.
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2. The fuel cargo of any such unit shall be unloaded only by approved
transfer apparatus into the fuel tanks of aircrafts, underground storage
tanks or approved gravity storage tanks.
H. Passenger may be loaded aboard an aircraft during the time fuel transfer
operations are in progress provided that the following provisions are strictly
enforced:
1. No person shall smoke or produce any open flame in the cabin of the
aircraft or in the outside thereof within fifteen meters (15 m).
2. A qualified employee of the air vehicle owner shall be responsible for

ensuring that the passengers are not allowed to smoke when aboard
the aircraft, nor while going across the ramp from the gate to such
aircraft or vice-versa.
3. Passengers shall not be permitted to linger about the plane but shall
proceed directly from the loading gate and the aircraft, and vice-
versa.
4. Passenger loading stands shall be left in loading position until all fuel
transfer operations are completed.
5. Fuel transfer operations shall not be performed on the main exit side of
any aircraft containing passengers.
I. No smoking or open flames shall be allowed within fifteen meters (15 m)

from the point where fuel is being transferred nor shall any electrical or
motor driven devices be connected from any air craft at any time while
refueling operations are in progress on such aircraft.
SECTION 10.2.20.3 HELISTOPS
A. Approval must first be obtained from the Civil Aviation Authority of the
Philippines and City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction before any
helistops can be operated.
B. The touchdown area shall be surrounded on all sides by a clear area

having a minimum average width of the roof level of four and six-tenths
meters (4.6 m) with no width less than one and a half meters (1.5 m).
C. Landing areas on the structures shall be so maintained as to confine any

flammable liquid spillage to the landing area itself and shall be made to
drain such spillage away from any exit or stairway.
D. Exit and stairways from helistops shall be maintained in accordance with

the Section 10.2.5.2 of this IRR except that all landing areas located on
building or structures shall have two or more exits. For landing platforms or
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roof areas less than eighteen and three-tenths meters (18.3 m) in length, or
less than one hundred eighty six square meters (186 m2) in area, the
second exit may be a fire escape stair conforming to Section 10.2.5.10.
CHAPTER 3. FIRE SAFETY FOR HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
DIVISION 1. SCOPE
SECTION 10.3.1.1 APPLICABILITY
This Chapter shall apply to materials and chemicals which are:
A. Highly flammable that may react to cause fires or explosions; or
B. By their presence may create a fire or explosion hazard; or
C. Their toxicity, flammability, or reactivity, render fire fighting dangerous; or
D. Flammable or combustible liquids which are chemically unstable and

which may spontaneously form explosive compounds; or
E. Flammable or combustible liquids which undergo spontaneous reactions

of explosive violence or with sufficient evolution of heat to be a fire
hazard.
SECTION 10.3.1.2 HAZARDOUS MATERIALS AND CHEMICALS
Hazardous materials and chemicals shall include, but not limited to:
1. flammable solids;
2. corrosive liquids;
3. radioactive materials;
4. oxidizing materials;
5. potentially explosive chemicals;
6. highly toxic materials; and
7. poisonous gases.
DIVISION 2. FIRE SAFETY CLEARANCE
A. In addition for the issuance FSIC, a Fire Safety Clearance shall be issued by
the BFP as prerequisite for the issuance of appropriate permits and
licenses from the local governments and other government agencies
concerned, for the following:
1. Installation and storage of:
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a. Nitrocellulose Nitrate Plastic (Pyroxylin)
b. Combustible Fibers
c. Combustible Commodities
d. Matches
e. Magnesium
f. Flammable and Combustible Liquids
g. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
h. Medical and Related Compressed Gas
i. Cryogenic
j. Other hazardous materials and chemicals
2. Transportation or conveyance of:
a. Matches
b. Flammable and Combustible Liquids
c. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
d. Medical and Related Compressed Gas
e. Cryogenic
f. Other hazardous materials and chemicals
3. Disposal or abandonment of:
a. Tanker and vessel for flammable and combustible liquids

b. Containers of all types of compressed gases
c. Other hazardous materials and chemicals
DIVISION 3. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
A. The manufacture, storage handling and use of hazardous materials and

chemicals shall be safeguarded with protective facilities or devices as
public safety may require.
B. The City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction shall require the

separation or isolation from other storage occupancies or buildings of any
chemical that, in combination with other substances, may bring about a
fire or explosion or may liberate a flammable or poisonous gas.
C. Defective containers shall be disposed of or repaired in accordance with

recognized safety practices. No spilled materials shall be allowed to
accumulate on floors or shelves.
D. Where stored for retail, storage shall be neat and orderly.
E. Where no specific requirements have been established, storage, han-

dling, and use of hazardous chemicals shall be in accordance with
internationally recognized good practice.
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F. All hazardous chemicals as defined in this Chapter shall bear especially
designed and color coded labels consisting of four diamonds arranged
into one large diamond with the first, indicating the toxicity and health
hazards; the second, its flammability; the third, its reactivity; and the
fourth, fire-fighting and first aid instructions.
DIVISION 4. SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
SECTION 10.3.4.1 SOLID
Hazardous solid materials are classified according to: (1) flexible materials
such as textiles and cushioning; and (2) structural materials, which can
include everything from steel and concrete to wood and synthetic structural
plastic foams. The fire hazards posed by inorganic structural materials are
most likely to be passive.
SECTION 10.3.4.1.1 CELLULOSE NITRATE PLASTIC (PYROXYLIN)
All raw cellulose nitrate plastic (pyroxylin) materials shall be stored, handled,
protected and displayed as follows:
A. On Storage and Handling
1. Cellulose Nitrate in excess of ten kilograms (10 kg) shall be stored in a

vented cabinet or vented and sprinklered vault.
2. The maximum weight of raw materials to be stored in a cabinet shall

be two hundred twenty five kilograms (225 kg) with two (2)
compartments equally divided.
3. The maximum weight of raw materials to be stored in a workroom shall

be four hundred fifty kilograms (450 kg).
4. All raw materials in excess of four hundred fifty kilograms (450 kg) shall
be stored in a vented vault with a capacity not exceeding forty two
cubic meters (42 m3) with one (1) automatic sprinkler head for every
three and five tenths cubic meters (3.5 m3) of the total vault space;
5. Cellulose Nitrate Plastic (Pyroxylin) shall not be stored in any room or

compartment or within one meter (1 m) from any heat producing
appliances such as but not limited to steam pipes, radiators, chimneys,
stove, torch, forge, flame, fire or electric, or similar equipment likely to
produce spark.
6. In factories, operators working in a work room using cellulose nitrate

plastic (pyroxylin) shall be stationed at least one meter (1 m) apart,
and the amount of material per operator shall not exceed one-half
(1/2) day supply and be limited to three (3) tote boxes.
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7. All waste cellulose nitrate plastic (pyroxylin) materials such as shavings,
chips, turnings, sawdust, edging and trimmings shall be stored under
water in metal receptacles until removed from the premises.
8. Smoking shall be strictly prohibited in any building or establishment

where cellulose plastic (pyroxylin) are stored, displayed or
manufactured. A “NO SMOKING” sign shall be posted in conspicuous
places.
9. The storage area of cellulose nitrate plastic (pyroxylin) shall be marked

with a sign that states: “NITROCELLULOSE — FLAMMABLE SOLID — KEEP
HEAT, SPARKS, AND FLAME AWAY” or equivalent wording.
B. On Fire Protection
1. All new and existing buildings or any portion thereof including factories
used for the manufacture or storage of articles of cellulose nitrate
plastic (pyroxylin) in quantities exceeding forty five kilograms (45 kg)
shall be equipped with an approved, supervised sprinkler system and
the storage area shall be constructed of fire resistive materials with two
hour (2-hr) fire resistance rating. The structural elements shall be of
steel, iron, concrete or masonry construction.
2. First aid fire protection equipment/appliances shall be installed in

buildings where storing, handling and displaying of cellulose nitrate
plastic (pyroxylin) is conducted.
C. On Display
In stores or establishments, displays of cellulose nitrate plastic (pyroxylin)

articles shall be in show cases or show windows.
Exception:
1. Articles may be displayed and placed on tables, provided that:
a. It is over ninety centimeters (90 cm) apart;
b. If displayed on counters, such counters shall be arranged in the

following manner:
i. Each table shall measure one meter (1 m) wide and three

meters (3 m) long;
ii. The space beneath each table or counter shall be free of

storage or obstruction of any kind;
iii. The display tables shall be arranged and located so as not to

obstruct the passage to exits in the event of emergency;
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c. Lights shall not be located directly above any cellulose nitrate
material or storage, unless the light fixture is provided with a
suitable guard to prevent heated particles from falling.
D. Fire Safety Clearance
A Fire Safety Clearance for the storage of cellulose nitrate or cellulose

nitrate plastic (pyroxylin) shall be obtained from City/Municipal Fire
SECTION 10.3.4.1.2 COMBUSTIBLE FIBERS
All combustible fibers shall be stored, handled and protected as follows:
1. Common Requirements:
a. Combustible fibers shall not be stored in rooms or buildings with

hazardous gases, flammable liquids, dangerous chemicals or other
similar materials.
b. Trucks or automobiles shall not enter any fiber storage room or

building. They shall however be allowed to enter at loading
platforms. All forklifts, vehicles and equipment used within
combustible fibers storage areas shall be equipped with flash or
spark suppressors or arresters.
c. Smoking, open flame, and hotworks, shall not be permitted in any

area where combustible fibers are handled or stored. A “NO
SMOKING” sign shall be posted.
d. Agricultural products such as, but not limited to, straw and hay shall
not be stored adjacent to buildings of combustible materials unless
a clear distance equal to the height of the pile is maintained.
e. Storage shall be limited to stocks of one hundred (100) metric tons.

A fire resistive wall with a fire resistance rating of two (2) hours or a
clear space of six meters (6m) shall be maintained between stacks.
f. A one meter (1m) clearance shall be maintained between sprinkler

pipes in protected storage vaults and top of the piles.
2. Specific Requirements for Loose Combustible Fibers
a. Loose combustible fibers shall be stored as shown in the Table 14

below.
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Table 14: STORAGE OF COMBUSTIBLE FIBERS
Volume of Material
Method of Storage
in cubic meters (m3)
0–3 Combustible Fiber Storage Bin*
with self-closing cover
3.1 – 14 Combustible fiber storage room
having 1-hr fire resistance barrier
14.1 – 28 Combustible fiber storage vault
having 2-hr fire resistance barrier
and approved opening
28 up (protected) Combustible fiber storage vault
with approved opening and
protected by approved,
supervised sprinkler system
* Quantities of loose combustible fiber up to 3 cubic meters (3m3)

shall not be kept in any building unless stored in a metal or metal-
lined bin equipped with a self-closing cover.
b. Loose combustible fiber exceeding twenty eight cubic meters (28

m3) but not more than seventy cubic meters (70 m3) may be stored
in a "loose house" or detached structure with opening properly
protected against sparks and shall not be used for any other
purpose.
3. Specific Requirements for Baled Combustible Fibers
a. A single block or pile shall contain a maximum of seven hundred

cubic meters (700 m3) of baled fiber.
b. Each block or pile shall be separated from the adjacent storage by

an aisle measuring not less than one hundred fifty centimeters (150
cm) wide or by barriers consisting of continuous sheets of non-
combustible material extending from the floor to a height of at
least thirty centimeters (30cm) beyond the topside of the piles.
c. Fibers in bales bound with combustible tie ropes, as well as jute and
other fibers liable to swell when wet shall be stored to allow for
expansion in any direction and shall have one meter (1m)
clearance from walls to piles.
d. If the storage compartment is less than nine meters (9 m) in width,

there shall be a forty five centimeters (45 cm) clearance from walls
to piles and a center aisle of not less than one hundred fifty
centimeters (150 cm) width is maintained.
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1. Portable fire extinguishers shall be installed as required for extra-hazard

occupancy protection in accordance to NFPA 10, “Standard for
Portable Fire Extinguishers”.
C. Fire Safety Clearance
A Fire Safety Clearance from City/Municipal Fire Marshal having

jurisdiction shall be obtained for the storage of combustible fiber.
SECTION 10.3.4.1.3 COMBUSTIBLE COMMODITIES
In the storage of combustible commodities, the following factors shall be

considered:
1. method and height of stock piling;

2. combustibility of materials;
3. fuel load and rate of spread;
4. areas and size of piles;
5. aisle ways;
6. water supply;
7. sprinkler protection;
8. building construction, including height and area;
9. draft curtains;
10. roof vents; and
11. fire separations.
A. Storage and Handling
1. Common Requirements:
a. Storage of combustible commodities to include permanent

partition of walls and ceilings shall be of fire resistive materials such
as steel, iron, concrete, or masonry construction;
b. There shall be roof vents installed in each building or portion thereof

with a minimum dimension of not less than one hundred twenty
c. In lieu of roof vents, a perimeter venting in the exterior wall in the

form of windows may be installed within twenty-three meters (23m)
from the exterior wall. The upper portion of that window shall be
located thirty-one centimeters (31cm) from the roof or ceiling level.
The window opening shall not be less than seven hundred sixty two
millimeters (762 mm) in height and one hundred fifty centimeters
(150 cm) wide. Venting shall be in accordance with the following
table:
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Table 15: STANDARDS OF VENTING FOR THE STORAGE AND
HANDLING OF COMBUSTIBLE COMMODITIES
HAZARD VENT AREA TO MAXIMUM SPACING
CLASSIFICATION FLOOR AREA RATIO BETWEEN VENT CENTERS
Low 14.00 50 meters
Average 9.30 40 meters
High 4.70 30 meters
Very High 2.80 23 meters
d. Vents shall consist of automatic roof vents equipped with a fusible

link designed to release prior to sprinkler operation, or roof openings
covered with approved plastic that will melt when heated and
drop out prior to sprinkler operation. Windows shall be equipped
with single thickness glass or plastic panels.
e. Aisles separating combustible commodities shall be not less than

two hundred forty centimeters (240 cm) in width. Aisles separating
commodities more than six meters (6m) in height shall be not less
than three meters (3m) in width. Main aisles shall be located
beneath draft curtains. Stock piles shall not extend beyond or
beneath a draft curtain. Aisles not less than one thousand one
hundred eighteen millimeters (1,118 mm) in width shall be
established to provide access to exits and firefighters’ access
doors. Aisles shall be kept clear of storage, waste materials and
debris at all times.
f. Firefighters’ access door, aisles and exit doors shall not be

obstructed. Access shall be provided at ground level for
firefighting. There shall be at least one (1) door not less than two
meters (2 m) in height for each thirty lineal meters (30 m). Metal roll-
up doors are not allowed for such purpose.
g. The structural integrity of racks shall be maintained. Clearance

between ignition sources, such as light fixtures, heaters and flame-
producing devices, and combustible materials shall be maintained.
Smoking shall be prohibited and a “NO SMOKING” sign shall be
posted in conspicuous places.
2. Factors to be considered in the storage of common commodities:
a. Method and Height of Stock Piling
i. Bulk storage - consists of piles of loose, free-flowing materials,

including powder, granules, pellets, or flakes, and agricultural
items. The commodities are typically stored in silos, bins, tanks, or
in large piles on the floor.
ii. Solid piling - consists of cartons, boxes, bales, bags, etc., in

direct contact with each other. Air spaces or flues exist only
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where contact is imperfect, or where a pile is close to, but not
touching, another pile. Because pallets are not typically used,
stacking is done by hand or by lift trucks using side clamps or
prongs, which are pried between packages or bales without
damaging the product.
iii. Palletized storage - consists of unit loads placed on pallets that

are then stacked on top of one another. A pallet load usually
takes the form of a cube, with dimensions about one hundred
twenty to one hundred fifty centimeters (120 cm to 150 cm) in
height, and consists of a single or multiple package(s). The top
surface of the pallet load must adequately support other pallet
loads so that the commodity would not be crushed or the pile
would not become unstable. Due to these considerations, the
maximum height of palletized storage shall not exceed nine
hundred ten centimeters (910 cm)
iv. Rack storage – is a structural framework in which the

commodity is placed usually as a pallet load. The design of rack
storage systems maximizes vertical storage capacity. The ceiling
height or the vertical reach of material handling equipment
limits storage heights. Some rack storage arrangements are
over thirty meters (30m) high.
iv.a. Single row racks include racks up to one hundred eighty

centimeters (180 cm) wide, separated from other storage
by at least one meter (1m) aisles.
iv.b. Double row racks consist of two single row racks placed
back to back with a combined width of up to three
hundred seventy centimeters (370 cm) and aisles at least
one meter (1m) wide on each side.
iv.c. Multiple row racks utilize a flow through or drive in

configuration. They consist of racks greater than three
hundred seventy centimeters (370 cm) wide, or single or
double row racks separated by aisles less than one meter
(1m) wide, with overall width exceeding three hundred
seventy centimeters (370 cm).
b. Combustibility of Materials
i. Commodity Classification
The following classification of commodities shall be used as a

guide in determining sprinkler, venting, aisle spacing and other
fire safety requirements for high piled storage:
i.a. Class I commodities are essentially noncombustible

products on wooden or non-expanded polyethylene solid
238
deck pallets, in ordinary corrugated cartons with or without
single-thickness dividers, or in ordinary paper wrappings with
or without pallets. Class I commodities are allowed to
contain a limited amount of Group “A” plastics. Examples of
Class I commodities include, but are not limited to, the
following:
• Alcoholic beverages, with not exceeding 20-percent of

alcohol
• Appliances noncombustible, electrical
• Cement in bags
• Ceramics
• Dairy products in non wax-coated containers (excluding
bottles)
• Dry insecticides
• Foods in noncombustible containers
• Fresh fruits and vegetables in non-plastic trays or
containers
• Frozen foods
• Glass
• Glycol in metal cans
• Gypsum board
• Inert materials, bagged
• Insulation, noncombustible
• Noncombustible liquids in plastic containers having less
than a 5-gallon (19 ℓ) capacity
• Noncombustible metal products
i.b. Class II commodities are Class I products in slatted wooden

crates, solid wooden boxes, multiple-thickness paperboard
cartons or equivalent combustible packaging material with
or without pallets. Class II commodities are allowed to
contain a limited amount of Group “A” plastics. Examples of
Class II commodities include, but are not limited to, the
following:
• Alcoholic beverages, with not exceeding 20-percent

alcohol, in combustible containers
• Foods in combustible containers
• Incandescent or fluorescent light bulbs in cartons
• Thinly coated fine wire on reels or in cartons
i.c. Class III commodities are commodities of wood, paper,

natural fiber cloth, or group C plastics or products thereof,
with or without pallets. Products are allowed to contain
limited amounts of Group “A” or “B” plastics, such as metal
bicycles with plastic handles, pedals, seats and tires.
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Examples of Class III commodities include, but are not limited
to, the following:
• Combustible fiberboard
• Cork, baled
• Feeds, bagged
• Fertilizers, bagged
• Food in plastic containers
• Furniture: wood, natural fiber, upholstered, non-plastic
• Wood or metal with plastic-padded and -covered arm
rests
• Glycol in combustible containers not exceeding 25
percent
• Lubricating or hydraulic fluid in metal cans
• Lumber
• Mattresses, excluding foam rubber and foam plastics
• Noncombustible liquids in plastic containers having a
capacity of more than 5 gallons (19 ℓ)
• Paints, oil base, in metal cans
• Paper, waste, baled
• Paper and pulp, horizontal storage, or vertical storage
that is banded or protected with approved wrap
• Paper in cardboard boxes
• Pillows, excluding foam rubber and foam plastics
• Plastic-coated paper food containers
• Plywood
• Rags, baled
• Rugs, without foam backing
• Sugar, bagged
• Wood, baled
• Wood doors, frames and cabinets
• Yarns of natural fiber and viscose
i.d. Class IV commodities are class I, II or III products containing

Group “A” plastics in ordinary corrugated cartons, and class
I, II and III products with group “A” plastic packaging with or
without pallets. Group “B” plastics and free-flowing Group
“A” plastics are also included in this class. Examples of Class
IV commodities include, but are not limited to, the following:
• Alcoholic beverages, with more than 20-percent but less

than 80-percent alcohol, in cans, bottles, or cartons.
• Clothing, synthetic or non-viscose
• Combustible metal products (solid)
• Furniture, plastic upholstered
• Furniture, wood or metal with plastic covering and
padding
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• Glycol in combustible containers (greater than 25
percent and less than 50 percent)
• Linoleum products
• Paints, oil-based in combustible containers
• Pharmaceutical, alcoholic elixirs, tonics, etc.
• Rugs, foam back
• Shingles, asphalt
• Thread or yarn, synthetic or non-viscose
i.e. High-hazard commodities are high-hazard products

presenting special fire hazards beyond those of class I, II, III or
IV. Group “A” plastics not otherwise classified are included in
this class. Examples of high-hazard commodities include, but
are not limited to, the following:
• Alcoholic beverages, with more than 80-percent alcohol,

in bottles or cartons
• Commodities of any class in plastic containers in carousel
storage
• Flammable solids (except solid combustible metals)
• Glycol in combustible containers (50 percent or greater)
• Lacquers, which dry by solvent evaporation, in metal
cans or cartons
• Lubricating or hydraulic fluid in plastic containers
• Mattresses, foam rubber or foam plastics
• Pallets and flats which are idle combustible
• Paper, asphalt, rolled, horizontal storage
• Paper, asphalt, rolled, vertical storage
• Paper and pulp, rolled, in vertical storage which is
unbanded or not protected with an approved wrap
• Pillows, foam rubber and foam plastics
• Pyroxylin
• Rubber tires
• Vegetable oil and butter in plastic containers
ii. Hazard Classification
Hazard shall be classified according to the combustibility of the

contents, giving primary consideration to the intensity of fire that
could occur; the form in which the products are stored; method
of storage; rate of heat release; and period of active burning,
to wit:
ii.a. Low Hazard Materials
Items unpacked except as noted
Appliances, electrical
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Cables and wiring on reels
Fertilizers, bagged (excluding ammonium nitrate)
Hides, leather
Inert materials, bagged
Metals on wood pallets
Sugar, bagged, raw
Tobacco in hogsheads
Wallboard, gypsum
Wool, baled
ii.b. Average Hazard Materials
ii.b.1. Stocks in Cartons
Books
Ceramics
Cereal
Fiberboard, vegetable
Foods, frozen
Glass
Glycols, in cans
Hydraulic fluids, in cans
Insulators, non-combustible
Liquids, noncombustible, in bottles
Lubricants, in cans
Metals
Paints, oil-based, in cans
Pharmaceuticals, alcoholic elixir, tonics, etc., less
than 80 proof
Plastics, low hazard
Stationery
Textiles
Tobacco products
Wiring, electric
Yarns
ii.b.2. Other Stock
Cartons flats
Clothing, packaged or in racks
Feed, bagged
Fiberboard, vegetable on pallets
Flour, bagged
Grain, bagged
Mattresses (excluding foamed) rubber and foamed
plastics)
Paper and pulp, rolled, vertical storage (adequately
banded)
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Paper and pulp, horizontal storage (without racks)
Pillows (excluding foamed rubber and foamed
plastics)
Pulp, bated
Rags, baled
Rugs (no foamed backing)
Shingles, asphalt
Sugar, bagged, refined
ii.c. High Hazard Materials
Flammable liquids posted in cans metals containers

Baked cork or other insulating materials
Upholstered furniture
Linoleum rugs or piles
Alcohol, weighty proof or higher, in barrels, tank or bottles
Paper products in loosed form not baled not banded and
stored horizontally
Baled waste paper
Pharmaceutical containing eighty (80) proof alcohol or
higher, in glass/plastic bottles.
Other plastic products
Bags and mats with plastic foam or cellular rubber backing
ii.d. Very High Hazard Materials
Paper products such as pulp/waxed paper, asphalt

coated paper in loose form or bobbies or rolled, not
banded or baled, and stored vertically
Pyroxylin or foam plastic products unpacked or packed in
carton.
Rubber goods and foamed rubber products, unpacked or
packed in carton
Flammable liquids, such as acetone, alcohol, lighter fluids,
varnish, paints, cleaning fluids, and the like, packed in
plastic containers or glass bottles
Cork or other insulating materials, NOT BALED
Ammonium nitrate fertilizer
1. An approved, supervised sprinkler system shall be required in each

building or portion thereof used for storage of combustible
commodities when the area exceeds two-thirds of the sum of the
basic floor area.
2. The design and installation of an approved, supervised sprinkler system

shall conform to NFPA 13, “Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler
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System.”
3. Sprinkler discharge densities (liters/square meters) for combustible

commodities not exceeding six hundred forty centimeters (640 cm) in
height shall conform to the following table:
Table 16: SPRINKLER DISCHARGE DENSITIES FOR

COMBUSTIBLE COMMODITIES NOT EXCEEDING 640 cm IN
HEIGHT, BY HAZARD CLASSIFICATION
HAZARD COMMODITY CLASS
CLASSIFICATION I or II II or III III or IV
Low 8.2 8.2 10.2
Average 9.4 11.4 13.5
High 14.3 17.1 20.4
Very High
4. The protection of combustible commodities six hundred forty

centimeters (640 cm) and seven hundred sixty centimeters (760 cm) in
height will require up to thirty percent (30%) increase in the densities
listed in the above table. Commodities piled more than seven hundred
sixty centimeters (760 cm) in height will require multi-level sprinkler
application.
5. Sprinkler system protecting combustible commodities shall be

designed and installed to discharge the required water density within
the following prescribed minimum areas, except that areas shall be
not less than three hundred seventy square meters (370 m2) in
calculating water flows when densities of less than one thousand one
hundred forty-one liters per minute per square meters (1,141L/(min.m2))
are specified.
Table 17: MINIMUM AREAS OF SPRINKLER DISCHARGE FOR COMBUSTIBLE

COMMODITIES, BY HAZARD CLASSIFICATION
HAZARD AREA (m2)
CLASSIFICATION
Low 370
Average 378
High 418
Very High 557
6. The above-listed minimum areas are based on the regulations for roof
venting, draft curtains, aisle spacing, size pile and method of storage.
Higher densities may be required in buildings that do not conform to
these standards.
7. Sprinkler system shall be designed to utilize sprinklers with ordinal

temperature classification, except that sprinklers with an intermediate
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classification may be used in the design of systems to protect high or
very high hazard occupancies.
8. A minimum clearance of one meter (1 m) shall be provided between

sprinkler deflectors and top of storage.
9. Draft curtains shall be provided to limit the area of sprinkler operation

and to aid the operation of roof vents.
10. Draft Curtains shall be at least two meters (2 m) in depth and shall be
of noncombustible materials. In low or average hazard occupancies,
draft curtains, shall divide the under roof area into section not to
exceed nine hundred twenty nine square meters (929 m2). In high or
very high hazard storage areas, draft curtains shall divide the under
roof area into sections not to exceed five hundred fifty seven square
meters (557 m2).
11. Portable fire extinguishers shall be installed in combustible commodities

storage.

jurisdiction shall be obtained for the storage of combustible commodities.
A floor plan showing the dimension and location of high piled storage
area and aisle dimensions between each storage shall be submitted.
SECTION 10.3.4.1.4 MATCHES
Matches shall be stored, handled and protected as follows:
1. In wholesale establishments with matches exceeding sixty (60)

matchman’s gross stored in shipping container, matches shall be
arranged in piles not exceeding three meters (3 m) in height nor more
than four hundred twenty five cubic meters (425 m3) in volume with
aisles at least one hundred twenty centimeter (120 cm) wide between
piles;
2. Where other materials or commodities are stored on the same floor

with matches, a portion of the room shall be devoted to match
storage exclusively, and a clear space of not less than one hundred
fifty centimeters (150 cm) between match storage and such other
materials or commodities shall be maintained;
3. Matches shall be stored in a building, trailer, semi trailer, or metal

shipping container with a two-hour (2-hr) fire resistance rating;
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4. Matches shall not be stored within three meters (3 m) of any elevator
shaft opening, open stairway, or other vertical opening;
5. Where shipping container that contain matches are opened, the

contents shall be transferred in bins provided with metal-lined covers.
6. Where matches are sold in retail, original sealed packages shall be

stored in shelves. When such packages are broken, individual boxes
shall be stored in metal or metal-lined bins.
1. Smoking is prohibited in areas where matches are stored. A “NO

SMOKING” sign shall be conspicuously posted in designated areas.
2. The owner shall be responsible for the prompt removal of any

hazardous condition, accumulations of combustible materials,
including proper maintenance of equipment and safety devices.
3. Approved, supervised sprinkler system and portable fire extinguishers

shall be provided throughout storage and manufacturing areas.

jurisdiction shall be obtained for the storage and transportation of
matches exceeding in aggregate twenty (20) matchman's gross (14,000
matches’ per matchman’s gross).
SECTION 10.3.4.1.5 MAGNESIUM
Magnesium shall be stored, handled and protected as follows:
A. On Storage
1. Magnesium ingots, pigs, and billets shall be carefully piled on firm and
generally level areas. Any combustible material shall not be stored
within a distance of seven hundred sixty centimeters (760 cm) from
any pile of magnesium pigs, ingots, and billets;
2. Outdoor storage of magnesium pigs, ingots and billets shall be in piles

not exceeding forty five thousand four hundred kilograms (45,400 kg)
each, separated by aisles with width not less than one-half (1/2) the
height of the pile;
3. Storage of pigs, ingots and billets in buildings shall be on floors of non-

combustible construction. Floors shall be well drained from water. Each
pile shall not be larger than twenty three thousand kilograms (23,000
kg), and shall be separated by aisles with width not less than one-half
246
(1/2) the height of the pile;
4. All magnesium castings shall be clean and free of chips or fine

particles of magnesium. The size of storage piles of heavy magnesium
castings, either in cartons or crates or free of any packing material
shall be limited to thirty six cubic meters (36 m3). Aisle width shall be at
least one-half the height of the piles and shall be at least three meters
(3 m).
5. Piles of stored light magnesium castings, either in cartons or crates or

without packing, shall be limited in size to twenty eight cubic meters
(28 m3).
6. Aisle spaces in front of racks shall be equal to the height of the racks.
All aisle spaces shall be kept clear.
7. Combustible rubbish, spare crates, and separators shall not be

permitted to accumulate within the aisles between racks.
8. Wet magnesium scrap (chips, fines, swarf, or sludge) shall be kept

under water in covered and vented steel containers at an outside
location. Sources of ignition shall be kept away from the drum vent
and top. Containers shall not be stacked.
9. Storage of dry scrap in quantities greater than one and four tenths
cubic meters (1.4 m3) shall be kept separated from other occupancies
by fire-resistive construction without window openings or by an open
space of at least fifteen meters (15 m). Such buildings shall be well-
ventilated.
10. Magnesium powder shall be stored in steel drums or other closed

conductive containers. The containers shall be tightly sealed and
stored in a dry location.
11. Magnesium storage in quantities greater than one and four tenths
cubic meters (1.4 m3) shall be separated from storage of other
materials that are either combustible or in combustible containers by
aisles with a minimum width equal to the height of the piles of
magnesium products.
12. Magnesium products stored in quantities greater than twenty eight

cubic meters (28 m3) shall be separated into piles each not larger than
twenty eight cubic meters (28 m3 ), with the minimum aisle width equal
to the height of the piles but in no case shall be less than three meters
(3 m).
13. Where storage in quantity greater than twenty eight cubic meters
(28m3) is in a building of combustible construction, or the magnesium is
packed in combustible crates or cartons, or there is combustible
247
storage within nine meters (9 m) of the magnesium, the storage area
shall be protected by an automatic fire fighting equipment.
14. The size of storage piles of magnesium articles in foundries and

processing plants shall not exceed twenty five cubic meters (25 m3)
and shall be separated by aisles of not less than one-half (1/2) the
height of the pile.
15. Storage in quantity exceeding one and four-tenths cubic meters (1.4
m3) of fine magnesium scrap shall be separated from other
occupancies by fire-resistive construction without window openings or
by an open space of at least one thousand five hundred fifty
centimeters (1,550 cm).
16. Storage in quantity greater than twenty eight cubic meters (28 m3) of
shall be separated from all buildings other than those used for
magnesium scrap recovery operations by a distance of not less than
thirty meters (30 m).
B. On Handling and Processing
1. Magnesium powder production plants shall be located on a site large

enough, and shall be located at least nine thousand one hundred fifty
centimeters (9,150 cm) away from public roads and from any
occupied structure, such as public buildings, dwellings, and business or
manufacturing establishments, other than those buildings that are a
part of the magnesium powder production plant;
2. Different production operations shall be located in separate but not

adjoining buildings that are located at least fifteen meters (15 m) from
each other;
3. All buildings used for the manufacture, packing, or loading for

shipment of magnesium powders shall be single storey, without
basements, constructed of non-combustible materials throughout;
4. Connecting ducts shall be completely without bends. ducts shall be

fabricated and assembled with a smooth interior, with internal lap
joints pointing in the direction of airflow and without unused capped
side outlets, pockets or other dead-end spaces;
5. At each operation, dust shall be collected by means of suitable hoods

or an enclosure which is also connected to a blower located outdoors.
storage bins for powders should be sealed and purged with inert gas
prior to filling;
6. Each machine shall be equipped with its individual dust separating

unit, except that with multi-unit machines, not more than two dust-
producing units maybe served by one (1) separator;
248
7. The entire dust collection system shall be constructed of conductive
material and shall be completely bonded and grounded. it shall not
be provided with filters or other obstructions;
8. Dry dust collectors shall be located outside, in a safe location, and

shall be provided with barriers or other means. the area around the
collector shall be posted with the following:
“CAUTION: THIS DUST COLLECTOR CAN CONTAIN EXPLOSIBLE DUST.

KEEP OUTSIDE THE MARKED AREA WHILE EQUIPMENT IS OPERATING.”
9. All machines shall be provided with a pan or tray to catch chips or

turnings, where they shall be collected every day. Magnesium fines
shall be kept separated from other combustible materials;
10. All electric wiring, fixtures and equipment in the immediate vicinity of
and attached to dust-producing machines, including those used in
connection with separator equipment shall be of types approved for
used in class ii, group e hazardous (see building code) and installed in
accordance with the Philippine Electrical Code;
11. The power supply to the dust-producing equipment shall be

interlocked with the airflow from the exhaust blower and the liquid
level controller of the wet-type dust collector;
12. All equipment shall be securely grounded by permanent ground wires;
13. In powder handling or manufacturing buildings and in the operation of

dust-conveying systems, every precaution shall be taken to avoid
sparks from static electricity, electrical faults, friction, or impact (e.g.,
iron or steel articles on stones, on each other, or on concrete);
14. Heat treating ovens -approved means shall be provided for control of
magnesium fire in heat treating ovens;
15. Melt rooms shall provide access to facilitate fire control. floors shall be
of noncombustible construction and be kept clean and free of
moisture and standing water;
16. Operators in melting and casting areas shall wear flame-resistant

clothing, high foundry shoes, and face protection. Clothing worn
where molten magnesium is present shall have no exposed pockets or
cuffs;
17. Systematic cleaning of the entire grinding area, including roof

members, pipes, conduits, etc. shall be carried out daily. Periodic
inspections on buildings and machinery shall be carried out as
frequently as conditions warrant.
249
C. On Fire Protection
1. Only approved Class D extinguishing agents or those tested and

shown to be effective for extinguishing magnesium fires shall be
permitted. A supply of extinguishing agent for manual application
shall be kept within easy reach of personnel while they are working
with magnesium. The quantity of extinguishing agent shall be sufficient
to contain anticipated fires.
2. Dry sodium chloride, or other dry chemicals or compounds suitable for

extinguishment or containment of magnesium fires, shall be permitted
to be substituted for Class D fire extinguishers. All extinguishing
materials shall be approved for use on magnesium fires.
3. Approved fire-extinguishing materials shall be provided for every

operator performing machining, grinding or other processing
operation on magnesium as follows:
a. Within nine hundred fourteen centimeters (914 cm), a supply of

bulk dry extinguishing agents in an approved container with a
hand scoop or shovel for applying the material; or
b. Within two thousand two hundred eighty six centimeters (2,286 cm),
an approved Class D portable fire extinguisher. Pressurized
extinguishing agents shall be applied carefully on magnesium
powder or chip fire, so as not to disturb or spread the magnesium
powder.
4. Application of wet extinguishing agents accelerates a magnesium fire

and could result in an explosion. The following agents should not be
used as extinguishing agents on a magnesium fire because of adverse
reaction:
a. Water
b. Gaseous-based foams
c. Halon
d. Carbon dioxide
e. Sand and other high Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)-containing materials

jurisdiction shall be obtained for the storage and transportation
magnesium.
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SECTION 10.3.4.2 LIQUID
An empirical measure that combines volatility with the heat-producing

capabilities of the vapor is the flash point determination. The flashpoint is simply
the temperature at which a liquid takes off vapor that can be ignited under
specified laboratory conditions. Flash point determinations give rise to hazard
classification systems, the most severe hazard being afforded by those liquids
with the lowest flash point. Hazardous liquid can be flammable or combustible,
depending on the flash point.
SECTION 10.3.4.2.1 FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
All flammable and combustible liquids shall be stored, handled, transported,

used and manufactured as follows:
Flammable and combustible liquid shall be stored on approved

containers or tanks properly labeled with the physical properties of its
content, flammability or combustibility and precautionary measures.
2. Specific Requirements for Portable Storage
In the storage and dispensing of flammable and combustible liquids in

safety cans, drums or other approved containers not exceeding two
hundred twenty seven liters (227ℓ) in individual capacity, and those
portable tanks not exceeding two thousand four hundred ninety eight
liters (2,498ℓ) in individual capacity, on different types of occupancies,
the following requirements shall be complied:
a. Flammable or combustible liquids specified above shall not be

stored near exits stairways or areas normally used as means of
egress and ingress. It shall be stored either in storage cabinets or
inside storage rooms.
b. The storage of flammable and combustible liquids in closed

containers shall comply with the following occupancy schedule:
i. Residential occupancies with not more than three (3) dwelling

units with detached garages shall store flammable and
combustible liquids up to a maximum of ninety four liters (94 ℓ).
ii. Assembly, business and residential occupancies with more than

three (3) dwelling units shall store Class I and Class II flammable
and combustible combined liquids up to a maximum of thirty
eight liters (38 ℓ) or two hundred twenty seven liters (227 ℓ) of
Class IIIA liquids.
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iii. Educational, healthcare, and detention and correctional
occupancies shall store flammable and combustible liquids up
to a maximum of four liters (4ℓ).
iv. Mercantile and industrial occupancies, where rooms or areas

are accessible to the public, storage shall be limited to
quantities needed for display and normal merchandising
purposes which shall not exceed eighty one liters (81ℓ) per
square meter of gross floor area.
c. In rooms or areas not accessible to the public, storage shall be

limited to two hundred twenty seven liters (227ℓ) of Class IA, four
hundred fifty four liters (454 ℓ) of Class IB, six hundred eighty one
liters (681 ℓ) of Class 1C, nine hundred eight liters (908 ℓ) of Class II,
one thousand eight hundred ninety three liters (1,893 ℓ) of
combustible liquids or any combination of flammable liquids
totaling nine hundred eight liters (908 ℓ).
d. Containers less than one hundred thirteen liters (113 ℓ) capacity

shall not be stacked more than one meter (1 m) or two containers
high, whichever is greater, unless on fixed shelving or otherwise
satisfactorily secured. Containers more than one hundred thirteen
liters (113 ℓ) shall not be stacked one upon the other. All containers
shall be stored in an upright position.
e. Shelving shall be in a stable construction, of sufficient depth and

such arrangement that containers displayed thereon shall not be
easily displaced.
f. Leaking containers shall be secured immediately from any possible

source of ignition and the contents of which shall be transferred to
an approved container and placed to a safe location not
accessible to the public. The spill shall be appropriately contained
and collected for proper waste disposal.
g. Dispensing of Class II or III liquids from a single container having a

capacity of more than two hundred twenty seven liters (227 ℓ) may
be permitted outside of storage and handling room using
dispensing device and fire control measures. Both the dispensing
container and any reserve containers shall be considered as
contributing to the totals allowed capacity under para “A” (2) (e)
above.
h. No pile shall be closer than one meter (1 m) to the nearest beam,

chord, girder or other obstruction, and shall be one meter (1 m)
below sprinkler deflectors, or discharge orifices of water spray, or
other overhead fire protection systems or other obstructions.
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Table 18: INDOOR PORTABLE CONTAINER STORAGE FOR FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS
CLASS LITERS
STORAGE
LEVEL PROTECTED STORAGE UNPROTECTED STORAGE
LEVEL
LIQUID MAXIMUM PER PILE MAXIMUM PER PILE
Ground & Upper
10,409 2,498
IA Floors
Basement NOT PERMITTED NOT PERMITTED
Ground & Upper
20,818 5,204
IB Floors
Ground & Upper
62,453 15,613
IC Floors
Ground & Upper
62,453 15,613
II Floors
Basement 20,818 NOT PERMITTED
Ground & Upper
208,175 52,044
III Floors
Basement 31,226 NOT PERMITTED
i. Solid or palletized pile storage shall be so arranged that piles are

separated from each other by at least 1.2m (4ft) wide aisle.
j. Main aisle shall be provided with a minimum width of 2.4m or of a

width providing sufficient space to operate a forklift truck,
whenever necessary.
k. Where the storage of liquid is on racks, a minimum of 1.2m (4 ft)

wide aisle shall be provided between adjacent rows of racks and
adjacent storage of liquids.
l. Where ordinary combustible commodities are stored in the same

area as liquids in containers, the minimum distance between the
two (2) types of storage shall be 2.4m (8 ft) wide aisle.
m. Storage cabinets may be used where it is desired to keep more

than thirty eight liters (38ℓ) of flammable or, combustible liquids
inside buildings. Individual container shall not exceed nineteen liters
(19ℓ) capacity and not more than one hundred ninety liters (190ℓ)
shall be stored in one cabinet.
n. Storage cabinets shall be approved and shall be substantially

constructed to one and two-tenths millimeters (1.2 mm) sheet iron
or two and fifty four hundredths centimeters (2.54 cm) plywood or
equivalent. A minimum five centimeters (5 cm) sill shall be
provided, and cabinet shall be liquid tight to the top of the sill.
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Doors shall be equipped with latching device. Cabinets shall be
painted with an approved in tumescent type Fire 1 retardant paint.
Cabinets shall be conspicuously labeled in red letters “FLAMMABLE
LIQUIDS".
o. Storage cabinets shall be located at least eight meters (8 m) away

from any source of ignition.
p. Inside storage and handling rooms shall be constructed to meet

the required fire-resistive rating. An approved, supervised sprinkler
system shall be installed:
i. Opening to other rooms or buildings shall be provided with

noncombustible liquid-tight raised sills or ramps at least ten
centimeters (10 cm) in height or the floor in the room shall be at
least ten centimeters (10 cm) below the surrounding floors. . A
permissible alternate to the sill or ramp is an open-grated trench
inside the room. A downgraded flooring shall be provided for
spillage which drains to a safe location or an open-grated
trench.
ii. The room shall be provided with approved self-closing fire

doors. Where other portions of the building or other properties
are exposed, windows shall be of fire rated construction and
properly sealed to avoid the spread of vapor. Wood of at least
two and fifty four hundredths centimeters (2.54 cm) nominal
thickness may be used for shelving rack, dunnage scuff boards,
floor overlay and similar installations.
iii. Ventilation shall be designed to provide for a complete change

of air within the room at least six (6) times per hour. Ventilation
shall be installed in accordance with the provisions of NFPA
Pamphlet No. 91, "Blower and Exhaust System." It shall be
controlled by a switch located outside the door. The ventilation
equipment and any lighting fixtures shall be operated by the
same switch. A pilot light shall be installed adjacent to the
switch if Class I flammable liquids are dispensed or used within
the room.
iv. Inside storage and handling rooms shall contain at least one
aisle with a minimum width of one meter (1 m). Storage shall
not be closer one meter (1 m) to ceiling, or sprinkler heads or
other obstructions.
v. Stacking of containers shall be in accordance to Table 18

above.
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vi. Inside storage and handling room shall comply with approved,
supervised sprinkler system as shown in Table 19 below:
Table 19: SPRINKLER SYSTEMS FOR INSIDE STORAGE AND

HANDLING ROOMS OF FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS
SPRINKLER FIRE
MAXIMUM SIZE TOTAL LITERS
SYSTEM RESISTANCE
(Floor Area) ALLOWED
PROVIDED RATING
Yes 2 hours 46.5 sq. m 18, 925
No 2 hours 46.5 sq. m 7, 570
Yes 1 hour 13.9 sq. m 3,785
No 1 hour 13.9 sq. m 1,893
q. Outside Storage
i. Storage of over 100 drums of Class I liquids shall be limited to

groups of one hundred (100) drums, located at least eighteen
meters (18 m) from the nearest building or line of adjacent
property and each group shall be separated by at least twelve
meters (12 m).
ii. Storage of over three hundred (300) drums of Class II or III liquids
shall be limited to groups of three hundred (300) drums located
at least fifteen meters (15 m) from the nearest building or line of
adjoining property and each group shall be separated by at
least nine meters (9 m).
iii. The drum shall be stored in a safe location to prevent runoff or

drainage toward other storage of buildings. The area shall be
kept clear of grass weeds and other foreign combustibles. Signs
shall be posted prohibiting open flames and smoking. Fences
or other control measures shall be provided where necessary to
protect against tampering or trespassers.
iv. Storage of flammable or combustible liquids in closed

containers in quantities of eighteen thousand nine hundred
twenty five liters (18,925 ℓ) or less outside of buildings shall be
located with respect to buildings or line of adjoining property as
shown in the Table below. These distances may be reduced
with respect to warehouses and industrial buildings or
noncombustible or fire-resistive construction.
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Table 20: STORAGE OF FLAMMABLE OR COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS IN
CLOSED CONTAINERS OUTSIDE OF BUILDINGS
DISTANCE FROM BUILDING
OR LINE OF ADJOINING
QUANTITY IN LITERS
PROPERTY WHICH MAY BE
BUILT UPON IN METERS
CLASS I
1 to 568 (3 drums) 4.5
568 to 1892 (3 to 10 drums) 7.5
1893 to 18925 (10 to 100 drums) 15
CLASS II or III
1 to 568 (3 drums) 1.5
568 to 1892 (3 to 10 drums) 3
1893 to 18925 (10 to 100 drums) 9
v. In occupancies where the public is invited or allowed to enter,

the above distances shall be double.
vi. Combustible materials shall not be stored or be permitted to

accumulate adjacent to flammable or combustible liquid
storage outside of buildings in such a manner as to constitute a
dangerous exposure to the liquid storage in event of fire. A
distance of not less than four and a half meters (4.5 m) shall be
maintained between the liquid storage and any combustible
materials.
vii. Storage Limitation of Portable Tanks of flammable and

combustible liquids shall be in accordance with the Table 21
below:
Table 21: OUTDOOR PORTABLE TANK STORAGE

DISTANCE TO DISTANCE TO
DISTANCE
MAXIMUM PROPERTY LINES STREET
BETWEEN
CLASS PER PILE CAN BE BUILT ALLEY PUBLIC
PILES
(Liter) UPON WAY
(meter)
(meter) (meter)
IA 8,327 1 .5 6 3
IB 1 6,654 1 .5 6 3
IC 33,308 1 .5 6 3
II 66,616 1 .5 3 1 .5
Combustible 66,540 1 .5 3 1 .5
NOTES:
• When two or more classes of materials are stored in a single

pile, the maximum capacity in that pile shall be the smallest of
the two or more separate capacities. The identity of the more
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hazardous class and the total amount in the pile cannot
exceed that allowed for that class.
• Within sixty meters (60 m) of each group of portable tanks in a

pile, there shall be a three and five tenths (3.5) meters wide
access way to approach of fire control apparatus.
• The distances listed apply to properties that have protection

for exposures as defined. If there are exposures, and such
protection for exposure does not exist, the distances in column
4 shall be doubled.
• When total quantity stored does not exceed fifty (50) percent
of maximum per pile, the distances in columns 4 and 5 may be
reduced 50 percent, but not less than ninety-one centimeters
(91 cm).
• The storage of empty portable tanks, and containers, and

drums previously used for the storage of flammable or
combustible liquids, unless free from explosives vapors, shall be
the same as provided for the storage of flammable liquids;
provided, however, that the provisions of this Section shall not
apply to portable or safety containers cans.
• Tanks and containers when emptied shall immediately be

covered, replaced or plugged in the openings.
• Containers of flammable or combustible liquids when piled

one upon the other shall be separated to provide stability and
to prevent excessive stress on container walls. The height of
piles shall be consistent with the stability and strength of
containers. In no case shall nominal two hundred liters (200 ℓ)
in drums be stored over three times high without approved
structural support.
r. Dispensing
i. The dispensing of flammable or combustible liquids is limited to

not more than one hundred eight liters (108 ℓ) per container
drums at any time and shall be by approved pumps taking
suction through the top of the container.
ii. All mixing, blending, and similar operations involving the use of
flammable or combustible liquids shall be performed in an
inside storage and handling room of two (2) hours fire-resistive
construction.
s. Fire Protection. The following are requirements for fire protection in

the storage of flammable liquids:
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i. Approved portable firs-aid fire protection appliances;
ii. Approved, supervised sprinkler system;
iii. Pre-connected hose line of one and a half inch (1 ½ in)

diameter;
iv. Open flames, smoking and other sources of ignition, shall not be
permitted in flammable or combustible liquid storage rooms. A
“NO SMOKING” sign shall be posted; and
v. Materials, which react with water or other liquids to produce a

hazard, shall not be stored in the same room with flammable or
combustible liquids.
3. Specific Requirements for Bulk Plant and Storage
In the storage and dispensing of flammable and combustible liquids in

bulk and bulk plant, the following requirements shall be complied:
a. Class I, Class II and Class III flammable liquids shall be stored in

closed containers with a capacity exceeding that of portable
tanks. Such tanks may be stored aboveground or underground
outside the building.
b. For above ground tanks:
i. Tanks shall be installed or rest on the ground and on concrete

foundation, masonry, piling or steel. Tank foundation shall be
designed to minimize the possibility of uneven settling of the
tank and to minimize corrosion in any part of the tank resting on
the foundation;
ii. Tank support for Class I, Class II or Class III liquids shall be
installed on a firm foundation either of masonry or steel;
iii. Steel supports or exposed piling shall be protected with

materials having a fire resistance rating of not less than two (2)
hours; except that when it is supported by steel saddle, it shall
not be less than three tenths meter (0.3m) high at the lowest
point;
iv. Tanks when supported by sphere, special engineering

considerations shall be required to prevent excessive
concentration of loads on the supporting portion of the shell;
v. For tanks located in an area subject to flooding, precautions

shall be undertaken to prevent it from floating during rise of
water level.
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c. For underground tanks:
i. Underground tank storage for Class I, Class II or Class III liquids

shall be covered with a minimum of sixty centimeters (60 cm)
earth or shall be covered with not less than thirty centimeters
(30 cm) of earth on top of which shall be placed a slab of
reinforced concrete not less than ten centimeters (10 cm) in
thickness;
ii. Tanks subjected to traffic shall be protected against damage

from vehicles passing over them by at least ninety centimeters
(90 cm) of earth cover or fifty centimeters (50 cm) of well
tamped earth, and topped with 5 centimeters (5 cm) of
concrete or twenty centimeters (20 cm) of asphalted
concrete;
iii. Asphalted or reinforced pavement used as part of the

protection of the tank shall be extended at least thirty
centimeters (30 cm) horizontally beyond the outline of the tank
in all directions;
iv. Where tank may become buoyant due to rise in the level of
water table or due to location in area that may be subjected
to flooding, suitable precautions shall be observed to anchor
the tank in place.
d. Piping systems:
i. The design, fabrication, assembly, test, and inspection of piping

systems containing flammable and combustible liquids shall be
suitable for the expected working pressures and structural
stresses in conformity with the internationally accepted
standards.
ii. Joints shall be made liquid-tight and shall be either welded,

flanged, or threaded, except that listed flexible connectors
shall be permitted to be used where installed.
iii. Threaded joints shall be made up tight with a suitable thread

sealant or lubricant. Joints in piping systems handling Class I
liquids shall be welded when located in concealed spaces
within buildings.
iv. Pipe joints, dependent upon the friction characteristics or

resiliency of combustible materials for mechanical continuity or
liquid-tightness of piping, shall not be used inside buildings.
They shall be permitted to be used outside of buildings
aboveground or underground. If used aboveground or outside
of buildings, the piping shall either be secured to prevent
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disengagement at the fitting, or the piping system shall be so
designed that any spill resulting therefrom will not expose,
cause damage or harm to persons, buildings or structures and
could be readily controlled by remote valves.
v. Pipe systems shall contain a sufficient number of valves to

operate it properly and to protect the plant. Pipe systems
connected to pumps shall contain a sufficient number of valves
to control properly the flow of liquid in normal operation and in
event of physical damage. Connection to pipe lines of
equipment such as tank cars or tank vehicles discharging
flammable or combustible liquids into storage tanks by means
of pump, shall be provided with check valves for automatic
protection against backflow.
e. Vents location, arrangement, size and piping:
i. Vent pipes from tanks storing flammable or combustible liquids

shall be so located that the discharge point is outside of
buildings, shall terminate not less than two and forty two
hundredths meters (2.42 m) above the fill pipe opening and not
less than three and sixty four hundredths meters (3.64 m) above
the adjacent ground level. Vent pipes shall discharge only
upward or horizontally (not downward) in order to disperse
vapors. Vent pipes five centimeters (5 cm) or less in nominal
inside diameter shall not be obstructed by devices that will
reduce their capacity and thus cause excessive backpressure.
Vent pipe outlet shall be so located that flammable vapors will
not enter building openings or to be trapped under the eaves
of other obstructions. If the vent pipe is less than three meters (3
m) in length or greater than five centimeters (5 cm) in nominal
inside diameter, the outlet shall be provided with a vacuum
and pressure relief device, or there shall be an approved flame
arrester located in the vent line at the outlet. In no case shall a
flame arrester be located more than four and five tenths meters
(4.5) from the outlet and from the vent line.
ii. Vent lines from tanks shall not be used for any other purpose.
iii. Each tank shall be vented through piping adequate in size to

prevent blowback of vapor or liquid at the fill opening while
tank is being filled. Vent pipes shall not be less than thirty two
millimeters (32 mm) in nominal inside diameter.
iv. Vent pipes shall be so laid as to drain toward the tank without
sags or traps in which liquid can collect. They shall be so
located that they will not be subjected to physical damages.
Vent pipes from tanks storing the same class of liquids may be
260
connected into one outlet pipe. The outlet pipe shall be at
least one pipe size larger than the largest individual vent pipe
connected thereto. In no case shall the point of connection
between vent lines be lower than the top of any fill pipe
opening. The lower end of a vent pipe shall enter the tank
through the top and shall not extend into the tank more than
two and fifty-four hundredths centimeters (2.54cm).
f. Fill and discharge lines for Class I, II and III liquids, where practical,
shall enter tanks only through the top and shall be graded toward
the tank.
g. The fill-pipe opening shall be located outside of a building. For

flammable and combustible liquid storage, the fill-pipe opening
shall not be less than one and a half meters (1.5 m) from any door
or cellar opening. The fill-pipe for filling by tank car or tank truck
shall not be larger than ten centimeters (10 cm) in nominal inside
diameter and shall not be constricted. Fill-pipe opening shall be
identified by a definite color scheme or other means.
h. Gauge openings, if independent of fill-pipe, shall be provided with

a liquid-tight cap or cover. If inside a building, each opening shall
be protected against liquid overflow and possible vapor release by
means of a spring loaded check valve or other approved device.
i. Tanks used for storage of flammable or combustible liquids shall not

be installed inside buildings except in industrial establishments,
processing plants and service stations.
j. The storage of flammable and combustible liquids in aboveground

tanks outside of buildings shall be restricted within the limits
established by law or zoning ordinances.
k. Tank Loading and Unloading Facilities
In the loading and unloading of flammable and combustible

liquids, the following requirements shall be complied:
i. Noncombustible materials shall be used for the construction of

loading racks facilities.
ii. Tank car loading or unloading facilities shall have a distance of

at least seven and six tenths (7.6 m) for Class I liquids and at
least four and six tenths meter (4.6 m) for Class II and Class III
liquids, measured from the nearest fill spout or (liquid or vapor)
transfer connection. Buildings for pumps or shelters for
personnel may be a part of the facility.
261
iii. Equipment such as piping, pumps and meters used for the
transfer of Class I liquids between storage tanks and the fill stem
of the loading rack shall not be used for the transfer of Class II or
Class III liquids.
iv. Remote pumps located in underground tanks shall be installed

on the pump discharge side. A listed and approved leak
detection device that will provide an indication if the piping
system is not essentially liquid tight shall be installed. This device
shall be checked and tested at least annually according to the
manufacturer’s specifications to insure proper installation and
operation.
v. Loading at the top of a tank vehicle with Class I and Class II

liquid without vapor control is allowed if the following is
complied:
v.i. The valve used for the final control of the flow shall be of
the self-closing type and shall be manually held open;
and
v.ii. Automatic means are provided for shutting off the flow
when the tank is full.
vi. When bottom loading a tank vehicle, with or without vapor

control, a positive means shall be provided for loading a
predetermined quantity of liquid, together with an automatic
secondary shutoff control to prevent overfill. The connecting
components between the loading rack and the tank vehicle
required to operate the secondary control shall be functionally
compatible.
vii. When bottom loading a tank vehicle that is equipped with

vapor control, but when vapor control is not used, the tank shall
be vented to the atmosphere to prevent pressurization of the
tank. Such venting shall be at a height not lower than the top
of the cargo tank on the vehicle.
viii. When bottom loading a tank vehicle, the coupling between

the liquid loading hose or pipe and the truck piping shall be by
means of a dry disconnect coupling.
ix. Connections to the plant vapor control system shall be

designed to prevent the escape of vapor to the atmosphere
when not connected to a tank vehicle.
x. Loading racks facilities shall be equipped with protection

against static sparks during truck filling. Protection shall consist
of a bare metallic bond wire permanently electrically
262
connected to the fill stem or some part of the fill-stem piping.
The free end of such wire shall be provided with a clamp or
similar device for convenient attachment to some metallic part
of the cargo tank of the tank vehicle. The bond wire
connection shall be securely fastened prior to the opening of
the dome cover. It shall be maintained in place during the
entire filling operation and the dome covers shall be closed
before the bond wire is disconnected from the cargo tank.
xi. Each loading rack facility or property upon which a loading

rack facility is located shall be surrounded by a fence not less
than one five-tenths (1.5) meters high, constructed of wire mesh,
metal sheet or masonry.
xii. No person shall load or unload, or allow the loading or

unloading of a tank vehicle, unless such vehicle is entirely within
such enclosure. No person shall drive or allow the driving of any
tank vehicle, into or from the premises of a bulk plant, except
while traveling in a forward direction.
xiii. There shall be installed on each loading rack facility, riser pipe
between the ground and the outlet, and at least two valves,
one being of the lever-operated type and the other is of the
self-closing type, which may be readily operated from the
loading rack facility platform or top of the vehicle being filled. It
shall be unlawful for any person to tie or unlock such self-closing
valve in the open position.
xiv. Class I flammable liquids shall not be dispensed into containers

unless:
xiv.i. The nozzle and container are electrically inter-

connected;
xiv.ii. The metallic floor plate on which the container stands

while filling is electrically connected to the fill stem; or
xiv.iii. The fill stem is bonded to the container during filling

operations by means of a bond wire.
l. Drainage and Waste Disposal
i. Flammable or combustible liquids spilled at the loading or un-

loading areas shall not be directly discharged into the public
sewer and drainage system or natural waterways. Grading
driveways or intercepting canals with trench grating connected
to separator pits and/or other equally effective means shall be
constructed.
263
ii. Used or accumulated residues of flammable or combustible
liquids shall not be dumped on the ground, into sewers,
drainage ditches or storm drains, but shall be stored in tanks or
tight drums outside of any building until removed from the
premises.
iii. In buildings, rooms or other confined spaces in which

flammable or combustible liquids are stored, no combustible
waste materials shall be allowed to accumulate.
m. Electrical Equipment
All wirings and electrical equipment located within seven and one
half meters (7.5 m) of any portion of the loading rack facility shall
be designed, operated and installed in accordance with the latest
edition of the Philippine Electrical Code.
n. Testing
All tanks, whether shop-built or field erected, shall be tested. All

piping, before being covered, enclosed, or placed in use, shall be
hydrostatically tested to 150% of the maximum anticipated
pressure of the system, or pneumatically tested to 110% of the
maximum anticipated pressure of the system but not less than 5 psi
(34.5 kpa) gauge at the highest point of the system. This test shall
be maintained for a sufficient time to complete visual inspection of
all joints and connections, but for at least 10 minutes. A certificate
of testing shall be submitted to the City or Municipal Fire Marshal
o. Abandonment of Tanks
i. Any tank not used for a period of ninety (90) days, shall be
properly safeguarded or removed in a manner approved by
the City or Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction.
ii. Tanks "temporarily out of service" shall have fill line, gauge
opening and pump connection secured against tampering.
Vent lines shall remain open and maintained in accordance
with the requirements of this Rule for vent lines.
iii. Any aboveground tank, which has been abandoned for a

period of one (1) year, shall be removed from the property in a
manner approved by the City or Municipal Fire Marshal having
jurisdiction.
iv. Any underground tank, which has been abandoned for a

period of one (1) year, shall be removed from the ground and
the hole properly filled.
264
v. Tanks which are to be reinstalled for flammable or combustible
liquid service shall comply the same requirements in the
installation of tanks.
vi. Tanks which are to be placed back in service shall be tested

accordingly.
p. On Fire Protection
i. Flammable or combustible liquids shall not be handled, drawn

or dispensed where flammable vapors may reach a source of
ignition. Smoking shall be prohibited except in designated
locations. "NO SMOKING" signs shall be posted in conspicuous
places where hazard from flammable vapors is normally
present.
ii. Foam fire protection shall be provided for any aboveground

tank except floating roof type, or pressure tanks operating at or
above seventy and four-tenths grams (70.4 g) per square
centimeters gauge pressure, and used for the storage or
handling of Class I flammable liquids such that tank or group of
tanks are spaced less than fifteen (15) meters apart, shell to
shell, has a liquid surface area in excess of one hundred forty
square meters (140 m2).
iii. Legible signs shall be maintained at the entrance gate or gates

of each bulk plant and near each loading rack facility with the
words "NO SMOKING”. Restriction on the use of electronic
devices within the premises of bulk plants shall be observed.
iv. Signs identifying the pump master switch shall be labeled

"EMERGENCY PUMP SHUTOFF".
v. The master switch on all individual pump circuits switches shall

be set in the "OFF" position before closing the services station for
business at any time.
vi. Pressure system shall incorporate with each turbine, an indicator

light illuminated when the turbine is running. Said light shall be
visible from the dispensing pump island, and suitably identifiable
as to the system served.
4. Service Stations for Automobile
a. Service stations shall be constructed with facilities for storage,

handling and dispensing of flammable and combustible liquids,
including its equipment, appurtenances and service area in either
inside or outside buildings.
265
b. Service stations or portions thereof where flammable gases such as
but not limited to liquefied petroleum gases (LPG), liquefied natural
gases (LNG), or compressed natural gases (CNG) shall be
governed in a separate rule.
c. Buildings used for office, grocery store, rest room, utility room and
the like shall conform to the succeeding paragraphs hereof.
i. The service station location standard for facilities, clearances

and distance applicable to all kinds of lots from mid-block lot,
corner lot and passing-thru lot shall comply with the standards
set forth under Philippine National Standard on “Petroleum
Products-Retail Outlet-Health, Safety and Environment” -
PNS/DOE FS 1-1:2005.
ii. Apparatuses dispensing Class I flammable liquids into the fuel

tanks of motor vehicles of the public shall not be located at a
bulk plant unless separated by a fence or similar barrier from the
area in which bulk operations are conducted.
iii. Tanks shall be located to minimize the amount of maneuvering

necessary for the tank truck making the product delivery to
reach the fill openings whenever possible. Deliveries shall be
accomplished without the need for the truck to move or travel
in reverse.
iv. Tanks shall be located so that the tank truck making the
product delivery will not be on public right of way, block
motorists’ views of roadway, or impede the flow of vehicles or
pedestrians.
v. Tank edge shall not be less than one meter (1 m) from the
property line or any other buildings or structures. If soil stability
creates concern, qualified professional assistance is
recommended.
vi. Underground tanks or tanks under buildings shall be so located

with respect to existing building foundation and support so that
the load carried by the latter cannot be transmitted to the
tanks.
vii. Dispensing devices at automobile service stations shall be

located that all parts of a vehicle being serviced are within the
premises of the service station.
viii. Dispensing devices at automobile service stations shall be

located not less than six (6) meters from any building openings
and public ways. Such dispensing devices shall also be so
located that the nozzle, when hose is fully extended, shall not
266
reach within one and a half meters (1.5 m) of any building
opening.
ix. All dispensing devices shall be mounted on a concrete island

or shall otherwise be protected against collision damage by an
acceptable means. Dispensing device shall be securely bolted
in place. Dispensing devices shall be installed in accordance
with the manufacturers’ instruction. The minimum height of the
concrete island shall be not less than fifteen centimeters (15
cm).
x. Emergency controls shall be installed at a location acceptable

to the City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction, but
controls shall be not more than thirty meters (30 m) from
dispensers.
d. On Storage and Handling
i. Class I liquid shall be stored in closed containers or tanks

located underground or in special enclosures.
i-a. Special enclosures shall be liquid and vapor tight without

backfill. The sides, top and bottom of enclosures shall be
of reinforced concrete at least fifteen centimeters (15 cm)
in thickness, with openings for inspection through the top.
i-b. Tank connection shall be a closed pipe connection or

installation. Precautionary measures shall be provided
whereby portable equipment may be employed to
discharge to the outside any vapors, which might
accumulate, should leakage occur.
ii. Class I liquids shall not be stored or handled within a building

having a basement or pit into which flammable vapors may
travel unless such area is provided with ventilation designed to
prevent the accumulation of flammable vapors therein.
iii. Aboveground tanks located in an adjoining bulk plant may be

connected by piping to service station underground tanks. An
emergency shut-off valve shall be provided within the control of
service station personnel.
iv. Flammable and combustible liquids may be stored in an

approved container inside service station buildings, provided
that the following conditions are observed:
iv.a. Class I liquids stored in approved closed containers

of aggregate capacity not exceeding four hundred
fifty four liters (454 ℓ), provided that a single container
267
shall not exceed two hundred twenty seven (227 ℓ)
liters capacity and equipped with an approved
pump; and
iv.b. Class II and III liquids stored in approved containers of

not exceeding four hundred fifty five four liters (454 ℓ)
capacity for each class, with an aggregate capacity
not exceeding nine hundred eight liters (908 ℓ).
v. Piping, valves and fittings shall be in accordance with the

provisions of Specific Requirement for Bulk Plant and Storage.
vi. Class I liquids shall not be dispensed or transferred within a

service station building, except:
vi.a. When the dispensing device is connected to any

pump motor circuit energized by a switch located on
each dispenser and can be operated by removal or
displacement of the nozzle in its bracket;
vi.b. A clearly labeled manually operated pump master

switch is provided in an approved location, within
twenty-two meters (22 m) of, but not nearer than four
and six-tenths meters (4.6 m) to any dispensing
device. Where such master switch is not visible from
all dispensing devices, the location thereof shall be
indicated by approved signs;
vi.c. Signs identifying the pump master switch shall be

labeled "EMERGENCY PUMP SHUTOFF";
vi.d. The master switch on all individual pump circuits

switches shall be set in the "OFF" position before
closing the service station for business; and
vi.e. Pressure system shall incorporate with each turbine,

an indicator light illuminated when the turbine is
running. Said light shall be visible from the dispensing
pump island, and suitably identifiable as to the system
served.
vii. Class II and III liquids may be dispensed in lubrication or service

station buildings provided that flammable vapors do not reach
heating equipments or other sources of ignition. Smoking shall
be prohibited except in designated locations. "NO SMOKING"
signs shall be posted conspicuous areas where hazard from
flammable vapors is normally present.
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viii. No delivery of any flammable or combustible liquid shall be
made into portable containers unless such container is of
approved material and construction, having a tight closure with
screwed or spring cover, so designed that the contents can be
dispensed without spilling. The dispensing of flammable liquids
into fuel tanks of vehicles or into a container shall at all times be
under the supervision of a qualified attendant, except in service
stations not open to the public. Such stations may be used by
commercial, industrial, governmental or manufacturing
establishments for fueling vehicles used in connection with their
activities or operation. However, personnel of such
establishments shall have knowledge and skills in dispensing
flammable and combustible liquids.
ix. Dispensing Services
ix.a. Flammable and combustible Class I liquids shall be

transferred from underground tanks by means of fixed
pumps designed and equipped to allow control of
the flow and to prevent leakage or accidental
discharge. Supplemental means shall be provided
outside of the dispensing device whereby the source
of power may be readily disconnected in the event
of fire or other related accidents.
ix.b. Dispensing pumps that take suction at the top of the

container shall be of approved type as UL and FM
Listed or other equivalent internationally accepted
standard.
ix.c. Any device that operates through pressure within a

storage tank or container shall not be allowed, unless
the tank or container has been approved as pressure
vessels. In no case shall air or oxygen pressure be
used for dispensing flammable and combustible
liquids.
x. Pumps pressure delivery on service station shall be installed

above grade level outside of buildings and shall be located not
less than three meters (3 m) from line of adjoining property of
noncombustible materials with at least one (1) hour fire
resistance rating or from a property line that abut upon a public
right-of-way or thoroughfare.
x.a. Pumps installed above grade level shall be mounted

on a concrete foundation and shall be protected
against possible damage by vehicles.
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x.b. Submersible or subsurface pumps shall be installed in
accordance with approved standards.
xi. Special dispensing device
xi.a. Approved type are those but not limited to self-

service and remote preset types. At least one
qualified attendant shall be on duty while the station
is open to the public. The attendant's primary
function shall be to supervise, observe and control
the dispensing of Class I flammable and combustible
liquids. It shall be the responsibility of the attendant to
see to it that the dispensing of Class I liquids are in
approved portable containers.
xi.b. The attendant or supervisor on duty shall be capable

of performing the functions and assuming the
responsibilities covered as mentioned hereof.
xi.c. Instructions for the operation of dispensers shall be

posted in conspicuous places.
xi.d. Remote preset type devices are to be in the “OFF”

position while not in use so that dispensers cannot be
activated without the knowledge of the attendant.
xii. If the dispensing of Class I liquids at a service station available

and open to the public is to be done by a person other than
the service station attendant, the nozzle shall be of a listed and
approved automatic closing type.
xiii. Every service station open to the public shall have an attendant
or supervisor on duty duly qualified and/or trained by the BFP.
xiv. Piping, Valves and Fittings
xiv.a. Piping valves and fittings shall be designed for the

working pressure and structural stresses to which they
may be subjected. They shall be galvanized or
otherwise protected against external corrosion with
an approved material. All threaded joints or
connections shall be made up tight with the use of an
approved pipe joint sealing compound.
xiv.b. A check or manual valve shall be provided in the

discharge dispensing supply line from the pump with
a union between the valve and the same pump
discharge.
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xiv.c. An approved impact valve, incorporating a fusible
link, designed to close automatically in the event of
severe impact or fire exposure shall be properly
installed, rigidly mounted, and connected by a union
in the dispensing supply line at the base of each
dispensing device.
xiv.d. After completion of the installation, the system shall

be tested.
xv. All electrical equipment, wiring and wiring devices for service
stations shall comply with the latest edition of the Philippine
Electrical Code (PEC).
xvi. Classified area shall not extend beyond the un-pierce wall or
other solid partition as shown in Table 22 below:
Table 22: ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT HAZARDOUS AREA SERVICE STATIONS

NEC CLASS I,
LOCATION GROUP D EXTENT OF CLASSIFIED AREA
DIVISION
Any pit, box or space below grade
1 level, any part at which is within the
Division 1 to 2 of classified area
Up to forty six (46) centimeters level
Underground Tank-fill
within a horizontal radius of three (3)
Opening
meters from a loosen fill connection and
2
within the horizontal radius of one and a
half (1.5) meters from a tight fill
connection
Within ninety one (91) centimeters of
1 open and off vent, extending in all
Underground Tank- directions
Vent Discharging Area between ninety one (91)
Upward centimeters and one and a half (1.5)
2
meters of open and off vent, extending
in all directions
Any pit, box or space below grade level,
Dispenser-Pits 1 any part of which is within the Division 1
or 2 classified area
The area one and two-tenths (1.2)
meters vertically above grade within the
Dispenser-Enclosure 1
enclosure of forty six (46) meters in all
direction
Up to forty six (46) centimeters above
Dispenser-Outdoor grade level within six (6) meters
horizontally of any edge of enclosure
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NEC CLASS I,
LOCATION GROUP D EXTENT OF CLASSIFIED AREA
DIVISION
Up to forty six (46) centimeters above
Dispenser-Indoor with
grade or floor level within seven and six-
Mechanical 2
tenths (7.6) meters horizontally of any
Ventilation
edge of enclosure
Any pit, box or space below grade level
1 if any part is within a horizontal distant of
three (3) meters from any edge of pump
Remote Pump Within ninety one (91) centimeters of
Outdoor any edge of pump, extending in all
directions. Also up to forty six (46)
2
centimeters above grade level within
three (3) meters horizontally from any
edge of pump
1 Entire area within any pit
Within one and a half (1.5) meters of any
edge of pump, extending, in all
Remote Pump Indoor directions. Also up to ninety one (91)
2
centimeters above floor or grade level
within seven and six-tenths (7.6) meters
horizontally from any edge of pump.
1 Entire area within any pit
Area up to forty six (46) centimeters
Lubrication Room
2 above floor or grade level within entire
lubrication room
Lubrication Room Within ninety one (91)centimeters, of
Dispenser for Class I 2 any fill or dispensing point, extending in
Liquids all directions
Special Enclosure Entire enclosure
Inside Building per 1
Sec.23.703 (b)
If there is any opening of these rooms
within the extent of an outdoor classified
area, the entire room shall be the same
as the area classification at the point of
Sales Storage and Rest
Ordinary the opening. If there is any opening of
Rooms
these rooms within the extent of an
indoor classified area, the room shall be
classified the same as if the wall, curb or
partition did not exit.
xvii. Drainage and waste disposal
xvii.a. Flammable or combustible liquids spilled within the

premises of service stations shall not be directly
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discharged into the public sewer and drainage
system or natural waterways. Precautionary
measures to contain such spill shall be adopted but
not limited to grading driveways or intercepting
canals with trench grating for containment leading to
a catch basin with a capacity that can
accommodate the contents of the largest
compartment of the tank vehicle being dispensed.
xvii.b. Used or accumulated residues of flammable or

combustible liquids from separator pits and/or other
equally effective means shall not be dumped on the
ground, into sewers, drainage ditches or storm drains,
but shall be stored in tanks or tight drums outside of
any building until removed from the premises.
xvii.c. Pits intended to contain subsurface pumps or fittings

from submersible pumps shall not be longer than
necessary to contain the intended equipment and to
permit the free movement of hand tools operated
from above grade.
xvii.d. Pits and covers shall be designed and constructed to

withstand the external forces to which they may be
subjected. When located above any underground
tank, at least thirty centimeters (30 cm) of earth or
sand cover shall be maintained over the top of the
tank.
xvii.e. Pits shall be protected against ignition of vapors by

any of the following methods:
• Sealing the un-pierced cover with mastic or by

bolting against a gasket in an approved manner.
• Filling the pit with a noncombustible inert material.
5. Service stations inside buildings
a. Service stations inside buildings shall be separated from other

portions of the building by wall, partition, floor, or floor-ceiling
assemblies having a fire resistance rating of not less than two (2)
hours.
b. The dispensing area shall be located at street level, with no

dispensing device located more than fifteen meters (15 m) from
which vehicles exit to, or entrance from, the outside of the building.
Such area shall also be provided with an approved mechanical or
gravity ventilation system. Ventilating systems shall be electrically
interlocked with Class I dispensing devices so that the same cannot
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be operated unless the ventilating fan motors are energized.
c. Dispensing shall be limited to the area required to serve not more

than four (4) vehicles at a time;
d. Where an outside location is impractical, dispensing devices may

be approved inside garages or similar establishments that store,
park, service or repair automotive equipment, provided that the
following requirements are complied:
i. The dispensing device shall be located in a well ventilated area

of fire-resistive construction, and shall not be less than six meters
(6 m) from any activity involving sources of ignition;
ii. It shall be protected against physical damage from vehicles by

mounting impact barriers on a concrete island or by equivalent
means, and shall be located in a position where it cannot be
stuck by vehicle descending a ramp or other slope out of
control; and
iii. A remote emergency shutoff electric power to the dispensing

unit and the pump supplying it shall be provided at an
accessible location and shall be clearly labeled as to its
intended purpose.
e. Fire Protection
i. A minimum classification of Class 5-B, C fire extinguishers shall be

provided and so located that no pump, dispenser or fill-pipe
opening shall be of a greater distance than nine and fifteen
tenths meters (9.15 M) from such extinguishers and shall be
readily accessible where fires are likely to occur.
ii. Placement and size of fire extinguishers shall be in accordance

with Table 23 below.
Table 23: FIRE EXTINGUISHER SIZE AND

PLACEMENT FOR CLASS B HAZARDS
Maximum Travel
Basic Minimum
Distance to
Type of Hazard Extinguisher
Extinguishers
Rating
(m)
Light (low) 5-B 9.15
10-B 15.25
Ordinary (moderate) 10-B 9.15
20-B 15.25
Extra (high) 40-B 9.15
80-B 15.25
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iii. Existing service stations with dispensing areas located below
street level may be permitted, provided that an approved
automatic sprinkler system is installed and the provision of
paragraph e sub-para i above shall be complied.
f. Safety Precaution
i. The engine of all vehicles being fueled shall be shut-off during

fueling or re-fueling.
ii. Smoking, use of electronic devices and open flames are strictly
prohibited in areas where flammable or combustible liquids are
dispensed.
iii. Signs of the above prohibitions shall be posted within the

premises of the service station. A warning sign shall be
conspicuously posted in the dispensing area indicating that it is
unlawful and dangerous to dispense gasoline into unapproved
containers.
iv. All vendors using open flames are also prohibited within the
premises.
v. Necessary repairs of the service station involving hotworks shall

comply with the applicable provisions of Division 17 of this IRR.
6. Marine Service Stations
a. Marine service stations shall not be located at bulk plants unless

separated by a fence or similar barriers from the area in which bulk
operations are conducted.
b. Piers, wharves and floats where flammable or combustible liquid

dispensers are located shall be of fire-resistive construction and
impervious to spills of such liquids and oils within the immediate
area of the dispenser.
c. Flammable and combustible liquids may be stored in approved

portable containers within marine service station buildings. Storage
of Class I liquids in approved closed portable containers shall not
exceed thirty-eight liters (38 ℓ) aggregate capacity except within
rooms or buildings approved for such storage or which meet the
requirements of ventilation.
d. Class II or III liquids may be stored and dispensed inside marine

service station buildings from approved containers of not more
than four hundred fifty five liters (455 ℓ) capacity, provided that;
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i. Tanks, valves, fittings and piping for flammable or combustible
liquids and liquefied petroleum gases are approved for such
use and fully protected from external-corrosion.
ii. There shall be no connection between any aboveground tank

and any underground tank except that aboveground tanks
located in an adjoining bulk plant may be connected by
piping to marine service station underground tanks if, in
addition to valves at the above ground tanks, a valve is also
installed within control of marine service station.
iii. Pipelines of marine service stations attached to piers, wharves

or other structures shall be fully protected against physical
damage and excessive stresses.
iv. A valve capable of shutting off supply from the shore shall be
provided in each product line at or near the approach of the
pier, wharf or other structure and an approved quick throw
valve shall be provided above each flexible connection to stop
flow to float in the event of rupture or such flexible connections.
v. Not more than two flexible connections shall be permitted in

any line leading from any pier or wharf to a float. When
unusual conditions exist, additional flexible connections may be
allowed subject to the approval of the City/Municipal Fire
vi. All commodity piping at marine service stations shall be welded

or welded flanged of steel construction. Screwed piping of five
centimeters (5 cm) or less in diameter shall be permitted.
vii. Piping systems used in handling Class I liquids shall be grounded

to control stray electrical current.
viii. Testing of piping systems shall be in accordance with

applicable provisions of this IRR on testing.
e. Wharves, piers, or floats at marine service stations shall be used

exclusively for the dispensing or transfer of petroleum products to or
from marine craft, except that transfer of essential supplies for ship
stores is permitted. Sales of ship stores or merchandise shall not be
allowed in an area where fuel is dispensed into the tank of motor
crafts.
i. Tanks and pumps, other than those integral with approved

dispensing devices that supply flammable or combustible
liquids at marine service stations, shall be located only on shore.
Approved dispensing devices with or without integral pumps
may be located on shore piers of solid fill type, open pier,
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wharves of floating docks, but only upon express permission of
ii. Dispensing of flammable or combustible liquids and liquefied

petroleum gases shall at all times be under the direct control of
competent person who is fully aware of the operation,
mechanics, and hazards inherent to fueling of boats.
iii. Dispensing of flammable or combustible liquids into the fuel

tanks of marine crafts shall be by means of an approved type
hose, equipped with a listed automatic closing nozzle with
latch open device.
iv. Hoses used for dispensing or transferring flammable or

combustible liquids shall be reeled, racked or otherwise
protected from mechanical damage when not in use.
v. Fueling of floating marine crafts other than from a marine

service station is prohibited.
vi. No delivery of any flammable or combustible liquids shall be

made into portable containers unless such containers is of
approved material and construction, having a tight closure
with screwed or spring cover, so designed that the contents
can be dispensed without spilling.
vii. Liquefied petroleum gas cylinders shall not be filled or

discharged at any petroleum marine service station without first
obtaining written permission from the City/Municipal Fire
Marshal having jurisdiction. Approved storage facilities for
liquefied petroleum gas cylinders shall be provided.
viii. The dispensing area shall be located away from other

structures to provide room for safe ingress and egress of crafts
to be fueled. Dispensing units shall, in all cases, be at least six
meters (6 m) from any activity involving fixed sources of ignition.
f. Fire Prevention Regulations
i. All marine facilities shall be maintained in a neat and orderly

manner and no accumulation of rubbish or waste oils in
excessive amounts shall be permitted. Any spills of flammable
or combustible liquids at or upon the water of marine service
stations shall be reported immediately to the BFP and port
authorities.
ii. Metal containers with tight-fitting or self-closing metal lids shall

be provided for the temporary storage of combustible trash or
rubbish.
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iii. No vessel or craft shall be allowed to moor or berth at any fuel
docks serving a marine services station, except during fueling
operations.
iv. No construction, maintenance, repair or reconditioning work

involving the use of open flames or arcs or spark-producing
devices shall be performed at any marine service station facility
or within fifteen meters (15 m) of the dispensing facilities
including piers, wharves, or floats. The City/Municipal Fire
Marshal having jurisdiction may grant permission in writing to
make repair provided no fueling is done at the pier, wharf, of
float during the course of such emergency repairs.
v. All electrical equipment must comply with the latest edition of

the Philippine Electrical Code as it applies to wet, damp and
hazardous location. Clearly identified emergency switches
readily accessible in case of fire at any dispensing unit shall be
provided on each main float and at the shore approach to the
pier, wharf or floating dock, to shut off power to all pump
motors from any individual location and reset only from the
master switch. Each switch shall be identified by an approved
sign: "EMERGENCY PUMP SHUTOFF". The master switch shall be
set in the "OFF" position before closing a marine service station.
Pressure system shall incorporate with each turbine an indicator
light illuminated when the turbine is running. Said lights shall be
visible from the shore approach and from the dispenser
location and suitably identify the system served.
vi. Smoking or open flames shall be prohibited within fifteen meters

(15 m) of fueling operations. "NO SMOKING" signs shall be
posted conspicuously within the premises. Such signs shall have
letters not less than centimeters (10 cm) in height on a
background of contrasting color.
vii. Boat owners or operators shall not offer their craft for fueling
unless the tanks being filled are properly vented to dissipate
fumes to the outside atmosphere.
viii. There shall be prominently displayed at the face of each wharf,

pier of float at such elevation as to be clearly visible from the
decks of marine craft being fueled, a sign or signs with letters
not less than eight centimeters (8 cm) in height in a
background of contrasting color bearing the following or
equivalent wording:
WARNING
NO SMOKING - STOP ENGINE WHILE FUELING.
SHUT OFF ELECTRICITY. DO NOT START ENGINE UNTIL AFTER
BELOW-DECK SPACES ARE VENTILATED
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g. Fire Protection
i. Appropriate communication means shall be available for

calling the Fire Department. Such means may consist of a
proprietary alarm system, a firefighters’ alarm box or telephone
not requiring a coin to operate. It must be within meters (30 m)
of the premises of a marine service station.
ii. Piers, wharves and floats at marine service stations shall be

equipped with wet standpipes connected to a reliable water
supply with piping not less than five centimeters (5 cm) in
diameter.
iii. Pipe fittings and joints shall be adequately treated to protect

metal from corrosion. A flexible connection may be permitted
between the dock or pier and any floating deck.
iv. Hose stations shall be equipped with a thirty-eight millimeter (38

mm) valve, at least twenty-two meters (22 m) of approved fire
hose, and a combination fog and straight streams shutoff type
nozzle. Hose stations shall be so spaced as to provide
protection to any portion of docks, piers, wharves or floating
crafts. Hose shall be enclosed within a cabinet connected and
mounted on a reel or rack for instant use. Hose stations shall be
labeled "FIRE HOSE-EMERGENCY USE ONLY". All tests and valves
must meet the approval of the City/Municipal Fire Marshal
v. Fire extinguishers each having a rating of 20-B, C shall be

provided as follows: One (1) on each float and one (1) on the
pier or wharf within seven and a half meters (7.5 m) of the head
of the gangway to the float, except that where the office is
within seven and a half meters (7.5 m) of the gangway or is on
the float, an extinguisher at the head of the gangway need not
be provided.
7. Processing Plants
a. On storage and handling
The manner of storage, handling, dispensing and fire protection of

flammable or combustible liquids in Processing Plants shall comply
with the requirements and standards set forth under bulk and bulk
plants storage, and the requirements and standards on portable
storage. In addition, the following requirements shall also be
complied:
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i. Mixing or blending rooms or buildings shall meet the design
requirements set forth under the rule on “Design and
Construction of Inside Storage and Handling Rooms.”
ii. Vessels used for mixing or blending of Class I flammable liquids

shall be provided with self-closing, tight-fitting noncombustible
lids that will control fire within such vessels. Where such devices
are impracticable, approved automatic or manually controlled
fire-extinguishing systems/devices shall be provided.
iii. All equipment, such as vessels, machinery, and piping, where

an ignitable mixture could be present shall be bonded or
connected to a ground. The bond or ground or both shall be
physically applied or shall be inherently present by the nature of
the installation. Electrically isolated sections of metallic piping
or equipment shall be bonded to the other portions of the
system or individually grounded to prevent the hazardous
accumulation of static electricity.
8. Refineries, Chemical Plants and Distilleries
a. On Storage and Handling
The manner of storage, handling, dispensing and fire protection of

flammable or combustible liquids in Refineries, Chemical Plants and
Distilleries shall comply the requirements and standards for bulk and
bulk plants storage, requirements and standards on portable
storage. In addition, the following requirements shall also be
complied:
i. Processing units shall be located to at least one side to make it

accessible for the purpose of fire control. Where topographical
conditions are such that flammable or combustible liquids may
flow from a processing area to constitute a fire hazard to other
properties, provisions shall be made to divert or impound the
flow by curbs, drains or other suitable means.
ii. Water shall be available in pressure and quantity sufficient to

provide cooling streams for any unit of any tank in the
processing area. Hoses and hydrants shall be available in
sufficient number to provide application for cooling streams.
9. Crude Oil Production
a. On Storage and Handling
The manner of storage and fire protection of flammable or

combustible liquids in crude oil production shall comply the
standards and requirements for bulk and bulk plants storage and
280
standards and requirements for portable storage. In addition, the
following requirements shall also be complied:
i. Oil wells shall have a minimum distance of fifty meters (50 m)

from a surface property line.
ii. No oil well shall be drilled within fifty meters (50 m) or one and
one half (1-1/2) times the height of the derrick, whichever is
greater from any road or highway or major aboveground utility
line or railroad.
iii. No oil well shall be drilled nor production equipment and

storage tank installed within less than the following setbacks:
iii.a. One hundred sixteen meters (116 m) from an existing

occupied building and/or habitable dwelling
iii.b. One hundred sixteen meters (116 m) from educational

facility, public places assembly and institutional
occupancy
iv. No boiler, fired vessel, heater-breather, open flame device or

other potential sources of ignition shall be located nearer than
fifty meters (50 m) to any oil well or storage tank. Vehicles and
equipment used in the drilling and well servicing operations are
exempt from the above provision.
v. No sump or other basin for the retention of oil or petroleum

products shall exceed three hundred seventy centimeters (370
cm) in width.
vi. No sump or other basin for the retention of oil or petroleum

products, larger than one hundred eighty centimeters (180 cm)
deep shall be maintained longer than sixty (60) days after the
cessation of drilling operations.
vii. Sumps, diversion ditches or depressions used as sumps shall be

securely fenced or covered.
viii. Adequate blowout prevention equipment shall be used on all

well servicing operations. Blowout prevention equipment shall
contain pipe rams that enable closure on the pipe being used.
The choke line and kill lines shall be anchored, tied or otherwise
secured to prevent whipping resulting from pressure surges.
ix. Blowout prevention equipment shall be inspected daily and a

preventer operating test shall be performed on each round trip,
but not more than once every twenty-four (24) hours. Notation
of operating tests shall be made on the daily report.
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x. Drilling operations shall not proceed until blowout prevention
equipment are tested and found to be serviceable.
xi. Berms shall be constructed around crude oil and condensate

storage tanks in the absence of remote impounding. It shall
enclose an area sufficient to contain at least one hundred fifty
percent (150%) of the largest single tank.
xii. Not more than two (2) crude oil and condensate storage tanks
shall be located within a single berm.
xiii. Berms shall be inspected at regular intervals to maintain

containment integrity.
xiv. Where soundproofing material is required during oil field

operations, such materials shall be non-combustible. A fire-
retardant treated material may be used and maintained
subject to the approval of the City/Municipal Fire Marshal
10. Tank Vehicles for Flammable and Combustible Liquids
The manner of storage, handling, operation and fire protection in tank

vehicle for flammable or combustible liquids shall comply the following
requirements:
a. On Storage, Handling and Operation
i. Design and Construction of Tank Vehicle
i.a. Tank vehicles shall be designed, constructed, equipped

and maintained in accordance with NFPA 385, “Standard
for Tank Vehicles for Flammable and Combustible Liquid.”
Design of the tank vehicle shall consider the structural
relationship between the cargo tank, propulsion
equipment, and the supporting members with due regard
to the weight and temperature of the cargo, road
performance, braking and required ruggedness. The
general design of the cargo tank and vehicle chassis shall
be arranged to give the best combination of structural
characteristics and vehicle performance.
i.b. The material used in the construction of cargo tanks shall

be compatible with the chemical characteristics of the
flammable and combustible liquids to be transported.
i.c. If a single cargo tank is divided into compartments of

different specification construction, each compartment
282
shall conform to the specification requirements and shall
be identified with a permanent non-corrosive metal plate.
i.d. Any cargo tank designed for transporting materials at

liquid temperatures above ambient temperatures shall
have a non-corrosive metal warning plate permanently
affixed to the tank or tank frame located conspicuously at
the right side near the front specifying the maximum
allowable cargo temperature. Stamped or embossed
characters shall be at least thirteen millimeters (13 mm) in
height.
ii. Full Trailers and Semi-Trailers
ii.a. Trailers shall be firmly and securely attached to the vehicle

drawing them, in a manner conforming to accepted
engineering practice.
ii.b. Each full trailer and semi-trailer shall be equipped with

reliable brakes on all wheels, and adequate provision shall
be made for their efficient operation from the driver's seat
of the vehicle drawing the trailer or semi-trailer.
ii.c. Trailer connections shall be such as to prevent the towed

vehicle from whipping or swerving from side to side
dangerously or unreasonably, and shall cause the trailer to
follow substantially in the path of the towing vehicle.
iii. Operation of Tank Vehicles
iii.a. Tank vehicles shall not be operated unless they are in

proper state of serviceability, devoid of accumulation of
grease, oil or other flammable and from leaks.
iii.b. Drivers shall be thoroughly trained in the operation of tank

vehicles and proper procedures for loading and
unloading.
iii.c. Dome covers shall be closed and latched while the tank
vehicle is in transit.
iii.d. No tank vehicle shall be operated with a cargo

temperature above the maximum allowable cargo
temperature specified on the warning sign.
iii.e. Flammable and combustible liquids shall be loaded only

into cargo tanks whose material used in construction shall
be compatible with the chemical characteristics of the
liquid being loaded. The flammable and combustible
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liquid being loaded shall also be chemically compatible
with the liquid hauled on the previous load unless the
cargo tank compartment, piping, pumps, meters and hose
has been thoroughly cleaned and completely drained.
iii.f. Class II or Class III liquids shall not be loaded into a

compartment adjacent to Class I liquids unless double
bulkheads are provided, nor shall chemically non-
compatible chemicals be loaded into adjacent
compartments unless separated by double bulkheads.
iii.g. Repair of tank vehicles shall be made with caution. No

repair shall be made when there is presence of hazard
due to combustible vapors nor any loaded tank vehicle
be repaired in a closed garage.
iii.h. Cargo tank shall not be repaired using any method

employing a flame, arc, or other sources of ignition, unless
the tank is maintained vapor-free or otherwise made safe
in an approved manner.
iv. Loading and unloading tank vehicles
iv.a. Loading and unloading of tank vehicles shall only be done

in approved locations prescribed by the concerned
agency.
iv.b. Flammable or combustible liquid shall not be transferred to

or from any tank vehicles, unless the parking brake is
securely set and all other reasonable precautions have
been taken to prevent motion of the vehicle.
iv.c. The driver, operator or attendant of any tank vehicle shall

not leave the vehicle while it is being filled or discharged.
Delivery hose, when attached to a tank vehicle, shall be
considered a part of the tank vehicle.
iv.d. Engine of tank vehicles shall be shut down during making

or breaking hose connections. If loading or unloading is
done without the use of a power pump, the tank vehicle
motor shall be shut down throughout such operations.
iv.e. Cargo tank or a compartment thereof used for the

transportation of any flammable or combustible liquid shall
not be loaded liquid full. The unfilled space (outage) in a
cargo tank or compartment thereof used in the
transportation or combustible liquids shall in no case be
less than one percent (1%). Sufficient space (outage) shall
be left vacant in every case to prevent leakage from or
284
distortion of such tank or compartment by expansion of
the contents due to rise in temperature in transit.
iv.f. The driver, operator or attendant of any tank vehicle shall,

before making delivery to any tank, determine the unfilled
capacity of such tank by a suitable gauging device. To
prevent overfilling, he shall not deliver in excess of that
amount.
iv.g. During loading, hatch covers shall be secured on all

compartments except in the receiving compartments.
iv.h. Delivery of Class I liquids to underground tanks of more

than three thousand eight hundred liters (3,800 ℓ) capacity
shall be made by means of mechanically tight
connections between the hose and the fill pipe.
iv.i. Where a cargo tank is filled through bottom loading, a

positive means shall be provided for loading a
predetermined quantity of liquid and an automatic
secondary shut-off control shall be installed in each
compartment to prevent overfill. The secondary shutoff
control system shall be labeled as to manufacturer and
type and any electrical system used for secondary shut-off
shall be in accordance with Philippine Electrical Code.
iv.j. No material shall be loaded into or transported in a tank

vehicle at a temperature above its ignition temperature
unless properly safeguarded in an approved manner.
iv.k. The cargo tank shall be bonded to the fill stem or to some
part of the rack structure, electrically interconnected with
the fill-stem piping, except tank vehicles loading any
flammable or combustible liquids through bottom
connections and tank vehicles used exclusively for
transporting Class II and Class III liquids when loaded at
locations where no Class I liquids are handled.
iv.l. The cargo tank shall be bonded to the fill pipe when
loading. The bond-wire connection shall be made prior to
opening the dome covers. It shall be maintained in place
during the entire filling operation and the dome covers
shall be securely closed before the bond wire is
disconnected from the cargo tank.
iv.m. No external bond-wire connection or bond-wire integral to

a hose shall be needed for the unloading of flammable
and combustible liquids into underground tanks or when a
285
tank vehicle is loaded or unloaded through tight
connections to an aboveground or through bottom
connections.
v. Vapor recovery process
v.a. In all cases where underground tanks are equipped with

any type of vapor recovery system, all connections shall
be safe and designed to prevent release of vapors at
grade level and shall remain connected throughout the
loading and unloading process.
v.b. For bottom loading vehicles, where vapor recovery is not

required, the tank vapor system shall be open to the
atmosphere to prevent pressurization of the tank and the
vapor system.
v.c. The vapor recovery connection of the bottom-loading

tank vehicles equipped with a vapor recovery system shall
be used to lead vapor away from the loading area using
terminal vapor recovery system, discharge standpipe, or
by opening the tank fill opening (manholes).
v.d. Where a “dry disconnect vapor recovery adapter” is used,

provisions shall be made to ensure that the vapor recovery
system is fully vented before unloading to prevent collapse
of the tank.
vi. Parking and Garaging
vi.a. No person shall leave a tank vehicle unattended on any

street, highway, avenue or alley;
vi.b. No person shall park a tank vehicle at any one point for
longer than one (1) hour except:
• Off a street, highway, avenue of alley.
• Inside a bulk plant and seven and a half meters (7.5 m)

from the property line or within a building approved for
such use.
• At other approved locations not less than fifteen

meters (15 m) from any building except those
approved for the storage or servicing of such vehicles.
• When, in case of breakdown or other emergency, the

operator must leave the vehicle to take necessary
action to correct the emergency.
286
vi.c. Tank vehicles shall not be parked or garaged in any
building other than those specifically approved for such
use by the concerned agency.
b. On Fire Protection and Other Safety Measures
i. Tank vehicles used for the transportation of any flammable or

combustible liquids, regardless of the quantity being
transported, whether loaded or empty shall be conspicuously
and legibly marked. Such markings shall display the following:
i.a. Vehicle manufacturer;

i.b. Manufacturer’s serial number;
i.c. Date of manufacture;
i.d. Original test date;
i.e. Certificate date;
i.f. Design pressure;
i.g. Head material;
i.h. Shell material;
i.i. Weld material;
i.j. Lining material;
i.k. Nominal tank capacity by compartment;
i.l. Maximum product load;
i.m. Loading limits;
i.n. Unloading limits;
ii. These markings shall not be modified, obstructed, made

inaccessible or unreadable by paints or any fixtures.
iii. Installation of any plate onto the tank with these markings shall
not compromise the safety of the tank.
iv. Placards/ warning signs shall comply with NFPA 704, “Standard
System for the Identification of the Hazards of Materials for
Emergency Response” and/or other internationally accepted
standard for signage. The size of signage shall measure at least
two hundred seventy three millimeters (273 mm) on both sides
and have a thirteen millimeters (13 mm) inner solid line border.
The text indicating the hazard and the hazard class should be
at least forty-one millimeters (41 mm).
v. In addition to the markings and warning signs, a certification

signed by a responsible official of the manufacturer of the
cargo tank, or from a competent testing agency, certifying that
each cargo tank is designed, constructed, and tested in
compliance with NFPA 385, “Standard for Tank Vehicles for
Flammable and Combustible Liquid” and applicable standards
and such certification shall be retained in the files of the carrier
287
at all times that such cargo tank is engaged in the transport of
flammable and combustible liquids.
vi. Smoking is prohibited while driving, making deliveries, filling or

making repairs to tank vehicles.
vii. While loading or unloading, extreme care shall be taken to

keep away fire and to prevent persons in the vicinity from
smoking, lighting matches, or carrying any flame or lighted
cigar, pipe or cigarette.
viii. Each tank vehicle shall have at least one (1) unit of twenty
pounds (20 lb) or two (2) units of ten pounds (10 lbs) BC-rating
portable fire extinguisher.
ix. Fire extinguishers shall be kept and maintained in good

operating conditions at all times. They shall be visibly located in
an accessible place on each tank vehicle and shall be
protected from damage and impact.
x. Trailer/tank vehicle operators, contractors, drivers, handlers and

crews shall have undergone proper qualification by a
concerned agency. Crews shall include repair and
maintenance personnel.
B. Fire Safety Clearance
A Fire Safety Clearance shall be obtained from the City/Municipal Fire

Marshal having jurisdiction for the following:
1. Storage, handling or use of Class I flammable liquids in excess of three

and eight tenths liters (3.8 ℓ) in any dwelling or other place of human
habitation; or in excess of nineteen liters (19 ℓ) in any other building or
other occupancy; or in excess of thirty eight liters (38 ℓ) outside of any
building, except:
a. Storage or use of flammable liquids in the fuel tank of a motor

vehicle, aircraft, motorboat, mobile power plant or mobile heating
plant.
b. Liquids used for building maintenance, painting, or other similar

infrequent maintenance purposes shall be permitted to be stored
temporarily in closed containers safely secured outside of storage
cabinets or inside storage area, limited to an amount that does not
exceed six (6) days supply at anticipated rates of use.
2. Storage, handling, or use of Class II or III liquids in excess of ninety five

liters (95 ℓ) in a building; or in excess of two hundred twenty seven liters
288
(227 ℓ) outside a building except for fuel oil used in connection with oil
burning equipment.
3. Installation and use of equipment and premises for the storage,

handling, use or sale of flammable or combustible liquids as herein
stipulated. The required permit shall be obtained prior to the
commencement of any work, installation, use of equipment of
premises for the storage and handling and sale of combustible and
flammable liquids.
4. A material safety data sheet (MSDS) shall be a pre-requisite in the

application of such fire clearance.
5. Prior to removal, abandonment, place temporarily out of service or

otherwise disposal of any flammable or combustible liquid tank. For this
purpose a proper disposal and/or abandonment procedure shall be
submitted.
6. Where more than one hundred (100) drums of flammable and/or

combustible liquids are to be stored outside of the buildings, plans of
storage area and building structures shall be submitted showing
methods of storage, quantities to be stored, distance from buildings
and property lines, access ways between group of drums, fire
protection facilities, and provisions for drainage and runoff.
SECTION 10.3.4.3 GAS
In order to handle variety of gases effectively, consider classification of gases

which based on the physical property and primary use. Gases are classified
as cryogenic, compressed and liquefied.
SECTION 10.3.4.3.1 CRYOGENIC FLUIDS
Cryogenic fluids except those used as refrigerants in refrigerating systems shall

be stored, handled and transported as follows:
A. Storage and Handling
1. Cryogenic Fluids shall be stored inside containers with the following

design:
a. Containers used for the storage and handling of cryogenic fluids

shall be in accordance with the materials and design requirements
set forth in the Philippine Society of Mechanical Engineers (PSME)
Code, particularly Chapter 7 for boilers and pressure vessels, or with
the applicable standards of the Department of Energy (DOE)
and/or Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), or other concerned
government agencies.
289
b. Metallic containers shall be built, inspected and tested in
accordance with applicable provisions of the PSME Code for
Design and Construction of Large, Welded, Low-Pressure Storage
Tanks, depending on the temperature and pressure of the product
stored.
c. Concrete containers shall be built in accordance with the

applicable provisions of the National Building Code. Barrier
materials used in connection with concrete but not functioning
structurally shall be made of materials authorized by the PSME
Unfired Pressure Vessel Code.
d. Pressurized containers shall be protected by a pressure-relieving

device or devices. If only one pressure relief device is used, it shall
be set to operate a pressure not to exceed the Maximum
Allowable Working Pressure (MAWP). Additional relief devices may
be set to operate at a higher pressure but shall not exceed one
hundred ten percent (110%) of the MAWP.
i. Containers that may be subjected to an exposure to fire

hazards shall be protected by pressure relieving devices
designed to protect against excessive pressure caused by such
exposures. Such devices shall be set to operate at a pressure
not in excess of one hundred ten percent (110%) of the MAWP,
and shall have a relieving capacity sufficient to prevent the
pressure from rising more than twenty percent (20%) above the
MAWP. If only one device is used, it shall be set to operate at a
pressure not to exceed the MAWP.
ii. Relief devices shall be located so that they are readily

accessible for inspection and repair and shall be protected
against tampering. All relief devices shall be so designed or
located to prevent accumulation of moisture and freezing
which would interfere with the proper operation of the device.
iii. No shutoff valves shall be installed between relief valves and

container except that shutoff valves may be used on multiple
valve installations where the arrangement of the valves will
provide the required flow through the relief devices at all times.
iv. Outer containers shall be equipped with pressure and vacuum

relief devices or rupture discs to adequately protect the
container.
v. Heat exchangers and similar vessels shall be protected with a

relieving device of sufficient capacity to avoid pressure in case
of an internal failure.
290
vi. Safety relief valves shall normally be mounted in a vertical
position and shall not be subjected to low temperature except
when operating.
e. Containers shall be provided with substantial concrete or masonry

foundations, or structural steel supports on firm concrete or
masonry foundations. Foundations and supports shall be of a
material and design to withstand the low temperature effects of
cryogenic fluid spillage. Structural steel supports, above forty-six
centimeters (46 cm) in height, or flammable cryogenic fluid
container shall be protected with protective coating having a fire-
resistance rating of two (2) hours.
f. Horizontal containers shall be so mounted on foundations as to

permit expansion and contraction. Every container shall be
supported to prevent the concentration of excessive loads on the
supporting portion of the shell. That portion on the container in
contact with foundation or saddles shall be protected against
corrosion.
g. Secure anchorage or elevation of container shall be provided in an

area that may be subjected to flooding.
h. Storage containers, piping, valves, regulating equipment, and

other accessories shall be protected against physical damage and
against tampering.
i. Containers shall be secured as may be necessary to prevent

shifting or upset.
2. Containers shall be equipped with drainage, dikes and walls having

the following conditions:
a. The area surrounding a container for cryogenic fluids shall be diked

to prevent accidental discharge of fluids thereby endangering
adjacent containers, buildings and equipment, adjoining property
or reaching waterways.
b. Drainage shall be provided at a slope of not less than one percent

(1%) away from the container towards an impounding basin or an
appropriate means of disposal having a capacity equal to the
container being served. This termination area and the route of the
drainage system shall be so located that a fire occurring in
drainage system will not seriously endanger adjacent containers or
property.
c. Where diked areas are utilized to provide the required protection,

the following shall apply:
291
i. More than one container may be installed in a single area
provided:
i.a. The usable volume of the enclosure shall be at least one

hundred percent (100%) of the capacity of the largest
container enclosed,
i.b. Containers shall be elevated above grade so that

cryogenic liquids will not reach the outside container wall
in the event of a liquid spill, or
i.c. If cryogenic liquids can reach the outside container wall,

the material that can be wetted by spilled liquid shall be
suitable for use at the temperature of the liquid with the
lowest normal boiling point within the enclosure.
ii. Dike walls shall be of earth or other materials compatible to the

fluid stored, designed to be liquid tight, and to withstand
thermal shock.
iii. The dike and diked area shall be kept clear of all weeds, grass,
and other combustible materials.
iv. Containers of cryogenic fluids shall not be located within dikes

enclosing flammable or combustible liquid containers, liquefied
petroleum gas (LPG) containers or compressed gas containers.
3. Location of Aboveground Containers with Respect to Exposure
a. A cryogenic fluid container or containers with an aggregate

capacity in excess of seven hundred fifteen thousand liters (715,000
ℓ) and their loading stations shall be located at a minimum of
fifteen meters (15 m) from a building utilized for the production of
such fluids. Such container or containers and their loading stations
shall be located a minimum of thirty meters (30 ℓ) from
aboveground storage of flammable or noncombustible liquids and
from any building of such construction or occupancy which
constitute an exposure of hazard to a container in the event of fire
or explosion in said buildings. When the capacity is seven hundred
fifteen thousand liters (715,000 ℓ) or less, the distance required from
aboveground storage of flammable or combustible liquids and
buildings which constitute an exposure to hazard shall be based on
the capacity of the container or containers and the physical
features of the installation with three meters (3 m) being the
minimum distance allowed.
b. The minimum distance from the edge of a flammable cryogenic

container having a capacity in excess of seven hundred fifteen
thousand liters (715,000 ℓ), to the nearest building or group of
292
buildings not associated with the cryogenic liquid plant, or to the
property line of public way shall be sixty meters (60 m). In no case
shall the distance from the dike surrounding the container or the
distance from a drainage area be less than thirty meters (30) from
the nearest building or group of buildings or the property line or
public way.
c. Flammable cryogenic fluid container with a capacity of eleven

thousand liters (11,000 ℓ) or less shall be located in accordance with
NFPA 50A, “Standard for Gaseous Hydrogen Systems at Consumer
Sites.”
d. Containers and equipment used in the storage and handling of

liquid oxygen shall be installed and maintained in accordance with
NFPA 55, “Standard for the Storage, Use, and Handling of
Compressed and Liquefied Gases in Portable Cylinders.”
4. Installation of Belowground Concrete Containers
a. Belowground concrete containers shall be installed on foundation

or support of concrete, masonry piling, steel or a suitable
foundation of aggregate and shall be designed and constructed
in accordance with the National Building Code of the Philippines.
b. The container storage area shall be fenced or otherwise protected.

A minimum of two (2) access openings shall be provided and they
shall be of sufficient size to accommodate emergency equipment.
5. Installation of Cryogenic Inground Containers
a. Natural materials such as earth shall be proven to have adequate

chemical and physical properties for the construction and
operation of the container at the operating temperature.
b. Containers shall be bottomed out in material naturally

impermeable or made impermeable by other approved means
based on internationally accepted standards.
c. Any foundation, such as those for the superstructure of roof, shall

be properly designed and constructed in accordance with the
National Building Code of the Philippines.
d. The container storage area shall be constructed with masonry

fence or otherwise protected with equally or stronger type of
construction. A minimum of two (2) access openings shall be
provided and they shall be of sufficient size to accommodate
emergency equipment.
293
6. Location of Belowground and Inground Containers with Respect to
Exposure
a. The minimum distance from the edge of belowground and

inground flammable cryogenic containers to the nearest important
building, property line or public way from aboveground flammable
or combustible liquid shall be in accordance with the Table 24
below:
Table 24: MINIMUM DISTANCE FROM THE EDGE OF BELOWGROUND

AND INGROUND CRYOGENIC CONTAINERS BASED ON CONTAINER
CAPACITY
CONTAINER CAPACITY MINIMUM DISTANCE
a. Less than one thousand nine a. One hundred fifty five (155)
hundred (1,900) liters centimeters
b. One thousand nine hundred b. Seven and three-fourth (7.75)
(1,900) liters to three meters
thousand eight hundred
(3,800) liters
c. Over three thousand eight c. Fifteen and a half (15.5)
hundred (3,800) liters meters
7. Pressure Relief Vent Piping
a. The piping of all relief vents shall be at least equal to the area of
opening of the relief valve and so arranged as not to unduly restrict
the flow.
b. Relief devices and/or relief device vents shall be so arranged that

escaping gas will discharge unobstructed to the open air and not
impinge on personnel, containers, equipment and structures or
enter enclosed spaces.
c. Vents shall be installed in such a manner as to exclude or remove

moisture and condensate, and to prevent malfunction due to
freezing or icing. Drains shall be so installed as to prevent possible
flame impingement on the container, piping, equipment and
structures.
8. Dispensing of flammable cryogenic fluids, liquefied, or liquid oxidizers

shall be at a locations not less than one and a half meter (1.5 m) in any
direction away from any exterior source of ignition, openings into
direct-vent (sealed combustion system) appliances, or mechanical
ventilation air intakes.
294
9. Piping, Materials and Construction
a. All pipings and materials such as gaskets, thread compound, etc.,

shall be suitable for the intended use through the full range of
pressure and temperature to which they will be subjected,
maintaining a safety factor of four (4) to one (1).
b. The piping system shall be designed and constructed to provide

adequate allowance for expansion, contraction, vibration,
settlement, and fire exposure.
c. Joints on all container piping and tubing over five (5) centimeters in
nominal diameter shall be made by welding or with welded
flanges.
d. Piping outside buildings may be either buried or aboveground. In

either case, it shall be well supported and protected against
physical damage and corrosion.
e. All piping and tubing shall be tested after installation, at not less
than one and one-half (1 ½) times hydraulically, or one and one
fourth (1 ¼) times pneumatically, the maximum working pressure
and proven free of leaks.
B. Equipment and Devices
1. All cryogenic containers, equipment and devices used for the storage,
handling and transportation of cryogenic fluids shall be of
approved type. Approved types are those covered with appropriate
certification from its manufacturers and/or certifying authority
concerned.
2. Electrical Equipment
a. Electrical installations and equipment shall conform to the

provisions of the Philippine Electrical Code, equipment
manufacturers’ instruction and/or other applicable international
standards as deemed necessary.
b. Proper lighting, including emergency lights shall be provided for fire

protection appliances and operating facilities such as walkways,
control valves, gauges, and similar devices or servicing facilities for
the cryogenic fluids.
3. Electrical Grounding or Bonding
a. Containers, systems, and equipment used for flammable cryogenic

fluids shall be grounded and/or bonded in accordance with NFPA
77, “Recommended Practice on Static Electricity,” and the
295
Philippine Electrical Code. Suitable means shall be taken to
protect the system against corrosion, including corrosion caused by
stray electric currents.
b. Containers and systems containing cryogenic fluids shall be

equipped with lightning protection when installed outside the
building/ structure.
4. Valves and Accessory Equipment
a. All valves and equipment shall be suitable for the intended use at
the temperature of the application and shall be designed for not
less than the maximum pressure and the minimum temperature to
which they may be subjected, maintaining a safety factor and four
(4) to one (1).
b. Shutoff valves shall be provided on all container connections.

Shutoff valves shall be located as close as practicable to the
container.
c. All liquids and vapor connections on flammable cryogenic fluid

containers, except relief and gauging connections over twelve
millimeters (12 mm) pipe size, shall be equipped with check valves,
or remotely controlled automatic quick-closing valves, and shall
remain closed except during operating periods.
d. Shutoff valves shall be installed in the piping system as needed to

limit the volume of liquids discharged in the event of piping or
equipment failure. Relief valves shall be installed between shutoff
valves in all pipelines.
e. All inlet and outlet connections, except relief valves, liquid level
gauging devices, and pressure gages on any container, shall be
labeled to designate whether they are connected to vapor or
liquid space.
C. Warning Labels
1. Warning labels and signs shall be posted visibly from any direction of
approach on cryogenic containers and equipment. In addition, they
shall be properly marked with the name of the specific cryogenic fluid,
manufacturer/ supplier and contact details.
2. The name of the specific cryogenic fluid shall be conspicuously affixed

at the entrances to locations where they are stored, handled, used, or
dispensed, and at such other locations as may be designated by the
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3. Warning labels and signs shall adopt the hazard identification signs as
set forth in NFPA 704, Standard System for the Identification of the
Hazards of Materials for Emergency Response.
4. Signs and markings shall not be obscured or removed,
5. Markings on Containers
Each container shall be identified by the attachment of a nameplate

in an accessible place marked with the following information:
a. Builder's name and date built

b. Nominal capacity, in liters
c. MAWP
d. Maximum permissible specific gravity of liquid to be stored
e. Maximum level to which container may be filled with stored liquid
f. Maximum level to which container may be filled with water for
container was designed
g. Minimum temperature in degrees Celsius (Centigrade) for which
container was designed
6. Vehicles transporting cryogenic fluids shall be labeled at the front, rear

and on each side identifying the product. Labels/placards shall have
letters not less than four inches (4 in) in height using approximately a
five-eight inch (5/8 in) stroke. Abbreviations shall not be used. In
addition to the label/placard identifying the product, vehicles shall
also bear "FLAMMABLE GAS”, or “OXIDIZER".
D. Safety Measures
1. Insulation shall be non-combustible and shall be non-reactive with

oxygen-enriched air.
2. A positive alarm or other approved device based on internationally

accepted standard shall be provided to warn against overfilling.
3. Vehicles transporting cryogenic fluids shall be equipped with at least

one (1) unit of approved type fire extinguisher, with a minimum rating
20-B, C; and with adequate chock blocks.
E. Fire Safety Clearance
1. A Fire Safety Clearance shall be obtained from the City/Municipal Fire

Marshal having jurisdiction, for the following:
a. Manufacture, storage or sale of cryogenic fluids;
b. Transportation on the highway of flammable cryogenic fluids in

excess of four hundred fifty liters (450 ℓ);
297
c. Transportation on the highway of liquefied oxygen or cryogenic
oxidizers in excess of four hundred fifty liters (450 ℓ).
d. Storage and transporting of non-flammable nontoxic cryogenic

fluids in excess of one thousand nine hundred liters (1,900 ℓ).
e. Storage or use of more than thirty eight liters (38 ℓ) of liquefied

oxygen, flammable cryogenic fluids or cryogenic oxidizers.
2. Materials Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) shall be a pre-requisite to the

issuance of the required Fire Safety Clearance.
Table 25: PROPERTIES OF CRYOGENIC FLUIDS

VOLUME
BOILING POINT EXPAN- FLAM-
GAS TOXIC ODOR
SION TO MABLE
°C °F GAS
HELIUM-3 -269.9 453.8 757 TO 1 NO NO(A) NO
HELIUM-4 -268.9 -452.0 757 TO 1 NO NO(A) NO
HYDROGEN -252.7 -422.9 851 TO 1 YES NO(A) NO
- RADIO-
DEUTERIUM -417.1 ... YES NO
249.5 ACTIVE
RADIO-
TRITIUM -248.0 -414.4 ... YES NO
ACTIVE
NEON -245.9 -410.6 1,438 TO 1 NO NO(A) NO
NITROGEN -195.8 -320.4 696 TO 1 NO NO(A) NO
CARBON
-192.0 -313.6 ... YES YES NO
MONOXIDE
FLUORINE -187.0 -304.6 888 TO 1 NO YES SHARP
-
ARGON -302.3 847 TO 1 NO NO(A) NO
185.7
-
OXYGEN -297.4 860 TO 1 NO NO(A) NO
183.0
METHANE -161.4 258.5 578 TO 1 YES NO(A) NO
KRYPTON -151.8 -241.2 700 TO 1 NO NO(A) NO
TETRAFLUORO-
-128.0 -198.0 ... NO YES NO
METHANE
OZONE -111.9 -169.4 ... YES YES YES
XENON -109.1 -164.4 573 TO 1 NO NO(A) NO
-
ETHYLENE -154.8 ... YES NO(A) SWEET
103.8
BORON TRIFLUORIDE -100.3 -148.5 ... NO YES PUNGENT
NITROUS OXIDE -89.5 -129.1 666 TO 1 NO NO(A) SWEET
ETHANE -88.3 -126.9 ... YES NO(A) NO
HYDROGEN
-85.0 -121.0 ... NO YES PUNGENT
CHLORIDE
ACETYLENE -84.0 -119.2 ... YES YES GARLIC
298
VOLUME
BOILING POINT EXPAN- FLAM-
GAS TOXIC ODOR
SION TO MABLE
°C °F GAS
FLUOROFORM -84.0 -119.2 ... NO NO(A) NO
1,1-DIFLUORO-
-83.0 -117.4 ... YES NO(A) ETHER
ETHYLENE
CHLOROTRI-
-81.4 -114.5 ... NO YES MILD
FLUOROMETHANE
CARBON DIOXIDE -78 5(B) -109.3 553 TO 1 NO YES(A) PUNGENT
0°C = 32°F.
(A) NONTOXIC, BUT CAN ACT AS AN ASPHYXIANT BY DISPLACING AIR NEEDED TO
SUPPORT LIFE. AS WITH MOST CHEMICALS, EVEN HARMLESS MATERIALS CAN BE TOXIC
OR POISONOUS IF TAKEN IN SUFFICIENT QUANTITIES UNDER THE RIGHT
CIRCUMSTANCES.
(B) SUBLIMES.
SECTION 10.3.4.3.2 MEDICAL AND RELATED COMPRESSED GASES
Medical and related compressed gasses such as flammable anesthetic; non-

flammable medical gases in hospitals, medical schools, laboratories and
similar facilities; bulk oxygen in industrial and healthcare consumer sites; and
other compressed gases of similar and related uses shall be stored, handled,
transported and manufactured as follows:
1. All compressed gas containers, shall be stored in an upright position

with the valve end up. For non-liquefied gases, the axis of the
container shall be limited to forty-five degrees (45˚) from the vertical
provided that it is properly secured except, when it is empty, its
content is less than five liters (5 ℓ) or the container is designed for use in
a horizontal position.
2. Racks or fastenings shall be made to protect cylinders from accidental

damage or dislocation.
3. Indoor and outdoor storage of compressed gases shall comply with

the material-specific requirements provided in the MSDS or
manufacturer’s technical specifications/ data or other applicable
provisions of this IRR.
4. Indoor storage, use areas and storage buildings shall be provided with
mechanical exhaust ventilation or natural ventilation. When
mechanical ventilation is provided, the system shall be operational
during such time as the building or space is occupied.
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5. Compressed gases shall be stored in areas dedicated to the storage
of such gases without other storage or uses. If containers of
compressed gases in quantities greater than the maximum allowable
quantity per control area, said containers shall be stored in a room or
a gas cabinet with two (2) hour resistance rating located inside
buildings or structures, with the following conditions:
a. For rooms:
i. Openings between the room and interior spaces shall be

protected by self-closing smoke and draft-control assemblies
having a fire protection rating of not less than 2 hours.
ii. Rooms having exterior walls shall be provided with at least two
vents in such walls, each having not less than twenty three
hundredths square meter (0.023 m2) free area. One vent shall
be within one hundred fifty two millimeters (152 mm) of the floor
and one shall be within one hundred fifty two millimeters (152
mm) of the ceiling.
iii. Rooms with no exterior walls shall be exhausted through a duct

to the outdoors. Supply and exhaust ducts shall be enclosed in
a one (1) hour rated shaft enclosure from the room to the
outdoors.
iv. Approved mechanical ventilation shall comply with the

requirements of the Philippine Mechanical Code and be
provided at a minimum rate of five hundred eight thousandth
cubic meter per second per square meter [0.00508 m3/(s·m2)]
of the area of the room.
v. Rooms shall be protected by an approved, supervised sprinkler

system.
b. For gas cabinets:
i. The average velocity of ventilation at the face of access ports

or windows shall not be less than sixty one meters per second
(61 m/s), with a minimum of forty six meters per second (46 m/s)
at any point of the access port or window to maintain the
temperature of the cylinders at fifty four degree Celsius (54°C).
ii. Connected to an exhaust system.
iii. Internally protected by a sprinkler system.
6. The storage of compressed gases located outdoors in quantities

greater than the allowable amount shall be located as shown in the
figure;
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Figure 1: STORAGE OF COMPRESSED GASES OUTDOORS
These distances do not apply where protective structures

having fire resistance rating of two (2) hours interrupt the
line-of-sight between un-insulated portions of the bulk
oxygen storage installation and the exposure. The protective
structures protect un-insulated oxygen storage containers or
supports, control equipment, and system piping (or parts
thereof) from external fire exposure. Liquid oxygen storage
containers are insulated. Such containers may provide line-
of-sight protection for un-insulated system components.
Interruption of the line-of-sight means that an “eye” on any
part of the un-insulated portion of the bulk oxygen storage
installation cannot “see” any part of the exposure.
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7. Cylinders on Medical Gas Storage containing compressed gases and
containers for volatile liquids shall be kept away from radiators, steam
piping, and like sources of heat. When cylinder valve protection caps
are supplied, they shall be secured tightly in place unless the cylinder is
connected for use. Containers shall not be stored in a tightly closed
space such as a closet.
8. Compressed gas systems shall be suitable for the intended use,

designed and installed by qualified practitioners recognized by the
BFP. For this purpose, training certificate of the person in charge shall
be required prior to the issuance of the fire clearance by the BFP.
9. Materials, devices and appurtenances used in compressed gas

systems shall comply with the DTI Product Standards or covered by an
International Commodity Clearance (ICC). This does not limit the use
of other materials, devices and appurtenances that are legally
acquired and complying with other internationally accepted
standards, qualified and recognized by the Chief, BFP.
10. Compressed gas system controls shall be so designed to prevent

materials from entering or leaving process or reaction systems at other
than the intended time, rate or path. Automatic controls shall be
designed to be fail-safe.
11. Piping, including tubing, valves, fittings and pressure regulators, shall
comply with the requirements of hazardous materials and chemicals
handling. Piping, tubing, pressure regulators, valves and other
apparatus shall be kept gas-tight to prevent leakage. Adequate
pressure-relief devices shall be provided where refrigerated liquefied
gas can become trapped in the piping.
12. Valves utilized on compressed gas systems shall be suitable for the use
intended and shall be accessible. Valve handles or operators for
required shutoff valves shall not be removed or otherwise altered to
prevent access or hinder operation.
13. Venting of gases shall be directed to an approved location. Venting

shall comply with the requirements of the Philippine Society of
Mechanical Engineering (PSME) Code.
14. Compressed gas containers, except those designed for use in a

horizontal position, and all compressed gas containers containing non-
liquefied gases, shall be used in an upright position with the valve end
up. The axis of a container being used in an upright position may be
inclined as much as forty-five degrees (45˚) from the vertical provided
that it is properly secured. Use of nonflammable liquefied gases in the
inverted position when the compressed gas is in the liquid state shall
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be allowed provided that the container is properly secured and the
dispensing apparatus is designed for such liquefied gas use.
Exception: compressed gas containers with an internal volume less

than five thousandth cubic meter (0.005 m3) may be used in a
horizontal position.
15. The handling of compressed gas containers shall comply with the
following requirements:
a. Carts and trucks. Containers shall be moved using an approved

method. Where containers are moved by hand cart, hand truck or
other mobile device, such carts, trucks or devices shall be designed
for the secure movement of containers. Carts and trucks utilized for
moving compressed gas containers outdoors shall be so designed
that the containers will be secured against dropping or otherwise
striking against each other or other surfaces.
b. Lifting of containers. Ropes, chains or slings shall not be used to

suspend compressed gas containers unless such containers have
been designed for such handling. Valves of compressed gas
containers shall not be used for lifting.
16. Compressed gas containers, equipment and devices used for the
storage, handling and transportation of compressed gases shall be of
approved type.
17. Approved containers, equipment or devices are those covered with

appropriate certification from its manufacturers and/or certifying
authority concerned.
18. Electrical installations and equipment shall conform to the provisions of

the Philippine Electrical Code, equipment manufacturers’ instruction
and/or other applicable international standards as deemed
necessary.
19. Proper lighting, including emergency lights shall be provided to

illuminate fire protection appliances and operating facilities such as
walkways, control valves, gauges, and similar devices or servicing
facilities for the compressed gas
20. Lighting equipment and facilities shall be of explosion proof type.
21. Container design and construction shall be maintained as follows:
a. Compressed gas containers shall be designed and fabricated in

accordance with the specifications of the PSME Boiler and Pressure
Vessels Code or shall comply with appropriate standards of the
DOE and DTI.
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b. Compressed gas containers that are not designed for refillable use
shall not be refilled after use of the original contents.
c. Partially full compressed gas containers containing residual gases

shall be considered as full for purposes of the controls required.
B. On Manufacturing
1. The compressor air intake shall be located where no contamination

from engine exhausts, fuel storage vents, vacuum system discharges,
particulate matter, or odor of any type is anticipated.
2. The intake to medical air compressors shall be located outdoors

above roof level at a minimum distance of three meters (3 m) from
any door, window, exhaust, other intake, or opening in the building,
and a minimum distance of six meter (6 m) above the ground. Intakes
shall be turned down and screened or otherwise be protected against
the entry of vermin or water, with screening that shall be fabricated or
composed of a non-corrosive material such as stainless steel or other
suitable material.
3. Ventilating systems having fans with motors or drive belts located in the
air stream shall not be used as a source of medical air intake.
4. Two or more compressors shall be installed as alternate for

simultaneous demand. Compressors shall be sized to serve peak
demand with the largest compressor out of service.
5. A device shall be provided to automatically activate the additional

compressors if the unit in operation is incapable of adequately
maintaining pressure. A signal indicating that the reserve compressor is
running shall operate a local audio and visual alarm and serve to
activate remote master alarms.
6. Compressors shall be provided with automatic or manual alternation

to allow division of operating time. If automatic alternation of
compressors is not provided, the facility shall arrange a proper
schedule for manual alternation.
7. Each compressor shall be provided with a dedicated disconnect

switch, motor starting device, and overload protection. The
disconnect switches shall be installed in the electrical circuit ahead of
each motor starter. Where compressor systems having two or more
compressors employ a control transformer or other voltage control
power device, at least two such devices shall be provided. Control
circuits shall be arranged in such a manner that the shutdown of one
compressor does not interrupt the operation of another compressor.
8. Inflatable equipment, devices or balloons shall be pressurized or filled

only with nonflammable gases.
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9. Containers, systems, and equipment used for flammable compressed
gases shall be grounded and/or bonded in accordance with the
Philippine Electrical Code. Suitable means shall be taken to protect
the system against corrosion including corrosion caused by stray
electric currents.
10. Containers and systems containing compressed gas under pressure

are not required to be equipped with lightning protection.
11. Compressed gas containers and systems shall be secured and

protected against physical damage and tampering, and
unauthorized entry and safeguarded in accordance with the
following:
a. Physical protection. Compressed gas containers and systems that

could be exposed to physical damage shall be protected. Barriers,
posts and/or other approved means of protection shall be
provided to protect containers, systems indoors, and outdoors from
any hazards and/or damages.
b. Securing compressed gas containers. Compressed gas containers

shall be secured to prevent movement from contact, vibration or
seismic activity, utilizing one or more of the following methods:
i. Securing containers to a fixed object with one or more

noncombustible restraints. Containers shall not be secured to
plumbing systems or electrical conduits.
ii. Securing containers on a cart or other mobile device designed

for the movement of compressed gas containers.
iii. Nesting of compressed gas containers at container filling or

servicing facilities or in seller’s warehouses not accessible to the
public shall be allowed provided the nested containers, if
dislodged, do not obstruct any required means of egress.
iv. Securing of compressed gas containers to or within a rack,

framework, cabinet or similar assembly designed for such use,
except when the containers are in the process of examination,
filling, transport or servicing.
v. Securing stationary compressed gas containers to a foundation

designed for such use in accordance with the construction
codes.
c. Valve protection. Compressed gas container valves shall be

protected from physical damage by means of protective caps,
collars, plugs or similar devices provided for the purpose. These
devices shall always be in place except when the containers are in
use or are being serviced or filled.
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d. Separation from hazardous conditions. Compressed gas containers
and systems in storage or use shall be separated from materials
and conditions that present potential hazards to them, or to which
they present potential hazards. Separation shall be by fire barrier of
two (2) hours fire resistance rating and /or distance as shown Figure
1.
C. On Fire Protection and Markings
1. A written emergency plan to be implemented in the event of spill or

leak shall be prepared, maintained on the premises and made
available at all times.
2. Automatic fire extinguishment and fire detection systems, where

required, shall be connected to the facility fire alarm system and shall
be arranged to immediately sound an alarm.
3. Vehicles shall be labeled at the front, rear and on each side identifying
the product labels/placards which shall have letter not less than one
hundred two millimeters (102mm) in height using approximately a
sixteen millimeters (16mm) stroke. Abbreviations shall not be used. A
sign bearing the words “COMPRESSED GAS” or similar wording small be
posted on vehicles transporting compressed gases.
4. Vehicles shall be equipped with not less than one (1) approved type of
fire extinguisher with a minimum rating of 20-B and C.
5. Vehicles shall be equipped with adequate chock blocks.
6. Outdoor storage shall display precautionary sign, readable from a

distance of one and five tenths meter (1.5 m) the following words:
“CAUTION
OXIDIZING GASES STORED WITHIN
NO SMOKING
NO OPEN FLAME”
7. Stationary compressed gas containers shall be properly marked as

follows:
a. The name of the gas shall be visible from any direction of

approach.
b. Hazard identification signs as set forth in NFPA 704, “Standard

System for the Identification pf the Hazards of Materials for
Emergency Response” for the specific material contained shall be
conspicuously affixed on stationary containers and aboveground
tanks and at entrances to locations where compressed gases are
stored, handled or used, including dispensing.
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c. Signs reading “COMPRESSED GAS” shall be conspicuously posted at
the entrance to rooms or on cabinets containing compressed
gases.
8. Portable compressed gas containers shall be marked in accordance

with the standards prescribed by DTI and DOE.
9. Markings used for piping systems shall consist of the name of the
contents and include an arrow indicating direction of flow. Markings
shall be provided at each valve; at wall, floor or ceiling penetrations;
at each change of direction; and at a minimum of every six thousand
ninety six millimeters (6096 mm) or fraction thereof throughout the
piping run.
10. Piping that is designed or intended to carry more than one

compressed gas at various times shall have appropriate signs or
markings posted at the manifold, along the piping and at each point
of use to provide clear identification and warning.
11. Piping within gas-manufacturing plants, gas-processing plants and

similar occupancies shall be marked in an approved manner.
12. Out-of-service compressed gas containers shall be marked to indicate

that they are no longer available for service.
A Fire Safety Clearance shall be obtained from the City/Municipal Fire

Marshal having jurisdiction, for the following:
1. Manufacture, storage or sale of compressed gases.
2. Transportation on the highway of flammable compressed gases in

excess of four hundred fifty liters (450 ℓ).
3. Transportation of non-flammable compressed gases in excess of one

thousand nine hundred liters (1,900 ℓ).
4. A Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) is a prerequisite in the application

of such Fire Safety Clearance.
SECTION 10.3.4.3.3 LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GASES
The storage, handling, transportation and protection of Liquefied Petroleum

Gas (LPG) and the installation of all equipment related to its use shall comply
the following requirements
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1. Storage containers for liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) shall be
designed, fabricated, tested and marked or stamped in accordance
with the applicable Philippine National Standards (PNS) and/or U.S.
Department of Transportation (DOT) regulations, or ASME Boiler and
Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, “Rules for the Construction of Unfired
Pressure Vessels”, or API-ASME Code for Unfired Vessels for Petroleum
Liquids and Gases for bulk, stationary and portable containers.
2. No person shall install or maintain any LPG container, or operate any

tank vehicle used for the transportation of LPG without a permit from
the Department of Energy (DOE) and other concerned government
agencies.
3. For the installation of portable LPG containers exceeding four hundred

fifty four liters (454 ℓ) water capacity but not more than four thousand
five hundred forty liters (4,540 ℓ) water capacity, the installer shall
secure a Fire Safety Clearance from the City/Municipal Fire Marshal
having jurisdiction. In case of a single container or the aggregate of
interconnected containers exceeding four thousand five hundred forty
liters (4,540 ℓ) water capacity, the installer shall submit plans to the
same BFP Official concerned.
4. No person shall install or maintain an LPG container with a capacity of

four thousand five hundred forty liters (4,540 ℓ) or less, within seven and
a half meters (7.5 m) of any open flame device outside of buildings,
nor shall any person install or maintain any such container with a
capacity in excess of four thousand five hundred forty liters (4,540 ℓ)
within fifteen meters (15 m) of any such open flame device.
5. Installers shall maintain a record of all installations including those for

which permits are not required by para “A” 3 above, but not including
the installation of gas burning appliances and the replacement of
portable cylinders and have it available for inspection by the
6. In heavily populated or congested commercial areas, the aggregate

capacity of LPG shall not exceed eight thousand liters (8,000 ℓ) water
capacity except that in particular installations, this capacity limit may
be altered at the discretion of the City/Municipal Fire Marshal having
jurisdiction, after consideration of special features such as proximity to
building, capacity of proposed tanks, degree of private fire protection
to be provided, facilities of the Local BFP Office, and provisions of local
zoning ordinances.
7. Multiple container installation with a total storage of more than six

hundred eighty thousand liters (680,000 ℓ) water capacity or
approximately five hundred sixty seven thousand liters (567,000 ℓ) LPG
capacity, shall be subdivided into groups of six hundred eighty
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thousand liters (680,000 ℓ) or five hundred sixty seven thousand liters
(567,000 ℓ) LPG capacity in each group. Such groups shall be
separated by a distance of not less than fifteen meters (15 m) unless
the tanks are:
a. Mounted in an approved manner;
b. Protected with approved insulation on such areas that may be

subject to impingement of ignited gas from pipelines or other
leakage;
c. Protected by firewalls of approved construction,
d. Protected by an approved system for the application of water; or
e. Protected by other approved means.
Where one of these forms of protection is provided, the separation

shall not less than seven and a half meters (7.5 m) between such
container groups.
8. Storage and transportation of LPG, and the installation of all pertinent

equipment shall be installed and maintained in accordance with NFPA
58, “Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code.”
9. Containers installed outside of buildings, whether of the portable type

replaced on a cylinder exchange basis or permanently installed and
refilled at the installation, shall be located with respect to the adjacent
containers, important building, group of buildings, or line of adjoining
property that can be built upon, in accordance with Table 26:
Table 26: MINIMUM DISTANCES OF LPG CONTAINERS OUTSIDE

BUILDINGS, BY WATER CAPACITY
MINIMUM DISTANCES (in meters)
WATER CAPACITY PER
Mounded or
CONTAINER Aboveground Between
Underground
(in liters) Containers Containers
Containers
Less than 500 3 0 0
500 to 1,000 3 3 0
Above 1,000 to 1,900 3 3 1
Above 1,900 to 7,600 3 7.6 1
Above 7,600 to 11,400 15 15 1.5
Above 11,400 to 26,500 15 23
Above 26,500 to 34,100 15 30 ¼ of sum of
Above 34,100 to 45,400 15 38 diameters
Above 45,400 to 75,700 15 61 of adjacent
Above 75,700 to 378,500 15 91 containers
Above 378,500 15 122
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10. No stationary storage tank shall be less than three meters (3 m) from
the nearest street line or sidewalk.
11. No person shall fill or maintain an LPG container with LPG in excess of
the fixed outage gauge installed by the manufacturer or the weight
stamped on the tank.
12. Outside bulk LPG storage and filling stations
a. All LPG cylinders shall be provided with pressure relief valves, valve
stem caps, protective collars and foot rings and shall be able to
withstand the internal pressures in accordance with ASME Code on
Unfired Pressure Vessels.
b. Filling empty cylinders or transferring of LPG from one container to

another is prohibited in areas outside authorized LPG bulk storage
and filling facilities.
c. Each delivery of LPG cylinders/tanks to replace empty ones at the

end user’s premises shall be accompanied by duly qualified
technicians by concerned government agencies, who shall
conduct a thorough test of the operable condition of the LPG
appliance/set and the integrity of all its components/assemblies. If
a defect is found, the empty LPG tank shall not be replaced, unless
the defect is corrected.
B. On Transportation
1. The parking and garaging of tank vehicles used for the transportation
of LPG shall comply with the provisions on parking and garaging of
Tank Vehicles for Flammable and Combustible Liquids.
2. During the unloading or transfer of LPG, the tank truck shall be located
or parked clear of a public thoroughfare, unless:
a. The failure to transfer would create a hazard; or
b. It is impossible due to topography.
3. LPG tank/cylinders shall be stacked in upright position and tied

securely to the vehicle. Where two or more layers of cylinders are
transported, such layers shall be provided with damage protection to
separate one layer from the other. In no case shall filled cylinders be
loaded on its side.
4. Trailer/tank vehicle operators, contractors, drivers, handlers and crews

shall undergo proper qualification by concerned agency. Crews shall
include repair and maintenance personnel.
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C. Equipment and Appliances
1. All LPG equipment including such equipment installed at utility gas

plants shall be installed in accordance with the provisions of NFPA 59,
"Liquefied Petroleum Gases at Utility Gas Plant", manufacturer’s
instructions, applicable codes or practices and other internationally
accepted standards, in addition to those explicitly prescribed in this
IRR.
2. LPG shall not be used for operating any device or equipment unless
such equipment or device is approved for use with LPG.
3. Delivery of LPG stove, burner, rotisseries and other LPG appliances to

an end-user shall be accompanied by a technician duly trained and
qualified by the Philippine Liquefied Petroleum Gas Association
(PLPGA), Liquefied Petroleum Gas Industry Association (LPGIA) and/or
the manufacturer, who shall personally install the
equipment/appliance and teach the user on its safe use and
maintenance.
4. LPG shall not be released to the atmosphere except through an

approved liquid level gauge or other approved device.
5. Whenever the use of LPG equipment has been discontinued, they shall
be abandoned in an approved manner within a period of thirty (30)
days after securing a fire clearance from the City/Municipal Fire
6. Recommended abandonment procedures, which shall have prior

approval of the City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction, shall be
as follows:
a. Removal of all LPG equipment.
b. Burn-off of the contents of containers.
c. Venting contents of containers to the atmosphere when the

discharge of gas can lead to a safe point of discharge,
d. All service openings shall be capped or plugged after contents

have been removed from the container.
D. On Fire Protection and Other Safety Measures
1. No person shall smoke nor install nor maintain any open flame devices
outside of buildings within seven and a half meters (7.5 m) of any LPG
container of four thousand five hundred forty liters (4,540 ℓ) capacity or
less, nor within fifteen meters (15 m) of any such container over four
thousand five hundred forty liters (4,540 ℓ) capacity.
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2. No person shall tamper with or make ineffective the safety devices of
any LPG container.
3. All weeds, grass, brush, trash or other combustible materials shall be

kept at a minimum of three meters (3 m) away from all LPG tanks or
containers.
4. In some installations, LPG cylinders are placed in compartments near

the appliances. Such compartments, whether or not integral to the
appliance, shall be aired/ventilated periodically during the day. No
combustible or spark-producing objects shall be stored within the said
compartments.
5. LPG cylinders shall not be placed directly adjacent to electrical

convenience outlets and/or switches.
6. As a precaution, if the burner does not have an automatic igniter, a

lighted matchstick shall be placed on the burner before the gas knob
is turned on.
7. Tank/cylinder valves/regulators shall be closed after the LPG

appliance is used.
8. All provisions of the Safety Code of the PLPGA, which are not
inconsistent with this IRR shall be adopted. In case of variance, the
stricter provision shall be applied.
9. The City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction shall inspect LPG

installations to determine if the provisions of this IRR are being complied
with.
E. Fuel Gas Applications
In addition to the above cited provisions on LPG, the fire safety measures
for fuel gas applications shall comply with the applicable provisions of
Chapter 11 of NFPA 58 “Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code”, Philippine
National Standards (PNS) No. PNS/DOE FS 3:2006 ICS 75.200 “Auto-LPG
Dispensing Station”; Department of Energy (DOE) Circular No. DC2007-02-
0002 “Providing for the Rules and Regulations Governing the Business of
Supplying, Hauling, Storage, Handling, Marketing and Distribution of
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) for Automotive Use” and applicable
Department of Transportation and Communications (DOTC) Rules and
Regulations, and Standards that cover the following:
1. Power units to drive automotive vehicles and trucks and to operate

forklifts or other industrial equipment;
2. Portable engines, such as floor maintenance machines or portable

electrical generators; and
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3. Stationary engines, such as gas or electric turbines.
F. Fire Safety Clearance
A Fire Safety Clearance for the installation, storage, handling, sale,

maintenance and transportation of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) shall
be obtained from City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction.
SECTION 10.3.5.3.4 COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS AS VEHICLE FUEL
This Section shall govern the storage, installation, operation, repair and
maintenance, fire protection and other safety measures of compressed
natural gas (CNG) engine fuel systems on vehicles of all types, including the
following:
• Original equipment manufacturers (OEM);

• Vehicle converters; and
• Vehicle fuelling (dispensing) systems.
A. General CNG and Equipment Qualifications
1. Containers shall be for CNG service, and its repair or alteration in

accordance with the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code and/or
manufacturer’s instruction. It shall be fabricated either of steel,
aluminium, or composite materials, designed and permanently
marked “CNG” by the manufacturer.
2. Each container or cylinder shall be fitted with one or more pressure

relief devices of approved type and whose discharge flow rate shall
not be reduced below that required for the capacity of the container
upon which the device is installed.
3. Pressure relief devices shall be appropriately installed, located,

protected, repaired, adjusted, and tested in accordance with the
aforementioned ASME Code and manufacturer’s instruction.
4. A pressure gauge, if provided, shall be capable of reading at least 1.2

times the system design pressure. Such gauge shall have an opening
not to exceed one and four-tenths millimeters (1.4 mm) (No. 54 drill
size) at the inlet connection.
5. A pressure regulator inlet and each chamber service pressure shall be

with a pressure safety factor of at least 4. Its low-pressure chambers
shall provide for overpressure relief or shall be able to withstand the
service pressure of the upstream pressure chamber.
6. Pipes, tubing, fittings, gaskets, and packing material for fuel lines shall
be compatible with the fuel under the service conditions. Such shall
be capable of withstanding a hydrostatic test of at least four times the
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rated service pressure without structural failure. The fabrication and
testing shall be in accordance with ANSI/ASME B31.3, “Chemical Plant
and Petroleum Refinery Piping”. Piping components such as strainers,
snubbers, and expansion joints shall be permanently marked by the
manufacturer to indicate the service ratings.
7. Valves or shutoff valves shall have a rated service pressure not less
than the rated service pressure of the entire system and shall be
capable of withstanding a hydrostatic test of at least four times the
rated service pressure without rupture. Leakage shall not occur at not
less than one-and-a-half (1.5) times the rated service pressure, using
dry air as the test medium. The valve body shall bear the permanent
marking of “CNG”, service ratings and ASTM or internationally
accepted standards adopted by the manufacturer.
8. Hose, metallic hose, flexible metal hose, tubing, and their connections
shall be resistant to corrosion and exposure to natural gas and can
resist the most severe pressures and temperatures expected under
normal operating conditions with a burst pressure of at least four (4)
times the service pressure. Hose and metallic hose shall be distinctly
marked by the manufacturer indicating its name or trademark,
applicable service identifier, and design pressure.
9. Vehicle fuelling connection devices shall be of the approved type

complying with applicable ASME Code and other internationally
accepted standards. The use of adapters shall be prohibited.
B. Engine Fuel Systems
1. Storage and Installation
a. The storage, installation, inspection, testing, repair and

maintenance, and safety measures of CNG fuel supply systems for
vehicular internal combustion engines shall comply with NFPA 52,
Vehicular Fuel Systems Code, manufacturer’s instructions and other
internationally accepted standards.
b. Aluminum or copper pipe, tubing, or fittings shall not be used

between the fuel container and the first-stage pressure regulator.
c. Fuel supply containers its piping, fittings, and valves located within,
below or above the driver or passenger compartment shall be
protected with a means to prevent damage that can occur due to
road hazards, loading, unloading, direct sunlight, exhaust heat,
and vehicle use including accidental cargo leakage.
d. No portion of a fuel supply container or container appurtenance

shall be located ahead of the front axle or behind the point of
attachment of the rear bumper to the vehicle. Container valves
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shall be protected from physical damage using the vehicle
structure, valve protectors, or a suitable metal shield. The cylinder
shall also be protected from accidental contact with overhead
electrical wiring by metallic or non-metallic covers.
e. Containers that are installed behind a rear axle of a CNG vehicle

shall be installed transversely.
Exception: Containers shall be permitted to be installed in other

orientations where the container valve and fittings are located at
the end of the container most protected from a source of impact.
f. Each container rack shall be secured to the vehicle body, bed, or

frame to prevent damage from road hazards, slippage, loosening,
or rotation using a method capable of withstanding a static force
in the six principal directions of eight times the weight of a fully
pressurized container(s). The container weight shall not be
supported by outlet valves, manifolds, or other fuel connections.
g. Each fuel supply container in the rack shall be secured to its cradle
in such a manner that it is capable of withstanding a static force
applied in the six principal directions of eight times the weight of
the fully pressurized container with a maximum displacement of
thirteen millimeters (13 mm).
h. Fuel supply containers located less than two hundred millimeters

(200 mm) from the exhaust system shall be shielded against direct
heat.
i. The mounting system shall minimize fretting corrosion between the

container and the mounting system. A resilient gasket that does not
retain water shall be installed between metal clamping bands and
their supports and container. The resilient gasket shall provide
insulation to protect clamping bands from galvanic corrosion in
contact with carbon fiber containers.
j. Containers located in a vehicle compartment capable of

accumulating natural gas shall install a pressure relief device
vented to the outside through a metallic tube or hose and shall be
maintained to prevent it from being blocked by debris.
k. The minimum clearance from the road to a container, its housing,

or fittings, whichever is lowest where the container is installed below
the frame and between the axles of a CNG vehicle, with the
vehicle loaded to its gross weight rating, shall be in accordance
with the Table 27.
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Table 27: CONTAINER (AND CONTAINER HOUSING
AND FITTING) ROAD CLEARANCE
Vehicle Wheel Base Minimum Road Clearance

3230 mm 180 mm
> 3230 mm 230 mm
l. The venting system for the discharge of pressure relief devices

(pressure relief device channels) shall be constructed of metallic
tubing with threaded compression, or flare fittings and shall be
secured at the outer end. It shall not exit into a wheel well nor
restrict the operation of a container pressure relief device or
pressure relief device channel. It shall also be protected by caps,
covers, or other means to keep water, dirt, and insects from
collecting in the lines, but shall not restrict the flow of gas.
m. Fuel lines shall be mounted, braced, and supported to minimize

vibration and shall be protected against damage, corrosion, or
breakage due to strain or wear. A fuel line shall be installed,
supported, protected, and secured in such a manner as to
minimize the possibility of damage, corrosion, or breakage due to
expansion, contraction, vibration, strains, or wear and to preclude
any loosening while in operation. Where a fuel supply container is
located on a trailer, the fuel supply line shall contain an emergency
breakaway device designed to retain CNG on both sides of the
breakaway point.
n. Every cylinder shall be equipped with either a manual valve or a

normally closed, remotely actuated shutoff valve connected
directly to the cylinder. Remotely actuated valves shall be
equipped to bleed the cylinder manually. In addition, a shutoff
valve shall be installed that allows isolation of the container(s) from
the remainder of the fuel system.
o. A valve that automatically prevents the flow of gaseous fuel to the

engine when the engine is not running, even if the ignition is
switched on, shall be provided in the system. Where multiple fuel
systems are installed on the vehicle, automatic valves shall be
provided, as necessary, to shut off the fuel system not being used.
p. The fuel system shall be equipped with a backflow check valve

that prevents the return flow of gas from the container(s) to the
filling connection.
q. A pressure gauge located inside the driver or passenger

compartment shall be installed in such a manner that no gas flows
through the gauge in the event of failure.
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r. An automatic pressure reducing regulator(s) shall be installed to
reduce the fuel container pressure to a level consistent with the
service pressure required by the gas-air mixer and provided with
support so that their weight is not placed on the gas lines, as well as
means to prevent malfunctioning due to refrigeration effects.
s. The fueling connection receptacle shall be mounted to withstand

the breakaway force not greater than sixty-eight kilograms (68 kg)
when applied in any horizontal direction. The receptacle shall be
installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. The
clearance around the fueling connection shall be free of
interference that prevents the connection of the fueling nozzle.
2. Maintenance, Fire Protection and Other Safety Measures
a. Safety Testing, Maintenance and Repair
i. The complete assembly shall be leak-tested using natural gas or

non-flammable gas. Before use, every connection shall be
verified leak-free with a non-corrosive leak detector solution or
a leak detector instrument after the equipment is connected
and pressurized to its service pressure. The testing shall be done
under adequately ventilated conditions.
ii. Where a vehicle is involved in an accident or fire causing

damage to the CNG container, or if the container is subjected
to a pressure greater than one hundred twenty five percent
(125%) of service pressure, the CNG container shall be replaced
or removed, inspected, and retested in accordance with the
document under which it was originally manufactured before
being returned to service.
iii. Where a vehicle is involved in an accident or fire causing

damage to any part of the CNG fuel system, the system shall be
repaired and retested before being returned to service.
iv. All containers, container appurtenances, piping systems,

venting systems, and other components shall be maintained in
a safe condition. Damaged fuel lines shall be replaced and not
be repaired. It shall be verified that the container retest date or
expiration date is current.
v. All pressure relief devices on the cylinder shall be maintained in

accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions and only
qualified personnel shall be permitted to service pressure relief
devices.
vi. Fire and other safety measures during vehicle maintenance:
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vi.a. Close the quarter turn fuel delivery valve nearest the
engine unless engine operation is required.
vi.b. Prohibit torches, welding, or grinding equipment on or

near high-pressure fuel lines and containers.
vi.c. Prevent damage to containers, including actions such as

dropping, dragging, or rolling of the container.
vi.d. Prevent exposure of composite wrapped containers to

strong chemicals such as battery acid or metal cleaning
solvents.
vi.e. Prevent hoists or jacks from coming into direct contact

with containers.
vi.f. Provision of at least a stand-by 20B:C type of fire

extinguisher readily available to provide first aid fire
protection.
vii. A regulated and safe discharge of CNG from vehicle containers

vii.a. The venting or depressurization of a compressed natural

gas container shall be performed only by trained
personnel using written procedures. The gas to be
removed from the container shall be discharged into a
closed transfer system and shall be vented by an
approved atmospheric venting method.
vii.b. Personnel performing container depressurization shall:
• Use grounding to prevent static electrical charge

build-up;
• Limit the rate of gas release from plastic-lined
containers to a value not greater than that specified
by the container manufacturer; and
• Restrain containers during depressurization to prevent
container movement.
viii. Direct gas venting shall be done through a vent tube that will
divert the gas flow to the atmosphere. The vent tube shall have
a gas-tight connection to the container prior to venting, and all
components shall be properly grounded. The vent tube shall be
constructed of Schedule 80 pipe of at least five centimeter (5
cm) diameter. The vent tube shall not be provided with any
feature that would limit or obstruct gas flow.
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b. Electrical Safety
All wiring Installations shall be secured and protected from abrasion

and corrosion to the same standard as the original wiring on the
vehicle. In addition, it shall be sized and fuse-protected.
c. Markings and Safety Labelling
i. Fuel-carrying components shall be labelled or stamped with the

following:
i.a. The manufacturer’s name or symbol;
i.b. The model designation;
i.c. The design service pressure;
i.d. The direction of fuel flow where necessary for correct

installation; and
i.e. The capacity or electrical rating, as applicable.
ii. Where a manual valve is used, the valve location shall be

indicated with the words “MANUAL SHUTOFF VALVE.” A
weather-resistant decal or label with red, blue, or black letters
on a white or silver reflective background shall be used.
iii. A vehicle equipped with a CNG fuel system shall bear the
following durable labels.
iii.a. A label readily visible and located in the engine

compartment shall include the following:
• Identification as a CNG-fueled vehicle;

• System service pressure;
• Installer’s name or company;
• Container retest date(s) or expiration date; and
• Total container water volume in liters (gallons).
iii.b. A label located at the fuelling connection receptacle

shall include the following:
• Identification as a CNG-fuelled vehicle;

• System working pressure; and
• Container retest date(s) or expiration date.
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Exception: If both labels are located in one of the above
areas, the labels shall be permitted to be combined into
a single label.
iv. Each vehicle shall be identified with a weather-resistant,

diamond-shaped label located on an exterior vertical surface
or near-vertical surface on the lower right rear of the vehicle
(e.g., on the trunk lid of a vehicle so equipped, but not on the
bumper of any vehicle) inboard from any other markings. The
label shall be a minimum of one hundred twenty milimeters (120
mm) in length and eighty-three (83 mm) in height. The marking
shall consist of a border and the letters “CNG”, twenty five
millimetres (25 mm) minimum height centered in the diamond,
of silver or white reflective luminous material on a blue
background.
C. CNG Compression, Storage, and Dispensing Systems
1. Compression equipment shall be designed for use with CNG and for
the pressures and temperatures to which it can be subjected under
normal operating conditions. It shall have pressure relief devices that
limit each stage pressure to the maximum allowable service pressure
for the compression cylinder and piping associated with that stage of
compression. Compression equipment shall incorporate a means to
minimize liquid carryover to the storage system.
2. Unattended CNG compression equipment shall be equipped with a

high discharge and a low suction pressure automatic shutdown
control.
3. Engine-driven compressor installations shall conform, where

applicable, to NFPA 37, Standard for the Installation and Use of
Stationary Combustion Engines and Gas Turbines.
4. Control devices shall be installed so that internal or external icing or

hydrate formation does not cause vehicle or fueling station
malfunction.
5. The fueling connection shall prevent the escape of gas where the
connector is not properly engaged or becomes separated. Fueling
nozzles shall be listed in accordance with ANSI/IAS NGV1, Standard for
Compressed Natural Gas Vehicle (NGV) Fueling Connection Devices.
6. Locations
a. Outdoors
i. A facility in which CNG compression, storage, and dispensing

equipment are sheltered by an enclosure that is constructed of
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non-combustible or limited-combustible materials and that has
at least one side predominantly open and a roof designed for
ventilation and dispersal of escaped gas shall be considered
located outdoors.
ii. Compression, storage, and dispensing equipment located

outdoors shall be:
i.a. Above ground and not be beneath electric power lines,

located at least three meters (3.0 m) from the nearest
important building or line of adjoining property that a
building can be built upon or from any source of ignition;
i.b. More than three meters (3.0 m) from the nearest public
street or sidewalk line and at least fifteen meters (15 m)
from the nearest rail of any railroad main track;
i.c. Provided with a clear space of at least one meter (1) m for
access to all valves and fittings of multiple groups of
containers;
i.d. Provided with a minimum separation of three meters (3.0

m) from readily ignitable material of any stationary
container;
i.e. Provided with a minimum separation of six hundred ten

centimeters (610 cm) between containers and
aboveground tanks containing flammable or combustible
liquids.
iii. During outdoor fueling operations, the point where the fueling
connection is made shall be located at least three meters (3.0
m) from any important building, mobile home, public sidewalk,
highway, street, or road and at least one meter (1 m) from
storage containers
iv. A lesser distance shall be from buildings or walls constructed of

concrete or masonry materials or of other material having a fire
resistance rating of at least two (2) hours, but at least three
meters (3.0 m) from any building openings.
b. Indoors
i. Compression, dispensing equipment, and storage containers

connected for use shall be permitted to be located inside of
buildings reserved exclusively for these purposes or in rooms
within or attached to buildings in accordance hereof.
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ii. Storage shall be limited to not more than two hundred eighty
three cubic meters (283 m3) of natural gas in each building or
room.
Exception: CNG stored in vehicle-mounted fuel supply

containers.
iii. Deflagration (explosion) venting shall be provided in exterior

walls or roof only.
iv. Rooms within or attached to other buildings shall be

constructed of non-combustible or limited-combustible
materials. Interior walls or partitions shall be continuous from
floor to ceiling, shall be securely anchored, and shall have a fire
resistance rating of at least two (2) hours. At least one wall shall
be an exterior wall.
v. Indoor locations shall be ventilated utilizing air supply inlets and

exhaust outlets arranged to provide uniform air movement to
the extent practical. Inlets shall be uniformly arranged on
exterior walls near floor level. Outlets shall be located at the
high point of the room in exterior walls or the roof. A ventilation
system for a room within or attached to another building shall
be separate from any ventilation system for the other building.
vi. Ventilation shall be by a continuous mechanical ventilation

system or by a mechanical ventilation system activated by a
continuously monitoring natural gas detection system where a
gas concentration of not more than one-fifth (1/5) of the lower
flammable limit is present. The ventilation rate shall be at least 1
m3/min·12 m3 of room volume. In either case, the system shall
shut down the fueling system in the event of failure of the
ventilation system. Reactivation of the fueling system shall be
by manual restart and shall be conducted by trained personnel.
vii. Where installed, a gas detection system shall be equipped to

sound an alarm and visually indicate when a maximum of one-
fifth (1/5) of the lower flammable limit is reached.
viii. Buildings and rooms used for compression, storage, and

dispensing shall be classified in accordance with Table 28. No
electrical sources of ignition, other than electrical installations as
permitted by the preceding provision, shall be permitted.
ix. Pressure relief devices on storage systems shall have pressure

relief device channels to convey escaping gas to the outdoors
and then upward to a safe area to prevent impinging on
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buildings, other equipment, or areas open to the public (e.g.,
sidewalks).
x. Access doors shall have warning signs with the words

“WARNING—NO SMOKING—FLAMMABLE GAS”. Such wording
shall be in plainly legible, bright red letters on a white
background with letters not less than twenty-five millimetres (25
mm) in height.
xi. Fast-fill fueling indoors is permitted where storage and

compression equipment is located outdoors complying the
aforementioned indoor requirements. In addition, an
emergency manual shutdown device shall be installed as
prescribed hereto and a gas detection system equipped to
sound an alarm and visually indicate when a maximum of one-
fifth (1/5) of the lower flammable limit is reached shall be
installed. The detector shall shut down the compressor and stop
the flow of gas into the structure.
7. Installation of Containers and Container Appurtenances (Other Than

Pressure Relief Devices)
a. Storage containers shall be installed above ground on stable,

noncombustible foundations or in vaults with ventilation and
drainage. Horizontal containers shall have no more than two points
of support longitudinally. Where flooding can occur, each
container shall be securely anchored to prevent floating.
b. Containers shall be provided with corrosion protection in

accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. Horizontally
installed containers shall not be in direct contact with each other.
c. Means shall be provided to prevent the flow or accumulation of

flammable or combustible liquids under containers, such as by
grading, pads, or diversion curbs.
8. Installation of Pressure Relief Devices
a. Pressure relief valves shall discharge to a safe area and escaping

gas shall not impinge on buildings, other equipment, or areas
subject to occupancy.
b. Pressure relief valves on pressure vessels shall be in vertical positions

and fitted with rain caps.
c. An overpressure protection device, other than a rupture disc, shall

be installed in the fueling transfer system to prevent overpressure in
the vehicle. The set pressure of the device shall not exceed one
hundred twenty five percent (125%) of the service pressure of the
fueling nozzle it supplies.
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9. Installation of Pressure Regulators
Regulators shall be installed so that their operation is not affected by

weather, mud, insects, or debris.
10. Installation of Pressure Gauges
Gauges shall be installed to indicate compression discharge pressure,

storage pressure, and fuel supply container fill pressure.
11. Installation of Piping and Hoses
a. Piping and hose shall be run as directly as practical and with

adequate provisions for expansion, contraction, jarring, vibration,
and settling. Exterior piping shall be either buried or installed above
ground and shall be supported and protected against mechanical
damage. Underground piping shall be buried not less than four
hundred sixty millimetres (460 mm) below the surface of the ground
unless otherwise protected from damage by movement of the
ground. Underground and aboveground piping shall be protected
from corrosion in compliance with recognized practices. Threaded
pipe and fittings shall not be used under ground.
b. Manifolds connecting fuel containers shall be fabricated to

minimize vibration and shall be installed in a protected location, or
shielded to prevent damage from unsecured objects.
c. Piping installation, including its fittings and methods of jointing shall

comply with the applicable Plumbing Code of Practice for CNG
Vehicles.
d. Natural gas shall be vented only to a safe point of discharge. A

vent pipe or stack shall have the open end protected to prevent
entrance of rain, and solid material. Vertical vent pipes and stacks
shall have provisions for drainage.
e. The use of hose in an installation shall be limited to the following:
i. A vehicle fueling hose;
ii. An inlet connection to compression equipment; or
iii. A section of metallic hose not exceeding nine hundred ten

millimeters (910 mm) in length in a pipeline to provide flexibility
where necessary. Each section shall be so installed that it is
protected against mechanical damage and is readily visible for
inspection. The manufacturer’s identification shall be retained
in each section.
f. At public fueling stations, provision shall be provided to recycle gas

used for calibration and testing.
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12. Testing
a. Piping, tubing and hose, and hose assemblies shall be leak tested
after assembly to prove them free from leaks at a pressure equal to
at least the normal service pressure of that portion of the system.
b. Pressure relief valves shall be tested at least every five (5) years.
13. Installation of Emergency Shutdown Equipment
a. A manually operated container valve shall be provided for each

DOT or TC storage cylinder. Each group of ASME storage vessels up
to a maximum combined capacity of two hundred eighty three
cubic meters (283 m3) shall be provided with a manually operated
shutoff valve.
b. The fill line on a storage container shall be equipped with a

backflow check valve to prevent discharge of natural gas from the
container in case of the rupture of the line, hose, or fittings.
c. A manually operated shutoff valve shall be installed in a manifold

as close to a container or group of containers as practical.
d. Gas piping from an outdoor compressor or storage system into a

building shall be provided with shutoff valves located outside the
building.
e. An emergency manual shutdown device shall be provided at the

dispensing area and at a location remote from the dispensing
area. This device, when activated, shall shut off the power supply
and gas supply to the compressor and the dispenser.
f. A breakaway device shall be installed at every dispensing point.

Such device shall be arranged to separate using a force not
greater than sixty-eight kilograms (68 kg) when applied in any
horizontal direction.
g. Control circuits shall be arranged so that, when an emergency

shutdown device is activated or electric power is cut off, systems
that shut down shall remain down until manually activated or reset
after a safe condition is restored.
h. Each line between a gas storage facility and a dispenser at a fast-

fill station shall have a valve that closes when one of the following
occurs:
i. The power supply to the dispenser is cut off; or
ii. Any emergency shutdown device at the refueling station is

activated.
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i. A fast-closing, “quarter turn” manual shutoff valve shall be
provided at a fast-fill station upstream of the breakaway device,
readily accessible to the person dispensing natural gas.
j. A self-closing valve shall be provided on the inlet of the compressor

that shuts off the gas supply to the compressor.
14. Installation of Electrical Equipment
Fixed electrical equipment and wiring, within areas specified in Table

28 below, shall comply with same table and shall be installed in
accordance with NFPA 70, National Electrical Code®.
Electrical equipment on internal combustion engines shall be installed

in accordance with NFPA 37, Standard for the Installation and Use of
Stationary Combustion Engines and Gas Turbines.
Table 28: ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS IN CNG SERVICE STATIONS

Division
Location Extent of Classified Area
or Zone
Containers (other than
mounted fuel supply 2 Within 3 m of container
containers)
Area containing compression and ancillary equipment
Outdoors 2 Up to 4.6 m from equipment
Indoors 2 Up to 4.6 m from equipment
Dispensing equipment
Outdoors 1 Inside the dispenser enclosure
Outdoors 2 From 0 to 1.5 m from the dispenser
Indoors 1 Inside the dispenser enclosure
Entire room, with adequate
Indoors 2
ventilation
Outdoors
Discharge from relief valves 1.5 m in all directions from the point
1
or vents source
Beyond 1.5 m but within 4.6 m in all
2
directions from point of discharge
Valves, flanges of screwed
None Unclassified
fittings
Discharge from relief valves
within 15 degrees of the line of 1 4.6 m
discharge
Exception: Listed dispensers shall be permitted to be installed using classified

areas in accordance with the terms of the listing.
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15. Stray or Impressed Currents and Bonding
a. Where stray or impressed currents are present, ignition shall be

taken in accordance with API RP 2003, Protection Against Ignitions
Arising Out of Static, Lightning, and Stray Currents.
b. Static protection shall not be required where CNG is loaded or

unloaded by conductive or nonconductive hose, flexible metallic
tubing, or pipe connections where both halves of the metallic
couplings are in contact.
c. A cylinder shall not be charged in excess of the design pressure at

the normal temperature for that cylinder as per manufacturer’s
instructions.
d. A fuel supply container shall not have a settled pressure above the
service pressure that is stamped on the container and displayed on
a label near the filling connection, corrected for the ambient
temperature at the time of filling.
e. CNG dispensing systems shall be equipped to stop fuel flow

automatically when a fuel supply container reaches the
temperature-corrected fill pressure. Where an overpressure
incident that results in operation of the overpressure protection
system occurs, the dispenser pressure control system shall be
examined and certified by a qualified technician prior to being
returned to service.
f. The transfer of CNG into a fuel supply container shall be performed

in accordance with instructions posted at the dispensing station.
g. Where CNG is being transferred to or from a motor vehicle, the

engine shall be turned off.
h. During the transfer of CNG to or from cargo vehicles, the hand or

emergency brake of the vehicle shall be set, and chock blocks
shall be used to prevent rolling of the vehicle.
i. Transfer systems shall be capable of depressurizing to facilitate

disconnection. Bleed connections shall lead to a safe point of
discharge.
j. Sources of ignition shall not be permitted within three meters (3.0 m)

of any filling connection during a transfer operation.
k. A warning sign with the words “STOP MOTOR, NO SMOKING,

FLAMMABLE GAS” shall be posted at dispensing station and
compressor areas. The location of signs shall be determined by
327
local conditions, but the lettering shall be large enough to be
visible and legible from each point of transfer.
16. Fire Protection
A portable fire extinguisher having a rating of not less than 20-B:C shall
be provided at the dispensing area.
17. Maintenance
a. Containers and their appurtenances, piping systems, compression

equipment, controls, and devices shall be maintained in proper
operating condition.
b. After the original installation, vehicle-fueling hoses shall be

examined visually at such intervals as are necessary to ensure that
they are safe for use. Hose shall be tested for leaks per
manufacturer’s requirements, but at least annually, and any unsafe
leakage shall be reason for rejection.
c. While in transit, fueling hose and flexible metal hose on a cargo

vehicle to be used in a transfer operation, including their
connections, shall be depressurized and protected from wear and
injury.
d. Pressure relief valves shall be maintained in proper operating

condition.
18. Vehicle Fueling Appliances in Nonresidential Occupancies
a. Vehicle fueling appliances (VFAs) shall be of the approved type

and shall not exceed a gas flow of 10 scf/min (0.28 standard cubic
meter/min).
b. VFAs shall be permitted to be used to fill stationary containers at

vehicle fueling locations.
c. The installation of VFAs shall comply with the requirements of the

provisions set forth for Residential Fueling Facility.
d. VFAs shall not be installed within three meters (3.0 m) of any

storage.
Exception: Storage in the vehicle fuel supply container
e. Where installed indoors in public assembly and educational

occupancies, a VFA shall be located in a portion of the
occupancy where NFPA 101®, Life Safety Code®, or the local
building code permits the installation of hazardous equipment.
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D. Residential Fueling Facility
The capacity of a residential fueling facility (RFF) shall not exceed 0.14
standard cubic meter/min of natural gas. Storage of CNG shall be
prohibited; however, CNG shall be permitted to be stored in the vehicle
fuel supply container.
1. All equipment related to RFF installation shall be protected to minimize

the possibility of physical damage and vandalism. This requirement
shall be permitted to be met by the use of an enclosure for the
compressor package, similar to that of a central air conditioner.
2. All equipment related to RFF installation shall be designed for the

pressure, temperature, and service expected.
3. Vehicles shall be considered as unclassified electrically with respect to

NFPA 70, National Electrical Code, Article 500.
4. Natural gas shall not be vented to the atmosphere under normal

operation.
5. Unless specifically permitted by the installation instructions, multiple

VFAs shall not be manifolded together on the discharge side.
6. Where more than one VFA are located in a common area, spacing
between VFAs shall not be less than one meter (1 m) unless permitted
by the installation instructions.
7. Installation
a. CNG compression and dispensing shall be located and conducted

outdoors wherever practical. However, where not practical (e.g.,
where inclement weather is common), compression and
dispensing shall be permitted to be located indoors.
b. All RFF equipment shall be installed in accordance with the

equipment manufacturer’s instructions.
c. The RFF shall have a nameplate marked with minimum and

maximum gas inlet pressure and flow rate, gas outlet maximum
pressure, and electrical requirements.
d. Indoor Installations
i. Where it is necessary to install the compression unit and

refueling connections indoors, the compression unit shall be
mounted or otherwise located such that the compression unit is
vented outdoors.
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ii. Where the RFF or the vehicle being fueled is located indoors, a
gas detector set to operate at one-fifth the lower limit of
flammability of natural gas shall be installed in the room. The
detector shall be located within one hundred fifty millimeters
(150 mm) of the ceiling or the highest point in the room. The
detector shall stop the compressor and operate an audible or a
visual alarm.
e. Outdoor Installations
The RFF shall be installed on a firm, noncombustible support to

prevent undue stress on piping and conduit.
f. Installation of Pressure Relief Valves
Pressure relief valves shall have pressure relief device vents or vent
lines to convey escaping gas to the outdoors and then upward to
a safe area to prevent impinging on buildings, other equipment, or
areas open to the public (e.g., sidewalks).
g. Installation of Pressure Gauges
For measurement and test purposes, pressure gauges shall be

permitted to be installed but shall not be required.
h. Pressure Regulation
An RFF shall be equipped to stop fuel flow automatically when the

container(s) reaches the temperature-corrected fill pressure.
i. Piping and Hose
i. All piping and hose from the outlet of the compressor shall be
supplied as part of the RFF.
ii. All gas piping to the RFF shall be installed in accordance with
NFPA 54, National Fuel Gas Code.
iii. The use of hose in an installation shall be restricted to the

following:
i.a. A fueling hose that shall be limited to a maximum length of

seven hundred sixty centimeters (760 cm) and shall be
supported above the floor/ground level or otherwise
protected from mechanical damage from abrasion and
being driven over by a vehicle
330
i.b. A maximum of one meter (1 m) in length where used to
prevent abrasion damage resulting from vibration on the
inlet or outlet, or both
iv. Transfer systems shall be capable of depressurizing to facilitate

disconnection. Bleed connections shall lead to a safe point of
discharge.
j. Testing
All piping and tubing shall be tested after assembly to be proven

free of leaks at a pressure equal to the maximum service pressure
of that portion of the system.
k. Installation of Emergency Shutdown Equipment
i. An RFF shall be equipped with emergency manual shutdown of

the gas supply and electric power. The emergency electrical
switch shall be at least one hundred fifty centimeters (150 cm)
from the RFF and in view of the RFF.
ii. Breakaway protection shall be provided in a manner so that, in

the event of a pull away, natural gas would cease to flow.
iii. A breakaway device shall be installed at every dispensing

point. Such a device shall be so arranged as to separate using
a force not greater than sixty-eight kilograms (68 kg) when
applied in any horizontal direction.
l. Operation
i. An RFF shall be operated in accordance with the

manufacturer’s instructions.
ii. A fuel supply container shall not be charged in excess of its

maximum allowable service pressure at normal temperature.
DOT and TC containers shall be charged in accordance with
DOT and TC regulations.
iii. Where CNG is being transferred to a motor vehicle, the engine

shall be stopped.
m. Maintenance and Inspection
i. All RFF equipment shall be inspected and maintained in

accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
ii. After installation, all hoses shall be examined visually as part of

this inspection. Hoses that are kinked or worn shall be replaced.
331
iii. All safety relief valves shall be maintained in proper operating
condition in accordance with the manufacturer or supplier’s
recommendation.
SECTION 10.3.4.4 OTHER HAZARDOUS MATERIALS AND CHEMICALS
SECTION 10.3.4.4.1 SCOPE
This Division shall apply to the storage, handling, transport and protection of
hazardous materials and chemicals not covered on Chapter 3 of this Rule.
SECTION 10.3.4.4.2 OXIDIZING MATERIALS
A. Packaged oxidizing materials shall be stored in dry locations and

separated from stored organic materials. Bulk oxidizing materials shall not
be stored on or against wooden surfaces.
B. Oxidizing materials shall be stored separately from flammable solids,

combustible materials, hazardous chemicals, corrosive liquids and such
other non-combustible materials.
SECTION 10.3.4.4.3 RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS
A. Durable, clearly visible signs of warning of radiation dangers shall be

placed at all entrances to areas or rooms where radioactive materials are
used or stored. In addition, each container in which radioactive materials
are used, stored, or transported shall bear a durable, clearly visible,
appropriate warning sign. Such signs shall bear the three-bladed radiation
symbol in magenta or purple on a yellow background in accordance
with the Rules of the Philippine Atomic Energy Commission.
B. Except for liquids, signs are not required for the storage of manufactured
articles such as instruments or closk dials or electronic tubes or apparatus,
of which radioactive materials are a component part, and luminous
compounds, when securely packed in strong containers, provided the
gamma radiation at any surface of the package is less than ten (10)
milliroentgens in 24 hours.
C. When not in use, radioactive materials shall be kept in adequately

shielded fire-resistant containers of such design that the gamma radiation
will not exceed 200 milliroentgens per hour or its equivalent at any point of
readily accessible surface.
D. The opinion of the Philippine Atomic Energy Commission shall be obtained

in all cases of doubt as to the safety of radioactive materials. The
Commission's ruling shall be final and non-appealable.
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SECTION 10.3.4.4.4 POTENTIALLY EXPLOSIVE CHEMICALS
A. Potentially explosive chemicals shall be stored away from all heat-

producing appliances and electrical devices and shall be protected from
external, hat, fire and explosion.
B. Explosives and blasting agents shall not be stored in the same building or
in close proximity to such materials except in accordance with this Code.
C. Good housekeeping shall be maintained uncontaminated of broken or

cracked bags, packages or other containers shall be transferred to new
and clean container before storing.
D. Other spilled materials and discarded containers shall be promptly

gathered and destroyed in an approved manner.
E. All electric bulbs shall be equipped with guards to prevent breakage.
F. Open lights or flames and smoking shall be prohibited in or near storage

areas.
G. Internal combustion motor vehicles or lift trucks shall not be parked in the
room or compartment where such chemicals are located.
SECTION 10.3.4.4.5 ORGANIC PEROXIDES
A. A detached, well isolated, ventilated and un-heated storage building

constructed with walls having a fire resistance rating of not less than two
(2) hours, a non-combustible floor, and a light weight insulated roof shall
be provided for the storage of twenty two kilograms (22 kg) or more of
organic peroxides. If not adequately protected by a fast-acting deluge
type automatic fire-fighting system, the storage building shall be located
at the following minimum distances from flammable or combustible liquid,
building or highway.
WEIGHT OF ORGANIC PEROXIDES DISTANCE

(Kilograms) (Meters)
22 to 45 23.00
45 to 227 30.00
227 to 445 38.00
445 to 1364 60.00
1363 to 2270 92.00
B. The organic peroxides shall be stored in the original shipping containers.
C. Care shall be taken to avoid rough handling or contamination of these

chemicals.
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D. Readily legible warning signs and placards as prescribed in Chapter 3
Division 2 of this Rule. Signs shall be prominently placed in the storage and
processing areas.
SECTION 10.3.4.4.6 NITROMETHANE
A. A suitable isolated outdoor storage are shall be provided for

nitromethane.
B. Hazardous processing shall not be permitted in the vicinity of this storage

area.
C. Nitromethane shall be stored in the drums in which it is received or in an

underground tank with suitable corrosion protection and a minimum of
sixty centimeters (60 cm) or earth over the tank or in barricaded tanks
above-ground shall be provided. If the drum storage is not adequately
protected by a fast-acting deluge automatic type fire-fighting system/the
storage of nine hundred nine kilograms (909 kg.) or more shall be located
at the following minimum distances from inhabited buildings.
WEIGHT APPROXIMATE DISTANCE

(Kilograms) NUMBER OF DRUMS (meters)
Beginning of 908 kg 4 30
909 kg to 4546 kg 20 60
4547 kg to 9091 kg 40 90
9092 kg to 18,182 kg 80 120
18,183 kg to 36,364 kg 160 150
D. Care shall be taken to avoid rough handling or contamination of this

chemical.
E. Readily legible warning signs and placards as prescribed in this Rule shall
be prominently placed in the transport, storage and processing area.
SECTION 10.3.4.4.7 AMMONIUM NITRATE
A. All flooring in storage and handling areas shall be of non-combustible

material and shall be without drains, traps, pits or pockets into which any
molten ammonium nitrate could flow and be confined in case of fire.
B. Each storage pile of bags or other authorized packages and container of

such materials shall not exceed three hundred sixty five centimeters (365
cm) in height, three hundred sixty five (365 cm) centimeters in width and
nine meters and fifteen centimeters (9.15 cm) in length.
C. Pile units shall be separated by a clear space of not less than ninety two
centimeters (92 cm) in width from the top of piles, serving as cross aisles in
the storage are which shall not be less than one hundred twenty centime-
ters (120 cm) in width.
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D. A clearance of not less than seventy six centimeters (76 cm) shall be
maintained from building walls and partitions, and not less than ninety
centimeters (90 cm)from ceilings of roof structural members with a
minimum of forty five centimeters (45 cm) from sprinklers.
E. Ammonium nitrate storage shall be separated by a space of nine meters

(9m) or by tight non-combustible partition from storage of organic
chemicals, corrosive liquids, compressed gases, flammable and combus-
tible materials, or other contaminating substance such as sulfur, coal,
flour, and metallic powders such a zinc, copper, and magnesium where
storage of such materials is permitted with ammonium nitrate.
F. Quantities of ammonium or ammonium nitrate fertilizers having no organic

coating, in the form of crystals, flakes, grains or pills including fertilizers,
dynamic grade, nitrous oxide grade and technical grade ammonium
nitrate and ammonium nitrate phosphate (containing 60% of ammonium
nitrate by weight) or more than fifty (50) metric tons of total weight, shall
be stored in well-ventilated building of fire-resistive or noncombustible
construction, or in a building of other type of construction equipped with
an approved automatic sprinkler system.
G. In populated areas, quantities of two thousand five hundred (2,500) tons

or more shall be stored in well-ventilated buildings of one-hour fire-resistive
or non-combustible construction equipped with an approved automatic
sprinkler system. No combustible material or ammonium nitrate sensitizing
contaminants shall be stored in this building.
H. Storage of ammonium nitrate, coated or mixed with organic anti-caking

materials, except compounded blasting agent shall not be permitted in
populated and congested areas. Outside such areas, quantities of five
hundred (500) metric tons or less may be stored in well-ventilated buildings
of fire-resistive or non-combustible construction equipped with an ap-
proved automatic firefighting system.
SECTION 10.3.4.4.8 HIGHLY TOXIC MATERIALS
A. Highly toxic materials shall be segregated from other chemicals and

combustible and flammable substances in a room or compartment
separated from other areas by walls and floor and ceiling assemblies
having a fire-resistive rating of not less than one (1) hour.
B. The storage room shall be provided with adequate drainage facilities and
natural or chemical ventilation to the outside atmosphere.
C. Readily legible warning signs and placards as prescribed in this Rule shall
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SECTION 10.3.4.4.9 POISONOUS GASES
A. Storage of poisonous gases shall be in rooms of at least one-hour fire-

resistive construction and having natural or mechanical ventilation
adequate to remove leaking gas. Such ventilation shall not discharge to a
point where gases may endanger any person.
B. Readily legible warning signs and placards as prescribed in this Rule shall
SECTION 10.3.4.4.10 CORROSIVE LIQUIDS
A. Satisfactory provision shall be made for containing and neutralizing or

safely flushing away leakage of corrosive liquids which may occur during
storage or handling.
SECTION 10.3.4.4.11 STORAGE CABINETS FOR HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
A. Cabinets for the storage of hazardous materials shall be approved and

substantially constructed of one-eighth (1/8) centimeters thick sheet iron
or a minimum of two hundred fifty four millimeters (254 mm) plywood or
equivalent.
B. Doors shall be self-closing and self-latching.
C. Cabinets shall be painted with luminescent type paint and shall be

conspicuously labeled in red letters: "Hazardous - Keep Fire Away."
SECTION 10.3.4.4.12 DESIGNATION OF CARGO
A. No person shall operate any tank vehicle transporting any corrosive

cryogenic, hypergolic, or phyrophoric materials unless at all time of such
transportation there is displayed upon each side and the rear of the tank
vehicle a sign in letter not less than seven hundred sixty-two millimeters
(762 mm) in height upon a background of sharply contrasting color, which
shall specifically designate the cargo.
be prominently placed in the transport, storage and processing areas.
SECTION 10.3.4.4.13 HAZARDOUS INSULATOR/CUSHIONING MATERIALS
A. The storage areas for plastic-based, fire-supporting, fire-conductive,

smoke generating, or toxic gas producing materials that are used as
insulators or cushioning material for crates, boxes, walls, air conditioning
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ducts, beds, chairs, and the like shall be provided with automatic fire
extinguishing systems of an approved type.
SECTION 10.3.4.4.14 FIRE PROTECTION
All hazardous materials enumerated in this Chapter shall be protected by

approved supervised sprinkler system and other appropriate fire protection
appliances.
CHAPTER 4. FIRE SAFETY FOR HAZARDOUS OPERATIONS
DIVISION 1. SCOPE
A. This Chapter shall govern the Fire Safety Measures for the following
Hazardous Operations:
1. Salvage Yards;
2. Bowling Alleys Resurfacing and Refinishing;
3. Dust Producing Machines;
4. Explosives, Ammunitions and Blasting Agents;
5. Fire Works;
6. Application of Flammable Finishes;
7. Ripening Processes;
8. Fumigation and Insecticidal Fogging;
9. Repair Garages;
10. Lumber Yards, Wood Processing and Woodworking Facilities;
11. Mechanical Refrigeration;
12. Motion Picture Projection;
13. Oil Burning Equipment;
14. Organic Coatings;
15. Industrial Ovens;
16. Hotworks Operations; and
17. Safeguarding Building Construction, Demolition and Alteration
Operations
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DIVISION 2. SALVAGE YARDS
A. Salvage yards shall be operated and maintained with the following

requirements:
1. No salvage yard shall be so located as to seriously expose adjacent

properties to fire. Serious exposure shall include situations where
materials are stored or operations performed within four and a half
meters (4.5 m) of an adjacent private property line.
2. The entire premises devoted to such yard or plant shall be enclosed

with a chain-linked fence not less than two and a half meters (2.5 m) in
height, with two (2) gates of four and a half meters (4.5 m) width for
fire department access.
3. No roof of any building located in a salvage yard shall be used for

storage. This applies to all buildings on a property where salvage work
is performed or waste materials are handled, including those used for
storage, vehicle shelters, administration and sales.
4. No motor vehicles, or any part thereof, junk, or other waste materials,

shall be stored, displayed or kept in such a manner as to unnecessarily
hinder or endanger fire fighting operations. Aisles or passageways of
four and a half meters (4.5 m) wide shall be provided to permit access
for firefighting equipment and personnel.
SECTION 10.4.2.2 FIRE SAFETY CLEARANCE REQUIRED FOR HOTWORK

OPERATIONS
No welding and cutting operations in salvage yards shall be conducted

without a fire safety clearance issued by the City/Municipal Fire Marshal
having jurisdiction for hotworks operations.
SECTION 10.4.2.3 CONSTRUCTION
A. Vertical openings in such building shall be enclosed with approved

automatic self-closing fire doors in accordance with Section 10.2.5.3 of this
IRR.
B. Picking shall be done in rooms separated from storage rooms or other

occupancies by fire resistive walls and doors having a fire resistance of not
less than one (1) hour. Picking rooms shall be provided with exhaust
systems to adequately and safely remove dust and dirt.
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SECTION 10.4.2.4 OPERATION
A. The storage and handling of flammable and combustible materials shall

be in accordance with Division 4, Chapter 3, Rule 10 of this IRR.
B. Welding and cutting operations shall conform to the provisions of Division

17 of this Chapter.
SECTION 10.4.2.5 PROTECTION AND MAINTENANCE
A. In no case shall smoking, or open flame be permitted in any area where

combustible fibers or other combustible waste materials are stored or
handled. "NO SMOKING" signs shall be provided in accordance with
Division 3, Chapter 5, Rule 10 of this IRR.
B. The burning of wrecked or discarded motor vehicles or of junks, or of any

waste materials shall be done only in locations and in a manner approved
or prescribed for such purpose by the City/Municipal Fire Marshal having
jurisdiction.
DIVISION 3. BOWLING ALLEYS RESURFACING AND REFINISHING
Bowling alleys shall conform to applicable requirements of this IRR, as well as

the provisions of this Division.
SECTION 10.4.3.2 FIRE SAFETY CLEARANCE REQUIRED
The operator/owner of a bowling establishment shall secure a fire safety

clearance from the City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction, before
performing any refinishing and alley resurfacing operations involving the use
of flammable liquids or materials on the premises.
Pin finishes involving the application of flammable or combustible finishes, or

sanding or buffing operations if done within a building, shall be done only in a
fire resistive room having a fire resistance rating of two (2) hours.
A. Resurfacing and refinishing operations shall not be carried on while the

establishment is open for business.
B. Proper ventilation shall be provided. Heating, ventilating, or cooling

systems employing recirculation of air shall not be operated during
resurfacing and refinishing operations or within one (1) hour following the
application of flammable finishes.
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C. All electric motors or other equipment in the area, which is a potential
source of ignition, shall be shut down and all smoking and use of open
flames shall be prohibited during the application of flammable finishes
and for one (1) hour thereafter.
A. Sanding and buffing machines shall be provided with approved

equipment for collecting dust during such operations. Contents shall be
removed daily and disposed of safely.
B. All power tools shall be effectively grounded.
C. Storage of flammable or combustible liquids in any room shall not exceed

a combined aggregate of two hundred twenty-five liters (225ℓ), and it
shall be in flammable liquid storage cabinet or in approved safety
containers not exceeding nineteen liters (19ℓ) individual capacity. An
approved metal waste bin with a self-closing cover shall be provided for
all waste rags and materials with the contents to be removed daily.
Smoking shall be prohibited at all times in pin refinishing rooms.
DIVISION 4. DUST PRODUCING MACHINES
SECTION 10.4.4.1 FIRE SAFETY CLEARANCE REQUIRED
No person shall operate any grain elevator, flour, starch or feed mill, saw mill,
or plant pulverizing aluminum, coal, cocoa, magnesium, spices, or other
material producing dust without a fire safety clearance issued by the
A. Approved magnetic of pneumatic separators shall be installed ahead of

all shelters, crackers, crushers, grinding machines, pulverizers and similar
machines in which the entrance of metallic or other foreign materials may
cause sparks to be generated.
B. Suitable dust collecting equipment shall be installed and accumulation of

dust shall be kept at a minimum in the interior of the buildings.
Properly designed and located vents equipped with explosion proof exhaust
fans which will relieve the pressure resulting from dust accumulation or an
explosion and prevent or reduce damage to buildings or equipment, shall be
required in all buildings where flammable or explosive dusts are
manufactured, processed or generated. The design of such equipment shall
be in accordance with internationally accepted standards or NFPA 68,
“Explosion Venting.”
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A. All dust-producing or dust-agitating machinery such as grinding mills and

separators, and all elevators, elevator legs, spouts, hopper and other
conveyors shall be provided with casing or enclosures maintained as
nearly dust-tight as possible
B. All machinery and metal parts of the crushing, drying, pulverizing and
conveying systems shall be provided with grounding system in
accordance with the Philippine Electrical Code.
C. Smoking and the carrying of matches, the use of heating or other devices
employing open flames, or use of any spark-producing equipment is
prohibited in areas containing dust-producing or dust-agitating operators.
All wiring and electrical equipment of artificial lighting installed in such
areas shall be in accordance with the provisions of the Philippine Electrical
Code.
D. Static electricity shall be removed from all machinery and other

component parts by permanent grounds and/or bonds. The design of
such equipment shall be in accordance with internationally accepted
standards or NFPA 77, “Static Electricity.”
DIVISION 5. EXPLOSIVES, AMMUNITION AND BLASTING AGENTS
A. This Division shall not apply to:
1. Explosives, ammunition and blasting agents used by the Armed Forces

of the Philippines (AFP);
2. Transportation and use of explosives, ammunition, or blasting agents

by the Bureau of Mines, the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) and
the Philippine National Police (PNP) acting in their official capacity.
SECTION 10.4.5.2 FIRE SAFETY INSPECTION CERTIFICATE (FSIC) REQUIRED
No person shall manufacture, store, handle and/or use any blasting agents,
explosives and special and industrial explosive materials, blasting caps, black
powder, liquid nitro-glycerin, dynamite, nitro cellulose, fulminates of any kind,
and plastic explosives containing ammonium salt or chlorate, without
securing a Fire Safety Inspection Certificate (FSIC) from the City/Municipal Fire
Marshal having jurisdiction, which is a pre-requisite for the granting of
manufacturer’s, dealer’s, purchaser’s, foreman’s license and permit to
unload issued by the PNP in accordance with R.A. 1866, as amended.
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SECTION 10.4.5.3 STORAGE
A. The manufacture of explosives or blasting agents shall be prohibited unless

such manufacture is authorized by law.
B. Explosives, including special industrial high explosive materials, shall be

stored in magazines that meet the requirement of the Fire Code and this
IRR.
C. Smoking, matches, open flames, spark-producing devices, firearms and

combustible materials shall be prohibited inside or within fifteen meters (15
m) from the magazine.
D. The land surrounding magazines shall be kept clear or brush, dried grass,
leaves, trash and debris for a distance of at least fifteen meters (15 m).
E. Magazines shall be kept locked except when being inspected or when

explosives are being placed therein or removed therefrom.
F. Magazines shall be kept clean, dry and free of grit, paper, empty
packages and rubbish.
G. Magazines shall not be provided with other than approved artificial heat
or light. Approved electric safety flashlights or safety lanterns may be
used.
H. Blasting caps, electric blasting caps, detonating primers and primed

cartridges shall not be stored in the same magazine with other explosives.
I. Packages of explosives shall not be unpacked or repacked in a magazine

nor within forty-five and eight-tenths meters (45.8 m) of a magazine or in
close proximity to other explosives. Opened packages of explosives shall
be securely closed before being returned to a magazine.
J. Magazines shall not be used for the storage of any metals, tools nor any
commodity except explosives, blasting agents and oxidizers used in
compounding blasting agents. The quantity of blasting agents and
oxidizers shall be included when computing the total quantity of
explosives for determining distance requirements.
K. Floors of magazines shall be securely fastened in place and shall be

capable of withstanding the loads imposed.
L. The roofs and exterior sides of building-type magazines shall be made of

concrete materials with fire resistance rating of two (2) hours.
M. Magazines shall be ventilated to minimize dampness and heating of

stored explosives. Ventilation openings shall be screened with 14 mesh,
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no.21 protected in a manner that will maintain the bullet resistance of the
magazine.
N. Doors and warning signs shall be in accordance with the provision of RA

1866 and its IRR, as amended.
SECTION 10.4.5.4 USE AND HANDLING
A. Use, handling and blasting operation of explosives shall be in accordance

with RA 1866 and its IRR, as amended, and the following conditions:
1. No person shall handle explosives while under the influence of

intoxicants or narcotics;
2. No person shall smoke or carry matches while handling explosives or

while in the vicinity thereof;
3. No open flame light shall be used in the vicinity of explosives;
4. Whenever blasting is being conducted in the vicinity of gas, electric,

water, fire alarm, telephone, telegraph or steam utilities, the blaster
shall notify the appropriate representative of such utilities at least
twenty four hours (24 hrs.) in advance of blasting, specifying the
location and intended time of such blasting. In an emergency, this
time limit may be waived by the City/Municipal Fire Marshal having
jurisdiction;
5. Blasting operations shall be conducted in accordance with inter-

nationally recognized good practice;
6. Before a blast is fired, the person in charge shall make certain that all
surplus explosives are in a safe place, all persons and vehicles are at a
safe distance or under sufficient cover, and a loud warning signal has
been sounded;
7. Due precautions shall be taken to prevent accidental discharge of

electric blasting caps from current induced by radio or radar
transmitters, lightning, adjacent power lines, dust storms, or other
sources of extraneous electricity. These precaution shall include;
a. The suspension of all blasting operations and removal of persons

from the blasting area during the approach and progress of an
electrical storm;
b. The posting of signs warning against the use of mobile radio trans-
mitters on all roads within one hundred seven meters (107 m) of the
blasting operations;
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c. Compliance with internationally recognized good practice when
blasting within two and a half kilometers (2.5 km) of broadcast or
high power short wave transmitters.
d. When blasting is done in a congested area or in close proximity to

a building, structure, railway, highway or any other installation that
may be damaged by material being thrown into the air, the blast
shall be covered with an adequate blasting mat;
e. Tools used for opening packages of explosives shall be constructed

of non-sparking materials;
f. Empty boxes and paper and fiber packing materials which have
previously contained high explosives shall not be used again for
any purpose, but shall be disposed of in a manner approved by
the City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction; and
g. Explosives shall not be abandoned.
SECTION 10.4.5.5 TRANSPORTATION
A. Every vehicle, when used for transporting explosives, shall be equipped

with not less than two (2) fire extinguishers. Extinguishers shall be so
located as to be readily available for use.
B. Every vehicle transporting explosives shall be marked or labeled on both

sides and rear with the word "EXPLOSIVES" in letters not less than eight
centimeters (8 cm) in height a contrasting background.
C. Vehicle transporting explosives traveling in the same direction shall not be

given within one hundred meters (100 m) of each other.
D. Vehicles transporting explosives shall not be left unattended at any time

within inhabited or populated areas.
E. Unauthorized persons shall not ride vehicles transporting explosives.
F. Delivery shall only be made by authorized persons into approved

magazines or approved temporary storage or handling area.
G. Other safety measures in transporting of explosive shall be in accordance

with the IRR of RA 1866, as amended.
DIVISION 6. FIREWORKS
This Division shall not apply to the use of fireworks by railroads or other
transportation agencies for signals or purposes of illumination, or the sale or
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use of blank cartridges for a show on theater, or for signal or ceremonial
purpose in athletics or sports or for use of military organizations.
SECTION 10.4.6.2 FIRE SAFETY INSPECTION CERTIFICATE (FSIC) REQUIRED
No person shall manufacture, store, handle and/or use any firework materials
of any kind or form without securing a Fire Safety Inspection Certificate (FSIC)
from the City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction, which is a pre-
requisite for the granting of permit issued by the PNP in accordance with R.A.
7183, as amended.
SECTION 10.4.6.3 MANUFACTURING PLANTS/PROCESSING STATIONS
A. Fireworks manufacturing plants/processing stations shall be made of

concrete materials and shall be provided with the following:
1. Fire extinguishers shall be provided in accordance with Section

10.2.6.7of this IRR;
2. Two (2) means of egress separate and remote from each other and
terminates along safe refuge area;
3. Wet stand pipe of 1 ½ hose line;
4. Emergency plan; and
5. All electrical wiring installations shall be explosion proof and dust tight
in accordance with Philippine Electrical Code.
B. Smoking within the premises of the manufacturing plant/processing

station is strictly prohibited. Conspicuous signs that read “WARNING — NO
SMOKING — NO TRESPASSING” shall be posted at frequent intervals
around the plant perimeter.
C. All plant buildings containing pyrotechnic composition, explosive

composition, or fireworks shall be locked securely at the end of the
workday, or wherever plant personnel are not present to provide security.
D. The City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction shall be permitted inside

the plant without special permission of the person in charge;
E. No employee or other person shall be permitted to enter the plant while in

possession of, or under the influence of, alcohol, drugs, or narcotics.
F. Each plant shall designate a safety officer who shall be responsible for
general safety, fire prevention and protection, and employee safety
training.
G. Stoves, exposed flames, and portable electric heaters shall be prohibited.
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SECTION 10.4.6.4 STORAGE
Storage of fireworks and other pyrotechnics shall be in accordance with

Republic Act No. 7183.
SECTION 10.4.6.5 DISPLAY CENTER
A. Display centers for selling firecrackers and pyrotechnics shall be

separated from each other by a firewall with a fire resistance rating of not
less than two (2) hours;
B. All malls and other similar establishments shall not be utilized as display
centers for selling of firecrackers and pyrotechnics unless done through
media presentation or other means without necessarily displaying the said
firecrackers therein;
C. Fire extinguisher/s shall be provided in accordance with Section 10.2.6.7 of

this IRR;
D. Smoking within fifteen meters (15 m) from a display center shall not be
allowed;
E. Testing of firecrackers and pyrotechnics shall be prohibited; and
F. Stoves, exposed flames, and portable electric heaters shall be prohibited.
SECTION 10.4.6.6 CLEARANCE FOR FIREWORKS EXHIBITION
No person shall be allowed to conduct firework exhibition without first

securing a clearance from the City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction.
SECTION 10.4.6.7 REQUIREMENTS FOR FIREWORKS EXHIBITION
A. That a permit to posses and display fireworks shall first be secured from the
Philippine National Police;
B. That fireworks be fired at a distance of one hundred feet (100 ft) away
from people;
C. That all fireworks shall project upwards;
D. That a responsible person of at least twenty one years (21 yrs) and with
adequate knowledge of handling fireworks shall be assigned to supervise
fireworks display;
E. That sufficient approved type of first aid fire protection equipment shall be
on hand at the site during fireworks exhibitions; and
F. That the nearest fire station shall be notified of such exhibitions.
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SECTION 10.4.6.8 DISPOSAL OF UNFIRED FIREWORKS
Any fireworks that remain unfired after the display is concluded shall be
immediately disposed properly.
DIVISION 7. APPLICATION OF FLAMMABLE FINISHES
SECTION 10.4.7.1 FIRE SAFETY CLEARANCE
A Fire Safety Clearance from the City/Municipal Fire Marshal having

jurisdiction shall be issued for spraying and dipping operations utilizing
flammable liquid, and powders included within the scope of this IRR.
SECTION 10.4.7.2 SPRAY FINISHING OPERATION OR PROCESSES
A. Construction
1. Electric wiring and equipment shall conform to the applicable

provisions of the Philippine Electric Code.
2. Spray finishing operations shall not be conducted in buildings classified

and used for assembly, educational, health care or residential
occupancies except in a room-designed for the purpose, protected
with an approved automatic fire control and extinguishing system and
separated vertically and horizontally from other areas.
3. In other occupancies, all spraying operations performed inside a

building shall be conducted in an approved spray booth, spray room
or in spraying areas approved for such use.
4. Spray booths shall be substantially constructed of steel not less than

one and two-tenths millimeters (1.2 mm) in thickness, securely and
rigidly supported, or of concrete masonry except for aluminum or
other approved substantial noncombustible materials, which may be
used for intermittent or low volume spraying.
5. The interior surfaces of spray booths shall be smooth, continuous

without edges and otherwise designed to prevent pocketing of
residue and facilitate ventilation, cleaning, and washing without injury.
Spray booths shall be designed to allow the free passage of exhaust
air from all parts of the interior as well as to sweep air currents toward
the exhaust outlet.
6. The floor of the spray booth and operator's working area shall be non-
combustible, non-sparking material of such character as to facilitate
the safe cleaning and removal of residue.
7. Distribution or baffle plates, if installed to promote an even flow of air

through the booth or cause the deposits of overspray before it enters
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exhaust ducts, shall be of non-combustible material and readily
removable or accessible on both sides for cleaning. Such plates shall
not be located in the exhaust ducts.
8. Each spray booth having a frontal area larger than one square meter
(1 m2) shall have a metal deflector or curtain not less than eleven and
four tenths centimeter (11.4 cm) deep installed at the upper outer
edges of the booth over the opening.
9. Each spray booth shall be separated from other operations by not less
than ninety one and five tenths centimeters (91.5 cm), or by a greater
distance, or by such partition, wall, or floor/ceiling assembly having a
minimum fire resistance of one (1) hour to reduce the danger of
juxtaposition of hazardous operations as the City/Municipal Fire
Marshal having jurisdiction may require, except for spray enclosures
used for drying at elevated temperature.
10. Spray booths shall be installed that all portions are readily accessible
for cleaning. A clear space of not less than ninety-one and five tenths
centimeters (91.5 cm) on sides shall be kept clear of any storage or
11. When spraying areas are illuminated through glass panels or other
transparent materials, only fixed lighting units shall be used as a source
of illumination. Panels shall effectively isolate the spraying area from
the area in which the lighting unit is located, and shall be of non-
combustible material of such a nature or so protected that breakage
will be unlikely. Panels shall be arranged so that normal accumulations
of residue on the exposed surface of the panel will not be raised to a
dangerous temperature by radiation or conduction from the source of
illumination.
B. Operation
1. Spraying operations, except electrostatic spraying operations, shall be

designed, installed and maintained that the average air velocity from
the spray impeller over the open face of the booth (or booth cross
section spraying operations) shall not be less than thirty meters (30 m)
per minute. Dry spray booths equipped with a filter roll that
automatically advances when the air velocity is reduced to that
specified in this paragraph shall be arranged to cause shutdown of
spraying operations if the filter roll fails to advance automatically.
Visible gauges or audible alarm devices shall be installed to indicate
that the required air velocity is maintained.
2. Electrostatic spraying operations may be conducted with an air

velocity over the open face of the booth of not less than eighteen
meters (18 m) per minute or more depending on the volume of the
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finishing material being applied and its flammability and explosion
characteristics. Visible gauges or audible alarm or pressure-activated
devices shall be installed to indicate or ensure that the required air
velocity is maintained.
3. All discarded filter pads and filter rolls shall be immediately removed to
a safe, well-detached location or placed in water-filled metal
containers and disposed at the close of the day's operation unless
maintained completely in water.
4. The storage and handling of flammable or combustible liquids in

connection with spraying operations shall be in accordance with this
Division.
5. The quantity of flammable and combustible liquids kept in the vicinity

of spraying operations shall be the minimum required for operations
and should not exceed a supply of one (1) day or one (1) shift. Bulk
storage of portable containers of flammable and combustible liquids
shall be in separate, constructed building detached from other
important building or cut off in a standard manner.
6. Originally sealed containers, approved portable tanks, approved

safety cans, or a properly arranged system of piping shall be used for
bringing flammable or combustible liquids into spray finishing room.
Open or glass containers shall not be used.
7. Drying, curing or fusion apparatus in connection with spray application

of flammable and combustible finishes shall conform to NFPA 86,
“Standard for Ovens and Furnaces”, and the requirements of this IRR.
8. Spray booths, rooms or other enclosures used for spraying operations

shall not be alternately used for drying by any arrangements, which will
cause a material increase in the surface temperature of the spray
booth, room, or enclosure.
9. Except as specifically provided in paragraph “B” (7) of this Section,

drying curing, or fusion units utilizing a heating system having open
flames or which may produce sparks shall not be installed in a spraying
area as defined. However, it may be installed adjacent thereto when
equipped with an interlocked ventilating system arranged to:
a. Thoroughly ventilate the drying space before the heating system

can be started;
b. Maintain a safe atmosphere at any source of ignition; and
c. Automatically shut down the heating system in the event of failure

of the ventilating system.
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10. Automobile refinishing spray booths or enclosures, otherwise installed
and maintained in conformity with this Division, may alternately be
used for drying with portable electrically infrared drying apparatus
when conforming with the following:
a. The procedures shall be restricted to low-volume, occasional spray

application;
b. The interior (especially floors) of spray enclosures shall be kept free

of overspray deposits;
c. During spray operations, the drying apparatus and electrical

connections and wiring thereto shall not be located within the
spray enclosure nor in any other location where spray residue may
be deposited;
d. Spraying apparatus, drying apparatus and ventilating systems of

the spray enclosure shall be equipped with suitable interlocks so
arranged that:
i. The spraying apparatus cannot be operated while the drying

apparatus is inside the spray enclosure.
ii. The spray enclosure will be purged of spray vapors for a period
of not less than three minutes (3 min) before drying apparatus
can be energized.
iii. The ventilating system will maintain a safe atmosphere within

the enclosure during the drying process and the drying
apparatus will automatically shut off in the event of failure of
the ventilating system.
C. Protection and Maintenance
1. The filters in a spray booth shall be located in such a manner as not to

reduce the effective booth enclosure of the articles being sprayed.
2. Space within spray booths on the downstream and upstream sides of

filters shall be protected with approved automatic sprinklers and/or fire
control and extinguishing systems.
3. Filters or filter rolls shall not be used when applying a spray material
known to be highly susceptible to spontaneous heating and ignition.
4. Clean filters or filter rolls shall be non-combustible or of approved type

having combustibility not in excess of Class 2 filters as listed by
Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. Filters. Filter rolls shall not be alternately
used for different types of coating materials, where the combination of
materials may be susceptible to spontaneous ignition.
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5. Smoking and open flames shall be prohibited in any spray booths.
6. Finishing areas in the vicinity of dip tanks and paint storage rooms, “No
smoking and open flames" signs in large letters on contrasting color
background shall be conspicuously posted in such areas.
7. There shall be no open flames or spark-producing equipment or

processes that may expose the surface and exceed the auto-ignition
temperature of the material being sprayed in any spraying area or
within six meters (6 m) therefrom, unless separated by a partition.
8. Space heating appliances, steam pipes or hot surfaces shall not be

located in spraying areas where deposits of combustible residues may
readily accumulate unless specifically approved for locations
containing both deposits of readily ignitable residue and explosive
vapors. There shall be no electrical equipment in any spraying area
where deposits of combustible residue may readily accumulate,
except in rigid conduits, boxes, or fittings containing no taps, splices or
terminal connections, and except as hereinafter provided.
9. Electrical wiring, motors and other equipment capable of producing

sparks or hot metal particles not subject to deposits of combustible
residues but located above or adjacent to spraying area shall be of
explosion-proof type approved for use in such hazardous location or
shall be of the totally enclosed type or construction to prevent the
escape of sparks or hot metal particles.
10. Electrical wiring, motors, and other equipment outside of, but within six
meters (6 m) horizontally and three meters (3 m) vertically of an
enclosed spraying area and not separated by partitions, shall not
make sparks under normal operating conditions.
11. Electric lamps outside, but within six meters (6 m), of any spraying area
and not separated by a partition, shall be totally enclosed to prevent
the falling of hot particles and shall be protected from physical
damage by suitable guards or by location.
12. Portable electric lamps shall not be used in any spraying area during
spraying operations. Portable electric lamps, if used during cleaning or
repairing operations, shall be of the type approved for hazardous
locations in accordance with the Philippine Electrical Code.
13. All metal parts of spray booths, exhaust ducts and piping systems
conveying flammable or combustible liquids shall be properly
electrically grounded in an effective and preventive manner in
14. All spraying areas shall be provided with mechanical ventilation

adequate to prevent the dangerous accumulation of vapors as well
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as in removing flammable vapors, mists or powders to a safe location
and capable of confining and controlling combustible residues, dusts
and deposits.
15. Mechanical ventilation shall be kept in operation at all times, while

spraying operations are being conducted and for a sufficient time
thereafter to allow vapors from drying coated particles and dry
finishing material residues to be exhausted. Where spray operations
are conducted automatically without an operator constantly on duty,
the operating controls shall be arranged that the spray apparatus
cannot function unless exhaust fans are operating.
16. Each spray booth shall have an independent exhaust duct system
discharging to the exterior of the building. However, multiple cabinet
spray booths in which identical spray finishing material is used with a
combined frontal area of not more than one and sixty-seven
hundredths square meters (1.67 m2) may have a common exhaust. If
more than one (1) fan serves one (1) booth, all fans shall be
interconnected that one (1) fan cannot operate without operating all.
17. Electric motors driving exhaust fans shall not be placed inside booths
or ducts. Fan rotating elements shall be non-ferrous or non-sparking or
the casing shall consist of, or be lined with, such material. There shall
be ample clearance between the fan-rotating element and the fan
casing to avoid a fire by friction, necessary allowance being made for
ordinary expansion and loading to prevent contact between moving
parts and the duct or fan housing. Fan blades shall be mounted on a
shaft sufficiently heavy to maintain perfect alignment even when the
blades of the fan are heavily loaded, with the shaft preferably to have
bearings outside the duct and booth. All bearings shall be of the self-
lubricating type, or lubricated from the outside duct.
18. Belts shall not enter the duct or booth unless belt and pulley within the
duct or booth are tightly enclosed.
19. Exhaust ducts shall be constructed of steel having a thickness not less
than that indicated in Table 29 and shall be substantially supported:
Table 29: MINIMUM THICKNESS OF SPRAY BOOTH

EXHAUST DUCTS, BY DIAMETER
Diameter of duct Minimum thickness

20 cms or less (0.60 mm)
20 to 46 cms inclusive (0.75 mm)
46 to 76 cms inclusive (0.90 mm)
Over 76 cms (1.20 mm)
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20. Unless the spray booth exhaust duct terminal is from a water-wash
spray booth, the terminal discharge point shall be not less than one
and eight tenths meters (1.80 m) from any combustible exterior wall or
roof, nor discharge in the direction of any combustible construction or
unprotected opening in any noncombustible exterior wall within seven
and six tenths meters (7.60 m).
21. Exhaust ducts without dampers are preferred. However, if dampers

are installed, exhaust ducts shall be maintained so that they will be in a
full open position at all times the ventilating system is in operation.
22. Exhaust ducts shall have a clearance from unprotected combustible

construction or material of not less than forty-five centimeters (45 cm).
If combustible construction is provided with the following protection
applied to all surfaces within forty-five centimeters (45), clearance
may be reduced to the distances indicated in Table 30:
Table 30: CLEARANCE REQUIRED FROM EXHAUST DUCTS AND UNPROTECTED

COMBUSTIBLE CONSTRUCTION FOR SPRAY BOOTHS, BY TYPE OF PROTECTION USED
Clearance required
Protection Used
cm in
Gauge 28 sheet metal on ¼ -inch asbestos millboard. 30.48 12
Gauge 28 sheet metal on 1/8-inch asbestos millboard
22.86 9
space out 1 inch (2.54 cm) on noncombustible spacers.
Gauge 22 sheet metal on 1-inch (2.54 cm) coated
batts reinforced with wire mesh or the equivalent. 7.62 3
Where ducts are protected with an approved automatic
sprinkler system, the clearance required in section “V” of 15.24 6
this section may be reduced.
23. Air exhaust from spray operations shall not be directed so that it will not
contaminate makeup air being introduced into the spraying area or
other ventilating intakes.
24. Exhaust ducts shall be permitted to be round, rectangular, or other

suitable shape. They shall be provided with doors, panels or other
means to facilitate inspection, maintenance, cleaning and access to
fire protection devices.
25. Containers supplying spray nozzles shall be of closed type or provided

with closed metal covers. Containers not resting on floors shall be on
non-combustible supports or suspended by wire cables. Containers
supplying spray nozzles by gravity flow shall not exceed thirty eight
liters (38ℓ) capacity.
26. All containers or piping to which a hose or flexible connection is

attached shall be provided with a shut-off valve at the connection.
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Such valve shall be kept shut when not in use.
27. When pump is used to deliver products, automatic means shall be

provided to prevent pressure in excess of the design working pressure
of accessories, piping and hose.
28. All pressure hoses and couplings shall be inspected at regular intervals
appropriate to its intended use. The hose and coupling shall be tested
with the hose extended, and using the “in-service maximum operating
pressures.” Any hose showing material deformations, signs of leakage,
or weakness in its carcass or at the couplings, shall be withdrawn from
service and repaired or discarded.
29. Piping systems conveying flammable and combustible liquids shall be

of steel or other materials having comparable properties of resistance
to heat and physical damage. Piping systems shall be properly
bonded and grounded.
30. Heaters shall not be located in spray booths nor other locations subject
to the accumulation of deposits or combustible residue.
31. If flammable or combustible liquids are supplied to spray nozzles by

positive displacement pumps, the pump discharge lines shall be
provided with an approved relief valve discharging to a pump suction
or a safe detached location, or a device provided to stop the prime
mover if the discharge pressure exceeds the safe operating pressure of
the system.
32. Whenever flammable or combustible liquids are transferred from one

container to another, both containers shall be effectively bonded and
grounded to prevent the discharge sparks of static electricity.
33. In addition to the automatic fire control extinguishing equipment

provided for above, suitable portable fire protection equipment shall
be provided near all spraying areas as required for extra hazardous
occupancies. For continuous spray application, activation of fire
extinguishing system shall automatically accomplish all the following:
a. Activate a local alarm in the vicinity of the spraying operation and

activate the facility’s alarm system, if such is provided.
b. Shut down the coating material delivery system.
c. Terminate all spray application operations.
d. Stop conveyors into and out of the spray area.
34. A manual fire alarm and emergency system shut-down station shall be
installed to serve each spray area. When activated, this station shall
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accomplish all the functions listed above. At least one (1) such station
shall be within ready access of operating personnel. If access to this
station is likely to involve exposure to danger, additional station shall
be located adjacent to an exit from the area.
35. Automatic sprinklers protecting each spray booth (together with its
connecting exhaust) shall be under an accessibly located separate
outside stem and yoke (OS & Y) (gate valve mechanism) sub-control
valve.
36. Sprinklers protecting spraying areas shall be kept as free from deposits
or overspray residue as practical by cleaning daily if necessary. If
covered, cellophane bags having a thickness of 0.076 mm or less, or
thin paper bags shall be used. Coverings shall be replaced frequently
so that heavy deposits of residue do not accumulate. Sprinklers that
have been painted or coated, except by the sprinkler manufacturer,
shall be replaced with the new listed sprinklers having the same
characteristics.
37. All spraying areas shall be free from accumulation of deposits of

combustible residue as practical, with cleaning conducted daily if
necessary. Scrapers, spuds, or other tools used for cleaning purposes
shall be of non-sparking material.
38. Residue scraping and debris contaminated with residue shall be

immediately removed from the premises and properly disposed of. An
approved metal waste cans shall be provided whenever rags or waste
are impregnated with finishing material and all such rags or waste
deposited therein are disposed of immediately after use. The contents
of waste cans shall be properly disposed of at least once a day or at
the end of each shift.
39. The use of solvents for cleaning operations shall be restricted to Class II
and III liquids as defined in this IRR and those having flashpoints not less
than 100ºF, except that the solvents with flash points not less than those
normally used in spraying operations may be used for cleaning spray
nozzles and auxiliary equipment, provided that such cleaning is
conducted inside spray booths and ventilating equipment is operating
during cleaning.
40. Spray booths shall not be alternately used for different types of coating
materials where the combination of the materials may be conducive
to spontaneous ignition, unless all deposits of the first material used are
removed from the booth and exhaust ducts prior to spraying with the
second material.
41. Spraying shall not be conducted outside of predetermined spraying

areas.
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42. Clothing of spray finishing employees shall not be left on the premises
overnight unless kept in metal lockers.
43. All electrical wiring and equipment of drying apparatus shall conform
to the provisions of this IRR and shall otherwise be installed in accor-
dance with the provisions of the Philippine Electrical Code. Only
equipment of a type approved for hazardous locations as provided for
in this IRR shall be located within forty five centimeters (45 cm) of the
floor level. All metallic parts of drying apparatus shall be properly,
electrically bonded and grounded.
44. The drying apparatus shall contain a prominently located,

permanently attached warning sign indicating that ventilation should
be maintained during the drying period and that spraying should not
be conducted in the vicinity that spray will deposit on apparatus.
SECTION 10.4.7.3 DIPPING AND COATING PROCESSES
A. Construction
1. It shall be separated from other operations, materials, or occupancies

by location, firewalls, fire partitions, or by other means allowed in this
IRR.
2. Dipping and coating tanks shall be constructed of steel, reinforced

concrete, masonry or other non-combustible materials and shall be
securely and rigidly supported. Supports for tanks that exceed one
thousand eight hundred nine five liters (1895 ℓ) capacity or one
square meter (1 m2) of liquid surface shall have a minimum fire
resistance rating of one (1) hour.
3. To prevent the overflow of burning liquid from the dipping and

coating tank should a fire in the tank actuate automatic sprinklers,
the following requirements shall be done:
a. Drain boards shall be arranged so that sprinkler discharge will not

flow into the tank.
b. Tanks shall be equipped with automatic closing covers and

overflow pipes.
c. The level of liquid in the dipping and coating tank shall be

maintained not less than one hundred and fifty two millimeters
(152 mm) below the top of the tank to allow the effective
application of extinguishing agents in the event of fire.
d. Dipping and coating tanks that exceeds five hundred seventy

liters (570 ℓ) in capacity or ninety three-hundredths square meters
(0.93 m2) in liquid surface area shall be equipped with a properly
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trapped overflow pipe leading to a safe location.
e. The connection of the overflow pipe to the tank shall be made

not less than one hundred and fifty two millimeters (152 mm)
below the top of the tank.
4. Dipping and coating tanks that exceed one thousand eight hundred
nine five liters (1,895 ℓ) in liquid capacity shall be equipped with
bottom drains automatically and manually arranged/operated to
quickly drain the tank in the event of fire, unless the viscosity of the
liquid at normal atmosphere makes this impractical. Manual
operation shall be from a safe and accessible location. Where
gravity flow is not practicable, automatic pumps shall be provided.
5. Such drains shall be trapped and discharged to a closed, properly

vented salvage tank or to a safe outside location.
6. The diameter of the bottom drain pipe or pipes shall be sized to

empty the dipping and coating tank within five (5) minutes, but in no
case shall be less than that indicated in Table 31:
Table 31: DIAMATER OF BOTTOM DRAIN

PIPES, BY TANK CAPACITY
Tank capacity Pipe diameter
(liters) (cm)
1900 to 2850 8
2851 to 3800 10
3801 to 9500 13
9501 to 15000 15
Over 15000 20
7. Where salvage tank or tanks are employed, their capacity shall be

greater than the capacity of the dipping and coating tanks to which
they are connected. Pumping arrangement shall be provided for the
retrieval of the contents. The salvage tanks shall be emptied before
the dipping and coating tank is refilled.
8. Dipping and coating process utilizing conveyor systems shall be

arranged to automatically stop or cease motion in the event of fire
and if the required rate of ventilation is not maintained.
9. Open flames, spark-producing equipment/devices, or equipment

whose exposed surfaces exceed the auto-ignition temperature of
dipping or coating liquid, shall not be located in the process area
unless the said equipment or apparatus is of totally enclosed type
and construction to prevent the escape of sparks or particles of hot
metal.
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10. Electrical wiring and equipment that is located in the process area
and is subject to deposits of combustible residues shall be of
explosion-proof type approved for use in such hazardous locations in
11. Unless specifically approved for locations containing both deposits of

readily ignitable residue and explosive vapors, there shall be no
electrical equipment in the vicinity of dip tanks or associated drain
boards or drying operations which are subject to splashing or dripping
or dip tank liquids, except wiring in rigid conduits or in threaded boxes
or fittings containing no taps, splices or terminal connections and
except as hereinafter specifically permitted relating to electrostatic
apparatus.
12. Open flames or spark producing equipment, which is not separated

by tight partitions, shall not be located within six meters (6 m) in any
floor space outside the process area. Drying and fusion apparatus
may be installed adjacent to process areas subject to applicable
provision of this rule.
13. In order to prevent sparks from the accumulation of static electricity,

all persons and all electrically conductive objects, including any
metal parts of the process equipment or apparatus, containers of
material, exhaust ducts, and piping systems that convey flammable
or combustible liquids, shall be electrically grounded.
14. Hardening and tempering tanks shall conform to all applicable

provisions of this Section and the following:
a. Tanks shall be located as far as practicable from furnaces and

shall not be located on or near combustible floors.
b. Tanks shall be provided with a non-combustible hood and vent

or other equally effective means, venting to the outside of the
building to serve as a vent in case of fire. All such vent ducts shall
be treated as flues and be kept away from combustible roots or
materials.
c. Tanks shall be equipped with a mechanical high temperature

limit switch arranged to sound the alarm when the temperature
of the quenching medium reaches ten degrees (10°C) Celsius
below flash point.
d. Hardening and tempering tanks of over one thousand eight

hundred ninety five liters (1,895 ℓ) capacity or two and
thirty-two hundredths square meters (2.32 m2) surface area shall
be protected as specified in section.
e. Air under pressure shall not be used to fill or to agitate oil in tanks,
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unless the air feed system is provided with a mechanical shut off
device that shall be activated to effectively eliminate airflow
once the mechanical alarm system required above is actuated.
15. Dipping and coating processes of over five hundred seventy liters
(570 ℓ) capacity or ninety three hundredths square meters (0.93 m2)
liquid surface area and containing liquids having a flash points above
93°C shall be protected with an approved automatic fire
extinguishing system.
16. Covers arranged to close automatically in the event of fire shall be

actuated by approved automatic mechanical devices and shall be
arranged for remote manual operation.
17. Covers shall be made of non-combustible materials with overlap sides

by at least twenty-five millimeters (25 mm) and have a recess or
flange that extends downward around the tank when it is closed.
18. Chains or wire ropes shall not be used to support the cover or
operating mechanism where the burning of a cord could interfere
with the action of a device. All pulleys, catches, and other fasteners
shall be made of metal and shall be attached to noncombustible
mountings.
19. Dipping and coating process areas shall be provided with

mechanical ventilation that is capable of confining the vapor area to
not more than one thousand five hundred twenty five millimeters
(1525 mm) from the vapor source and removing the vapors in a safe
location. The concentration of the vapors in the exhaust stream of
the ventilation system shall not exceed twenty five percent (25%) of
the lower flammable limit. However, if the physical size of a process
does not allow adequate removal of vapors by mechanical
ventilation alone, a properly designed enclosure shall be provided
and the ventilation shall be capable of confining all vapors to the
enclosure.
B. Operation
1. Mechanical ventilation shall be kept in operation at all times while

dipping and coating processes are being conducted and for a
sufficient time thereafter to allow all vapors to be exhausted until the
vapor area no longer constitutes a vapor source. Where dipping and
coating processes are conducted automatically without an
attendant constantly on duty, the operating controls shall be
arranged so that the apparatus cannot function unless the exhaust
fans are operating.
2. Flow coat operations shall conform to the requirements for dipping
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and coating tanks, considering the area of the sump and any area
on which paints flow as the surface area of a dipping and coating
tank.
3. Paint shall be supplied by direct low pressure pumping arranged to

automatically shut down by means of approved heat mechanical
devices in case of fire, or by gravity tank not exceeding thirty-eight
liters (38 ℓ) in capacity.
4. The processes of roll coating, spreading, and impregnating, in which

fabrics, paper or other materials are passed directly through a tank or
through containing flammable liquids, or over the surface of a roller
that revolves partially submerged in a flammable liquid, shall conform
to the succeeding paragraph and to the other applicable provisions
of the foregoing sections of this IRR.
5. The storage and handling of flammable liquids shall be in

accordance with Section 10.3.4.2.1 and other pertinent provisions of
the Fire Code of this Philippines and this IRR.
1. Dipping and coating processes shall only be conducted in a building

designed for the purpose, protected with an approved automatic
sprinkler system that is designed and installed in accordance with
Section 10.2.6.5 of this IRR, and is separated vertically and horizontally
from other areas by construction of non-combustible material with a
fire resistance of two (2) hours.
2. It shall be located so that in the event of fire originating at the

process of equipment, access to means of egress will not be
impaired.
3. Controls shall be provided to automatically shut down the dipping or

coating process and sound an alarm if the ventilating system fails.
4. Areas in the vicinity of dipping and coating operations, especially

drain boards and drip pans, shall be cleaned on a regular basis to
minimize the accumulation of combustible residues and unnecessary
combustible materials. Combustible coverings and strippable
coatings shall be permitted to be used to facilitate cleaning
operations in dipping and coating areas. If residue accumulates in
work areas, ducts, duct discharge points, or other adjacent areas, all
dipping and coating operations shall be discontinued until conditions
are corrected. Cleaning operations shall be conducted with
ventilating equipment in operation.
5. Approved waste container shall be provided for rags or waste
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impregnated with flammable or combustible material, and all such
rags or waste shall be deposited therein immediately after use. The
contents of waste cans shall be properly disposed of at least once a
day or at the end of each shift.
6. Periodic inspections or tests shall be made of all process tanks

including covers, overflow pipe inlets, outlets and discharges, bottom
drains, pumps and valves, electrical wiring and utilization equipment,
grounding and bonding connections, ventilation systems, and all
extinguishing equipment. Any defects found shall be promptly
corrected. Inspection shall be conducted at least monthly.
7. Areas in the vicinity of dipping and coating processes shall be

provided with suitable portable fire extinguishers in accordance with
8. Covers shall be kept closed when tanks are not in use.
9. Adequate arrangements shall be made to prevent sparks from static

electricity by electrically bonding and grounding all metallic rotating
parts and other parts of machinery and equipment and by the
installation of static collectors or maintaining a conducive
atmosphere by means such as high relative humidity.
SECTION 10.4.7.4 ELECTROSTATIC APPARATUS
A. Construction
1. A safe distance of six meters (6 m) shall be maintained between goods

being painted or treated and electrodes, electrostatic atomizing
heads or conductors of at least twice the sparkling distance. A
suitable sign indicating this safe distance shall be conspicuously
posted near the assembly.
2. Electrostatic apparatus shall be equipped with automatic controls

which will operate without time delay to disconnect the power supply
to the high voltage transformer and to signal the operator under any
of the following conditions:
a. Stoppage of ventilation fans or failure of ventilating equipment

from any cause.
b. Stoppage of the conveyor carrying goods through the high

voltage.
c. Occurrence of a ground or of an imminent ground at any point on

the high voltage system.
d. Reduction of clearance below that specified in para "A" (1) of this

Section.
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3. Adequate booths, fencing, railing, or guards shall be placed around
the equipment so that, by either their location or character, or both,
they assure that a safe isolation of the process is maintained from plant
storage or personnel. Such railings, fencing, and guards shall be of
conductive material, adequately grounded, and shall be at least one
and a half meters (1.5 m) from processing equipment.
4. Electrodes and electrostatic atomizing heads shall be adequately

supported in permanent locations, and shall be effectively insulated
from the ground. Electrodes and electrostatic atomizing heads which
are permanently attached to their bases, supports, or reciprocators,
shall be deemed to comply with this Section. Insulators shall be non-
ferrous and non-combustible.
5. High-voltage leads to electrodes shall be properly insulated and

protected from mechanical injury or exposure to destructive
chemicals. Electrostatic atomizing heads and any exposed elements
shall be effectively guarded against accidental contact or grounding.
Automatic means shall be provided for grounding the electrode
system when it is electrically de-energized for any reason.
B. Operation
1. Electrostatic apparatus and devices used in connection with paint

spraying and paint detearing operations shall be of a type
conforming to internationally approved standards.
2. Transformers, power packs, control apparatus, and all other electric

portions of the equipment, shall be located outside of the spraying or
vapor areas, and shall conform to the requirements of the other
1. Designate the process zone as dangerous with regard to fire and

accident.
2. Signs designating the process zone as dangerous because of fire and

accident hazards shall be conspicuously posted.
3. Identify the grounding requirements for all electrically conductive

objects in the spray are, including persons.
4. Restrict access to qualified personnel only.
5. All insulators shall be kept clean and dry.
6. Drip plates and screens subject to paint deposits shall be removed

and taken to a safe place for cleaning.
7. The spraying area shall be adequately ventilated.
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SECTION 10.4.7.5 AUTOMOBILE UNDERCOATING
A. Operation
1. When approved by the City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction,

automobile undercoating spray operations conducted in areas having
adequate natural or mechanical ventilation may be exempted from
the requirements pertaining to spray finishing operations when using
undercoating materials which are not more hazardous than kerosene
(as listed by underwriters’ laboratories in respect to fire hazard rating
30-40), undercoating materials using only solvents having a flash point
in excess of thirty seven and eight-tenths degrees Celsius (37.8°C), or
no flames are within six thousand one hundred millimeters (6100 mm)
while such operations are conducted.
2. Undercoating spray operations not conforming to this provision are

subject to all applicable provisions of this IRR.
SECTION 10.4.7.6 POWDER COATING
A. Construction
1. Electrical equipment and other sources of ignition shall conform to the

requirements of the Philippine Electrical Code.
2. Exhaust ventilation shall be sufficient to maintain the atmosphere

below the lowest explosive limits for the material being applied. All
non-deposited air-suspended powders shall be safely removed via
exhaust ducts to the powder recovery cyclone or receptacle.
Powders shall not be released to the outside atmosphere.
3. The provisions of internationally recognized standards for ovens and

furnaces shall apply.
4. Electrostatic fluidized beds and associated equipment shall be of

approved types. The maximum surface temperature of this equipment
in the coating area shall not exceed sixty-five and six-tenths degrees
Celsius (65.6°C). High voltage circuits shall be designed so as not to
produce a spark of sufficient intensity to ignite any powder-air mixture
nor result in shock hazard upon coming in contact with a grounded
object under normal operating conditions.
5. Transformers, power packs, control apparatus and all other electrical

portions of the equipment, with the exception of the charging
electrodes and their connections to power, shall be located outside of
the power coating area or shall otherwise conform to the requirements
of this IRR.
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6. All electrically conductive objects within the charging influence of the
electrodes shall be adequately grounded. The powder coating
equipment shall carry a prominent, permanently installed warning sign
regarding the necessity for grounding these objects.
7. Objects being coated shall be maintained in contact with the

conveyor or other support in order to insure proper grounding.
Hangers shall be regularly cleaned to ensure effective contact, and
areas of contact shall be sharp point or knife's edges where possible.
8. Electrical equipment shall be so interlocked with the ventilation system,

such that the equipment cannot be operated unless the ventilation
fans are in operation.
B. Operation
1. Powder coating operations shall be conducted in:
a. Completely enclosed rooms made of non-combustible

materials/construction with smooth surfaces designed to prevent
accumulation of powder and to facilitate cleaning; or
b. Enclosed powder coating facilities which are adequately

ventilated, or
c. Adequately ventilated spray booths meeting the requirements of

this IRR.
2. The application of powders by means of non-electrostatic fluidized

bed or powder spray gun normally requires the part to be preheated.
Preheating is also sometimes used with electrostatic equipment. Care
must be taken to insure that the temperature of the part to be coated
does not exceed the ignition temperature of the powder being used.
3. Precaution shall be taken to minimize the possibility of ignition by static

electrical sparks through static grounding, where possible, of powder
transport, application and recovery equipment.
4. All areas shall be free from accumulation of powder coating dusts,

particularly such horizontal surfaces as ledges, beams, pipes, hoods,
booths and floors.
5. Surfaces shall be cleaned in such manner as to avoid scattering dust

to other places or creating dust clouds. Vacuum sweeping equipment,
when used, shall be of approved type for use in hazardous locations.
6. Care shall be exercised to prevent iron or spark-producing metals from

being introduced into the powder being applied. Magnetic and filter
type separators are recommended.
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7. "NO SMOKING OR OPEN FLAMES" signs in letters on contrasting color
background shall be conspicuously posted at all powder coating
areas and powder storage rooms.
8. These provisions shall apply to finely ground particles protective

finishing material applied in dry powder form by one of the following
methods:
a. Fluidized bed
b. Electrostatic fluidized bed
c. Powder spray guns
d. Electrostatic powder spray guns
9. Each method requires certain essential protective measures, which

shall be compatible with the method employed.
SECTION 10.4.7.7 ORGANIC PEROXIDES AND DUAL COMPONENT COATINGS
A. Operation
1. Extreme care should be exercised at all times in preventing the

contamination of organic peroxide formulations with any foreign
substance. Only spray guns and related handling equipment
specifically manufactured for use with organic peroxide formulations
shall be used. Separate pressure vessels/air handling fluid equipment
shall be used for the resin and for the catalyst and they shall not be
interchanged.
2. The wetted portion of the equipment and apparatus that handle

organic peroxides formulations shall be made of stainless steel (300
series), polyethylene, Teflon, or other materials specifically
recommended for the application.
B. Protection and Maintenance
1. Organic peroxides shall be stored in a cool detached building apart

from other finishing materials. Only minimum daily requirements shall
be brought to the processing area. Such material remaining at the
spraying station at the end of a day's operation shall be carefully
disposed of. Organic peroxides shall be kept away from all sources of
heat including steam pipes, radiators, open flames or sparks and solar
radiation.
2. Care shall be exercised in handling organic peroxide formulations to

avoid shock and friction, which can cause decomposition and violent
reaction.
3. Organic peroxides shall not be mixed directly with any cobalt
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compounds or other accelerators or promoters as violent
decomposition or explosion may result. To avoid the possibility of such
accidental mixing, these materials shall not be stored adjacent to
each other.
4. Smoking shall be prohibited and "NO SMOKING" signs shall be

prominently displayed and only non-sparking tools shall be used in any
area where organic peroxides are stored, mixed or applied.
5. Only designated personnel trained to use and handle organic

peroxide formulations shall be permitted to work with such materials.
6. Extra care shall be exercised to prevent contamination of organic

peroxide formulations with dusts or overspray residue resulting from the
sanding or spray application of finishing materials. Such mixing can
result in spontaneous fire or explosion.
7. All spilled organic peroxides formulations shall be promptly removed.

Spilled material shall be absorbed by using a non-combustible
absorbent and then promptly disposed of in accordance with the
manufacturer's recommendation.
8. All spraying operations involving the use of organic peroxide

formulations and other dual component coatings shall be conducted
in spray areas that are protected by approved automatic sprinkler
systems meeting the requirements of Section 10.2.6.5.
DIVISION 8. RIPENING PROCESSES
SECTION 10.4.8.1 FSIC REQUIRED
A Fire Safety Inspection Certificate shall be issued by the City/Municipal Fire

Marshal having jurisdiction as required for any fruit and crop ripening
processes using combustible or flammable gas, such as ethylene, acetylene
and the like.
A. The location of buildings in which fruit ripening processes utilizing

combustible or flammable gas are conducted shall be approved by the
City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction. In towns or municipalities
without existing fire stations, the approving authority is the Provincial Fire
B. Containers storing the gas or materials from which they are generated
shall be built in accordance with internationally recognized practice.
C. Electrical wiring and equipment shall be installed in accordance with the

standards of the Philippine Electrical Code.
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D. Lighting shall be by approved electric lamps or fixtures.
E. Ethylene generators shall be listed and labeled including documentation

that ethylene concentration gas does not exceed twenty-five percent
(25%) of the Lower Explosive Limit (LEL).
A. Gas piping shall be of iron pipe. Flexible connectors and hose, when
used, shall be of approved type. Tubing shall be of brass or copper with
not less one-eight centimeters (0.125 cm) wall thickness.
B. Ethylene gas shall be discharged only into approved rooms or enclosures.

Valves controlling discharge shall be provided by positive and fail-closed
control of flow.
C. Ripening room shall be open for at least twenty minutes (20 min) every
twelve hours (12 hr) of operation.
D. Heating of ripening rooms shall be by indirect means utilizing low pressure

steam, hot water, or warm air. Approved electric heaters or approved
gas or kerosene heaters shall have sealed combustion chambers.
E. Steam, hot water pipes and radiators, shall have a clearance of at least
two and a half centimeters (2.5 cm) to combustible material.
F. Gas heaters and their vents shall be installed in accordance with

internationally recognized practice. Gas heaters shall be equipped with
an automatic pilot device to shut off the gas supply whenever the flame
is extinguished.
G. Burners for gas or kerosene heaters shall be installed in such a manner that
the air for combustion is taken from outside the ripening room and the
products of combustion are discharged to the outside.
H. Kerosene heaters shall be installed in accordance with the applicable

provisions of Rule 10, Chapter 4, Division 14, “Oil Burning Equipment”, of
this IRR.
I. Electric heaters shall be of a type having no exposed surface at a

temperature higher than four hundred twenty six degrees Celsius (426oC)
and with thermostatic elements that produce no sparks and shall be of a
type approved for use in hazardous locations.
J. Protective guards shall be provided around heaters to prevent the

possibility of their being knocked over.
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A. Portable fire extinguisher shall be installed in building or structure with

ripening rooms.
B. Ripening rooms shall be cleared of all combustible materials at all time.

Waste materials shall be disposed of properly.
C. The combustible or flammable gas shall be introduced by some means

under positive control and measured so that the quantity introduced
does not exceed one (1) part of gas to one thousand (1,000) parts of air.
D. Containers other than those in actual use shall be stored outside of the
building or in a special building, except that not more than two portable
approved containers not in actual use may be stored inside the building
premises. Such inside rooms or portions of a building used for storage of
these containers shall be constructed of fire resistive walls and doors with
a fire resistive rating of not less than two (2) hours.
E. Open flame heaters and open lights shall be prohibited in the ripening
rooms.
F. "NO SMOKING" signs shall be posted at every entrance and smoking shall
be prohibited in the ripening rooms.
G. Approved warning signs indicating the danger involved and necessary

precautions shall be posted in conspicuous places.
DIVISION 9. FUMIGATION AND THERMAL INSECTICIDAL FOGGING
SECTION 10.4.9.1 FIRE SAFETY CLEARANCE
No person shall engage in fumigation or thermal insecticidal fogging without

a fire safety clearance from the City/Municipal Fire Marshal having
jurisdiction. An operational license for fumigators from the Fertilizer and
Pesticide Authority (FPA) is a prerequisite for the issuance of such clearance.
For the issuance of clearance, the following must be complied with:
A. The City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction shall be notified in

writing at least three (3) days before closing any structure or ship for
fumigation or opening spaces for fogging.
B. Notification shall provide the following information:
1. Business name of the applicant, its address and contact number;
2. Location or name of establishment/address to be fumigated or where

fogging operations are to be conducted;
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3. Fumigants or insecticides, as well as thermal devices, to be used;
4. Person(s) responsible for the operation; and
5. Date and time of operation
C. Notice of any fumigation or thermal insecticidal fogging shall be served at

least one (1) day to the occupants involved in the premises to give them
sufficient time for evacuation or appropriate preparation for the
operation.
SECTION 10.4.9.2 SOURCES OF IGNITION
A. All fires, open flames and similar sources of ignition shall not be allowed in
spaces under fumigation or thermal insecticidal fogging. Heating, if
needed, shall be done by indirect means with steam or hot water.
B. Electricity shall be shut off during operations, except where circulating

fans are used. Such equipment shall be designed and installed in
SECTION 10.4.9.3 WATCH PERSONNEL
A. During operation, the premises shall be sealed to keep the fumigant

suspended in the air. The owner/building administrator shall be
responsible for the supervision of the operation. Indoor fogging operations
shall be supervised within three (3) to five (5) hours from the time the
premises are fumigated/fogged until all ventilation work is completed.
B. For outdoor operations, the requesting party shall be the one responsible
for the supervision.
SECTION 10.4.9.4 SEALING OF BUILDING
Depending on the construction of the building, doors, windows, and all

crevices, cracks or openings in the building, or portion thereof, to be
fumigated, except the exit, shall be sealed with tape and plastic sheet
before fumigation materials are applied. In case of houses, a rubber tent
shall be placed over the entire house to confine the poisonous gases or
prevent them from escaping. Irrespective of the type of fumigant employed,
paper or other similar non-fire retardant materials used as sealing or cover
materials for buildings, except for approved tarpaulins, in excess of that
required is prohibited.
SECTION 10.4.9.5 WARNING SIGNS
Whenever fumigants are used or stored, conspicuous warning signs bearing

the “skull and crossbones” emblem with the words “DANGER, POISON GAS!
KEEP OUT!” shall be posted on all doors and entrances to the premises and
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upon all gangplanks and ladders from the deck, pier or land to the ship. The
signs shall also include the name of the fumigant used; the fumigator’s name
and his/her address and telephone number; and the date and time of
operation. Notices shall be printed in red ink on white background. Letters in
the headlines must be at least 2 inches (51 mm) in height. A warning shall
state that the occupied premises must be vacated at least two (2) to three
(3) hours before the operation begins and shall not be reentered until the
danger signs are removed by the proper authorities.
SECTION 10.4.9.6 VENTING AND CLEANUP
At the end of the exposure period, fumigators shall safely and properly
ventilate the premises and contents and properly dispose all fumigant
containers, residues, debris and other materials used in the fumigation.
SECTION 10.4.9.7 THERMAL INSECTICIDAL FOGGING LIQUIDS
No thermal insecticidal fogging liquid with a flash point below thirty-eight

degrees Celsius (38°C) shall be used. During operation, fog shall not be
blasted directly against any combustible object or materials, e.g. Cartons,
papers, curtains and, or within 3 meters, therefrom.
SECTION 10.4.9.8 RESTRICTED FUMIGANTS
Use of Carbon Disulfide (CS2) and Hydrocyanic Acid (HCN) shall be used only
in agricultural fumigations.
DIVISION 10. REPAIR GARAGES
A. Repair garages shall be built in accordance with the National Building

Code, and the provisions of this Section.
B. A repair garage shall not be located within or attached to a building or

structure used for any purpose other than a repair garage unless
separated by walls and floor or floor-ceiling assemblies having a fire
resistance rating of not less than two (2) hours.
C. Any single area occupied for salesrooms, showrooms, offices, or similar

spaces shall be separated from vehicle repair or parking areas by walls
and floor or floor-ceiling assemblies having a fire resistance rating of not
less than two (2) hours.
D. Ceiling assemblies shall be constructed in such a manner as to restrict the

passage of smoke, vehicle exhaust gases, and odors from the repair or
parking area to these spaces.
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E. In cases of parts storage areas, it shall also be separated from all other
portions of the building by walls or partitions and floor or floor-ceiling
assemblies having a fire resistance rating of not less than two (2) hours.
F. In areas of repair garages used for repair or servicing of vehicles, floor

assemblies shall be constructed of noncombustible materials or, if
combustible materials are used in the assembly, shall be surfaced with
approved noncombustible material. Floors shall be liquid tight to prevent
the leakage or seepage of liquids and shall be sloped to facilitate the
movement of water, fuel, or other liquids to floor drains.
G. In areas of repair garages where motor fuels are dispensed or where

vehicles are serviced, floor drains shall be provided. They shall be
properly trapped and shall discharge through an oil separator to the
sewer or to an outside vented sump.
H. The contents of oil separators and traps of floor drainage systems shall be
collected at sufficiently frequent intervals to prevent oil from being carried
into the sewers. Disposal of which shall be in accordance with Rule 10,
Chapter 4, Division 2 and Section 10.3.4.2.1 of this IRR.
I. Pits and sub-floor work areas shall comply with the following:
1. Walls, floors, and piers shall be constructed of masonry, concrete, or

other suitable noncombustible material.
2. Pits shall have a minimum of two unobstructed means of egress. Steps

shall be noncombustible, slip resistant, and constructed with no
accessible storage space beneath.
3. Pits and sub-floor areas shall be provided with an individual ventilating

system capable of providing a complete air change every five
minutes (5 min) with the intake located near floor level.
J. Repair garages shall be limited in height and area, depending on the

type of construction, and shall be provided with proper ventilation fire
protective system in accordance with this IRR.
K. Below-grade areas occupied for repairing, or communicating areas

located below a repair garage, shall be continuously ventilated by a
mechanical ventilating system having positive means for exhausting
indoor air at a rate of not less than 1 m3/min per m2 of floor area. An
approved means of ventilation shall be provided for introducing an equal
amount of outdoor air.
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A. Welding, Cutting and Hotworks Operations
1. Welding, cutting and hotworks operations shall be in accordance with

Rule 10, Chapter 4, Division 17 of this IRR.
2. Electric arc welding generators or transformers, electrical wiring for

light, power, heat, and signal or control circuits, as well as electrically
operated equipments, tools, portable appliances, and devices shall
be in accordance the Philippine Electrical Code.
B. Spray Painting And Undercoating
1. Spray application operations, and processes shall be confined to

spray booths, spray rooms, or spray areas. There shall be no open
flame devices or spark-producing electrical equipment or appliances
within six and one-tenth meters (6.1 m) radial distance horizontally
while such operations are conducted.
2. Undercoating materials shall be dry before starting the engine of the

undercoated vehicle.
3. Where only a small portion of a vehicle is spray painted and no

accumulations of paint residues are allowed to form, such occasional
painting shall be permitted in an open area located not less than six
and one-tenth meters (6.1 m) radial distance horizontally from all open
flame devices or spark-producing electrical equipment or appliances.
A. Fire Protective System
1. Approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system shall be provided in

repair garages in accordance with Section 10.2.6.5 of this IRR and
under the following conditions:
a. Repair garages more than one (1) storey in height or located

beneath another occupancy wherein such repair garage exceeds
an area of seventy hundred forty three square meters (743 m2).
b. One-storey repair garages exceeding an area of one thousand

one hundred fifteen square meters (1,115 m2).
c. All below-grade floors of repair garages, the ceilings of which are

less than sixty-one hundredths meter (0.61 m) above grade.
2. Approved portable fire extinguishers shall be provided in all repair

garages conforming to the provisions of Section 10.2.6.7 of this IRR.
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3. All repair garages that exceed a height of fifteen and two tenths
meters (15.2 m), have parking levels below grade, or are unsprinklered
and more than one (1) storey in height shall be provided with one or
more standpipes conforming to the provisions Section 10.2.6.6.
B. Housekeeping
1. An authorized employee/ officer of the firm, or the owner shall make

daily inspections of the garage and shall be responsible for the prompt
removal or repair of any hazardous condition, including proper
maintenance of equipment and safety devices and the immediate
removal of accumulations of combustible materials.
2. Clear aisle space shall be maintained to permit ready access to and

the use of fire-fighting equipment.
3. The contents of oil separators and traps of floor drainage systems shall
be collected at sufficiently frequent intervals to prevent oil from being
carried into the sewers.
4. Floors shall be kept clean and free of oil and grease. Only approved
water solutions or detergents, floor-sweeping compounds, and grease
absorbents shall be used for cleaning floors.
5. Metal lockers shall be provided for employees’ clothes.
6. Approved metal receptacles with self-closing covers shall be provided

for the storage or disposal of oil-soaked waste or clothes.
7. Combustible rubbish shall be placed in covered metal receptacles

until removed to a safe place for disposal. Contents of such
containers shall be removed daily.
8. “NO SMOKING” signage’s shall be conspicuously posted on

hazardous areas in accordance to Division 3, Chapter 5, Rule 10 of this
IRR.
DIVISION 11. LUMBER YARDS, WOOD PROCESSING AND WOODWORKING

FACILITIES
A. Open Yard Storage
1. Driveways between and around lumber piles shall be at least four and
a half meters (4.5 m) wide and maintained free from the
accumulation of rubbish, equipment or other articles or materials.
Driveways shall be so spaced that a maximum grid system unit of
fifteen meters (15 m) by forty-five meters (45 m) is produced.
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2. Permanent lumber storage, operating under a permit from
appropriate government agencies, shall be surrounded with a suitable
fence at least one and eight tenths meters (1.8 m) in height, unless
storage is within a building.
B. Wood Processing and Woodworking Facilities
1. Building constructions shall be in accordance with the National

Building Code (NBC) and other accepted international standards.
2. Processing and wood working facilities shall be properly

compartmentalized and protected through fire walls and fire barriers
to prevent spread of fire and explosions or both between sections of
the facility with different hazards in accordance with Section 10.2.6.8
of this IRR.
3. Fire protection features shall include separation of adjacent building

by open space, or separation of adjoining building areas by firewalls
and fire partitions, or draft curtain boards as well as elimination of
unnecessary opening through floors.
4. Raw material storage, finish product storage, manufacturing areas,

non-manufacturing areas and high hazard occupancies shall be
considered as different hazards.
5. Walls, floor, doors and openings shall comply with the following:
a. If walls are erected as firewalls between adjoining buildings, then

they shall be designed for a minimum of four (4)-hour fire resistance
rating.
b. Interior walls erected as fire barrier between adjoining areas shall

be designed for a minimum of one (1)-hour fire resistance rating.
c. All penetrations of floors and walls shall be provided with

firestopping having a fire resistance rating equal to that of the floor
or wall.
d. Piping and ductwork shall not be embedded in firewalls.
e. Interior walls erected to isolate dust explosion hazards shall be

designed for sufficient explosion resistance to preclude damage to
these walls before the explosion pressure can be safely vented to
the outside.
f. Where there are openings in fire-rated assemblies, including

conveyor and chute openings, such shall be protected by
approved, automatic-closing fire doors or fire dampers that have a
fire resistance rating equivalent to the fire-rated assembly.
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g. Fire doors shall be installed in accordance with Section 10.2.5.3 of
this IRR.
h. Where there are openings in walls designed to be explosion

resistant, such shall be protected by doors that provide the same
degree of explosion protection as the walls. Such doors shall be
kept closed at all times when not in use. Such doors shall not be
considered as part of a means of egress. Such doors shall be
marked “NOT AN EXIT.”
6. Surfaces and ledges in dusty areas shall comply with the following:
a. Interior surfaces and ledges shall be designed to minimize dust

accumulation.
b. Surfaces not readily accessible for cleaning shall be inclined at an

angle of not less than forty-five degrees (45˚) from the horizontal to
minimize dust accumulation.
1. Lumber shall be piled with due regard to stability of piles, and in no

case higher than three meters (3 m). Where lumber is piled next to a
property line, it shall not be less than three meters (3 m) in distance.
2. The burning of shavings, sawdust, and refuse materials shall be

permitted only under boilers, in furnaces, or in incinerators or refuse
burners safely constructed which will eliminate the danger from sparks
such as an expansion chamber, baffle, walls, or other effective
arrangements. At boilers or other points where sawdust of shavings
are used as fuel, a storage bin of non-combustible, with raised sill, shall
be provided.
3. Smoking shall be prohibited except in specified safe locations in

buildings. Large "NO SMOKING" signs shall be painted on exterior
buildings walls and on signs, erected at driveways' edges. "NO
SMOKING" signs shall be posted throughout all buildings except in
specified locations designated as safe for smoking purposes.
4. Weeds shall be kept down throughout the entire year and shall be
sprayed as often as needed with a satisfactory weed killer or grubbed
out. Dead weeds shall be removed.
5. Debris such as sawdust, chips and shorts shall be removed daily.

Proper housekeeping shall be maintained at all times.
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1. Dust collecting system shall be designed in accordance with the

Philippine Mechanical Code and the latest edition of NFPA 664.
2. Thermal oil heating system shall be in accordance with the Philippine

Mechanical Code and the latest edition of NFPA 664.
3. Wood pulverizing operations shall be in accordance with the

Philippine Mechanical Code and the latest edition of NFPA 664.
4. Composite board plants shall be in accordance with the Philippine

Mechanical Code and the latest edition of NFPA 664.
An approved yard hydrant system or water barrels and pails shall be

provided for in open storage yards. Yard hydrant systems shall be installed
in accordance with internationally accepted standards. Water barrels
with three pails each shall be located at driveways so that a travel
distance of at least ten meters (10 m) but not more than twenty-three
meters (23 m) along driveways is needed from any part of the open yard
to reach a barrel. Portable fire extinguishers shall be provided in
1. Deflagration venting
1. If a dust explosion hazard exists in equipment, rooms, buildings, or

other enclosures, such areas shall be provided with deflagration
venting. An approved fire suppression system installed in
2. Where room or building dust accumulations exceed three

millimeters (3 mm) or where visible dust clouds exist, it shall be
considered an explosion hazard. In such rooms or buildings, an
explosion hazard shall be provided with damage-limiting
construction, including deflagration venting to a safe outside
location
2. Housekeeping
a. Removal of static dust shall be made for systematic, thorough

cleaning of the entire plant at sufficient intervals to prevent the
accumulations of finely divided wood dust that might be dislodged
and lead to an explosion.
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b. The use of compressed air or other similar means to remove dust
accumulations from areas that are not readily accessible for
cleaning by other methods shall be permitted only if done
frequently enough to prevent hazardous concentrations of dust in
suspension. Any open flame or spark-producing equipment shall
not be used during blowdown.
c. Any metal scrap, such as nails, band iron, or any wood containing
metal, shall be separately collected and disposed so that it will not
enter the wood-handling or processing equipment, the dust-
collecting system, or the scrap wood hog.
3. Electrical installation and maintenance
a. All electrical installation and maintenance shall comply with the

provisions of Philippine Electrical Code.
b. Static electricity shall be prevented from accumulating on

machines or on equipment that is subject to accumulation of static
electric charge by the following methods:
i. Permanent grounding and bonding wires
ii. Grounded metal combs
iii. Other effective means
c. Lightning protection, if necessary, shall be installed in accordance

with the Philippine Electrical Code.
4. Fire Protective System
a. Portable fire extinguishers, and standpipes and hose systems,

where required, shall be provided in accordance with Section
10.2.6.7 of this IRR. Hose stations of three and eight tenths
centimeters (3.8-cm or 1 ½ inch) diameter shall be provided
throughout all woodworking facilities.
b. Automatic sprinklers, where required, shall comply with Section

10.2.6.5 of this IRR. Deluge heads shall be used to protect hard-to-
reach areas, such as spaces between press cylinders.
DIVISION 12. MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION
The principal applications of refrigeration systems include, but not limited to,
the following:
A. Industrial, refining, and chemical
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1. Controlling vapor pressure of volatiles during distillation, separation, or
processing.
2. Shifting solubility relationships to permit segregation and removal of

undesired contents, such as asphalt or wax, in lubricating oils.
B. Manufacture, freezing, preservation, and distribution of food products
C. Air conditioning
D. Manufacture, preservation, and distribution of medicine and drugs
E. Environment testing chambers
F. Cold treatment of metals
G. Industrial testing
H. Miscellaneous
1. Cold storage of flowers and furs.
2. Ice making and skating rinks
All mechanical refrigeration systems shall be designed and installed in

accordance with the provisions of this Division, PSME Code, IMC, NBC and
other related acceptable codes.
A. Operating Instructions
1. An operating instruction shall be posted conspicuously and as near as

practicable to the refrigerant condensing unit.
2. The operating instruction shall include the following:
a. Instructions for shutting down the system in case of emergency;
b. Mechanical and substance specification;
c. The name, address and contact numbers for obtaining technical

services; and
d. The name, address and telephone number of the local building

official and the City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction for
notification.
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B. Ammonia Diffusion Systems
1. Ammonia refrigerating plants containing more than thirteen and one

half kilograms (13.5 kg) of refrigerant shall be equipped with facilities
for diffusing the ammonia vapors.
2. Systems containing more than thirteen and one half kilograms (13.5 kg)
of refrigerant shall be discharged to the outside of the building at least
sixty one centimeters (61 cm) above the roof and so located that
discharged refrigerants will not cause discomfort or harmful effects to
persons or such discharge shall be directed into a tank of fresh water
having a capacity of eight and a half liters (8.5 ℓ) for each kilogram of
refrigerant and used for no other than ammonia absorption.
3. Systems containing more than forty-five kilograms (45 kg) of refrigerant

shall be provided with an approved diffuser consisting of sixty-three
and one half millimeters (63.5 mm) hose connections, mixing chamber
and a permanent discharge connection to the sewer or drainage
system.
4. Control valves for diffusers shall be outside of the machinery room in a

box protected against tampering. Such valve control box shall be
plainly marked “FOR FIRE SERVICE USE ONLY – AMMONIA CONTROL
VALVES.”
A. All refrigeration equipments shall be kept clean, free from accumulations

of oil, dirt, waste and other debris, and shall be easily accessible at all
times and shall undergo preventive maintenance program.
B. Each refrigerating system shall be provided with a legible metal sign

permanently attached and easily noticeable, indicating thereon the
name and address of the manufacturer or installer, the kind and total
number of kilograms (pounds) of refrigerant contained in the system, and
the field test pressure applied.
C. Systems containing more than forty-five kilograms (45 kg) of refrigerant

shall be provided with signs having letters not less than one and one fourth
centimeters (1.25 cm) in height designating the main shut-off-valves to
each vessel, main steam or electrical control, remote control switch and
pressure limiting device.
D. Valve control box shall be plainly marked “FOR FIRE SERVICE USE ONLY –
REFRIGERANT CONTROL VALVES.”
E. No person shall be allowed to use any ozone depleting refrigerants in any

mechanical refrigeration system.
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DIVISION 13. MOTION PICTURE PROJECTION
A. Every motion picture projection equipment, except those portable types,

shall be kept securely fastened to a stable surface.
B. Electrical wiring installation and location of associated electrical

equipment and emergency systems/devices shall conform to the
Philippine Electrical Code.
C. Every projection booth shall be of not less than one (1)-hour fire resistive
construction throughout and the walls and ceiling shall be finished with
incombustible materials. The ceiling shall be not less than two and four
tenths meters (2.40 m) from the finished floor. The room shall have floor
area of not less than seven square meters (7 m2) and three and a half
square meters (3.5 m2) for each additional machine.
D. Every motion picture projection equipment, regardless of the type of film

used, shall be enclosed in a motion picture projection room as provided in
para “C” of this Section.
E. No person shall handle, store, use, test, repair, duplicate, transport or

destruct nitrate-based motion picture film without clearance, health and
safety training and proper monitoring from the City/Municipal Fire Marshal
A. Processes like splicing, cleaning, repairing, cataloging and marking shall

be done in projection rooms only.
B. No person shall smoke or maintain any other source of ignition within any
projection room; nor shall a manager or projectionist allow any person to
smoke or to maintain any other source of ignition within said room.
A. As a prerequisite for the issuance of FSIC, projectionists/operators shall

undergo the required fire safety orientation/seminar to be conducted by
the BFP.
B. In every projection room there shall be installed at least two (2) approved
first aid fire protection appliances of Class ABC type.
C. The operator or any occupant shall, at all times, observe good

housekeeping of the projection room.
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DIVISION 14. OIL-BURNING EQUIPMENT
SECTION 10.4.14.1 GENERAL INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS
A. Use of oil burning equipment shall be of type acceptable to the Bureau of

Product Standards of the Department of Trade and Industry (BPS-DTI).
B. The grade of fuel used in a burner shall be that for which the burner is
approved, and as stipulated by the manufacturer. Crankcase oil or any
oil containing gasoline shall not be used.
C. The installation shall be made in accordance with the Philippine

Mechanical Code, with plans duly sealed and signed by a professional
mechanical engineer and shall be submitted to the City /Municipal Fire
Marshal having jurisdiction, and the following guidelines:
1. Oil-burning appliances and equipment shall be installed so that a

minimum of nine tenths meter (0.9 m) separation is maintained from
any electrical panel board and a minimum of one and a half meters
(1.5 m) separation is maintained from any unenclosed fuel oil tank.
2. After installation, the appliance or equipment shall be tested for

proper operation and combustion performance to make certain that
the burner is operating in a safe and acceptable manner and that all
accessory equipment, controls, and safety devices function as
intended.
3. Contractors installing industrial oil-burning systems shall furnish

diagrams showing the main oil lines and control valves, one of which
shall be posted at the equipment and another at a place that will be
readily accessible in case of emergency.
4. After completing the installation, the installer shall instruct the owner or
operator on the proper operation of the equipment. The installer shall
also furnish the owner or operator with name(s) and telephone
numbers of person(s) to contact for technical information or assistance
and for routine or emergency services.
SECTION 10.4.14.2 CONSTRUCTION, OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
A. Electrical Services
1. Electrical wiring and utilization equipment used in connection with oil-

burning appliances or equipment shall be installed in accordance with
Philippine Electrical Code and the following guidelines;
a. Safety control circuits shall be 2-wire, 1 side grounded, with a

nominal voltage not exceeding 220~230 volts;
381
b. Safety controls or protective devices shall be connected so that
they interrupt the ungrounded conductor and shut all fuel flow to
the appliance, including fuel flow to any pilot flame or burner.
c. The control circuit shall be connected to a power supply branch

circuit fused at not more than the value appropriate for the rating
of any control or device included in the circuit.
B. Fuel Oil Tanks
1. The design, construction and installation of fuel tanks shall conform to

the standards of the American Petroleum Institute or other
internationally accepted standards and the following:
a. Fuel oil supply tanks may be installed inside buildings provided that
they are enclosed in accordance with Division 7, Chapter 5, Rule
10 of this IRR.
b. Stoves that are designed for barometric feed shall not be

connected to separate oil supply tanks.
c. Unvented heating appliances shall be equipped with integral tanks

with a capacity of not more than seven and a half liters (7.5 ℓ).
d. Oil supply tanks other than those furnished as an integral part of the
stove or range shall not be located within one and a half meters
(1.5 m) horizontally, of any fire or flame except that tanks not over
twenty three liters (23 ℓ) capacity may be within this distance but
not within sixty centimeters (60 cm) of the stove or range in which
the burner is installed; provided that the temperature rise of the oil
supply at this distance shall not approximate the flash point of the
oil when the burner is operated at full capacity.
e. Tanks shall rest on the ground or on foundations made of concrete,

masonry, piling, or steel. Tank foundations shall be designed to
minimize the possibility of uneven settling and to minimize corrosion
in any part of the tank resting on the foundation.
f. Where tanks are supported above the foundations, the supports

shall be firmly anchored to the foundation. Supports shall be of
concrete, masonry, or steel. Single wood timber supports (not
cribbing) laid horizontally shall be permitted to be used for outside
aboveground tanks if the supports are less than 12 in. (0.3 m) high
at their lowest point.
C. Fill, Return, Supply and Vent Piping
1. A fill pipe on a tank larger than two hundred twenty seven liters (227 ℓ)
capacity shall terminate outside of a building at least sixty centimeters
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(60 cm) from any building opening. Every fill pipe terminal shall be
equipped with a tight cover.
2. A return line from a burner or pump to a supply tank shall enter

through the top of the tank.
3. An auxiliary tank installed in the supply between a burner and its main
supply tank shall be filled by pumping from the storage tanks.
4. All piping, except the burner supply line from a tank having a capacity
not over two thousand liters (2,000 ℓ) and the cross connection
between two such tanks having an aggregate capacity of two
thousand liters (2,000 ℓ) or less, shall be connected into the top of the
supply tank.
5. The burner supply connection to the tanks or tanks having a capacity

of more than two thousand liters (2,000 ℓ) shall be connected to the
top of the tank. In commercial and industrial installations for numbers
5&6 oil, the burner supply connection may be below the liquid level
but each such connection shall be provided with an approved valve.
6. Pressure feed from tanks is prohibited.
7. All tanks in which a constant oil level is not maintained by an

automatic pump shall be equipped with an approved method of
determining the oil level.
D. Pumps, Piping and Valves
1. An oil pump, not part of an approved burner, shall be of a positive

displacement type, which automatically shuts off the oil supply when
the oil pump is stopped.
2. All piping shall be standard full weight wrought iron, steel or brass pipe
with standard fittings or brass or copper tubing fittings of an approved
type, except that approved flexible metal hose, may be used for
reducing the effect of jarring and vibration or where rigid connections
are impractical. Cast iron fittings shall not be used.
3. Aluminum tubing shall not be used between fuel oil tank and the
burner unit.
4. Pipes used in the installation of all burners and appliances other than
conversion range oil burner shall not be smaller than ninety-five
millimeters (95 mm), iron pipe size on ninety-five millimeters (95 mm)
outside diameter tubing.
5. Piping between conversion range burners and tanks shall be standard

steel, wrought iron, or brass pipe not smaller than six and four tenths
383
millimeters (6.4 mm) in size or brass or copper tubing not less than eight
millimeters (8 mm) outside diameter with a wall thickness not less than
one and one fourth millimeters (1.25 mm).
6. Piping shall be substantially supported and protected against physical

damage and, where necessary protected against corrosion. All
buried piping shall be protected against corrosion.
7. Pipe joints and connections shall be made tight with suitable lubricant
or pipe compound. Unions requiring gaskets or packing, right and left
couplings, and sweat fittings, shall not be used in oil lines.
8. Proper allowance shall be made for expansion, contraction, jarring

and vibration.
9. Where supplies are set below the level of the burner, the oil piping shall
be so laid as to pitch toward the supply tank without traps.
10. Readily accessible manual shut-off valves shall be installed to avoid oil
spillages during servicing. The valve shall be installed to close against
the supply.
11. Where the shut-off valve installed in the discharge line of an oil pump
that is not an integral part of a burner, a pressure relief valve shall be
connected into the discharge line between the pump shut-off valve
and arranged to return surplus oil to the supply tank or to bypass it
around.
12. Where oil is supplied to a burner requiring uniform flow by gravity feed
and a constant level valve is not incorporated in the burning assembly
or the oil is not supplied by an automatic pump, a constant level valve
shall be installed in the supply line at the gravity tank or as close
thereto as practicable, to insure uniform delivery of oil to the burner.
The vent opening of such constant level valve shall be provided with
an anti-flooding device. Vent piping or tubing or constant level valve
shall not be connected to tanks or tank vents.
E. Conversion Oil Burners and Oil-Fired Units
1. Oil burners other than oil stoves with internal tanks, shall be provided
with some means for manually stopping the flow of oil to the burner.
Such device or devices shall be placed in a convenient location at a
safe distance from the burner.
2. Oil burners for which a competent attendant will not be constantly on

duty in the room where the burner is located while the burner is on
operation shall be equipped with a primary safety control or a type
specifically approved for the burner with which it is used. When
primary safety controls are installed in connection with other oil
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burners, such automatic devices shall be of a type specifically
approved for use with the burner to which they are attached.
3. Each appliance fired by conversion oil burners, and each oil-fired unit,
shall be provided with automatic limit controls which will prevent
unsafe pressure or low water in a steam boiler or over-heating within a
hot-water boiler, furnace or heater.
4. Limiting controls and low water shut-offs intended to prevent unsafe

operation of heating equipment by opening an electrical circuit to the
burner of shut-off device shall be so arranged as to effect the direct
opening of that circuit whether the switching mechanism is integral
with the sensing element or remote from same.
5. A water heater shall be provided with water pressure, temperature,

and vacuum relief devices. Means shall be provided to prevent ship
honing in any boiler or tank to which any circulating water heater is
attached.
6. Electric motor-driven oil burners or a type not equipped with primary

safety controls with integral oil pumps and electric motor-driven pump
sets for use with such burner, not equipped with integral pumps, shall
be provided with a motor controller incorporating no-voltage
protection to be wired into the power supply to the motor.
7. In systems where either steam or air is used for atomizing the oil, or
where air for combustion is supplied by a source which may be
interrupted without shutting off the oil supply, the oil and atomizing or
air supply shall be interlocked in a manner to immediately shut off oil
supply upon failure of the atomizing or air supply.
8. Where automatically opened burners are used in installations

equipped with force or induced draft fans or both, means shall be
provided to immediately shut-off the oil supply upon fan failure.
9. Oil burners not equipped to provide safe automatic restarting after

shut down shall require manual restarting after any control function to
extinguish the burner flame.
10. Oil-fired appliances shall be installed in rooms that are large

compared with the size of the appliance specifically approved for
installation in a confined space such as an alcove or closet installation
is in compliance with the approval. In alcove and closet installations,
the clearances from the appliance to the walls and ceilings shall not
be less than specified in the approval regardless of the type of
construction.
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F. Installation of Heating and Cooking Appliances
1. Kerosene and oil stove shall be equipped with a primary control

furnished as an integral part of the appliance by the manufacturer to
stop the flow of oil in the event of flame failure.
2. A conversion range oil burner shall be equipped with a thermal (heat-

actuated) valve in the oil supply line, located in the burner
compartment of the stove.
3. Oil burning appliance, small heating and cooking appliances shall be

installed in accordance with NFPA 31 on Standards for the Installation
of Oil Burning Equipment or with other internationally accepted
standards.
DIVISION 15. ORGANIC COATINGS
A. Process Building
1. Manufacturing of organic coating shall be done on buildings without

basements or pits and shall be constructed with non-load bearing
walls and with fire resistive construction of noncombustible materials.
2. Organic coating manufacturing operations and operations incidental

to or connected with organic coating manufacturing shall not be
located in the same building with other occupancies.
3. Each organic coating factory located within fifteen meters (15 m) of

adjoining property or structures or public thoroughfare shall have the
exposing wall constructed as indicated below:
Table 32: FIRE RESISTANCE RATING OF EXPOSING WALL OF ORGANIC

COATING FACTORIES, BY DISTANCE FROM ADJOINING PROPERTY OR
STRUCTURE
Distance from adjoining property or Fire Resistance Rating

structure of public thoroughfare of Exposing Wall
Less than 3 meters At least 4 hours
3 meters to 9 meters At least 3 hours
Over 9 meters but less than 15 meters At least 2 hours
4. Raw materials and finished stock storage buildings shall be limited to

one (1) storey in height and either detached or cut-off from
manufacturing buildings by non-combustible construction having a fire
resistance rating of at least two (2) hours. Openings shall be equipped
with fire doors of at least one and a half (1.5)-hours fire resistance
rating.
386
5. Stairway enclosures and structures housing elevators shall be enclosed
by non-combustible walls having a fire-resistance rating of at least two
(2) hours, and equipped with fire doors at least one and a half (1.5)-
hours fire resistance rating.
6. Each manufacturing room shall have at least two (2) exits, well sepa-
rated or remote from each other, one of which shall be directly to the
outside. Access to all exits shall be kept clear and doors shall open in
the direction of travel. Door fastenings shall be of the safety release
type. Supervisory management offices, change and locker rooms
located in manufacturing buildings shall be provided with exits
adequate to accommodate the number of occupants. The means of
egress shall not be exposed by drainage facilities.
7. Structures in which Class I liquids or finely divided flammable solids are

processed shall be provided with explosion or deflagration venting.
8. Enclosed buildings in which Class I liquids are processed or handled in

open containers and equipment shall be adequately or continuously
ventilated at a rate of not less than one cubic meters per minute (1
m3/min) for every six and a half square meters (6.50 m2) of solid floor
area. This shall be accomplished by exhaust fans taking suction at
floor levels and discharging to a safe location outside the building.
Provisions shall be made for introduction of non-contaminated intake
air in such a manner that all portions of solid floor areas will be subject
to continuous distributed movement of air.
9. Enclosed buildings in which Class I liquids are processed or handled in

closed containers and equipment shall be equipped with a point-of-
use and point-of-emission local exhaust ventilation system designed to
prevent accumulation of flammable vapors during the operation of
the equipment. This shall be accomplished by exhaust fans taking
suction at all potential points of flammable vapor release from the
equipment. During a shutdown period, when equipment is open and
there is a potential for vapor emission, sufficient ventilation shall be
provided to maintain a safe atmosphere.
10. Heating in hazardous areas, if required, shall be provided by indirect

means. Ignition sources such as open flames or electrical heating
elements except as provided in this IRR shall not be used within the
building.
11. An organic coating manufacturing operation shall be accessible from

at least one side for the purpose fire control. Approved aisles shall be
maintained for the unobstructed movement of personnel and fire
suppression equipment.
12. Where topographical conditions are such that flammable and com-
387
bustible liquids may flow from the organic coating manufacturing
operation so as to constitute a fire hazard to properties of others,
drainage facilities shall be provided in accordance with the following:
a. Drainage facilities shall be provided to direct flammable and

combustible liquid leakage and fire protection water to a safe
location away from the building.
b. Emergency drainage systems containing flammable and combus-

tible liquids connected to public sewers or discharging into public
waterways shall be equipped with traps or separator tanks.
c. Emergency drainage systems for leaks of flammable or

combustible liquids and for fire protection system discharge shall
be provided and shall have curbs, scuppers, or special drainage
systems to control the spillage and spread of fire. The containment
area shall have a capacity not less than that of the largest tank
that can drain into it.
B. Process Piping
1. All piping, valves and fittings shall be designed for the working
pressures and structural stresses to which they may be subjected. They
shall be of steel or other material approved for the service intended.
Cast-iron valves, fittings, and pipe shall not be used.
2. Valves shall be of an indicating type. Terminal valves on remote

pumping system shall be of the "dead-man" type, which will shut off
both the pump and the flow of solvent.
3. Piping systems shall be substantially supported and protected against

physical damage. Piping shall be pitched to avoid unintentional
trapping of liquids, or suitable drains shall be provided.
4. Approved flexible connectors shall be installed where vibration exists

or where frequent movement is necessary. Approved hose shall be
used at dispensing stations.
5. Before being placed in service, all piping shall be hydrostatically

tested to not less than one and a half (1 ½) times the expected
working pressure or thirty five kilo Pascal (35 kpa) at the highest point in
the system for a minimum of thirty minutes (30 min) to determine that
the piping is free of leaks.
C. Electrical Equipment
1. All electrical wiring and equipment within storage or processing areas

shall be installed to be reasonably safe to persons and property in
accordance with the Philippine Electrical Code and other
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internationally accepted standards.
2. Where Class I liquids are exposed to the air, the design of equipment
and ventilation of buildings shall be such as to limit Class I liquid
locations to pits, the interior of equipment and the "immediate vicinity"
of pumps or equipment locations such as dispensing stations open
centrifuges, plate and frame filters, opened vacuum filters, change
cans, and the surfaces of open equipment. Immediate vicinity means
a zone extending from the vapor liberation point six meters (6 m)
horizontally in all directions and vertically from the floor to a level two
meters (2 m) above the highest point of vapor liberation.
3. All locations not covered by this Section where Class I liquid's are
handled shall be considered Class I, Second Division. If the flash point
of the liquid processed is higher than the ambient temperature and at
least thirty-seven and eight tenths degrees Celsius (37.8°C), ordinary
electrical equipment may be used, though care shall be used in
locating electrical apparatus to prevent hot metal from falling into
open processing equipment.
4. Ordinary electrical equipment, including switchgear is prohibited,

except if installed in a room, which is maintained under positive
pressure with respect to the hazardous area. Air or other media for
pressurization shall be taken from a location that will not cause any
amount or type of flammable vapor to be introduced into the room.
D. Protection Against Static Electricity and Lighting
1. All equipment such as tanks, machinery and piping where an ignitable

mixture may be present shall be bonded and connected to a ground.
The bond or ground, or both, shall be physically applied or shall be
inherently present by the nature of the installation. The resistance to
ground of a metallic grounding path shall not exceed 25 ohms and
the resistance to ground of a nonconductive or semi-conductive
grounding path shall not exceed 1 million ohms (1 mega ohm).
2. Electrically isolated section of metallic piping or equipment shall be

bonded to the other portions of the system or grounded.
3. Tank vehicles loaded or unloaded through open connections shall be

grounded and bonded to the receiving system.
4. When a flammable mixture is transferred from a portable container to

another, a bond shall be provided between the two containers, and
one shall be grounded.
5. Steel or metal framing of buildings shall be grounded with resistance of

not more than five (5) ohms.
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A. Storage of Raw Materials and Finished Products
1. Tank storage of raw materials for organic coatings inside building shall
be permitted only in storage areas at or above grade that have
drainage which are detached from the processing area or cut off
from the processing area by non-combustible construction having at
least a two (2)-hour fire resistance rating. Openings shall be equipped
with doors having two (2)-hour fire resistance rating.
2. Tank car and tank vehicle loading and unloading stations for Class I
liquids shall be separated from the processing area, other plant
buildings, and nearest line of adjoining property that may be built
upon or public thoroughfare by a clear distance of not less than eight
meters (8 m). Tank cars for flammable liquids shall be unloaded such
that safety to persons and property is ensured. Tank vehicles for
flammable and combustible liquids shall be loaded and unloaded in
accordance with Section 10.3.4.2.1 of this IRR.
3. Loading and unloading structures and platforms for flammable and

combustible liquids shall be designed and installed in accordance
with this IRR.
4. Finished products of organic coatings shall be stored outside of the

buildings, in separate building, or in separate room cut-off from the
processing area by a non-combustible wall or partition having at least
a two (2)-hour fire resistance rating. Openings shall be equipped with
doors having two (2)-hour fire resistance rating. The storage of finished
products shall be in tanks or in closed containers.
5. The nitrocellulose storage shall be in a separate building or in a room

cut off by non-combustible construction having a fire resistance rating
of at least two (2) hours and openings shall be equipped with doors
having a minimum of two (2)-hour fire resistance rating. The
nitrocellulose storage shall be used for no other purpose and shall be
protected by a sprinkler system that provides a density of fourteen and
three tenths liters per minute per square meter (14.3 l/min·m2) over the
entire storage area. Electrical wiring and equipment installed shall be
in accordance with the Philippine Electrical Code.
6. Nitrocellulose shall be stored in closed-containers. Barrels shall be

stored in an upright position with the lid up and shall not be stored
more than two (2) barrels high. Barrels or other containers of
nitrocellulose shall not be opened in the main storage building but
only at the point of use or other location intended for this purpose. The
storage area shall be marked with a sign that states: “NITROCELLULOSE
— FLAMMABLE SOLID — KEEP HEAT, SPARKS, AND FLAME AWAY” or
390
equivalent wording.
7. Spilled nitrocellulose shall be cleaned up immediately. Material that

has dried or is suspected of having dried shall be wet with water or
solvent and placed in a covered metal container and be disposed of
properly.
8. This storage of organic peroxides shall be in accordance with Section

10.3.4.4.5 of this IRR.
9. The size of the package containing the organic peroxide shall be

selected so that as nearly as practical, full packages are utilized at
one time. Any peroxide spilled shall be promptly cleaned up and
disposed of as recommended by the supplier.
B. Process Mills, Mixers, and Kettles
1. Mills operating with close clearances and used for the processing of
flammable and heat sensitive materials such as nitrocellulose, shall be
located in a detached building or in a non-combustible structure
without other occupancy. The amount of nitrocellulose or other
flammable material brought into the area shall be no more than that
required for a batch.
2. Mixers shall be of the enclosed type, or if the open type shall be

provided with properly fitted covers. Where flow is by gravity, a shut
off valve shall be installed as closed as practical to the mixer and a
control valve shall be provided near the end of the (fire) fill pipe.
3. Open kettle shall be located in an outside area, provided with a

protective roof or in a separate building of non-combustible
construction or separated from other areas by means of a non-
combustible wall or partition having a fire resistance rating of two (2)
hours.
4. The vaporizer section of heat-transfer system heating closed kettles

containing solvents shall be remotely located. Contact-heated kettles
containing solvents shall be equipped with safety devices that in case
of fire can turn the process heat off, turn the cooling medium on, and
inject inert gas into the kettle.
5. The kettle and thin-down tank shall be instrumented, controlled and

interlocked so that any failure of the controls will result in a safe
condition. The kettle shall be provided with a pressure rupture disc in
addition to the primary vent. The vent piping from the ruptured disc
shall be of a minimum length and shall discharge to a safe location.
The thin-down tank shall be adequately vented. Thinning operations
shall be provided with a vapor removal system capable of ensuring a
safe atmosphere.
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C. Transfer of Raw Materials
1. The transfer of large quantities of flammable and combustible liquids

shall be through a closed piping system by means of pump or by
gravity flow. The use of compressed air as a transfer medium is
prohibited.
2. Pumps shall be selected for the raw materials used, the working
pressures and the structural stresses to which they may be subjected.
3. Where solvents are pumped from storage to points of use, emergency

switches shall be provided in the processing area, at an exit door or
other safe location outside the process area, and at the pumps to shut
down all the pumps and to stop the flow of flammable or combustible
liquids in case of an emergency.
4. Empty and filled containers shall be stored outside the filing area.
A. Raw Materials in Process Areas
1. The amount of nitrocellulose brought into the operating area shall not
exceed that required for a shift. Any nitrocellulose which may be
spilled on the floor or elsewhere shall be promptly swept up, put into a
pail of water, and removed at the end of the day shift and disposed of
properly.
2. Organic peroxides brought into the operating area shall be in the

original shipping container and shall not exceed the quantity required
for a shift. When in the operating area, the peroxide shall not be
placed in locations exposed to ignition sources, heat or mechanical
shocks.
B. Fire Control And Detection
1. Manufacturing and storage buildings shall be protected by an

automatic sprinkler system equipped with fire-fighting foam that is
suitable for use with the materials being protected, where properly
designed in accordance with standard for the installation of sprinkler
systems; standard for low-expansion foam; or standard on the
installation of foam-water sprinkler and foam-water spray systems.
2. Appropriate portable fire extinguishers shall be provided in organic

coating areas.
3. Where public hydrants and water mains are not available or are
inadequate, private hydrants and water mains shall be provided.
392
4. An approved fire alarm system shall be provided.
5. All fire protection system installed shall be properly maintained and

tested periodically.
6. In the absence of automatic sprinkler system, standpipe and hose

systems shall be installed. One and a half inches (1 ½ in.), or two and
a half inches (2 ½ in.), or a combination of both hose connections with
combination nozzles/ spray nozzles shall be used.
C. Maintenance
1. The cleaning of tanks or vessels which have previously contained

flammable or combustible liquids shall only be done under the
supervision of competent persons who understand the fire and explo-
sion potentials of the tanks.
2. When necessary to make repairs involving welding and cutting or

hotworks, the work shall be authorized by the plant superintendent or
responsible individual in charge before the work is started.
3. When necessary to enter a tank, pit manhole or other confined

spaces, such entry can be authorized by the responsible individuals in
charge.
4. Power operated industrial trucks shall be of a type approved for the

location.
5. Open flames and direct-fired heating devices shall be prohibited in

areas where flammable vapor-air mixture may exist.
6. Smoking shall be prohibited except in designated safe areas. An

approved “NO SMOKING” sign shall be posted in all hazardous areas.
7. Empty containers previously used for flammable or combustible liquids

shall be removed to a well detached outside location and if not
cleaned on the premises, the empty container shall be removed from
the plant immediately.
8. Storage in containers outside of buildings shall conform to applicable

9. Adequate aisles shall be maintained for the unobstructed movement

of personnel and fire protection equipment.
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DIVISION 16. INDUSTRIAL OVENS
A. Location and Construction
1. Ovens, oven heaters and related heat utilization equipment shall be

located where they will present the least possible hazard to life and
property. To prevent and minimize damage from fire or explosion,
they may need to be surrounded by walls or partitions.
2. Ovens shall be located at or above grade, or if in basements at least

fifty percent (50%) of the wall area of the room in which the oven is
located shall be above grade, because basements below grade are
difficult to ventilate and offer severe obstacles to proper explosion
release.
3. Ovens shall be located in areas that are readily accessible with

adequate space above them for automatic sprinklers, the proper use
of hose streams, routine inspection and maintenance, and with
adequate clearances to permit the proper functioning of explosion
vents. Roofs and floors of the ovens shall be sufficiently insulated and
ventilated to keep temperatures of combustible ceilings and floors
below seventy-one degrees Celsius (71°C).
4. Ovens and the building that houses it shall be constructed of non-

combustible materials throughout, except where the maximum oven
operating temperature is not over seventy one degrees Celsius (71°C)
and adequate guards shall be provided to protect personnel.
5. Ovens which may contain flammable air-gas mixtures shall be

equipped with devices or relief vents for freely relieving internal
explosions causative pressure.
6. All duct works shall be constructed of non-combustible materials.

Ducts shall be made tight throughout and shall have no opening other
than those required for the proper operation and maintenance of the
system. Ducts passing through combustible well, floors or roofs shall
have adequate insulation and clearances to prevent surface
temperature from exceeding seventy-one degrees Celsius (71°C).
Exhaust ducts shall not discharge near doors, windows, or other air
intakes in a manner that will permit reentry of vapors into the building.
7. Ovens shall be well separated from valuable stock, important power

equipment, machinery and automatic sprinkler rises, so there will be
minimum interruption to production and protection if there are
accidents to the oven. Combustibles in the vicinity of the oven shall
be adequately separated or properly insulated.
8. Each oven shall have its own venting facilities.
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B. Ventilation
1. Ovens, where flammable or toxic vapors are liberated, or through

which products or combustion are circulated shall be ventilated by
the introduction of a supply of fresh air and the proper exhaust to the
outdoors. Discharge pipes shall not terminate within three meters (3
m) measured horizontally, from any door window or wood frame wall
of any building. Such oven ventilation shall be arranged to provide
vigorous and well distributed air circulation within the oven to insure
that the flammable vapor concentration will be safely below the lower
explosive limit at all times. Unless the oven is operated in accordance
with specific approval specifying particular solvents and rate of
ventilation, the rate of ventilation shall not be less than seventy five
cubic meters (75 m3) of fresh air per liter of solvent evaporated in
continuous process ovens, and not less than three cubic meters (3 m3)
per minute per liter of flammable solvent evaporated in batch process
ovens.
2. Exhaust duct openings shall be located in the area of greatest con-

centration or vapors.
3. All exhaust shall be by mechanical means using power driven fans.
A. Operators Training
1. Operator training shall include information on: (1) combustion of air-

fuel mixtures, (2) explosion hazards, (3) sources of ignition and ignition
temperature, (4) atmosphere analysis, (5) handling of flammable and
toxic atmosphere gases, (6) functions of control of safety devices, and
(7) purpose and basic principles of the gas atmosphere generators.
2. Regular operators shall be retrained at intervals to maintain

proficiency and effectiveness. New operators shall be thoroughly
trained and tested in the use of equipment. Operators must have
access to operating instructions at all times.
3. Operating instructions shall be provided by the manufacturer. These

instructions shall include schematic piping and wiring diagrams as well
as light-up, shut-down, emergency and maintenance procedures.
A. Inspection, Testing and Maintenance
1. The equipment manufacturer shall inform the user regarding the need
for operational checks and maintenance and shall provide complete
and clear inspection, testing and maintenance instructions. The final
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responsibility for establishing an inspection, testing and maintenance
program that ensures the equipment is in working order shall be of the
user.
2. When the original equipment manufacturer no longer exists, plant

personnel shall develop adequate operational checks and
maintenance procedures.
3. An operational maintenance checklist shall be maintained and is

essential to the safe operation of the equipment.
4. Foreign material, parts, and residue shall be removed from the

recirculation blowers, exhaust blowers, heat exchangers, burner and
pilot ports, combustion blowers, ductwork and equipment interiors.
Ductwork shall be checked for obstructions.
5. It shall be the user’s responsibility to prevent the flammable loading

from exceeding the safety ventilation design capacity of the oven.
6. The operating and supervisory control equipment of each oven shall

be checked and tested regularly, preferably once a week. At less
frequent intervals, a more comprehensive test and check must be
performed by an expert.
7. All deficiencies must be corrected promptly, and a regular cleaning

program must be followed to cover all portions of the oven and its
attachments. Access openings for cleaning the oven enclosure and
the connecting ducts must be provided.
8. The program for inspecting and maintaining oven safety controls shall
be in accordance with the NFPA Standards for Ovens and Furnaces.
B. Safety Controls
1. Safety controls shall be sufficient in number and substantially

constructed and arranged to maintain the required conditions of
safety and prevent the development of fire and explosion hazards.
2. Ventilation controls, suitably interlocked, shall be provided which will

insure required ventilation of the system.
3. Fuel safety controls, suitably interlocked and arranged to minimized

the possibility of dangerous accumulations of explosives air-fuel
mixture in the heating systems, shall be provided.
4. Excess temperature controls shall be provided to maintain a safe

operating temperature within the oven.
5. Conveyor interlocks shall be provided in conveyor ovens having a
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flammable vapor hazard, so that the conveyor cannot move unless
ventilating fans are operating and discharging the required amount of
air.
C. Fire and Explosion Protection
1. Ovens containing or processing sufficient combustible materials to

sustain a fire shall be equipped with automatic sprinklers or water
spray. This shall include sprinklers in the exhaust ducts, when
necessary.
2. The amount of fire protection required depends upon the construction

and arrangement of the oven and materials in it. If combustible
materials are processed, or if trucks or racks are combustible, fixed fire
protection shall extend as far as necessary into the enclosure and
exhaust ducts.
3. Where automatic sprinkler protection is not feasible or where other

type of extinguishing means is better suited to provide the required
protection, an automatic fire protection system shall be provided
subject to the approval of the concerned City/Municipal Fire Marshal
4. There shall be appropriate portable fire extinguishers located near the

oven, oven heater, and related equipment.
5. Ovens that may contain flammable gas or vapor mixtures shall be

equipped with unobstructed relief vents to release internal explosion
pressures.
DIVISION 17. HOTWORKS OPERATION
SECTION 10.4.17.1 FIRE SAFETY CLEARANCE FOR HOTWORKS OPERATION
A Fire Safety Clearance shall be secured from City/Municipal Fire Marshal

having jurisdiction prior to any hotworks operations.
SECTION 10.4.17.2 LOCATIONAL SAFETY REQUIREMENTS
A. All combustibles shall be relocated at least eleven meters (11 m)

horizontally from the work site. If relocation is impractical, combustibles
shall be protected with fire-retardant covers or otherwise shielded with
metal or fire-retardant guards or curtains. Edges of covers at the floor
shall be tight to prevent sparks from going under them, including where
several covers overlap when protecting a large pile.
B. If hotworks is done near walls, partitions, ceilings, or roofs of combustible

construction, fire-retardant shields or guards shall be provided to prevent
ignition.
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C. Hotworks shall not be attempted on a partition, wall, ceiling that has a
combustible covering or insulation, or on walls or partitions of
combustibles sandwich-type panel construction.
D. Hotworks that is performed on pipes or other metal that is in contact with

combustible walls, partitions, ceilings, roofs, or other combustibles shall not
be undertaken if the work is close enough to cause ignition by
conduction.
E. All hotworks operations in confined spaces shall be adequately ventilated

to prevent the accumulation of toxic materials or possible oxygen
deficiency.
A. The designated working area shall be inspected at least once a day while
the hotworks permit is in effect to ensure that it is a fire-free area.
B. No device or attachment facilitating or permitting mixture of air or oxygen

with combustible gases shall be allowed unless approved for the purpose.
C. The user shall not transfer gases from one cylinder to another, or mix gases
in a cylinder.
D. When moving compressed gas cylinder by crane, suitable cradles shall be

used in order to reduce the possibility of dropping. Ordinary rope slings or
electro-magnets shall not be used.
E. Welding equipment shall be inspected daily. Inspection and testing of

equipment and components shall include regulators, torches, hoses and
connections, piping, oxygen cylinders and manifolds, acetylene cylinders
and manifolds, electrical wires for portable welding machines, fuses and
the portable welding machine.
F. Acetylene generators shall be of approved type and shall be plainly

marked with the rate in cubic meter of acetylene per hour for which they
are designed, the amount of weight of carbide necessary for a single
charge, the manufacturer’s name and address, and the name or number
of the type of generator.
G. Stationary generators shall be installed either in a well-ventilated one-

storey non-combustible outside generator house, or in a well-ventilated
room or compartment of ample size and of construction as outlined in
the succeeding paragraphs, either in a one- storey building or on the top
floor or roof of multi-storeys building. The storage of fuel gas cylinder in
such rooms or compartments shall not exceed a total volume of fifty-
seven cubic meters (57 m3) or twelve (12) kilograms in case of liquefied
petroleum gas.
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H. Inside generator rooms or compartments
1. The walls or partitions, floor, and ceiling on such room or

compartments shall be constructed having a fire-resistance rating of
not less than two (2) hours. Walls or partitions shall be of
noncombustible construction and continuous from the floor to ceiling
and shall be securely anchored. At least one wall of an inside
generator room shall be an exterior wall.
2. Opening from the generator room or compartment to other parts of

the building shall be protected by an approved self- closing fire door
for a Class B opening and have a rating of at least one (1) hour or the
swinging type and close into a rabbet, or otherwise be made tight to
prevent passage of flame around edges. Exit doors shall be located
to be readily accessible in case of emergency. Windows, if provided
in partitions, shall be wired glass on approved metal- frames with fixed
sash.
3. A portion of the exterior walls equal to not less than ten percent (10%)
of the combined areas of the enclosing walls shall be of light non-
combustible materials such as single thickness, single strength glass.
Single thickness, single strength window glass skylights, or lightly
fastened roof hatch covers, swinging doors in exterior walls opening
outward, sheet metal siding or lightly fastened roofs, may be
accepted in part or entirely in lieu of the glass area or its equivalent,
provided the required percentage of explosion venting area is thus
obtained.
4. Generators installed inside buildings shall be enclosed in a separate

room. Exit doors shall be so located as to be readily accessible in case
of emergency.
5. The installation of acetylene generators within buildings shall be

restricted to buildings not exceeding one storey in height except on
the roof or top floor of a building.
6. Operating instructions shall be posted in a conspicuous place near the

generator or kept in a suitable place available for ready reference.
I. Portable generators
1. Portable generators shall not be used in rooms of total volume less

than thirty five (35) times the total gas generating capacity per charge
of generators in the room. The gas generating capacity in cubic
meters per charge shall be assumed as three-tenths (0.3) times the
weight of carbide per charge in kilograms. Generators shall not be
used in rooms having a ceiling height of less than three meters (3 m).
2. No portable acetylene generator shall be moved by derrick crane or

hoist while charged with carbide.
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3. Portable generators shall be located at a safe distance from the
welding position so that they will not be exposed to sparks, slag, or
misdirection of the torch flame or overheating from hot materials or
processes.
4. Portable generators shall be cleaned and recharged and the air

mixture blown off outside buildings.
J. Oxygen-fuel gas welding, cutting and hotworks
1. Mixture of fuel gases and air or oxygen shall be guarded. No device

or attachment facilitating or permitting mixtures of air or oxygen with
flammable gases shall be allowed unless approved for the purpose.
2. Oxygen cylinders shall not be stored near highly combustible materials,

especially oil and grease; or near reserve stocks of carbide and
acetylene or other fuel-gas cylinders, or near any other substance
likely to cause or accelerate fire; or in an acetylene generator
compartment.
K. Piping of oxygen fuel gases
1. Except as provided in this Division, piping shall be of wrought iron,

steel, brass or copper pipe, or approved seamless copper, brass or
other approved gas tubing. Heavy duty piping and fittings may be
used for conveying gas or liquid with pressures up to ten and fifty
fourth-hundredths kilograms (10.54 kg) per square centimeters.
2. For pressures in excess of ten and fifty four-hundredths kilograms (10.54

kg) per square centimeter, extra heavy-duty pipe and fittings shall be
used.
3. Joints in steel or wrought iron pipe shall be welded or made up with

threaded or flanged fittings; or rolled, forged or cast steel, or
malleable iron fittings may be used.
4. Joints in brass or copper pipe may be welded or made up with

threaded or flanged fittings. Joints in approved seamless copper,
brass or other approved non-ferrous gas tubing shall be made by
means of approved fittings or, if of the socket type, with silver solder, or
similar high melting point material.
5. Cast-iron fittings shall be prohibited.
6. Threaded connections in oxygen piping shall be tinned or made up

with other suitable joint sealer applied to the thread of male coupling.
7. Acetylene piping shall be made of steel or wrought iron pipe only.
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8. Oxygen piping shall be made of steel, wrought iron, brass or copper
pipe or approved seamless non-ferrous gas tubing. Tubing shall be
used only for pressures of ten and fifty four-hundredths kilograms (10.54
kg) per square centimeters or less.
9. Piping shall be protected against injury, and allowance made for

contraction, expansion, jarring and vibration. If laid underground, it
shall be protected against corrosion. Low points in piping shall be
provided with drip pots and drain valves, the latter to be normally
closed with screw caps or plugs. Oxygen piping shall not be placed in
any location where it may be exposed to contact with oil.
10. All piping shall be tested and proven tight at one and one-half (1.5)
times its maximum working pressure. Any medium used for testing
oxygen lines shall be oil-free. Flames shall not be used to detect leaks.
11. All buried pipe and tubing and outdoor ferrous pipe and tubing shall
be covered or painted with a suitable corrosion-resisting material.
12. No hotworks shall be performed on an acetylene or oxygen pipeline,

including the attachment of hangers or supports, until the line has
been purged. Only oil-free air, oil-free nitrogen, or oil-free carbon
dioxide shall be used to purge oxygen lines.
L. Manifolding of Cylinders
1. Oxygen manifold shall not be located in an acetylene generator

room, or in close proximity to cylinders of combustible gases. Oxygen
manifolds shall be located away from highly flammable material,
especially oil, grease or any substance likely to cause or accelerate
fire.
2. The aggregate capacity of fuel gas cylinders connected to one

manifold inside a building shall not exceed eighty four and nine tenths
cubic meters (84.9 m3)of gas or one hundred thirty five kilograms (135
kg) in the case of liquefied petroleum gas. More than one such
manifold each supplying one blowpipe or one machine may be
located in the same room if separated with at least fifteen meters (15
m) distance.
3. It is necessary to manifold fuel gas cylinders having an aggregate gas

capacity in excess of eighty-four and nine tenths cubic meters (84.9
m3) or one hundred fourteen kilograms (114 kg) of liquefied petroleum
gas (LPG). Storage exceeding above amount shall be in separate
room as provided for by this IRR, or cylinders shall be kept outside or in
a special building. Buildings, rooms or compartments provided for
such storage shall be well ventilated and be without open flame
heating or lighting devices.
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4. Cylinders stored inside of buildings shall be away from highly
combustible materials and in locations where they are not subject to
excessive rise in temperature, mechanical injury or tampering. All
cylinders including empty ones shall have their caps in place and all
valves tightly closed.
5. Acetylene and liquefied fuel-gas cylinders connected to a portable

manifold inside a building shall be manifolded in a vertical position.
A. Hotworks equipment to be used shall be in satisfactory operating

condition.
B. Where combustible materials, such as paper clippings, wood shavings, or

textile fibers are on the floor, the floor shall be swept clean for a radius of
eleven meters (11 m). Combustible floors (except wood on concrete)
shall be kept wet, be covered with damp sand, or be protected by
noncombustible or fire retardant shields. Where floors have been wet
down, personnel operating arc welding or cutting equipment shall be
protected from possible shock.
C. Opening or cracks in walls, floors, or ducts within eleven meters (11 m) of

the site shall be tightly covered with fire-retardant or noncombustible
material to prevent the passage of sparks to adjacent areas.
D. Conveyor systems that might carry sparks to distant combustibles shall be

shielded.
E. Fully charged hose line and at least one (1) fire extinguisher that are
appropriate for the type of possible fire shall be available immediately at
the work area.
F. If hotworks is done in close proximity to a sprinkler head, a wet rag shall be

laid over the head and then removed at the conclusion of the welding or
cutting operation.
G. In hotworks done inside ships docked/anchored on shore or in shipyards,

and in tanks and confined spaces where a concentration of combustible
fumes/gases and liquids are reasonably suspected, an explosimeter shall
be employed to determine the level of combustible fumes/gases present.
Hotworks shall not be permitted if the concentration of the fumes/gases
falls between the lower explosive/flammability limit (LE/FL) and upper
explosive/flammability limit (UE/FL). Standard range for LE/FL and UE/FL
shall be based with internationally accepted standards.
H. Under no conditions shall acetylene gas be generated, piped (except in

approved cylinder manifold), or utilized at a pressure in excess of one and
five-hundredths kilograms (1.05 kg) per square centimeters gauge
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pressure, except when dissolved in a suitable solvent in cylinders
manufactured according to internationally recognized safe practice.
I. Acetylene gas shall not be brought in contact with unalloyed copper

except in a blowpipe torch.
J. Oxygen shall never be used from a cylinder or cylinder manifold unless a

pressure-regulating device intended for use with oxygen, and so marked,
is provided.
K. Fuel gas shall never be used from cylinders, through torches or other
device equipped with shut-off valves without reducing the pressure
through a suitable regulator attached to the cylinder valve manifold.
L. Cylinders, valves, regulators, hose and other apparatus and fittings

containing or using oxygen shall be kept free from oil or grease. Oxygen
cylinders, apparatus and fittings shall not be handled with oily hands or
gloves or greasy materials.
M. Oxygen and fuel gas cylinder and acetylene generators shall be placed
far away enough from the welding position so that they will not be unduly
heated by radiation from heated materials, by sparks or slag, or by
misdirection of the torch flame.
N. No gas welding or cutting shall be done in or near rooms or locations

where flammable liquids or vapors, lint, dust, or loose combustible stocks,
are so located or arranged that sparks or hot metal from the welding or
cutting operations may cause ignition or explosion of such materials.
O. Valves of cylinders used for hotworks operations shall be properly closed

and the lines bled after use or when not in actual use. It is the
responsibility of the PAI to oversee such measure every after hotworks
operations is done.
P. Oil or grease shall not be used for lubrication of welding, cutting and
hotworkss equipment.
Q. The use of liquid acetylene is prohibited.
R. Liquid oxygen
This provision shall be enforced in consonance with Section 10.3.4.2.1 of

this IRR. Where liquid oxygen in a quantity exceeding three hundred
eighty liters (380ℓ) is to be used for welding and cutting, the container or
containers shall be located outside or in a special building having no
other occupancy except that related to the handling and gasification of
the oxygen.
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S. Hose and hose connection
1. Hose shall be capable of withstanding a hydrostatic pressure of fifty six

kilograms (56 kg) per square centimeter.
2. A single hose having more than one gas passage, a wall failure of
which would permit the flow of one gas into the other gas-passage,
shall not be used. Where two hoses joined by a web so as to form
integral lengths of double hose are used, the two hoses shall be
identified as follows:
a. By exterior color, such as by employing green for oxygen and red

for acetylene, or
b. If the entire exterior of both passages are of the same color, the two
sides shall be distinguished by feel or touch (i.e., smooth versus rib or
rough exterior surface).
3. When parallel lengths as oxygen and acetylene hoses are taped

together for convenience and to prevent tangling, not more than ten
centimeters (10 cm) shall be covered with tape.
4. Hose connections shall be clamped or otherwise securely fastened in

a manner that will withstand twice the pressure to which they are
normally subjected in service but in no case shall be less than a
pressure of twenty-one kilograms (21 kg) per square centimeters.
5. Hoses shall be inspected frequently for leaks, burns, torn places, loose
connections or other defects, which may render the hose unfit for
service. Where hose shows excessive wear or has been subjected to
flashbacks, it shall be inspected and tested at twice the normal
pressure to which it is subject in service but in no case at less than
fourteen kilograms (14 kg) per square centimeter before being
returned to service. Defective length or hose shall be discarded.
T. Containers for calcium carbide
Containers used for the storage of calcium carbide shall be of metal of

sufficient strength to insure handling without rupture, and shall be
provided with a screw top or its equivalent. They shall be of water tight
construction. Solder shall not be used on joints in such a manner that fire
would break open the package. Packages shall be marked “CALCIUM
CARBIDE IS DANGEROUS IF NOT KEPT DRY.”
U. Storage of calcium carbide in building
1. Storage of calcium carbide inside the building shall be in a dry

waterproof and well-ventilated location.
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2. Calcium carbide in excess of two hundred seventy three kilograms
(273 kg) shall not be stored in a building containing other occupancy
unless in acetylene generator room or compartment, in a one-storey
building without a cellar or basement underneath the carbide storage
section. Such rooms shall be constructed to have a fire-resistance
rating of not less than one (1) hour, with opening to other parts of the
building protected be approved self-closing fire doors or stationary
wired glass windows in approved metal frame. The room or
compartments may also be used for storage of fuel gas cylinders, but
not oxygen. Adequate ventilation shall be provided. Metal tools shall
not be located in the calcium carbide storage room.
3. Calcium Carbide in excess of two thousand two hundred seventy

three kilograms (2,273 kg) shall be stored in one-storey buildings
without cellar or basement and used for no other purpose except the
storage of fuel gas cylinders, or in outside acetylene generator houses.
Location of such storage buildings shall be outside congested
mercantile and manufacturing districts. If the storage building is of
non-combustible construction, it may adjoin other one-storey buildings
if separated therefrom by unpierced firewalls. If detached, less than
three meters (3 m) from such building, there shall be no opening in any
of the mutually exposing side of such buildings within three meters (3
m). If the storage building is of combustible construction it shall not be
within six meters (6 m) of any other one- or two-storey building, and at
least within nine meters (9 m) of any other building exceeding two
storeys.
4. Calcium carbide in unopened metal containers may be stored

outdoors upon examination that they in good condition. Periodic
reexaminations should be made to check for rusting or other damage
to a container that might affect its water or air tightness.
DIVISION 18. SAFEGUARDING BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, DEMOLITION AND

ALTERATION OPERATIONS
SECTION 10.4.18.1 FIRE SAFETY PROGRAM
A. An overall construction, alteration, or demolition fire safety program shall

be developed, administered and enforced by the owner during the said
operations.
B. The building owner shall designate a safety officer representing the

contractor or builder in charge of fire protection and safety program of
the building under construction, alteration or demolition. His
responsibilities shall include maintenance and location of automatic fire
suppression systems and protective equipment, general supervision of
safeguards, and the establishment and maintenance of safe cutting and
welding operations.
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SECTION 10.4.18.2 SAFE GUARDING DURING CONSTRUCTION
A. Temporary offices and sheds
Construction of temporary office trailers, sheds, and other related facilities

or structures for storage of tools and materials when located within the
building, on the sidewalk, or within nine meters (9 m) from the building
shall be of non-combustible materials. When located more than nine
meters (9 m) from the building and constructed of combustible materials,
it is desirable to separate them into small detached units.
B. Temporary enclosures
Only non-combustible panels, flame resistant tarpaulin or other

acceptable materials of equivalent fire retardant characteristics shall be
used to enclose structures temporarily. The enclosing material shall be
fastened securely or guarded by construction so it cannot be blown
against sources of ignition by the wind.
C. Scaffolding, shoring and forms
Unnecessary accumulations of combustible forms or form lumber shall be

prohibited. Combustible forms or form lumber shall be brought into the
structure only if needed and shall be removed as soon as stripping is
complete. Those portions of the structures where combustible forms are
present shall not be used for the storage of other combustible building
materials.
D. Construction equipment
1. Internal combustion engines and associated equipment, such as air

compressors, hoists, derricks, pumps, and similar devices, shall be so
located that the exhausts will discharge well away from combustible
materials. Where the exhausts are piped to outside the structure
under construction, alteration, or demolition, a clearance of at least
twenty three centimeters (23 cm) shall be maintained between such
piping and combustible material.
2. Internal combustion equipment shall be shut down and allowed to

cool sufficiently prior to refueling. Suitable fire extinguishers shall be
provided on manned construction equipment utilizing fuel.
3. Service areas for construction equipment shall not be located within

structures under construction.
4. Fuel for internal combustion engines shall not be stored within

structures under construction.
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SECTION 10.4.18.3 SAFEGUARDING DURING DEMOLITION
A. Charged hose lines of an adequate number and size shall be provided

where demolition work is performed in areas where floors are soaked with
oil or other flammable liquid, dust accumulations are present,
combustible insulation is present on floors, walls, ceilings/roofs and
hotworks is being performed.
B. Flammable and combustible liquids shall be drained from tanks and

machinery reservoirs in a safe manner and removed from the building
immediately. Particular attention shall be paid to the removal of residue
and sludge accumulations if hotworks operations are involved.
C. Smoking shall be prohibited throughout demolition areas.
SECTION 10.4.18.4 DEMOLITION USING EXPLOSIVES
If explosives are used in demolition work (implosion), all blasting operations

shall be under the direct supervision of an individual who is legally licensed to
use explosives and in possession of all the required permits prior to
conducting the blasting operations in coordination with the Bureau of Fire
Protection and other concerned government agencies.
SECTION 10.4.18.5 SAFEGUARDING DURING ALTERATIONS
The provision of Sections 11.4.18.2 and 11.4.18.3 of this IRR shall be followed.
SECTION 10.4.18.6 SAFEGUARDING UNDERGROUND OPERATIONS
A. Fire detection and protection systems
Suitable fire extinguisher shall be installed so that travel distance from any
one point in a tunnel does not exceed ninety one meters (91 m) on a
horizontal plane. Audible and visible alarm and emergency lighting for
safe evacuation shall be required. Two means of communications with
the surface shall be available at all times from all areas of the
underground facility. All communications systems shall be tested weekly.
B. Fire communications systems
1. All areas within the underground facility and aboveground shall be

provided with two means of reliable communications that shall be
tested weekly.
2. Mobile equipment conductors and multi-conductor portable cables

shall be protected or guarded to avoid physical damage. Equipment
grounding conductors shall be provided in accordance with the
Philippine Electrical Code.
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3. Bare terminals of transformers, switches, motor controllers, and other
equipment shall be enclosed to prevent accidental contact with
energized parts. Enclosures for use in tunnels shall be rain tight,
rainproof, or watertight as defined in NFPA 70, National Electrical
Code, where necessitated by the environmental conditions.
4. Special attention shall be given to maintaining clear access and

adequate workspace around electrical equipment in accordance
with NFPA 70E, Standard for Electrical Safety Requirements for
Employee Workplaces. Proper housekeeping shall be maintained to
avoid fire hazards.
5. All non-energized metal parts of electrical equipment and metal

raceways and cable sheaths shall be grounded and bonded to all
metal pipes and rails at the portal and at intervals not exceeding three
hundred five meters (305 m) throughout the tunnel.
C. Hazardous Operations and Procedures
1. The quantity of combustible materials to be used underground shall be

kept to a minimum. Advance planning shall provide for the use of
materials having the most favorable combination of high ignition
points, low rates of combustion, and low emissions of smoke and
harmful gases. Class I flammable liquids shall not be taken, stored, or
used underground or within thirty meters (30 m) of a tunnel portal or
shaft opening. Class II and Class III liquids shall be transported and
stored in approved closed containers, safety cans, or tanks. Quantities
shall be limited to those necessary for one work shift.
1. Lubricating oils, greases, and rope dressings taken underground shall

be in closed and enclosable approved containers that do not allow
the contents to leak or spill.
2. Oil, grease, and diesel fuel stored underground shall be kept in tightly
sealed containers in fire-resistant areas located at least thirty meters
(30 m) from shafts and inclines. Storage areas shall be positioned or
diked so that the contents of ruptured or overturned containers
cannot flow from the storage area.
3. Areas within eight meters (8 m) of major electrical installations and

unburied tanks for storage of combustible liquids shall be free of
transient combustible materials.
4. Fan houses, fan bulkheads for main and booster fans, and air ducts
connecting main fans to underground opening shall be constructed of
noncombustible materials.
D. No combustible structure shall be erected and no combustible materials

shall be stored within thirty meters (30 m) of an access shaft, shaft hoist, or
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other entry. Metal containers with self-closing lids shall be provided and
to store combustible waste and debris, and shall be removed and taken
to surface daily.
E. The ventilation system shall be sufficient for the number of personnel and
equipment underground. Air-sampling logs shall be maintained. Air tests
shall be conducted before each shift or after each shift. Air-sampling logs
shall be available to the authority having jurisdiction.
CHAPTER 5. MISCELLANEOUS SAFETY MEASURES
DIVISION 1. WATER AND WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANTS
This Division shall cover the fire safety measures and explosion prevention at
water and waste water treatment units, plants or facilities, including but not
limited to their unit processes and operations, such as collection and
pumping, liquid and solid treatment systems, and related appurtenances,
service areas and premises.
SECTION 10.5.1.2 GENERAL SAFETY PRACTICES
A. Basic control procedures shall be adopted by the plant owner or operator

to minimize potential fire and explosion incidents in water or waste water
treatment plants, and shall be contained in the Fire and Life-safety
Assessment Report (FALAR) as prerequisite for the issuance of fire
clearances and/or Fire Safety Inspection Certificates by the
City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction. It shall include hazard
evaluation, process and equipment controls, ventilation, materials of
construction, and education.
B. Observance of fundamental electrical safety practices shall be pursued

by the plant owner or operator through proper electrical classification of
hazardous locations, and the proper selection, installation, and operation
of electrical equipment, motors, and devices that are suitable for these
locations. Electrical systems, devices and installations, and its operations
and maintenance shall comply with the Philippine Electrical Code and
manufacturer’s instructions and in cases where applicable, with the NFPA
70, National Electrical Code and other internationally accepted
standards.
C. The plant owner or operator or their duly authorized representatives shall

ensure that the handling of chemicals, fuels and materials used, including
but not limited to solvents, oxidizing materials, chlorine, lime, hydrogen,
oxygen, acetylene, petroleum liquids, oils, and a variety of chemicals and
specialty gases used in treatment processes, laboratory analyses and
instrumentation calibration, and generated wastes in or around water or
waste water treatment plants that present potential hazards of fire and
explosion, shall be made in compliance with the applicable provisions of
this IRR.
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SECTION 10.5.1.3 HAZARD EVALUATION
A. A hazard evaluation shall be initiated early in the design process and

hazard prevention and protection recommendations shall be integrated
into plant process specifications and design considerations.
B. Identification of potential hazards associated with the raw water or raw

waste water entering the plant, the materials used in the treatment
processes, and materials or wastes produced by the treatment processes
and operations shall be completely understood and evaluated.
C. Risk evaluation shall prescribe specific control measures to be

incorporated at the design stage of the plant, as well as during the
operation and maintenance of the plant. These measures shall include,
but not limited to, address fail-safe design, emergency controls,
redundant instrumentation, occurrence of leaks and spills, venting and
pressure relief systems, pipe and equipment support, anchorage and
vibration prevention, and damage limiting construction in relation to fire
and/or explosion.
D. Special attention shall be given to more potential hazards associated with

fuel gases, sewer and sludge gases, specialty gases, liquids, solids, dusts,
their mixture or when mixed or reacted with oxygen or other gases,
construction and maintenance materials, repairs and hotworks as sources
of ignition, fire and/or explosion. As a result of this evaluation, a written
plant safety plan shall be prepared and carried out through an
integrated safety program, done and implemented in close coordination
with the Office of the City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction.
E. The evaluation shall be reviewed and updated periodically as conditions

at the plant change. A report shall be prepared and maintained by the
plant operator/owner and shall be made available to the Office of the
SECTION 10.5.1.4 PROCESS AND EQUIPMENT CONTROL
A. Plant processes and equipment operations manuals shall be prepared

and made available at all times to plant technicians and/or operators at
their respective stations, readily made accessible for reference, even to
the member of the BFP conducting inspections. These manuals shall
identify or prescribed control of fire and explosions, covering among
others the removal of possible accumulation of source of fuel or explosive
materials, limitation of oxygen required for combustion, removal of
sources of ignition, and means of fire suppression and explosion venting
(prevention) and shielding (protection), as well as emergency evacuation
when applicable.
B. Identification of different potential sources of ignition shall be considered

in each part of the plant system, whether collection, liquid treatment, solid
treatment, or fuel and chemical handling. Control of ignition resulting
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from one or more causes, such as open flames and hot surfaces,
electrical arcs, sparks, or chemical reactions, shall be covered by the
abovementioned manuals and shall comply with the applicable
provisions of this IRR and/or in applicable cases by therein adopted Code
of Practices prescribed by the manufacturer or internationally accepted
standards.
C. To address control and/or reduce the potential for ignition within the
plant, the following measures are prescribed:
1. All entry sites within a plant, collection system, manholes, pumping

stations and other facilities shall be properly protected from
unauthorized entries. It shall be provided with appropriate security
system and protection, by or in combination of security fencing,
lockable gates/doors, at least two (2) hours fire rated
compartmentation, posting of guards and/or installation of electronic
video camera monitoring system as applicable, and made accessible
only to authorized personnel and/or persons in authority.
2. Introduction of ignition sources at these sites as well as other parts of

the plant shall be limited and regulated by an accepted life and
safety procedural guidelines, supervised by a certified safety
practitioner. As a general rule, introduction of ignition sources in these
sites or areas shall be limited and adequate ventilation shall always be
provided. Provided further, in cases where hotworkss or repair,
rehabilitation, maintenance and other related activities that may
introduce ignition are carried in a water or waste water treatment
plant, an appropriate Fire Safety Clearance shall first be secured from
3. Application of removal by vacuum or coverage with foam shall be

necessary in event that a foreign combustible material enters the
sewer system.
4. Chemicals and fuels shall always be stored in accordance with

applicable provisions of this IRR and/or manufacturer’s instructions or
international acceptable standards as adopted in the plant. Reactive
chemicals shall always be stored separately with the foregoing
reference to safety standards. In cases of having two or more degrees
of safety, the most stringent degree of requirement shall prevail.
SECTION 10.5.1.5 VENTILATION
A. Ventilation rates for enclosed spaces containing used water or waste

water exposed to the atmosphere shall be based on the calculated
vaporization rate of the most volatile liquid anticipated to be present in
the plant.
B. In considering ventilation requirements, the designer shall base his

calculations upon the surface area of channels, tanks, or other vessels
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containing the used water or waste water exposed to atmosphere, the
temperature of used water or waste water, the ambient air temperature,
and the vaporization rate of the volatile liquid. Allowance shall be made
for vaporization of volatile liquid from the free water surface in connecting
sewers within a reasonable distance from the structure, turbulence that
may accelerate vaporization of the volatile liquid, inefficiency of the
ventilation system in purging the enclosures, and any other factors that
the designer could reasonably expect to effect the rate of release of the
flammable vapour to the structure.
C. Ventilation rate shall conform to Table 33 which presents typical

ventilation rates for various areas in the treatment plants or shall be based
on actual calculations whichever is greater. In reference to the said
table, the following notes shall be considered:
1. The superscript (1) - prescribed the installation of combustible gas

detector and alarm system to monitor and provide warnings for the
explosive level of the confined combustible vapors.
2. The ventilation rates prescribed above are considered to be the

minimum necessary for protection against combustible vapors.
3. Ventilation rates shall be increased above those recommended if

unusual accumulations of volatile combustible liquid or combustible
vapors are expected or if toxic gases may be present.
Table 33: MINIMUM VENTILATION RATES IN

WATER AND WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANTS
Description Ventilation Rates

Wet wells, screen rooms, and other enclosed spaces
15 air changes
with used water or waste water exposed to
per hour
atmosphere(1)
Rooms or spaces intended for storage or conveyance
12 air changes
of used water or waste water solids, (e.g., grits, sludge,
per hour
hardened or cakes of fats and grease, etc.)
Equipment rooms, tunnels, and other below grade
12 air changes
spaces.
per hour or
• With gas piping and/or gas handling equipment(1)
40 km/min velocity
• With diesel fuel or other volatile combustible liquid
in tunnels or galleries
tanks, pumps and supply piping(1)
Without gas piping 10 air changes
per hour or
27 km/min velocity in
tunnels or galleries
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SECTION 10.5.1.6 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION
A. For the purpose of this IRR, the selection and/or usage of materials for the
construction of treatment plants shall require the understanding of its
classification and suitability of its application as divided in three basic
categories, such as: (1) combustible, (2) non-combustible, and (3) limited
combustibility, and shall comply with NFPA 220, Standards Types of
Building Construction, or applicable internationally accepted standards
for treatment plants.
B. Construction materials being considered for treatment plants shall be

selected based on the fire hazard and fire risk evaluation. The application
of these materials shall be based on the reduction or elimination of the
effects of fire or explosion by maintaining structural integrity, controlling
fire spread and smoke generation, preventing the release of toxic
products of combustion, and maintaining serviceability and operation of
the facility.
C. All buildings or unit processes that are considered critical to the integrity of
treatment plants shall be of non-combustible type and shall be
constructed in accordance with the National Building Code of the
Philippines. Fire safety measures in buildings as prescribed in this IRR and
other internationally accepted standards shall also be observed.
D. In specific cases for waste water treatment plants, notwithstanding the

applicability of some provisions to water treatment plants for similar
applications, the following prescriptions shall strictly be observed:
1. Sewers that handle or may handle flammable or hazardous materials

shall be of non-combustible materials.
2. Manholes, factory-built pumping stations, and other structures entered

by personnel that handle raw or partially treated waste water shall be
constructed only of non-combustible materials.
3. Non-combustible materials shall be used for air supply and exhaust

systems. Provided, in cases when combustible or limited combustible
materials are used to control corrosion, approved smoke and fire
dampers shall be installed. A separate smoke ventilation system shall
be preferred; however, smoke venting shall be allowed as integrated
into normal ventilation system using automatic or manually positioned
dampers and motor speed control.
4. No cellular or foamed plastic materials shall be used as interior finish.

Interior finishes shall provide a maximum degree of fire resistance, with
minimum flame spread rate and smoke generation for particular
application. This information shall be secured from material
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manufacturers and supported by test certificates attesting to its
validity.
5. In cases of plastic or fibreglass-reinforced plastic products and/or

materials of construction in unit process, such as rotating biological
contactors, bio-towers, filters or trickling filters, inclined plate or tube
settlers, ventilation ducts, and other equipment which may be subject
to corrosion, extreme care shall be taken with open flames, such as
cutting torches, during maintenance or repair operations, as these
materials may present a considerable fuel load, if ignited.
SECTION 10.5.1.7 EDUCATION
A. The role of education in the promotion of general safety and mitigation

measure shall be given importance in this particular case. In-house
training programs, such as but not limited to plant emergency
organization, and housekeeping, operation, repair and maintenance
(preventive and rehabilitation), first aid, occupational health and safety,
fire prevention and suppression techniques, for all plant personnel shall
be established. A priority objective shall be to provide information on how
to (1) understand, (2) identify, (3) prevent, and (4) handle hazardous
sources or situation relating to potential fire, explosion, and toxicity
problems.
B. A close liaison shall be established, pursued and sustained between the

City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction, including other authorized
emergency personnel, and treatment plant’s owner or operator, specially
its safety personnel so that mutually approved emergency procedures,
including familiarity of the plant, shall be established.
SECTION 10.5.1.8 FIRE PROTECTION
The fire protection and suppression measures in treatment plants shall include
but not limited to the following:
A. Automatic Sprinkler Systems. Approved supervised Sprinkler Systems shall

be installed in buildings or structures located at the treatment plant in
accordance with Section 10.2.6.5 of this IRR and/or other internationally
accepted standards. Provided further, that in certain areas, such as
chemical storage areas, underground tunnels or structures, or areas
where electrical hazard is a principal concern, the use of other
appropriate fire protection measures shall be considered based on
manufacturer’s instructions and/or internationally accepted standards,
subject to the evaluation and approval of the City/Municipal Fire Marshal
B. Chemical Suppression System. Clean agent, chemical wetting agent,

foam, and dry chemical systems shall be installed or used whenever
414
applicable, in buildings or structures located at treatment plants based on
manufacturer’s instructions and/or internationally accepted standards,
subject to the evaluation and approval of the City/Municipal Fire Marshal
1. Chemical wetting agents, ionized water mists, and foam extinguishing

systems effectiveness shall be considered or used for wet wells, grit and
screening processes, primary clarifiers, and pits and tanks where
floating flammable liquid may collect on the surface.
2. Clean agents, ionized water mists, inert gas suppressants, and carbon
dioxide extinguishing systems effectiveness shall be considered or used
where electronics and computer equipment are located.
3. Clean agent, ionized water mists, carbon dioxide, and dry chemical
extinguishing systems shall be considered or used in chemical storage
areas, underground tunnels or structures, or where electrical hazard is
a principal concern and where water damage would seriously impair
the integrity of the treatment plant.
C. Standpipes and Hydrants. Standpipes, hose streams, and hydrants shall be

provided where appropriate in buildings or structures located at
treatment plants in accordance with Section 10.2.6.6 of this IRR and/or
other internationally accepted standards, subject to the evaluation and
D. Fire Suppression Supply Systems
1. Water supplies shall be capable of delivering the total demand of

sprinklers, hose streams, foam and other chemical systems in
accordance with Sections 10.2.6.5 and 10.2.6.6 of this IRR.
2. In areas where there is no public water supply or where the public

water supply is inadequate, treatment plant effluent or recycled water
shall be used for fire protection.
3. In cases when the plant water system is used as the principal source for
fire protection, the system shall be capable of providing an adequate
quantity and pressure, and have sufficient standby capacity to meet
all fire water flow requirements. If the plant water system is used as
back up to public water supply, the system shall provide easy access
and connections for pumper equipment or fire fighting apparatus.
4. When fire pumps are the source of supply used in the plant water
system, multiple pumps with sufficient capacity to meet fire flow
requirements, even with the largest pump out of service shall be
provided. Pumps used shall be automatic starting with manual
shutdown or mechanical equipment.
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E. Portable fire extinguishers of appropriate types shall be provided in
buildings or structures located at treatment plant in accordance with
Section 10.2.6.7 of this IRR and/or other internationally accepted
standards, subject to the evaluation and approval of the City/Municipal
Fire Marshal having jurisdiction. In some areas of treatment plant, such as
basements, underground pipe galleries connecting buildings, and other
areas which are not occupied continuously, optional reduction of the
portable units shall be considered and may be requested, depending on
frequency of occupancy, intended use and equipment contained in the
space, and hazards potential for fire and/or explosion subject to the
evaluation and approval of the City/Municipal Fire Marshal having
jurisdiction.
F. Special Fire Protection and Miscellaneous Measures. Special fire

protection and miscellaneous measure shall be considered in some
treatment plants and processes having unique problems or situations,
such as but not limited to the following:
1. Applicable special or alternative fire protection measures during

construction at both new and existing treatment plant facilities shall be
considered based on safety to life, protection of property, and
potential for delays in construction, as well as plant or unit process start
up as recommended by qualified fire safety/protection practitioner
and subject to the evaluation and approval of the City/Municipal Fire
2. Lightning protection shall be provided for structures in accordance

with NFPA 780, Lightning Protection Guide, Appendix L (Principles of
Lightning Protection).
3. Traffic flow and crowd management arrangements shall be made to

permit rapid entry to the plant by firefighters, police and other
authorized personnel of concerned government agencies, in cases of
fire or other emergencies.
4. The plant emergency organization, where provided, shall be properly

instructed and trained in the use of all fire protection equipment
located at the treatment plant.
5. Early detection and notification system in case of fire and explosion

shall also be established to protect the integrity of the buildings and
unit processes. Protective measures to detect flame, heat or smoke
shall be selected and installed where needed in accordance with
Section 10.2.6.4 of this IRR and/or manufacturer’s instruction and other
internationally accepted standards, subject to the evaluation and
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6. Where appropriate, central station, local protective auxiliary, remote
station, or proprietary sprinkler water flow alarms shall be provided
based on manufacturer’s instructions and/or other internationally
accepted standards, subject to the evaluation and approval of the
DIVISION 2. SMOKING
SECTION 10.5.2.1 DESIGNATED AND PROHIBITED SMOKING AREAS
A. In areas where flammable and combustible materials are stored or

handled, the City/Municipal Fire Marshal is empowered and authorized to
order the owner or occupant in writing to post “NO SMOKING” signages in
each building, structure, room or place in which smoking shall be
prohibited. Such signs shall be conspicuously and suitably located. The
City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction shall designate specific safe
locations, if necessary, in any building structure, or place in which smoking
may be permitted.
B. It shall be unlawful for any person during that period of the year declared
by the City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction as the hazardous
season, to light, ignite or smoke any tobacco, cigarette, pipe, or cigar in
or upon any brush or forest covered land or land covered with flammable
materials. However, nothing in this section shall apply to the area within
the boundaries of any established smoking areas as designated by the
SECTION 10.5.2.2 NO SMOKING SIGNAGES
A. The letters “NO SMOKING” shall be made readable and recognizable

within a minimum distance of fifteen and one fourth meters (15.25 m) at
any given time, at least ten centimeters (10 cm) high preferably with
white-colored letters upon a red background. The posting location of
such signs shall be in conspicuous places or as deemed required by the
B. Likewise, the designated smoking areas shall be properly identified by the

placement of a signage identifying such area on its entrance. Such area
shall adopt precautionary measures relative to fire safety.
C. In no case shall a signage of “SMOKING AREA” be of different color from

the “NO SMOKING” sign. The “SMOKING AREA” sign shall be posted on
the entrance of the area designated as such.
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DIVISION 3. MANUFACTURE AND SALE OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
This Division prescribes the guidelines for the regulation of fire safety measures
in the manufacture, sale, servicing and maintenance of fire extinguishers,
including but not limited to prescribing standards and requirements thereof.
SECTION 10.5.3.2 MANUFACTURE AND SALE
No person shall engage in the manufacture, sale or servicing of extinguishers

unless a permit or license is first obtained from the Department of Trade and
Industry (DTI). A fire safety inspection certificate (FSIC) to be issued by the
City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction shall be prerequisite before the
grant of a license to manufacture by the DTI.
A FSIC shall be issued only upon payment of two per centum (2%) of the
manufacturer’s/dealer’s/servicing firm’s gross sales.
A. Standards
1. All locally manufactured fire extinguishers shall be classified, tested

and rated in accordance with the Philippine National Standards (PNS)
No. 27:1984, Rules for Classification, Fire Testing and Rating of Portable
Fire Extinguishers. Provided that in the absence, non-coverage or
limitation of existing PNS on other quality standard requirements,
adoption of other internationally accepted standards and/or
alignment to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
norms shall be applicable for its manufacture, including but not
limited to its containers (cylinders or tanks), types of chemical
extinguishing agents used, accessories and ancillary devices.
2. All extinguishers that are made and imported from other countries shall
be considered acceptable when manufactured in accordance with
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) norms and/or
internationally accepted standards and/or listings or certifications,
such as, but not limited to the following agencies:
a. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
b. Underwriter Laboratory, Incorporated (UL)
c. Factory Manual, Incorporated (FM)
d. American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
e. Loss Prevention Certification Board (LPC or LPCB)
f. European Committee for Standardization (CE or CEN)
418
g. Australia Standards Association (ASA)
h. Japan Industrial Standard Committee (JIS or JISC)
i. Korea Fire Industry Technology Institute (KFI)
3. Nothing in this Section shall be construed as to preclude the use of

other standards, if and when, such standards are proven to be equal
or more stringent that the above-listed standards, as evaluated and
recommended by the Fire Code Technical Staff and approved by
Chief, BFP.
B. Fire Extinguishers Marks and Labels
All fire extinguishers manufactured or sold in the Philippines shall be

marked and labeled providing the following information:
1. Containers (tanks or cylinders) shall have permanent markings

(stamped, pressed or embossed) that identify its manufacturer (e.g.,
logo or initials or abbreviation or symbols), date of
manufacture/fabrication, lot number and applicable standards (e.g.,
ASME, ANSI, ASTM, etc.) or patent registration in case of original
invention.
2. Basic product labels or marks presenting the following information,

among others:
a. Name, address, and contact details of the manufacturer and/or

dealer
b. Date of original filling of the container
c. Chemical contents – The extinguishing agent shall be identified

both under the common name and the chemical formula. Where
the extinguishing agent is a formula, details on their proportions
shall likewise be indicated.
d. Type of extinguishers
i. Whether or not useful for Class A, B, C, or D fires for locally

manufactured types or appropriate classifications for
imported types based on adopted standards; and
ii. Numerical rating of the extinguisher.
e. Opening instructions
f. Safety procedure in usage
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C. Tagging of Serviced Fire Extinguishers
Whenever any person duly qualified by the Department of Trade and

Industry or its equivalent services a fire extinguisher, a tag shall at least
indicate:
1. The month and year the services are performed.
2. The chemical name and formula of the contents.
3. The type of extinguisher serviced.
4. The name, address, contact details and certificate of registration

number of the servicing firm.
SECTION 10.5.3.3 SERVICING AND MAINTENANCE
A. Maintenance and servicing of fire extinguishers shall be performed

periodically, but at least once every twelve (12) months, after each use,
or when an inspection shows that the need is obvious.
B. Hydrostatic test shall be performed every five (5) years.
SECTION 10.5.3.4 CERTIFICATE OF COMPETENCY
A. No person shall engage in the manufacture, sale or servicing of fire

extinguishers without a certificate of competency issued by the BFP.
B. All salesmen shall possess working knowledge on the following matters,

among others, as a requirement for the issuance of certificate of
competency:
1. Principles of fire fighting;
2. Types of extinguishers and their capabilities;
3. Selection and matching the extinguishers to the hazard, the

environment and the user’s capability;
4. Number and distribution of extinguisher for a particular hazard;
5. Operation and maintenance of extinguishers; and
6. Health and operational safety considerations.
C. All technicians engaged in the manufacture, sale or servicing of fire

extinguishers shall possess, in addition to those required of salesmen per
para “B” above, working knowledge on standards in the following:
1. Hydrostatic testing;
420
2. Safe filling and charging procedures;
3. Testing and rating procedures;
4. The various chemicals and formulation of extinguishing and their

properties;
5. When and how to destroy any extinguisher container; and
6. Retrieval and disposal of prohibited or banned fire extinguishers.
SECTION 10.5.3.5 PROHIBITED TYPES OF EXTINGUISHERS
The following types of fire extinguishers and/or extinguishing agents are

prohibited for manufacture or sale:
A. All inverting types which require inversion of the extinguisher before its
operation;
B. Soda-acid extinguishers;
C. Stored pressure or cartridge-operated foam solution, water or loaded

stream;
D. Vaporizing liquids (e.g. carbon tetrachloride);
E. Thermal special hazards single station extinguishers with extinguishing

capability of less than four and a half cubic meters (4.5 m3);
F. Fire extinguishers containing Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS); and
G. Other types which may be prohibited and banned hereinafter by proper

authorities.
SECTION 10.5.3.6 PROHIBITED ACTS
The following are declared prohibited acts with regard to fire extinguishers:
A. Removal of inspection tags attached to fire extinguishers.
B. Refilling a discharged extinguisher with an extinguishing agent other than

what the unit was designed to contain.
C. Selling extinguishers not appropriate to the hazard.
D. Selling any extinguisher prohibited under Section 10.5.4.5 of this IRR.
E. Selling defective or substandard extinguishers.
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F. Using/installing two (2) or more thermal special hazard vaporizing liquid
unit in rooms with volume greater than the nominal capability of one unit.
G. Installing pressure gauges in fire extinguishers that do not indicate the

actual pressure of the interior of the fire extinguisher, such as, but not
limited to, using defective or not calibrated gauges; not providing, or
blocking the connection between the gauge and the interior; or
fixing/tampering the indicator or needle to indicate a certain pressure.
DIVISION 4. OPEN BURNING
SECTION 10.5.4.1 WHEN ALLOWED
Open burning is allowed provided that a Fire Safety Clearance shall first be
obtained from the City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction.
SECTION 10.5.4.2 EXCEPTIONS
Fire SAFETY clearance shall not be required in the following:
A. Fires for outdoor food cooking/preparation, provided that such fire is built
and maintained in a pit fully containing the fire, or a fire proof container
made of brick, stone, metal or other fire proof material TO prevent fire
from spreading.
B. Fires that are used for recreation and ceremony such as symbolic torch,
camp fires, and religious/cultural fires provided that burning must be
attended and supervised at all times.
SECTION 10.5.4.3 PROHIBITION ON OPEN BURNING
The following acts shall be prohibited:
A. When atmospheric conditions or circumstances make the fire hazardous

or produce excessive or unnecessary smoke, soot, odors, visible emissions,
heat, flame or radiation so as to cause nuisance, hazard or to violate
other laws, rules and regulations, issuances and ordinances, specifically as
provided under IRR of RA 8749, such as:
1. Burning using any materials in any quantities which shall cause the
emission of toxic and poisonous fumes. Such materials include but not
limited to plastic, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, paints, ink, wastes
containing heavy metals, organic chemicals, petroleum related
compound, industrial wastes, ozone depleting substances and other
similar toxic and hazardous substances; and,
2. Burning or cause open burning of waste materials in the premises of

any establishment, firm, company, government or private entity or
422
organizations within the area of their jurisdiction, including recognized
or unrecognized dumpsites in any quality or quantity.
B. Discarding burning objects or dropping any lighted match, cigar,

cigarette or other burning substance, on or near combustible material or
in places where fire is likely to occur.
C. Depositing hot ashes or cinders, or smoldering coals, or greasy or oily

substances liable to spontaneous ignition, into any combustible
receptacle.
D. Kindling of fire upon the land of another without permission of the owner
thereof or his agent.
Outdoor burning, when authorized shall be subject to the following requirements:
A. The location thereof shall not be less than fifteen meters (15 m) from any
structure and adequate provision is made to prevent fire from spreading
to within fifteen meters (15 m) of any structure.
B. Burning is permitted only when wind direction and other meteorological

conditions such as smoke and other pollutants will not present hazard to
any public road, landing strip, navigable water, or have a negative effect
on any building, structure or sensitive receptor/ electronic equipment.
C. Any residual fires and/or smoldering objects that continue to emit smoke
shall be extinguished each day at the end of the burning activity.
D. Other fire safety measures necessary that may be imposed by the

SECTION 10.5.4.5 PROCEDURES FOR OBTAINING FIRE SAFETY CLEARANCE
Application for fire safety clearance shall be filed in writing before the Office
of the City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction at least two (2) days prior
to the date of burning.
SECTION 10.5.4.6 RESPONSIBLE PERSON FOR OUTDOOR BURNING
A. The applicant shall be the responsible person for outdoor burning who
shall be present prior and during the burning activity. He shall be liable for
the consequences, damages, or injuries resulting from the said burning.
B. The granting of the herein fire safety clearance does not exempt or
excuse the applicant thereof from complying with all other applicable
laws, ordinances, regulations and orders of governmental entities having
jurisdiction.
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DIVISION 5. INCINERATOR
Incinerators shall comply with the Implementing Rules and Regulations of

Republic Act No. 8749 “Clean Air Act”.
DIVISION 6. USE OF EQUIPMENT, APPLIANCES, DEVICES AND VACANT BUILDINGS
SECTION 10.5.6.1 TOY BALLOONS
No person without any authority from the City/Municipal Fire Marshall having
jurisdiction shall inflate any toy balloon or other similar device with any toxic,
explosive or flammable gas, or sell, give away or furnish any such
balloon/device when so inflated. Open flame shall be prohibited in the
vicinity where toy balloons are inflated, or where inflated toy balloons are
present.
SECTION 10.5.6.2 TRACER BULLETS AND SIMILAR DEVICES
No person shall, possess or fire or discharge or cause to be fired any tracer

bullet or tracer charge, or any type of projectile or device, such as fireworks,
that discharges smoldering or flammable material, in any brush or grass-
covered area, or any area where flammable materials are present.
SECTION 10.5.6.3 ASPHALT KETTLES
It shall be unlawful to transport over any highway, road or street any asphalt
kettle beneath which is being heated by an open fire, coals or ashes. Heating
of asphalt kettles inside or on the roof of any building shall be done only with
authority from the C/MFM having jurisdiction concerned. There shall be at
least one approved fire extinguisher of a minimum 12-B or C classification
within nine meters (9 m) of each asphalt kettle being heated and one
additional fire extinguisher of 16-B or C classification in the area of work being
covered.
SECTION 10.5.6.4 ELECTRICAL WIRING AND OTHER DEVICES
A. Use and Installation
It shall be unlawful to use and/or install any electrical wiring appliance,

apparatus or device in violation of the Philippine Electrical Code.
B. Fire Hazard
The City/Municipal Fire Marshall having jurisdiction shall notify the local
Building Official of the existence of any hazardous electrical installation.
He may order the use of such installation discontinued immediately until
correction or the hazard be effected.
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SECTION 10.5.6.5 ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES/DEVICES
No person shall sell, offer for sale, rent, dispose of by gift or premium, give or
make available for use any electrical appliance, unless it is of an approved
type.
SECTION 10.5.6.6 TRAPDOORS TO BE CLOSED
All trapdoors and scuttle covers, except those that are automatic in their
operations, in any building other than single-family dwelling, shall be kept
closed at all times, in order to prevent the easy passage of smoke and heat in
case of fire.
SECTION 10.5.6.7 SHAFTWAYS TO BE MARKED
To preclude accidents during fire operations, every outside window in a

building used for manufacture purposes or for storage which opens directly
on any hoist way or other vertical means of communication between two or
more floors in such buildings shall be plainly marked with the word
"SHAFTWAY" in red letters at least fifteen centimeters (15 cm) on a white
background. Such warning sign shall be placed as to be easily discernible
from the outside of the building. Every door or window opening on such
shaftway from the interior of the building shall be similarly marked with the
warning word "SHAFTWAY" so placed as to be easily visible to anyone
approaching the shaftway from the interior of the building.
SECTION 10.5.6.8 USE OF TORCHES OR FLAME-PRODUCING DEVICES FOR

REMOVING PAINT
Any person using a torch or other flame-producing device for removing paint
from any surface within a building or structure shall secure an authority from
the City/Municipal Fire Marshall having jurisdiction and provide one
approved fire extinguisher or water hose equipped with a suitable nozzle,
sufficient in length to reach all portions of the building, and connected to the
water supply on the premises where such operation is being done. In all
cases, the person doing the removal of paint shall remain on the premises
one hour after the torch or flame-producing device has been used.
SECTION 10.5.6.9 HAZARDOUS WARNING LIGHTS
It shall be unlawful to maintain any torch or lantern utilizing an open flame

along any excavation or road, or any place where the dislodgement of such
torch or lantern might permit the same to roll, or slide on to any brush-
covered land, or any land containing flammable material.
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SECTION 10.5.6.10 OPEN FLAME DEVICES IN PORTS/WHARVES
A. No person shall use any open flame device for maintenance or repair on
any boat, ship or wharf without a permit from the Philippine Coast Guard
and/or the Philippine Port Authority.
B. No person shall use any portable barbecue, brazier or cooking device on

any boat, ship or wharf without a permit from the Philippine Coast Guard
C. Any open flame device used for lighting or decoration on the exterior of
any boat, ship or wharf must be approved by the Philippine Coast Guard
SECTION 10.5.6.11 VACATING PREMISES
Upon vacating or abandoning any premise, the occupant thereof shall

remove any and all noxious and hazardous material or waste matter which
has been deposited, allowed to come to rest, or permitted to accumulate
thereon, and such premises shall be left in clean and neat condition.
SECTION 10.5.6.12 VACANT BUILDINGS
Every person owning, or in charge or control of, any vacant building shall
remove therefrom all accumulation of flammable or combustible waste or
rubbish and shall securely lock, barricade, or otherwise secure all doors,
windows and other openings thereof.
DIVISION 7. URBAN AND RURAL PRE-FIRE PLANNING
SECTION 10.5.7.1 HYDRANT
A. Project developers or owners of housing projects shall provide a hydrant

system and develop the source of water used for the purpose of providing
adequate water supply for fire suppression use on both economic and
socialized housing in connection with this Code.
B. Local Government Units (LGUs) in coordination with the BFP shall provide
each community with fire hydrants and cisterns or elevated tanks that will
suffice the requirement pertaining to provision of water for fire fighting
operation.
C. All reservoir or water tanks must provide a 20% fire reserve over and above
the Average Daily Demand Supply (ADDS).
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D. In communities where no public water supply is available, a water well or
any other devices with water impounding capability shall be provided.
SECTION 10.5.7.2 FIRE LANE
The BFP is authorized to direct installation of fire lanes, signages or other

approved notices for emergency use in coordination with concerned
government agencies.
A. Requirements
1. Curb top and side shall be painted red and the words "FIRE LANE" shall
be stenciled on the top and side of all red curbs at a maximum interval
of 50 feet. Letters shall be three inches (3") in height with a minimum
3/4-inch in stroke.
2. Outlining or painting the fire lane area in red with the words "FIRE LANE"
in white, at intervals of not more than 50 feet or as otherwise directed
by the BFP. Size of lettering shall be not less than 24 inches in height
and three inches (3") in stroke.
B. Enforcement
The enforcement of fire lanes shall be the responsibility of the BFP in

coordination with the LGU and other concerned government agencies.
RULE 11. PROHIBITED ACTS
SECTION 11.0.0.1 PROHIBITED ACTS AND OMISSIONS
The following are declared as prohibited acts and omissions:
A. Obstructing or blocking the exit ways or across to buildings clearly marked

for fire safety purposes, such as but not limited to aisles in interior rooms,
any part of stairways, hallways, corridors, vestibules, balconies or bridges
leading to a stairway or exit of any kind, or tolerating or allowing said
violations;
B. Constructing gates, entrances and walkways to building components and

yards, and temporary or permanent structures on public ways, which
obstruct the orderly and easy passage of fire fighting vehicles and
equipment;
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C. Prevention, interference or obstruction of any operation of the fire service,
or of duly organized and authorized fire brigades;
D. Obstructing designated fire lanes or access to fire hydrants;
E. Overcrowding or admission of persons beyond the authorized capacity in

movie houses, theaters, coliseums, auditoriums or other public assembly
buildings, except in other assembly areas on the ground floor with open
sides or open doors sufficient to provide safe exits;
F. Locking fire exits during period when people are inside the building;
G. Prevention or obstruction of the automatic closure of fire doors or smoke

partitions or dampers;
H. Use of fire protective of fire fighting equipment of the fire service other
than for fire fighting except in other emergencies where their use are
justified;
I. Giving false or malicious fire alarms;
J. Smoking in prohibited areas as may be determined by fire service, or

throwing of cigars, cigarettes, burning objects in places which may start or
cause fire;
K. Abandoning or leaving a building or structure by the occupant or owner

without appropriate safety measures;
L. Removing. destroying, tampering or obliterating any authorized mark,

seal, sign or tag posted or required by the fire service for fire safety in any
building, structure or processing equipment; and
M. Use of jumpers or tampering with electrical wiring or overloading the

electrical system beyond its designated capacity or such other practices
that would tend to undermine the fire safety features of the electrical
system.
RULE 12. FIRE CODE TAXES, FEES/CHARGES AND FINES
SECTION 12.0.0.1 SOURCES OF INCOME
Pursuant to Section 12, in relation to Section 13 of RA 9514, the following shall

be the sources of income of the BFP:
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A. Fees to be charged for the issuance of certificates, permits and licenses as
provided for in Section 7 of RA 9514;
B. One-tenth of one per centum (0.10%) of the verified estimated value of

buildings or structures to be erected, from the owner thereof, but not to
exceed fifty thousand (PhP 50,000.00) pesos, at least fifty per centum
(50%) to be paid prior to the issuance of the building permit, and the
balance, after final inspection and prior to the issuance of the use and
occupancy permit;
C. One-hundredth of one per centum (0.01%) of the assessed value of

buildings or structures annually payable upon payment of the real estate
tax, except on structures used as single family dwellings;
D. Two per centum (2%) of all premiums, excluding re-insurance premiums for
the sale of fire, earthquake and explosion hazard insurance collected by
companies, persons or agents licensed to sell such insurances in the
Philippines;
E. Two per centum (2%) of gross sales of companies, persons or agents

selling fire fighting equipment, appliances or devices, including hazard
detection and warning systems; and
F. Two per centum (2%) of the service fees received from fire, earthquake,
and explosion hazard reinsurance surveys and post loss service of
insurance adjustment companies doing business in the Philippines directly
through agents.
SECTION 12.0.0.2 FIRE CODE REVENUES
A. The classification of Fire Code revenues and rates are prescribed in the
following schedule:
1. Fire Code Construction Tax. Tax prescribed in Section 12.0.0.1(B) of

this IRR.
2. Fire Code Realty Tax. Tax prescribed in Section 12.0.0.1(C) of this IRR.
3. Fire Code Premium Tax. Tax prescribed in Section 12.0.0.1 (D) of this
IRR.
4. Fire Code Sales Tax. Tax prescribed in Section 12.0.0.1 (E) of this IRR.
5. Fire Code Proceeds Tax. Tax prescribed in Section 12.0.0.1 (F) of this
IRR.
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6. Fire Safety Inspection Fee. Fee charged for the conduct of Fire Safety
Inspection equivalent to ten per centum (10%) of all fees charged by
the building official, or by the Local Government or by other
government agencies concerned in the granting of pertinent permits
or licenses.
7. Storage Clearance Fee. Fee derived from storage of flammable and

8. Conveyance Clearance Fee. Fee derived from transporting

flammable and combustible materials.
9. Installation Clearance Fee. Fee derived from installation of tanks and

pipes of flammable and combustible substances and other fire
protection system.
10. Other Clearance Fees. Fees derived from fireworks display,

fumigation/fogging, fire drill, hotworks, and other clearances as
provided under this IRR.
11. Fire Code Fines – are fees derived from imposition of administrative
fines and penalties.
B. The account codes of the above classified taxes, fees/charges and fines
shall be prescribed by the Commission on Audit (COA).
SECTION 12.0.0.3 ASSESSMENT
A. The assessment of fire code taxes, fees/ charges and fines as revenue is
vested upon the BFP. The Chief, BFP shall prescribe the procedural rules
for such purpose, subject to the approval of the Secretary, DILG.
B. The City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction shall assess the

prescribed Fire Code revenues within his area of jurisdiction.
C. The Chief, BFP or his duly authorized representative shall exercise the
general power to assess the prescribed fire code taxes, fees/charges and
fines for installations, structures, facilities and operations not within the
jurisdiction of any Fire Marshal or in any other conditions as the need
thereto arises.
D. The result of the assessment shall be the basis for issuance of Order of
Payment Slip (OPS) by the City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction
for purposes of collection and deposit.
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SECTION 12.0.0.4 SCHEDULE OF FEES AND FINES
A. The following are the schedule of fees.
1. Storage Clearance Fee - storage clearance shall be issued upon payment

of a fee based on the storage capacity as indicated:
a. Flammable/combustible solids
i. Calcium carbide
STORAGE CAPACITY ANNUAL FEES

(in kilograms) (in PhP)
From 40 to 80 14.00
Over 80 to 200 18.00
Over 200 to 2,000 36.00
Over 2,000 to 4,000 54.00
Over 4,000 to 20,000 72.00
Over 20,000 to 40,000 90.00
Over 40,000 to 200,000 135.00
Over 200,000 180.00
ii. Pyroxylin

From 40 to 200 12.00
Over 200 to 800 24.00
Over 800 to 2,000 48.00
Over 2,000 to 4,000 90.00
Over 4,000 to 12,000 180.00
Over 12,000 to 40,000 300.00
Over 40,000 600.00
iii. Matches

From 100 to 400 12.00
Over 400 to 2,000 60.00
Over 2,000 to 4,000 120.00
Over 4,000 to 20,000 240.00
Over 20,000 480.00
iv. Nitrate, phosphorous, bromine, sodium, picric acid and other

hazardous chemicals of similar flammable, explosive, oxidizing or
lacrymatory properties:
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From 20 to 100 12.00
Over 100 to 400 18.00
Over 400 to 2,000 45.00
Over 2,000 to 4,000 90.00
Over 4,000 to 20,000 134.00
Over 20,000 180.00
v. Shredded combustible materials such as wood shaving, excelsior

(kusot), sawdust, kapok, straw, hay, combustible loose fibers:
cotton waste, (estopa) sisal, oakum and other similar combustible
shavings and fine materials:

(in cubic meters) (in PhP)
From 0.25 to 3 12.00
Over 3 to 14 32.00
Over 14 to 28 54.00
Over 28 to 70 90.00
Over 70 139.00
vi. Tar, resin, waxes, copra, rubber, cork, bituminous coal and similar
combustible materials:

From 200 to 400 14.00
Over 400 to 4,000 28.00
Over 4,000 to 20,000 54.00
Over 20,000 90.00
b. Flammable/Combustible Liquids
i. For flammable liquids having flashpoint of -6.67oC or below. Such

as gasoline, ether, carbon bisolphide, naptha, benzol (benzene),
collodion, aflodin and acetone.

(in liters) (in PhP)
From 20 to 100 10.00
Over 100 to 200 12.00
Over 200 to 400 24.00
Over 400 to 2,000 48.00
Over 2,000 to 4,000 72.00
Over 4,000 to 6,000 100.00
Over 6,000 to 8,000 120.00
Over 8,000 to 10,000 144.00
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Over 10,000 to 12,000 192.00
Over 12,000 to 14,000 240.00
Over 14,000 to 16,000 288.00
Over 16,000 to 32,000 360.00
Over 32,000 to 40,000 480.00
Over 40,000 to 200,000 720.00
Over 200,000 to 800,000 1,080.00
Over 800,000 to 2,000,000 1,440.00
Over 2,000,000 to 6,000,000 1,920.00
Over 6,000,000 to 8,000,000 2,400.00
In excess of 8,000,000 2,400 +
1.00/400 liters
ii. For flammable liquids having flashpoint of above -6.67oC and

below 22.8oC such as alcohol, amyl, tulouol, ethyl, acetate and
like.

From 20 to 100 9.00
Over 100 to 200 12.00
Over 200 to 400 18.00
Over 400 to 2,000 30.00
Over 2,000 to 4,000 48.00
Over 4,000 to 20,000 100.00
Over 20,000 to 100,000 240.00
Over 100,000 to 200,000 480.00
Over 200,000 600.00
iii. For liquids having flashpoint of 22.8oC and below 93.3oC, such as
kerosene, turpentine, thinner, prepared paints, varnish, diesel oil,
fuel oil, kerosene, cleansing solvent, polishing liquids and similar

From 20 to 100 5.00
Over 100 to 200 8.00
Over 200 to 400 12.00
Over 400 to 4,000 30.00
Over 4,000 to 20,000 90.00
Over 20,000 to 40,000 120.00
Over 40,000 to 200,000 180.00
Over 200,000 to 400,000 300.00
Over 400,000 to 2,000,000 480.00
Over 2,000,000 to 3,600,000 500.00
Over 3,600,000 600.00
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iv. For combustible liquids having flash point greater than 93.3oC that
is subject to spontaneous ignition or is artificially heated to a
temperature equal to or higher than its flash point, such as crude
oil, petroleum oil and others.

From 20 to 100 5.00
Over 100 to 200 8.00
Over 200 to 400 12.00
Over 400 to 2,000 24.00
Over 2,000 to 4,000 30.00
Over 4,000 to 80,000 90.00
Over 80,000 180.00
c. Flammable gases
i. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) in liter water capacity
i.a. For bulk storage:

200 and below 20.00
Over 200 to 2,000 40.00
Over 2,000 to 8,000 80.00
Over 8,000 to 20,000 200.00
Over 20,000 to 200,000 400.00
Over 200,000 to 400,000 1,600.00
For every additional 4,000
liters or fraction thereof in
excess of 400,000 10.00
i.b. For other than bulk storage:

60 and below 1.50
Over 60 to 100 2.00
Over 100 to 200 3.00
Over 200 to 400 4.00
Over 400 to 800 8.00
Over 800 to 1,200 12.00
Over 1,200 to 2,000 16.00
For every additional 400
liters water capacity in
excess of 2,000 1.00
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ii. Other flammable gases in liter water capacity

From 20 to 100 6.00
Over 100 to 400 12.00
Over 400 to 2,000 36.00
Over 2,000 to 8,000 72.00
Over 8,000 to 40,000 180.00
Over 40,000 to 200,000 360.00
Over 200,000 to 400,000 540.00
Over 400,000 900.00
2. Conveyance Clearance Fee – Conveyance Clearance shall be issued to

vehicles transporting any explosives, inflammable liquids and combustible
materials over the street of, or through pipelines, or to load or unload such
explosives, inflammable liquids or combustible materials in or from any
vessel, boat or craft, or railway upon payment of fee based on their
capacity as indicated:
a. For every conveyance clearance issued on cargo trucks

or motor vehicles with a load capacity not exceeding
2,000 liters of inflammable liquid with a flash point of
93.3oC payable annually …………………………………..…. PhP 500.00
i. For every additional 400 liters or fraction thereof…… 20.00
b. For every conveyance clearance issued on cargo trucks

or motor vehicles with a load capacity of not
exceeding 500 kilograms of explosives and/or PhP 300.00
combustible materials, including hazardous chemicals
and gases payable annually……………………………...…..
i. For every additional 100 kilos or fraction thereof …….. 20.00
c. For every conveyance clearance issued on tank trucks,

tank trailers, and tank semi-trailers carrying inflammable
liquids described in sub-paragraph “a” hereof with 2,000 PhP 500.00
liters capacity tanks which shall be good for period of
one (1) year ………………………………………………………
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i. For every additional 400 liters capacity or fraction 50.00
hereof………………………………………………………….
d. For every conveyance clearance issued to cover the

transfer of inflammable liquids described in sub-
paragraph a., to shore tanks at terminal, including the
discharge of inflammable cargo to bulk lighters
undertaken at bay, and its subsequent transportation by
water to petroleum wharves, or transfer by bulk lighters
from said terminals to vessel at bay:
i. For the first 2,000 liters………………………………………. PhP 200.00
ii. For every additional 400 liters or fraction thereof not

exceeding 400,000 liters…………………………………… 50.00
iii. For every additional 4,000 liters or fraction thereof in

excess of 400,000 liters……………………………………… 20.00
e. Provided, that for discharge of flammable liquids with

flash points of not less than 65.5oC, clearance fees shall
be as follows:
i. For the first 2,000 liters………………………………………. 50.00
ii. For every additional 400 liters or fraction thereof not

exceeding 400,000 liters…………………………………… 20.00
f. For every additional 4,000 liters or fraction thereof in

excess of 400,000 liters…………………………………............. 20.00
i. If the transfer or conveyance of liquids in bulk done

by lighters or through pipelines from refineries, the
following fees shall be imposed to wit:
ii. For flammable liquids having a flash point of less

than 65.5oC for the first 2,000 liters…………….………… PhP 200.00
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iii. For every additional 4,000 liters or fraction thereof in
excess of 2,000 liters ………………………………………... 20.00
g. For flammable liquids having flash point of 65.5 to 93.3oC
i. For the first 2,000 liters……………………………………… 20.00
ii. For every additional 4,000 liters or fraction thereof in

excess of 2,000 liters ………………………………………. 20.00
h. For every clearance issued covering the whole

operations of loading and unloading to or from a boat,
vessel, craft, or railway tanks cars and the transfer of
packages of containers of explosives, flammable liquids
or combustible materials, including hazardous
chemicals and gases at terminals or piers:
i. For the first 2,000 liters or kilograms ……………………… PhP 200.00
ii. For every additional 400 liters or 100 kilos or fraction

thereof not exceeding 40,000 liters or 10,000
kilograms…………………………………………………….. 100.00
iii. For every additional 4,000 liters or 1,000 kilos or

fraction thereof in excess of 40,000 liters or 10,000
kilograms…………………………………………………….. 10.00
3. Installation Clearance Fee – For installing gas and liquid systems other than
at bulk premises, an Installation Clearance shall be issued upon payment
of the installer of the amount as prescribed below:
a. Gases (LPG, CNG and other compressed gases)

PhP 80.00
exceeding 454 liters water capacity
For every additional 100 liters water capacity or

20.00
fraction thereof in excess of 454 liters
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b. Flammable and combustible liquids in aboveground
300.00
and underground tanks
4. Other Clearance Fee – Hereunder is the schedule of fees for issuance of a

clearance relative to the conduct of the following activities and/or
authentication of documents:
a. Fireworks display PhP 300.00
b. Fumigation/Fogging 100.00
c. Fire Drill 200.00
d. Hotworks 150.00
e. Fire Incident Clearance 100.00
f. Certified true copy of Fire Safety Inspection Certificate 100.00
g. Certified true copy of Building Fire Safety Clearance 100.00
h. Certified true copy of Fire Clearance 100.00
B. Administrative Fines - The following are the schedule of Fire Code

Administrative Fines:
1. Failure to provide safety measures for the manufacture, storage, handling,

display and/or use of the following hazardous material required in Section
7, paragraph (b) of Republic Act No. 9514.
DESCRIPTION SCHEDULE OF FINES
a. Cellulose nitrate plastic of any kind PhP 400.00/kg or less but

not exceeding PhP 1,250.00
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b. Combustible fibers PhP 400.00/m3 or less but
c. Cellular materials such as foam PhP 400.00/m3 or less but

rubber, sponge rubber and plastic not exceeding PhP 4,000.00
foam
d. Flammable and combustible liquids or PhP 400.00/liter or less but

gases of any classification not exceeding PhP
12,500.00
e. Flammable paints, varnishes, stains PhP 400.00/liter or less but

and organic coatings not exceeding PhP 2,500.00
f. High piled or widely spread PhP 80.00/m3 or less but not

combustible stock exceeding PhP 12,500.00
g. Metallic magnesium in any form PhP 400.00/kilo or less but

not exceeding PhP
12,500.00
h. Corrosive liquids, oxidizing materials, PhP 400.00 per

organic peroxide, nitromethane, kilogram/liter or less but not
ammonium nitrate or any amount of exceeding PhP 12,500.00
highly toxic pyrophoric, hypergolic or
cryogenic materials or poisonous gases as
well as material compounds which when
exposed to heat [of] OR flame become a
fire conductor or generate excessive
smoke or toxic gases
i. Blasting agents, explosives and special PhP 2,000.00 per

industrial explosive materials, blasting kilogram/liter or less but not
caps, black powder, liquid nitro-glycerin, exceeding PhP 12,500.00
dynamite, nitro-cellulose, fulminates of
any kind and plastic explosives containing
ammonium salt or chlorate
j. Liquid Nitroglycerine and liquid PhP 4,000.00/liter or less but

Trinitrotoluene not exceeding PhP
12,500.00
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k. Firework materials of any kind or form PhP 2,000.00 per kilogram
or less but not exceeding
PhP 12,500.00
l. Matches in commercial quantities PhP 400.00 per matchman

gross but not exceeding
PhP 12,500.00
m. Hot ashes, live coals and embers PhP 200.00/m3 but not
exceeding PhP 4,000.00
n. Mineral, vegetable or animal oils and PhP 40.00 per liter in excess
other derivative/by-products of twenty five (25) liters but
o. Recycling, reuse and resale of PhP 40.00/m3 but not

combustible and flammable liquids exceeding PhP 4,000.00
and other waste materials]
combustible waste materials for
recycling or resale
p. Explosives dusts and vapors PhP 4,000.00 to PhP

12,500.00 per violation
q. Agriculture, forest, marine or mineral PhP 400.00/m3 or less but

products which may undergo not exceeding PhP 4,000.00
spontaneous combustion
r. Any other substance with potential to Similar nature shall be

cause harm to persons, property or penalized accordingly
environment because of one or more
of the following:
i. The chemical properties of the

substance;
ii. The physical properties of the

substance;
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iii. The biological properties of the
substance. Without limiting the
definition of hazardous material, all
dangerous goods, combustible
liquids and chemicals are
hazardous materials.
2. Failure to provide safety measures for the following hazardous operations

or processes as required in Section 7, paragraph (c) of the Republic Act
No. 9514.
a. Welding or soldering PhP 400.00 to
PhP 4,000.00
b. Industrial baking and drying PhP 4,000.00 to
PhP 8,000.00
c. Waste Disposal PhP 4,000.00 to
PhP 8,000.00
d. Pressurized/forced-draft burning equipment PhP 4,000.00 to
PhP 8,000.00
e. Smelting and forging PhP 8,000.00 to
PhP 12,500.00
f. Motion picture projection using electrical arc lamp PhP 400.00 to
PhP 4,000.00
g. Refining, distillation and solvent extraction PhP 8,000.00 to
PhP 12,500.00
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3. Failure to provide the following safety construction protective and
warning systems as required in Section 7, paragraph (d) of Republic Act
No. 9514.
a. Fire protection features such as sprinkler alarms

hose boxes, hose reels or standpipe alarms and PhP 25,000.00
other firefighting equipment to PhP 37,500.00
b. Fire alarm systems

PhP 25,000.00
to PhP 37,500.00
c. Fire walls to separate adjoining alarms fee, or

alarms fees and storage areas from other PhP 25,000.00
occupancies in the same building to PhP 37,500.00
d. Provisions for confining the fire at its source such

as fire resistive floors and walls extending up to PhP 12,500.00
the next floor slab or roof, curtain boards and to PhP 25,000.00
other fire containing of stopping components
e. Termination of all exits in an area affording safe

passage to a public way or safe dispersal area PhP 37,500.00
to PhP 50,000.00
f. Stairways, vertical shafts, horizontal exits and

other means of egress sealed from smoke and PhP 37,500.00
heat. to PhP 50,000.00
g. A fire exit plan for each floor of the building,

showing the routes from each room to PhP 12,500.00
appropriate exits, displayed prominently on the to PhP 25,000.00
door of each room.
h. Self-closing fire resistive doors leading to corridors.

PhP 37,500.00
to PhP 50,000.00
i.
Fire dampers in centralized airconditioning ducts. PhP 37,500.00
to PhP 50,000.00
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j. Roof vents for use of firefighters. PhP 37,500.00
to PhP 50,000.00
k. Properly marked and lighted exits with provision PhP 12,500.00

for emergency lights to adequately illuminate
exit ways in case of power failure. to PhP 25,000.00
4. Failure to observe the following declared prohibited acts and omissions as

required under Section 8 of Republic Act No. 9514.
a. Obstructing or blocking the exit ways or across to PhP 12,500.00

buildings clearly marked for fire safety purposes, to PhP 25,000.00
such as but not limited to aisles in interior rooms,
any part of the stairways, corridors, vestibules,
balconies or bridges leading to a stairway or exit
of any kind or tolerating or allowing said
violations.
b. Constructing gates, entrances and walkways to PhP 12,500.00

building components and yards, and temporary to PhP 25,000.00
or permanent structures on public ways, which
obstruct the orderly and easy passage of
firefighting vehicles and equipment.
c. Prevention, interference and obstruction of any PhP 12,500.00

operation of the BFP or of duly organized and to PhP 25,000.00
authorized fire brigades.
d. Obstructing designated fire lanes or access to fire PhP 12,500.00

hydrants. to PhP 25,000.00
e. Overcrowding or admission of alarms beyond the PhP 25,000.00

authorized capacity in movie houses, theaters, to PhP 37,500.00
coliseum, auditorium or other public assembly
buildings, except in other assembly areas on the
ground floor with open sides or open doors
sufficient to provide safe exits.
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f. Locking fire exits during period when people are PhP 37,500.00
inside the building. to PhP 50,000.00
g. Prevention or obstruction of the automatic PhP 12,500.00

closure of fire doors or smoke partition or to PhP 25,000.00
dampers.
h. Use of fire protective or fire fighting equipment of PhP 4,000,00

the BFP other than for fire fighting except in other to PhP 12,500.00
emergencies where their use are justified.
i. Giving false or malicious fire alarms. PhP 4,000.00

to PhP 12,500.00
j. Smoking in prohibited areas as may be PhP 4,000.00

determined by the BFP, or throwing of cigars, to PhP 12,500.00
cigarettes, burning objects in places which may
start or cause fire.
k. Abandoning or leaving a building or structure by PHP 4,000.00 to

the occupant or owner without appropriate PHP 20,000.00
safety measures.
l. Removing, destroying, tampering or obliterating PhP 25,000.00

any authorized mark, seal, sign or tag posted or
required by the BFP for fire safety in any building, to PhP 37,500.00
structure or processing equipment.
m. Use of jumpers or tampering with electrical wiring PhP 25,000.00

or overloading the electrical system beyond its to PhP 37,500.00
designed capacity or such other practices that
would tend to undermine the fire safety features
of the electrical system.
n. Failure to submit copy of fire insurance policy PhP 4,000.00 to

within the prescribed time limit. PhP 12,500.00
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5. Other violations similar to or of the same nature as any of the above, but
not included in this listing, shall likewise be penalized with the same
amount.
C. Indigent Fire Victims are exempted from paying the Fire Incident Clearance
fee upon submission of a certification from the Department of Social Welfare
and Development (DSWD).
D. Public Schools, Local Government Units and other government agencies are
exempted from paying fire drill fee.
E. The foregoing schedule of fees and fines may be changed, altered or

amended by the Chief, BFP subject to the approval of the Secretary of the
Interior and Local Government.
SECTION 12.0.0.5 MANNER OF COLLECTION
A. The BFP shall collect the prescribed fire code revenues thru any of the
following options:
1. Direct payment thru Authorized Government Servicing Bank (AGSB) or

Authorized Government Depository Bank (AGDB);
2. Collection by collecting officers; and
3. Other options that the Chief, BFP may later prescribe, subject to the
existing accounting and auditing rules and regulations.
B. In cases where direct payments using prescribed Special Bank Receipt

(SBR) or other options are not yet adopted, all revenue collections shall
have corresponding Official Receipt (OR) issued by the BFP. The
collections shall be deposited to the AGSB or AGDB unless otherwise later
prescribed.
C. The twenty percent (20%) of all revenues collected set aside and retained
for use of the local government concerned and collected by the BFP,
shall be remitted to the escrow account of the City/Municipal
government concerned.
D. The eighty percent (80%) of all revenues collected by the BFP shall be
remitted to the National Treasury under a trust account prescribed by the
Department of Budget and Management (DBM).
E. All Fire Code taxes, fees, charges and fines collected by the
City/Municipal Treasurer upon effectivity of RA 9514 and prior to the
effectivity of its IRR shall be remitted to the Bureau of Treasury (BOT) within
six (6) months from effectivity of IRR of RA 9514 to the Special Trust Fund
Account of the BFP.
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SECTION 12.0.0.6 DESIGNATION OF COLLECTING OFFICER
The Chief, BFP or the Regional Director concerned shall designate a Collecting
Officer in every City and Municipal BFP office upon recommendation of their
respective Fire Marshals.
SECTION 12.0.0.7 UTILIZATION
A. The twenty percent (20%) set aside and retained for use of the local
government concerned, for the purpose as herein prescribed, shall be
utilized in accordance with the guidelines as set forth in a Memorandum
Circular to be issued by the DILG Secretary.
B. The eighty percent (80%) of all revenues collected by the BFP shall be
used for its modernization as herein prescribed. The Chief, BFP is
authorized, subject to the approval of the Secretary of the Interior and
Local Government, to use the income generated under the fire code for
procurement of fire protection and fire investigation supplies and
equipment, rescue, paramedics, supplies and materials, and related
technical services necessary for the fire service and the improvement of
facilities of the Bureau of Fire Protection and abatement of fire hazards.
C. The BFP shall prepare progressive modernization plans for its capability
building and resource allocation at the national, regional, provincial and
city/municipal levels as well as determine among others the optimal
number of equipment, including, but not limited to firetrucks and fire
hydrants, required by every local government unit for the proper delivery
of fire protection services in its jurisdiction.
D. Standards shall be established and regularly updated to serve as guide in

the procurement of the firefighting and investigation supplies and
materials, the Bureau of Product Standards (BPS) of the Department of
Trade and Industry (DTI) shall evaluate, determine and certify if the supply
so procured conforms to the product standards fixed by the BFP. For this
purpose, the BFP shall submit to the BPS a detailed set of product
standards that must be complied with in the procurement of firefighting
and investigation supplies and materials within six (6) months from the
effectivity of this Act.
SECTION 12.0.0.8 MONITORING
The Chief, BFP shall, within six (6) months from the effectivity of this IRR, submit
to the Secretary of the Interior and Local Government for his/her approval, a
management tool mechanism that would ensure effective monitoring of the
enforcement of the fire code to include the amount of fire code fees
collected.
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A. Every Fire Marshal shall keep a secured permanent recording system for
efficient and effective accounting and monitoring of all collected taxes,
fire code fees, fines and other charges.
B. Detailed procedures in assessment, collection, monitoring/reporting shall

be embodied in a manual of procedures to be approved by the
Secretary, DILG.
SECTION 12.0.0.9 LOCAL TAXES, FEES AND FINES
The collection and assessment of taxes, fees and fines as prescribed in the
Local Government Code, except those contained in this Code, shall be the
function of the concerned Local Government Units (LGU).
RULE 13. ADMINISTRATIVE COURSES OF ACTION
SECTION 13.0.0.1 GENERAL GUIDELINES
A. Fines
Before a fine is imposed, the violator shall first be informed of his violation/s
and ordered to correct the same immediately, if feasible, or within a rea-
sonable period of time as prescribed in Section 13.0.0.6 of this IRR. At the
expiration of the period to comply the deficiency/deficiencies, a re-
inspection shall be conducted to determine compliance. If compliance
was not effected or if compliance does not conform to the required
standards, the first violation is committed and the violator shall be fined
and further ordered to effect the correction.
Repeated failure on the part of the violator to effect corrections will

constitute subsequent violations. Administrative fines shall be imposed for
every violation.
B. Abatement
A. All fire hazards shall be abated immediately. Abatement is any act

that would remove or neutralize a fire hazard. Such acts are specified
in the Notice to Comply.
B. Abatement includes, among others, any one or combination or all of

the following:
a. Removal of the source of ignition;
b. Rearranging or adjusting articles within the minimum clearances or

dimensions;
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c. Reduction in the amount/quantity of flammable, combustible and/
or hazardous materials.
d. Changes in procedure in the conduct of hazardous operation;
e. Constructions to limit and control the spread of fire and smoke;
f. Installation of fire protective and/or warning systems; and
g. Remodeling, repairing, strengthening, reconstructing, removal and

demolition, either partial or total, of the building or structure.
h. Where there is inaction on the part of the violator, abatement may

be made summarily by the BFP if this is the only recourse to remove
the imminent danger to life and property and achieve fire safety. In
this case, the provisions of Sections 9, 10 and 11 of RA 9514 applies.
C. Stoppage of Operations/Closure
1. Stoppage of operation/Closure of the building shall be resorted to by

the BFP when the offender fails to comply with the abatement order.
2. Recourse to closure and/or stoppage of operations may likewise be

resorted to when the deficiency constitutes a clear and imminent
danger to life and property such that evacuation of the building or
establishment and stoppage of operations therein are extremely
necessary.
SECTION 13.0.0.2 FIXING OF FINES
A. Administrative fines shall be determined as follows:
1. When the violation carries an administrative fine which has a rate per
unit volume, weight or unit, the fine shall be computed by multiplying
the weight/volume/unit by the rate.
2. Where the violation carries a fine within a certain range (for example,
PhP 25,000.00 – PhP 37,500.00), the fine increases with the number of
times a violation of the same provision is committed:
a. First violation – the fine shall be the minimum amount in the range.
b. Second violation – the fine shall be the maximum amount in the

range.
3. When two or more offenses are committed, the same procedures in

para “A” 1 and 2 above shall be followed, but the fine shall be sum of
all administrative fines; Provided, that the total fines shall not exceed
fifty thousand pesos (PhP 50,000.00).
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B. Failure to Pay Fine. – Failure on the part of the violator to pay the
administrative fine within the period fixed in the Notice shall constitute a
ground for the issuance of an Order for Stoppage of Operation of the
building or the portion thereof or stoppage of the hazardous operation in
such building.
SECTION 13.0.0.3 JURISDICTION
A. Fines
1. Fines up to thirty thousand pesos (PhP 30,000.00) shall be imposed by

2. Fines exceeding thirty thousand pesos but not more than forty
thousand pesos (PhP 40,000.00) shall be imposed by the
Provincial/District Fire Marshal having jurisdiction.
3. Fines exceeding forty thousand pesos up to fifty thousand pesos (PhP

50,000.00) shall be imposed by the Regional Director having
jurisdiction.
B. Stoppage of Operation/Closure of Buildings
This penalty shall be imposed by the Regional Director upon the

recommendation of the City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction
thru channel. The implementation of this order may be delegated to the
Provincial/District Fire Marshal having jurisdiction.
C. Declaration of Public Nuisance
The declaration of a building, structure or facility as a public nuisance

pursuant to Section 9 of RA 9514 shall be made by the Chief, BFP upon the
recommendation of the City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction
thru channel.
D. Abatement
1. Orders for simple abatement such as removal of fire hazardous

materials, removal of obstruction to exit ways or means of egress or
similar actions that do not entail financial expenditures on the part of
violator, shall be issued by the City/Municipal Fire Marshal having
jurisdiction concerned.
2. Orders for abatement involving alteration, modification or repair of

equipment, machinery, protective systems, buildings, structures, or
facilities shall be issued by the Provincial/District Fire Marshal having
jurisdiction.
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3. Orders for abatement involving condemnation and/or removal of
defective machinery, equipment or protective system, or demolition,
either partial or total, of buildings, structures or facilities shall be issued
by the Regional Director having jurisdiction.
4. Orders for the summary abatement of a building, structure, or facility

declared as a public nuisance shall be issued by the Chief, BFP.
5. The expenses incurred by the government for such summary

abatement shall be borne by the owner, administrator or occupant.
These expenses shall constitute a prior lien upon such property.
6. If the owner, administrator or occupant fails to reimburse the

government of the expenses incurred in the summary abatement
within ninety (90) days from the completion of such abatement, the
building or structure shall be forfeited in favor of the government and
sold at public auction in accordance with existing laws and rules. No
property subject of lien under Section 9 of RA 9514, may be sold at a
price lower than the abatement expenses incurred by the
government. The property shall be forfeited in favor of the government
if the highest bid is not at least equal to the abatement expenses.
E. The decisions of the foregoing authorities are executory, subject to

exception provided in Section 13.0.0.1.
SECTION 13.0.0.4 GENERAL PROCEDURES
A. When the Inspection Report submitted by the Fire Safety Inspector

indicates violation of the Fire Code or its IRR, the City/Municipal Fire
Marshal having jurisdiction shall immediately issue notice to comply within
which compliance shall be effected within the period provided for under
Section 13.0.0.6. Such Notice shall include, among others, a citation of
the specific provision/s of the Fire Code and its IRR violated and the
specific actions/corrections that should be complied for period of not
exceeding fifteen (15) days. The original copy of such Notice shall be
served upon the person responsible for the violation within five (5) days
from submission of the Report.
B. After the lapse of the prescribed period to comply, a re-inspection shall

be conducted. When the after re-inspection report submitted by the FSI
indicates non-compliance of the Notice, the City/Municipal Fire Marshal
having jurisdiction shall impose the following:
1. Put up a sign in front of the building or structure that it is a fire hazard.

Specifically, the notice shall bear the words "WARNING: THIS
BUILDING/STRUCTURE IS A FIRE HAZARD", which shall remain posted until
such time that the owner, administrator, occupant or other persons
responsible for the condition of the building, structure and their
450
premises or facilities correct the same, but such period shall not
exceed fifteen (15) days from the lapse of the initial period given in the
notice/order to comply;
2. Impose the corresponding administrative fines; and
3. Issue the notice to correct violation. The said notice shall include,
among others, a citation of the specific provision/s of the Fire Code
and its IRR violated and the specific actions/corrections that should be
complied for a period of not exceeding fifteen (15) days.
C. After the lapse of the prescribed period to comply provided for under the
notice to correct violations, a re-inspection shall be conducted. When the
re-inspection report submitted by the FSI indicates non-compliance of the
order contained in the notice to correct violations, the City/Municipal Fire
Marshal having jurisdiction shall:
1. Effect the continuous posting of the sign in front of the building or

structure that it is a fire hazard. Specifically, the notice shall bear the
words "WARNING: THIS BUILDING/STRUCTURE IS A FIRE HAZARD", which
shall remain posted until such time that the owner, administrator,
occupant or other persons responsible for the condition of the
building, structure and their premises or facilities correct the same, but
such period shall not exceed fifteen (15) days from the lapse of the
period given in the notice to correct violations;
2. Impose the administrative fine for the violation;
3. Issue abatement order to the owner, administrator or occupant of the

building, structure and their premises or facilities for a period not
exceeding fifteen (15) days.
D. After the lapse of the prescribed period to comply provided for under the
abatement order, a re-inspection shall be conducted. When the re-
inspection report submitted by the FSI indicates non-compliance of the
abatement order, the City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction shall:
1. Effect the continuous posting of the sign in front of the building or

structure that it is a fire hazard. Specifically, the notice shall bear the
words "WARNING: THIS BUILDING/STRUCTURE IS A FIRE HAZARD", which
shall remain posted until such time that the owner, administrator,
occupant or other persons responsible for the condition of the
building, structure and their premises or facilities abate the same.
2. Recommend, through channel, to the Regional Director for the

issuance of an order for stoppage of operations and closure order;
E. During re-inspection under para “B” to “D” of this Section, initial

compliance was effected by the owner, the said notice to correct
violations/abatement order may not be issued. In lieu thereof, the owner
451
shall execute an affidavit of undertaking specifically thereof among
others the period of completion of work. For this purpose, the owner shall
attach in his affidavit the contract of works, if any.
F. An Order to Pay Fine shall be issued immediately without need of issuing a

Notice to Comply/Correct Violation for the violations which shall be
corrected immediately or within 24 hours as provided in Section 13.0.0.6.
SECTION 13.0.0.5 PUBLIC NUISANCE
Any building or structure assessed and declared by the City/Municipal Fire

Marshal having jurisdiction as a fire trap on account of the gravity or palpability
of the violation or is causing clear and present imminent danger, in accordance
with para “A” of this Section, to adjoining establishments and habitations shall be
recommended for declaration as public nuisance to the Chief, BFP.
A. Imminent Danger
1. An establishment shall be declared an imminent danger when a

secondary exit is not present;
2. A residential, healthcare and assembly establishment shall be

declared imminent danger if at least two (2) of the following violations
are committed:
a. Insufficient exit width
b. Absence of fire-resistive enclosure for main and secondary exit
c. Swing of exit door against the flow of travel
d. Obstructed/padlocked fire exit
e. Absence/defective fire alarm and smoke detection system
f. Absence/inadequate automatic battery-operated emergency

light or illuminated exit signs
g. Absence of standpipe system
h. Absence of automatic fire suppression system
3. A business, mercantile and educational establishments shall be

declared imminent danger if at least three (3) of the violations cited in
Section 13.0.0.5 para “A” (2) (a) through (h) are committed.
B. Procedures
1. A notice of declaration as a public nuisance shall be issued by the

Chief, BFP to the owner, administrator, occupant or other person
452
premises or facilities. The notice shall contain the grounds relied upon
in declaring the same as public nuisance.
2. Upon receipt of the notice, the owner, administrator, occupant or

other person responsible for the condition of the building, structure and
their premises or facilities shall cause the immediate abatement of the
hazard therein specified within the following periods:
a. If the assessed value of the nuisance or the amount to be spent in

abating the same is not more than one hundred thousand pesos
(PhP100,000.00), the owner, administrator or occupant thereof shall
abate the hazard within fifteen (15) days from receipt of the order
declaring said building or structure a public nuisance; or
b. If the assessed value is more than one hundred thousand pesos

(PhP 100,000.00), the owner, administrator or occupant thereof
shall abate the hazard within thirty (30) days from receipt of the
order declaring said building or structure a public nuisance;
3. Failure to comply within five (5) days from the receipt of the notice
shall cause the Chief, BFP to put up a sign in front of the building or
structure, at or near the entrance of such premises, notifying the public
that such building or structure is a "FIRETRAP", which shall remain
posted until the owner, administrator, occupant or other person
premises or facilities abate the same within the specified period.
4. Failure of the owner, administrator, occupant or other person

premises or facilities to abate the same, shall constrain the BFP to
employ all corrective measures undertaken to abate hazards which
shall include but not limited to remodeling, repairing, strengthening,
reconstructing, removal and demolition, either partial or total, of the
building or structure.
SECTION 13.0.0.6 PERIOD FOR CORRECTING VIOLATIONS
A. Immediately or within twenty four (24) hours
1. Obstructing or blocking the exit ways or access to building clearly

marked for fire safety purposes, such as, but not limited to aisles in
interior rooms, any part of stairways, hallways, corridors, vestibules,
balconies or bridges leading to a stairway or exit of any kind, or
tolerating or allowing said violations;
2. Prevention, interference or obstruction of any operation of the BFP, or

of duly organized and authorized fire brigades.
3. Obstructing designated fire lanes or access to fire hydrant.

453
4. Overcrowding or admission of person beyond the authorized capacity
in movie houses, theaters, coliseums, auditorium or other public
assembly buildings except in other assembly areas on the ground floor
with open sides or open doors sufficient to provide exits;
5. Locking fire exits during periods when people are inside the building;
6. Prevention or obstruction of the automatic closure of fire doors or

smoke partitions or dampers;
7. Use of fire protective or fire fighting equipment of the Fire Service other
than for fire fighting except in other emergencies where their use are
justified.
8. Giving false or malicious fire alarms;
9. Smoking in prohibited areas as may be determined by the Fire Service,

or throwing cigars, cigarettes, or burning objects in places which may
start or cause fires;
10. Removing, destroying, tampering or obliterating any authorized mark,

seal sign, or tag posted or required by the Fire Service for fire safety in
any building, structure or processing equipment;
11. Use of jumpers or tampering with electrical wiring or overloading the

electrical system beyond its designed capacity or such other practices
that tend to undermine the fire safety features of the electrical system;
12. Failure to observe fire safety precaution for the following:
a. Hot ashes, live coals and embers;
b. Flammable paints, varnishes, stains and organic coatings;
c. Flammable and combustible liquids or gases of any classification;
d. Metallic magnesium in any form;
e. Blasting agents, explosives and special industrial, explosive

materials, blasting caps, black powder, dynamic, nitrocellulose,
fulminates of any kind, and plastic explosives containing
ammonium salt or chlorate;
f. Liquid nitroglycerine and liquid trinitrotoluoene;
g. Firework materials of any kind of form;
h. Explosive dusts and vapors;
454
i. Welding or soldering;
j. Industrial/commercial baking and drying;
k. Smelting and forging; or
l. Refilling, distillation and solvent extraction of flammable/combus-

tible liquids; and
13. Other violations similar to or of the same nature as any of the above,
but not included in this listing, shall likewise be allocated the same
period.
B. Within three (3) days
1. Constructing gates, entrances and walkways to building components

and yards which obstruct the orderly and easy passage of fire fighting
vehicles and equipment;
2. Abandonment or leaving a building or structure by the occupant or

owner without appropriate safety measures;
3. Failure to submit copy of fire insurance policy within the prescribed

time limit;
4. Failure to observe fire safety precaution for the following:
a. High piled or widely spread combustible stock;
b. Corrosive liquids, oxidizing materials, organic peroxide, nitrome-

thane, ammonium nitrate or any amount of highly toxic pyrophoric,
hypergolic or cryogenic materials or poisonous gases as well as
materials compounds which when exposed to heat or flame
become a lire conductor or generate excessive smoke or toxic
gases;
c. Matches in commercial quantities (more than 60 watchman's

gross);
d. Combustible waste materials for recycling or resale;
e. Agricultural, forest, marine or mineral products which may undergo

spontaneous combustion;
f. Waste disposal of combustible materials;
g. Pressurized/forced-draft burning equipment; or
h. Motion picture projection using electrical lamp; and
455
5. Other violations similar to or the same nature as any of the above, but
not included in this listing, shall likewise be allocated the same period.
C. Within seven (7) days
1. For failure to provide the fire safety precautions for the following:
a. Combustible fibers;
b. Cellular materials such as foam rubber, sponge rubber and plastic

foam;
c. Mineral, vegetable or animal oils and other derivative by-products.

period.
D. Within ten (10) days
1. Failure to provide fire walls to separate adjoining building, or ware-

house and storage areas from other occupancies in the same
building; and

period.
E. Within fifteen (15) days
1. Failure to provide, install and maintain the following:
a. Fire alarm system;
b. Provision for confining the fire at its source such as fire resistive floor
slab or roof, curtain boards and other fire containing or stopping
components;
c. A fire exit plan or diagram for each floor of the building showing the
routes from each room to appropriate exits, displayed prominently
on the door of each room;
d. Properly marked and lighted exits with provisions for emergency

lights to adequately exit ways in case of power failure;
2. Failure to develop and implement a fire safety and education

programs.
3. Failure to provide on effect the following:
456
a. Fire protection features such as sprinkler systems, hose boxes, hose
reels or standpipe system and other fire fighting equipment;
b. Termination of all exits in area affording sale passage to a public

way or safe dispersal area;
c. Stairways, vertical shafts, horizontal exits and other means of egress

sealed from smoke and heat;
d. Self-closing fire resistive door leading to corridors;
e. Fire dampers in centralized air-conditioning ducts; or
f. Roof vents for use by fire fighters; and

period.
SECTION 13.0.0.7 PENALTIES FOR SPECIFIC INDIVIDUALS
A. Against Private Person
1. Administrative Penalties
a. The owner, administrator, occupant or other person responsible for

the condition of the building, structure and their premises or
facilities who violates any provision of the Fire Code or any of its
implementing rules and regulations shall be penalized by:
i. Administrative fine of not exceeding Fifty thousand pesos

(P50,000.00); or
ii. Stoppage of operations or by closure of such buildings,

structures and their premises or facilities which do not comply
with the requirements; or
iii. Both such administrative fine and closure/stoppage of

operation to be imposed by the proper authorities.
Provided that, payment of the fine, stoppage of operations and/or

closure of such buildings, structures, and their premises or facilities
shall not absolve the violator from correcting the deficiency or
abating the fire hazard.
2. Punitive Penalties
a. In case of willful failure to correct the deficiency or abate the fire

hazard as provided in the preceding subsection, the violator shall,
upon conviction, be punished by:
457
i. Imprisonment of not less than six (6) months nor more than six
(6) years, or
ii. By a fine of not more than One hundred thousand pesos

(P100,000.00) or
iii. Both such fine and imprisonment
Provided, however, that in the case of a corporation, firm,

partnership or association, the fine and/or imprisonment shall be
imposed upon its officials responsible for such violation, and in case
the guilty party is an alien, in addition to the penalties herein
prescribed, he shall immediately be deported: Provided, finally,
that where the violation is attended by injury, loss of life and/or
damage to property, the violator shall be proceeded against
under the applicable provisions of the Revised Penal Code.
b. Any person who, without authority, maliciously removes the sign

that a building or structure is a fire hazard/firetrap placed by the
authorized person in this Code shall be liable for imprisonment for
thirty (30) days or a fine not exceeding One hundred thousand
pesos (P100,000.00) or both in the discretion of the court.
c. Any person, who disobeys the lawful order of the fire ground
commander during a firefighting operation, shall be penalized with
imprisonment of one (1) day to thirty (30) days and a fine of Five
thousand pesos (P5, 000.00).
3. In all cases mentioned above, regardless of whether the violation is

categorized as administrative or punitive, the City or Municipal Fire
shall have the authority to determine whether a criminal charge is
going to be instituted and shall initiate the filing thereof.
B. Against Public Officer
1. Administrative
The following acts or omissions shall render the public officer/employee

in charge of the enforcement of the Fire Code, its implementing rules
and regulation and other pertinent laws, administratively liable and
shall be punished by reprimand, suspension or removal at the
discretion of the disciplining authority, depending on the gravity of the
offense:
a. Unjustified failure of the public officer/employee to conduct

inspection of buildings or structures at least once a year;
b. Deliberate failure to put up a sign in front of the building or structure

within his/her area of responsibility found to be violating this Code,
458
its implementing rules and regulations and other pertinent laws,
that the same is a "FIRE HAZARD" or a "FIRETRAP";
c. Endorsing to the Chief, BFP or his/her duly authorized representative

for the certification, or submitting a report that the building or
structure complies with the standards set by this Code, its
implementing rules or regulations or other pertinent laws when the
same is contrary to fact;
d. Issuance or renewal of occupancy or business permit without the

fire safety inspection certificate issued by the Chief, BFP or his/her
duly authorized representative;
e. Failure to cancel the occupancy or business permit after the

owner, administrator, occupant or other person responsible for the
condition of the building, structure and other premises failed to
comply with the notice/order for compliance with the standards
set by this Code, its implementing rules and regulations and other
pertinent laws, within the specified period;
f. Failure to abate a public nuisance within fifteen (15) days after the
owner, administrator, occupant or other responsible person failed
to abate the same within the period contained in the notice to
abate;
g. Abusing his/her authority in the performance of his/her duty

through acts of corruption and other unethical practices; or
h. Other willful impropriety or gross negligence in the performance of

his/her duty as provided in this act or its implementing rules and
regulations.
2. Punitive
In case of willful violation involving the abovementioned acts or

omissions enumerated under Section 11 subparagraph 2(A), the public
official shall, upon conviction, be punished by imprisonment of not less
than six (6) months nor more than six (6) years, or by a fine of not more
than One hundred thousand pesos (PhP100,000.00) or both such fine
and imprisonment: Provided, That where the violation is attended by
injury, loss of life and/or property, the violator shall be proceeded
against under the applicable provisions of the Revised Penal Code.
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RULE 14. MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS
SECTION 14.0.0.1 APPEAL
A. All administrative actions under the Fire Code and its IRR, by an Officer
pursuant to Rule 13 of this IRR shall be appealable to the next higher
authority within fifteen (15) days from receipt of the pertinent order or
notice. For this purpose, next higher authority refers to: District Fire
Marshal/Provincial Fire Marshal if the decision was made by the
City/Municipal Fire Marshal having jurisdiction; the Regional Director, for
the decisions of District Fire Marshal/Provincial Fire Marshal having
jurisdiction; the Chief BFP, for the decisions of the Regional Director; and
lastly the Secretary, DILG for decisions of the Chief, BFP.
B. The decisions of the said appellate authorities are final and executory
except in cases of stoppage of operation and closure of buildings where
appeal may be elevated up to the Secretary, DILG. Decisions of the
Secretary, DILG shall be final and executory.
SECTION14.0.0.2 CITIZEN PARTICIPATION
A. Cooperation with BFP
The Fire Code and its IRR are designed to achieve fire safety in the
community. To this end, inspections are to be conducted by elements of
the BFP. All inspections of premises shall be done by duly designated and
authorized BFP personnel in distinctive uniform, with proper identification
cards and mission orders. Citizens can assist in achieving the goals of
public fire safety by cooperating with such duly authorized inspectors and
affording them the opportunity to accomplish their mission.
B. Individual and Group Initiative
All persons are encouraged to inspect their own premises and to abate
any fire hazard therein, as well as take the necessary fire safety
precautions. They shall strive to organize themselves into effective fire
safety and fire prevention organizations in their community and places of
work in order for them to take the necessary contingent actions during fire
emergencies and eventually avoid unnecessary loss of life and property.
SECTION 14.0.0.3 IMPLEMENTING DETAILS

The Chief, BFP shall have the authority to issue such further implementing
details as may be necessary to carry out the provisions of RA 9514 and these
Rules and Regulations, with the approval of the Secretary, DILG.
460
SECTION 14.0.0.4 DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE CHIEF, BFP
A. It is the duty of the Chief, BFP to ensure strict implementation of the Fire
Code and its Implementing Rules and Regulations.
B. However, in cases of existing buildings which when forced to comply
will compromise the structural stability/integrity, the Chief, BFP may
accept adequate alternative and/or remedial fire safety measures in
lieu of the fire safety requirements of this IRR upon application by the
owner/occupant/building administrator of the building or structure.
C. For this purpose, a Technical Committee shall be created to assist the
Chief, BFP in determining the adequacy of the said alternative
measures.
D. The basis for the evaluation of the Technical Committee shall be in
accordance with an implementing guidelines approved by the
Secretary of the Interior and Local Government.
SECTION 14.0.0.5 SEPARABILITY CLAUSE
If any provision of this IRR or the application thereof to any person or
circumstances is declared unconstitutional or invalid by a competent court,
the other sections and provisions hereof which are not affected thereby shall
continue to be in full force.
SECTION 14.0.0.6 REPEALING AND AMENDING CLAUSE
All administrative orders, rules and regulations, memoranda, circulars and
other issuances inconsistent herewith or contrary to the provisions of these
rules and regulations are hereby repealed and/or modified accordingly.
SECTION 14.0.0.7 EFFECTIVITY
These Implementing Rules and Regulations shall take effect thirty (30) days
after publication of the last installment in a newspaper of general circulation.
Done in Quezon City, this 24th day of June 2009.
Recommend Approval:
Approved by:
461

Fire Code of The Philippines 2008

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

RULE 5. BFP REORGANIZATION AND PROFESSIONALIZATION ...... 23

RULE 6. FIRE BRIGADES, FIRE VOLUNTEER ORGANIZATIONS

RULE 7. ASSISTANCE AND SUPPORT TO THE BFP............................. 29

RULE 8. FIRE SAFETY ENFORCERS .................................................... 31

RULE 9. ENFORCEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION OF FIRE SAFETY

RULE 10. FIRE SAFETY MEASURES ...................................................... 43

DIVISION 7. BUILDING SERVICE EQUIPMENT ................................................. 118

RULE 11. PROHIBITED ACTS ............................................................. 427

RULE 13. ADMINISTRATIVE COURSES OF ACTION ......................... 447

RULE 14. MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS ........................................ 460

Pursuant to the provision of Section 14 in relation to Section 5 of Republic Act

“It is the policy of the State to ensure public safety, promote

This IRR shall cover the following:

B. All private or public buildings, facilities or structures and their premises

C. Design and installation of mechanical, electronics and electrical systems

D. Manufacturing, storage, handling and/or use, and transportation of

E. Fire safety planning, design, construction, repair, maintenance,

F. Fire protective and warning equipment or systems;

H. Petroleum industry installations.

RULE 3. DEFINITION OF TERMS

Abatement. Any act that would remove or neutralize a fire hazard.

Aerodrome. An airport, a defined area on land or water (including any

Air Carrier or Operator. A person who undertakes, whether directly or

Aircrafts Service Station. That portion of an airport where flammable liquids

Airport. Any area of land or water designed, equipped, set apart or

Approved. Acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction.

Authorized Government Depository Bank (AGDB) or Authorized Government

Automatic Fire Suppression System. An integrated system of underground or

Automotive Service Station. That portion of property where liquids used as

Baffle. A non liquid-tight transverse partition in a cargo tank.

Bale. A large bundle or package of hay or a raw material such as cotton,

Below Ground Container. A storage installation in which the maximum liquid

Berm. In open-pit mining, a berm refers to rocks piled alongside a haulage

Blowout. A sudden release of oil and gas from a well.

Bulk Oxygen System. An assembly of equipment, such as oxygen storage

Bulkhead. A liquid-tight closure between compartments of a cargo tank.

Cellulose Nitrate or Nitro Cellulose. A highly combustible and explosive

Cellulose Nitrate Plastic (Pyroxylin). Any plastic substance, materials or

Class A Fires. Fires involving ordinary combustible materials such as wood,

Class B Fires. Fires involving flammable liquids and gases.

Class C Fires. Fires involving energized electrical equipment.

Class D Fire. Fires involving combustible materials, such as sodium,

Class K Fires. Fires in cooking appliances that involve combustible cooking

Closed Container. Any container so sealed by means of a lid or other device

Collecting Officer. An accountable officer, who shall be responsible in the

Combination Standpipe. A pipeline system filled with water and connected to

Combustible Fiber Loose House. An enclosed and isolated structure where

Combustible Waste. Also known as loose waste material, are those

Community/Barangay Fire Brigade. A group of firefighters performing fire

Compressed Gas Container. A pressure container designed to hold

Compressed Gas Mixture. A mixture of two or more compressed gases

Compressed Gas System. An assembly of components, such as containers,

Crude Oil. Any naturally-occurring, unrefined petroleum liquid.

Cryogenic. Is descriptive of any material which, by its nature or as a result of

Cryogenic Fluids. Fluids produced or stored at very low temperatures and

Cryogenic Inground Container. A container in which the maximum liquid

Curtain Board. A vertical panel of non-combustible or fire resistive materials