‫شروع کرتا ہوں ﷲ کے پاک نام سے‪ ،‬جو نہایت‬

‫رحم دل اور مہربان ہے‬

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 At

By:

Mudusser Hussain
2005-ag-1888

Muhammad Irfan Nawaz

2005-ag-1885

Institute of Horticultural Sciences,

University of Agriculture,
Faisalabad.

This Document is submitted as the partial fulfillment of the Degree B. Sc. (Hons.) Agriculture.

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 To Whom It May Concern

W e, the supervisory committee Horticultural Research Station, Bahawalpur

certify that contents and briefing efforts of report submitted by Mudusser
Hussain, has been found satisfactory and appreciable. We hope that you will honour
his efforts and will boost up his courage which will provide him with confidence. We
recommend that it must be evaluated by external examiner for the award of degree.

Approved By:-

Mr. Mushtaq Ahmad. ------------------------

(Horticulturist)

Mr. Muhammad Azhar Bashir. ------------------------

(Assistant Research Officer)

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 Acknowledgement
All praise bow before the all Mighty ALLAH; the greatest benefactor of all, owner of all the
known and unknown worlds; the Arbitrator of Judgment day and closer to me than my jugular vein;
by the Grace of Whom I have been able to end the given task.

I would also like to appreciate my worthy parents who helped me in increasing my devotion
towards my work in thick and thin with their valuable advices and reprimands. They were the path
revealer to me, whenever I got stuck in dark.

I would like to express my gratitude to my laudable supervisors at Horticultural Research

Institute, Bahawalpur, for their benevolent guidance on my given task. I would happily pay my
regards to Mr. Mushtaq Ahmed and Dr. Azhar Bashir; who humanely took me through the long
and weary trail of erudition. They, along with their colleagues and co-workers, furnished me with
eternal knowledge and meaning of life. Their thought provoking words would always be carved in
my wit. They taught me the values of life and ethics. Both of them helped me a lot in completing my
chore. They honed my observation skills, enhanced my problem solving abilities, beautified my
aesthetics and sharpened my reasoning.

I am also thankful to my worthy teachers at University of Agriculture, Faisalabad; in

particular Dr. Jafar Jaskani, Dr. Aman Ullah Malik, Dr. Ahmed Sattar and Dr. Aslam Pervez
(Director, IHS) for bestowing an opportunity to peek inside the practical side of the profession, so
that I can get a quick glimpse of my future career.

In the end, I would appreciate my friends and colleagues for pointing out my mistakes and
slip-ups for improvement… Thank You ALL

Mudasser Hussain
2005-ag-1888

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Dedicated
To….

Holy Prophet (PBUH)

[Greatest Reformer]

&

My Precious Parents

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No. Title Pages
1 Certificate I
2 Acknowledgement III
3 Introduction to Bahawalpur 1
4 Introduction to HRS 2
5 Organizational Setup 3
6 Citrus 4
7 Mango 6
8 Date Palm 14
9 Guava 19
10 Jujube 21
11 Pomegranate 24
12 Falsa 26

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13 Project Assigned 27
14 Annexure 31

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 Bahawalpur

Introduction
The city was founded in 1748 by Nawab Muhammad Bahawal Khan Abbasi I, whose
descendants ruled the area until it joined Pakistan in 1947. The Bahawalpur (princely state) was one
of the largest states of British India, more than 450 kilometres long, and was ruled by Nawab Sir
Sadiq Muhammad Khan Abbasi V Bahadur,[2] who decided to join Pakistan at the time of
independence in 1947.

The Royal House of Bahawalpur is said to be of Arabic origin and claim descent from Abbas,
progenitor of the Abbasid Caliphs of Baghdad and Cairo. Sultan Ahmad II, son of Shah Muzammil of
Egypt left that country and arrived in Sind with a large following of Arabs ca. 1370. He married a
daughter of Raja Rai Dhorang Sahta, receiving a third of the country as a dowry. Amir Fathu'llah
Khan Abbasi, is the recognized ancestor of the dynasty. He conquered the Bhangar territory from
Raja Dallu, of Alor and Bahmanabad, renaming it Qahir Bela. Amir Muhammad Chani Khan Abbasi
entered the imperial service and gained appointment as a Panchhazari in 1583. At his death, the
leadership of the tribe was contested between two branches of the family, the Daudputras and the
Kalhoras. Amir Bahadur Khan Abbasi abandoned Tarai and settled near Bhakkar, founding the town
of Shikarpur in 1690. Daud Khan, the first of his family to rule Bahawalpur, originated from Sind
where he had opposed the Afghan Governor of that province and was forced to flee. The Nawab
entered into Treaty relations with the HEIC, 22 February 1833. The state acceded to the Dominion of
Pakistan on 7 October 1947 and was merged into the province of West Pakistan on 14 October
1955.Daud farooq is one the great personalities of the city

Nawab of Bahawalpur belongs to the Abbasi family who ruled this tract from 1733 till the
establishment of Islamic state of Pakistan.
The area had been under the Muslims rule since centuries and Mini-Pakistan was already
present in the Islamic States of Bahawalpur. Uch town was well known center of Islamic education
and preaching before the rule of Islam and opened large number of Islamic schools, which were
financed by the state government. From the Jamia Abbasia Bahawalpur to the establishment of
Islamia University, Bahawalpur was outcome of religious schooling made in the past in this tract.

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All sorts of Correspondence and court language have been compulsory in the Urdu although we had
not been able to adopt Urdu language on private and public offices. So far in Pakistan, Mehmood
Ghaznavi and Shahab-ud-din Ghori crossed the valley repeatedly to conquer Sindh, Gujrat and
other areas.
Thousand years ago, the Sindh Valley civilization had been in progress on a vast area of
6,00,000 sq. miles. Mahenjo Daro and Harepa towns remain had been found on the east and west
corners of the territory which stood in the center and is considered the part of Indus valley
civilization. This track is known is the valley of Hakra River and is junction of other civilization.
Saraiki is mother language of this tract. The river Hakra had been running through the center of
former state of Bahawalpur from east to west since centuries. The river Satluj had been covering
the north east area up to Punjab.

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 HRS-BWP
(Horticultural Research Institute, Bahawalpur)
Introduction
The horticultural research station, Bahawalpur was established under the administration and
control of Horticulturist Dera Ghazi Khan in 1984-85. One square of land was acquired from
Deputy Director Agriculture Extension. Fruit varieties were planted in the area to find the best-
suited varieties. Nursery plants on limited scale are also being produced at the station because
there are limited resources for this purpose. This sub-station is upgraded to station in July 2003

Objectives

• Establishment of Better Cultivars of Date Palm Garden at Bahawalpur.

• To produce genetically pure and healthy suckers/off-sets date palm for the gardeners/farmers.
• To carry out research work to improve the production technology of Date palm.
• To Survey in Pakistan for identification and selection of better date palm cultivars in date
palm growing area.
• To give trustworthy opinions/suggestions to the farmers not only about date palm but also
about mango, guava, jujube, pomegranate, Phalsa and citrus.
• To devise solutions to the problems of above mentioned fruits through research work.
• To provide the farmers with scions and propagative-plants of above mentioned plants.

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 Organizational Setup of Directorate of Research

Secretary

Director General
Agriculture

Director Horticultural
Research Institute
Faisalabad

Horticultural Research Horticultural Research Hill Fruit Research

Mango Research Station,
Institute, Station, Station,
Shuja Abad
Faisalabad Bahawalpur Murree

Date Palm Research Horticultural Research

Sub-Station, Sub-Station,
Jhang DG Khan

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 Citrus
(Citrus spp.)

Introduction

Family: Rutaceae
Citrus Poncirus Fortunella
Sweet Orange, Mandarin, Trifoliate Orange Kumquat
Grape Fruit, Lime and Lemon
Currently grown over a vast area in Pakistan, Citrus is mainly contributed by
Punjab (over 95% of the total production).
Propagation:
Citrus is propagated by both sexual & asexually. Generally rootstock is propagated
sexually through seed and most of the commercial varieties are prorogated by various
asexual methods. Asexual propagation through T-grafting is done in September &
February. Seed of Khatti are collected in August & sown immediately on 4-6 inches.
Raised beds are for nursery & plant-to-plant distant is kept 15-20ft & Gypsum is added @
5kg/pit.
One year old plant of Khatti is used as root stock and is grafted with the scion. The
grafted plants are shifted to the field after 6-12 months of grafting.
Fertilizers:
 SSP @ 4kg/plant or TSP @ 1kg/plant; Urea @1kg/plant and Potash @1kg/kg is
applied respectively in December- January. SSP is applied as 1st dose. Nitrophos
is applied @ 1-1.5kg/plant & Potash @ 1kg/plant with the 1st dose.
 Second dose of Nitrophos @ 1kg /plant is given in August-September.

Insect Pest Of Citrus: Control:

 White fly  Supracid @ 150ml/100litres of water should
 Black fly be applied.Follidel @ 200ml/ 100 liters of water.

 Citrus  Metasystox @ 250 ml/100litres of water.

psylla  Systovit @ 100 ml/ 100liters of water.
 Scale  Talstar @ 30 ml /100liters of water.
insect  H2SO4 @5kg/plant in a year.
 Mealy bug  Gypsum@ 5-10kg /plant/year.

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Diseases: Control:
 Phytophthora Pre-monsoon spray of Bordeaux mixture 1%
diseases CuSo4+ 1kg lime+500g ZnSO4/100 liter of water is
 Gummosis.
 Root rot applied to control the above diseases. Trimiltox
 Crown rot @200g or cupravit @ 200g or Intracol @ 200g/100
 Whither tips.
liters of water is also applied to control above
 Stem end rot.
 Sooty mold. diseases.
Citrus Decline:
In recent years, many of the farmers in the country have reported a decline or Die
Back for last 4-5 years. The affected trees don't die but remain unproductive.
Factors: Several factors such as virus, Fungi, Nematodes & Mycoplasma are seemed to
be responsible. Highly saline soil, lime concentration in the lower zone, poor nutrition,
sub-standard nursery, growing of exhaustive intercrop ands weeds may also be responsible
for the decline.
Preventive Measures: Following measures should be adopted to overcome the citrus
decline & to build vigorous tree with good yield.
 The selected site should be virus free plant.
 Bud-wood should be selected from virus free plants.
 Plant should be treated with fungicides that should be pasted on the trunk to
control. Fungi, citrus psylla, aphid and other insects.
 Applications of nematocides to the soil should be done to control the nematodes.
 Proper drainage should be done.
 Proper micro & macronutrients should be applied during the growth period.

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 Mango
(Mangifera Indica)
Introduction
Its family is Anacardiaceae. This family has many species of mango but only
edible species is Mangifera indica. The mango has distinguished rank among the fruits. It
is the famous fruit in the countries of subtropical region. It is called as "The King of Asian
Fruit". It has more nutritional value. It has different sizes and shapes. Its color ranges from
green, yellow to red. The mango tree is huge, long-lived, straight, branched and evergreen.
The uncontrolled mango tree grows to an impressive size.
Under favorable condition it may attain a height of 25m. The color of young leaves
is specific and may be used for dependable character for variety identification. The flushes
appear from February- October. When leaves completely grow they become rigid and
dark green. These leaves can be used in decoration.
Origin and Distribution:
Mango has been cultivated since 4,000 years. Now this fruit is grown at large scale
in China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Philippine, India and Brazil. In Pakistan mango is
cultivated in Multan, Bahawalpur, Dera Ghazi Khan and Sarghodha divisions of Punjab;
and in some Sindh areas. Only more than 500 varieties are cultivated in India but 35
varieties are grown at large scale. The mango has gained popularity in America, Australia,
Southern and Central America, southern and western Africa and Philippine. India
produces 14 millions tons every year.

Mango in Pakistan:
It is ranked as 2nd most cultivated fruit in Pakistan. Its cultivated areas have been increased
but increase in production is slow. In Punjab, the productive districts are Multan,
Bahawalpur, Muzaffargarh and Rahim Yar Khan. In Sindh, it is cultivated in Mirpur
Khas, Hydrabad and Thatta districts. In NWFP, it is cultivated in Peshawar and Murdan.
In sindh, early varieties are cultivated because summer season gets warmer one month
before Punjab. In Punjab, late varieties fetch better prices as they prolong the mango
availability season.

Climate & Soil: It is a fruit of subtropical region and requires humid climate. It cannot
tolerate severe cold. Mango is actually a fruit of warm-humid climate where rains remain

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through out the year but production is less and fruit characteristics are also not good in
such areas. It is commonly observed that the characteristics of mango are very good if it is
cultivated in warm-dry climate. But young plants cannot tolerate warm air in summer.
Mango is cultivated on a wide range of soils. Deep, sandy loam and well-drained soil is
suitable for mango orchard. Mango is grown on soil with pH 6.5-8.5.
Layout:
Mango is planted in square system. Plant-to-plant and line-to-line distance is equal
in square system. The planting distance depends upon the variety, soil and climate. Small
and less spreading types are planted at the distance of 9.5m while large and most
spreading varieties are planted at the distance of 12m. Interplant distances of number of
plants in one acre of different varieties are given as follows.
Variety P*P No. Of plants/acre
(m)
Anwar Ratul, Dusari, Sensation. 9.5 36
Langra, samar Bahisht, chonsa, Sindri and Fajri. 12 25
At present, work on high density plantation and intense intercropping is being done in
various institutes.
Propagation: Mango is prorogated by both sexually and asexually. Sexually
propagated mango is called ‘Desi Mango’ or seedling, where it is propagated through
seeds. Plants are obviously not true-to-type through seeds. Plants give fruits late and fruit
quality is also not good through seeds. Therefore seeds are only used for rootstock. Mango
is also prorogated through side-grafting, T-grafting & veneer grafting. To raise rootstock,
fresh mango stones are sown in July-August in lines either directly in beds or in the
ground. In other case, seedlings are shifted to beds in August-September when a new
leaves turn to green .The seedlings remain there for one year. The plants are grafted in the
nursery bed when they are 1-1.5 year old. They are shifted to the field after six months on
well-prepared and pre-dug pits during March and September every year.
Irrigation: At flowering irrigation is useful for more fruiting. After flowering, 3
irrigations in a month from April to June are applied which help to control the fruit-drop
and production of new flushes which will consequently yield higher next year. Irrigation
should be stopped in October-November to increase the fruit bud differentiation. Irrigation
schedule is listed in the table;

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Method of Irrigation Schedule of Bearing Mango Tree
irrigation: Time Month Irrigation
 Basin At flowering February-March 1
system After flowering to start
 Modified April to June. 3
rains
basin system Rainy season July-August 1
 Furrow Autumn season September-October 1
method Winter season November-January 2
 Flood
irrigation system
 Trickle or drip Irrigation system
Flowering Behavior:
Blooming starts at the end of February and continuous until mid April. Floral
inflorescence is born terminally in the form of panicles (30-50 cm long), which carry 500-
1500 flowers (in some cases, there are 7,000 flowers). Frequency of inflorescence depends
on the age of flush.

Percentage of Flowers on Flush

April Flush 37 %
May Flush 29 %
June Flush 20 %
July Flush 12 %
August Flush 07 %
Fertilizer:
FYM, Urea, SSP or Ammonium Sulphate 40 kg, 4-6 kg, 2 kg, or 4 kg/ plant should
be applied respectively at the age of 10-12 years. Half dose of Urea and full dose of SSP
should be applied in January-February. Other half doses of Urea & Potash should be
applied after fruit setting. 10 kg/plant Gypsum & 40 kg/plant FYM should be applied in a
year.

To be Applied annually for bearing plants To be Applied before Fruiting

Plant age FYM Urea (NH4)2SO4 Plant FYM Urea (NH4)2SO4
(kg/plant) (Kg/Plant) (Kg /plant) (kg/plant) (Kg/Plant) (Kg /plant)
age
6-8 year N/A N/A N/A 1st year N/A N/A N/A
9-10 year 10-15 0.25 0.50 nd
2 year 10-15 0.25 0.50
11-14 year 15-20 0.35 0.65 3rd year 15-20 0.35 0.65
th
14 & Above 15-20 0.50 1.00 4 year 15-20 0.50 1.00
5th year 20-25 0.70 1.50

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Spray of Micro-nutrients:
Micronutrients should be sprayed in September-October and after fruit setting in
April. Dissolve the following elements separately and mix in 100 liters of water.
Postharvest Handling:
CuSO4 250g
It’s all about the post-harvest handling of the fruit which can help
FeSO4 200g
to obtain better prices in the market. We cannot improve the ZnSO4 250g
Lime 500g
quality of fruit when it is detached from the feeding plant, but
Borax 100g
only we can maintain it. When the fruit is harvested, the exudates
which sap out from its stalk are of very acidic properties and it spreads all over the skin of
the fruit. This sap not only destroys the quality of the fruit but also the beauty of the fruit
which decreases its market value. Due to this sap spread on the fruit peel, many microbial
particles and microorganisms also get stick to the fruit skin. These skin blotches can be
prevented by following methods.
Harvesting Method:
The fruit must be harvest leaving 4-6” of stalk in such a way that neither the stalk
must be broken nor the fruit must get injured. Then collect all the fruits in clean and
hygienic trays of plastic or wood. To prevent the spots, following methods can be used:
1. Non-Chemical Methods
a. Harvest the fruit leaving 4-6” of stalk with it. Cut the stalk of the
fruit again after the first node. By doing this, we can stop sap flow.
b. Harvest the fruit leaving 4-6” of stalk with it; put the fruit upside
down (putting the basal side downwards) and again cut the stalk leaving
only 1cm of stalk with the fruit. After cutting the stalk, leave for at least 20
minutes in the same position, so that the sap flows out of the fruit without
touching its skin. We can use wooden or plastic made frames to keep the
mango fruits upside down.
2. Chemical Method
Good quality CaCO3 is dissolved in water making 50% solution (500g/
Liter of solution). The stalk of the fruit is cut as shown in the diagram and
is dip in the solution at once; or the stalk of the fruit can be cut again when
it is still inside the solution. The fruit is dipped in the solution for 2 minutes

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then washed with chlorine or clean water. Put the fruits in a dry and clean
environment after washing. Do not put the fruit on grass or bare soil.

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 Diseases and Insects
Diseases:
Anthracnose:
Leaves of the affected tree get dried and burned at margins, and this disease
spreads slowly from small branches to main shoots and scaffold branches. Leaves
start to fall and the tree as a whole gets dry from top to bottom. The tree bears
lesser fruits and the fruit may also fall off later. All these are the forms of
Anthracnose. When it extends on branches it is called as leaves anthracnose while
when it attacks on the flowers of the tree it is called as ‘Blossom Blight’. If it
appears on the stem, it is called as “Gummosis” while on root, it causes “Die
Back”; a disease in which the plant dies from top to bottom. Another symptom of
the disease is that dark brown blisters appear on the surface of the leaves. In case
of severe attack, brown streaks appear on the branches and twigs and leaves start
to fall very rapidly.
Control: To control this disease, the first preventive spray of Mencozeb and
Topson-M can be done before flowering season.
Powdery Mildew:
This disease attacks on the mango fruit tree in blooming season. Whitish
powder on the panicle can be easily seen in case of attack. Affected flowers drop
rapidly.
Control: To Control this disease, spray the plant with Baytan Foliar or Topaz when
50% of the bloom is complete.
Mango Malformation:
The panicle is malformed, forms a clump or bunch of flowers which don’t
set fruit. There is no effective cure for this type of malady but if the branches
bearing malformed panicles are pruned 20-30cm before the base of panicle in the
month of April, August, September regularly for 2 to 3 years, we can curb the
problem. Pruned panicles must be burnt and dumped into the soil.
Insects:
Aphid:

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 It is brownish insect while its instars are light yellowish or blackish in
color. This insect sucks the sap from the panicles making the flowers dry and fall
off. It can’t be controlled only by the use of chemicals or pesticides. Pruning of
affected branches helps out in removing the place to hide and so it dies in the cold.
Control: Preventive spray must be done when trees start blooming. Imidachloprid
or Bifentherine can be sprayed after mixing with water.
Mango Mealy Bug:
In May-June, the females crawl down from the trees to lay eggs in the soil. Larvae
from these eggs hatch out in the month of December and January. These larvae
crawl up on the tree and suck the sap from the new twigs.
Control: Light soil disturbance before December destroys the eggs in the soil. In
December, fruit trees are wrapped with sticky or slippery bands so that the insects
remain in the soil near the stem of the tree where we can destroy them by spraying
some insecticide like Imidachloprid etc.
Fruit Fly:
It is reddish brown colored fly. It attacks the plants from June up till the
harvesting of the mango. It pierces the fruit to lay its eggs inside the pulp of the
fruit. The larvae of the fruit fly eat up all the pulp of the fruit which later on dries
and drops off. These larvae then leave the fruit and enter into the earth and stay
there until they morph into complete fruit flies, and again attack the fruit.
Control: Pheromone traps can be used (Mehtyleugeanal). Trichlorofan and Deptrix
are effective insecticides for this insect.
Scale Insects:
These small round insects are buried under waxy layer and can be found in
hundreds on the lower side of the leaves. It sucks the sap of the leaves and dries
them up. In case of serious attack small branches and twigs also get dried.
Control: Affected branches must be pruned and effective insecticide must be
sprayed like Methidathian (Suprasid) and Advantage.
Midges:
It is minute whitish insect with a life period of two days. The females lay
eggs on soft branches and larvae chew down soft parts of the plants making the

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 panicles dry. These larvae then fall on the ground and turn into pupae which give
birth to new flies.
Control: Larvae must be destroyed in the soil and plant must be sprayed with
Imidachloprid.

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 Disorders
Alternate bearing:
It occurs due to some physiological, environmental and/or genetic factors; for instance
over-application of fertilizer (esp. Nitrogen) during the off-Year and delayed harvesting of
the fruits during on-year. Disease or insect attack, and improper irrigation scheduling may
also contribute to biennial bearing.
Control:
 Thinning of fruits during on-year.
 Maximum irrigation in on-year.
 Early picking of fruits during on-year.
 Protection of plants from natural hazards.
 Foliar application of 2, 4-D or Silver Nitrate.
 De-blossoming during on year.
 Balance of C:N ratio.
 Attack of powdery Mildew, Anthracnose and Mango hopper should be
checked.
 Ringing and girdling should be done.
Decline in Mango:
Several diseases are observed in this research station. They have been termed as
twig blight; tips die back, gummosis and stem bleeding. These diseases have been
comparable symptoms, etiology and related causal agents.
Symptoms:
 Marginal scorching of leaf-lamina; which may or may not progress to defoliation.
 Foliar symptoms of nutritional deficiency particularly Iron and Manganese.
 Dieback of small branches particularly from the terminal.
 Vascular discoloration and root degeneration.
 Oozing of clear cloud exudates either from terminal bud or from branches.
Control:
 Diseased free orchards should be established.
 Planting material should be free from pathogens.

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 Techniques used to detect these pathogens in planting stock would be useful.
 Affected portion of canopy must be pruned and the wounded areas should be
treated with 5:5:50 solution of Bordeaux mixture.

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Fruit Drop in Mango:
There are different stages of fruit drop. These stages are as follows.
 Mustard Stage:
 Grain or Pea Stage:
 Marble Stage:
 June Drop:
Control:
 Scheduled irrigation should be given during the flowering period.
Flood irrigation should be given during the fruiting season.
 Windbreaks should be installed around the orchards and spray of
Planofix reduces the fruit drop up to considerable level.
Mango Dieback:
Dieback includes wilting, defoliation, gummosis and vascular discoloration, high
summer temperature is thought to pre-dispose mango plant to this disorder.
Symptoms:
 Intravenous chlorosis.
 Marginal chlorosis.
 Dieback of young twigs, which progress to large branches.
 Reduced growth of secondary roots.
 Gummosis and discoloration of affected trees, which may die afterwards.
Cultural Control:
 Regular pruning of affected plant parts should be done.
 Wounded trees should be treated with Bordeaux mixture 5:5:50.
Chemical Control:
 Antracol @ 200g/100 liters of water should be sprayed.
 Trimultox @200g/100liters of water should be sprayed.
 Diathene M-45 @ 400 gm/100 liters of water should be sprayed.

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 Mango Cultivars
Early Season Varieties:
 Malda.
 Yakta.
Mid Season Varieties
 Duseri.
 Sindhri.
 Langra.
 Anwar Ratul.
Late Season Varieties:
 Neelum.
 Ratul-12
 Fajri
 Ameer Gola
 Amin Wala
 Chonsa.
 Sensation.

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 Date Palm
(Phoenix dactylifera)
Introduction
Botanical Name Phonix dactylifera
Family Palmaceae
It is the oldest reported fruit in the world. It is tribute for date that it is stated 22
times in the Holy Quran. In Bible it is called as ‘Great Gift’. Date palm tree can live for
more than one hundred years. Date palms planted by our Last Prophet (PBUH) are still
bearing good quality commercial fruit. It is highly recognized for its nutritional and
medicinal value. It contains 2870 units of calories in one kg of fruit.
It is cultivated in Makran division of Balochistan, Khairpur and division of Sindh,
D.I Khan division of NWFP and Multan, D.G.Khan, Bahawalpur, Rahim Yar Khan. Rank
of date is fourth among the fruit of Pakistan. Rank of Pakistan is 6th on the basis of
production in the world. More than 100 varieties are cultivated in Pakistan.
Distribution and History: The date palm has been cultivated since 3,000B.C.It
originated in Middle East. Almost all palms are indigenous to hot climate. Some important
growing countries are Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Morocco, Algeria, Tunis, and
Egypt.
Climate: It is said for date palm that "Its Head is in fire & feet in water". It can tolerate 58
degree centigrade temperature. It requires 18 degree centigrade at flowering and 25 degree
centigrade at bearing and fruiting. For proper ripening & quality, the interaction of
temperature & humidity is extremely important. Fruit becomes hard &dry due to less
humidity while color & quality is bad due to high humidity. Rains during pollination
affect the fruit setting. In general, date palm cultivation requires high temperature, much
sunlight, low humidity, low rainfall & the absence of high winds.
Soil: In principle, date palm requires light, deep, well-drained soil. Rocky and compact &
high saline soil is not fit for date culture.
Lay out: Square system is commonly practiced. P-P distance is kept 20 feet. Pits should
be made before plantation i.e. 3 × 3 × 3 feet.
Propagation:
Dates are prorogated by both sexually and asexually.

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 1. Sexual Method:
Sexual propagation is done through seed and is not true to type plant. Also
as with other fruit plants, sexually reproduced trees take a longer time to bloom
than asexually propagated ones.
2. Asexual Method:
In this method propagation is done through suckers, also known as
‘offshoot’ or auxiliary buds. There are two types of suckers; ‘aerial suckers’
(which born on the shoot above the ground) and ground suckers (which are
attached to ground). The ground suckers usually perform well as compared to
aerial suckers, which are difficult to root. The rooted suckers are carefully
detached for further propagation. Sucker weight should be10-20 kg or about 3-5
years old for successful propagation. These suckers are removed during Feb-
March & Aug-sep, for planting in orchards. If care is done while removing them
and after planting, the success rate is over 70%. The male trees are planted at
various locations in the orchards for pollination.
Pollination:
Being a dioecious plant, pollination is essential for the date palm trees. One male
plant is enough for the pollination of 10 female plants. Remove the spathe about to burst
from male plant, place on newspaper, when flower turn white to brown, get pollens
powder and put it in jars. Collected pollens are mixed with flour. Hand pollination is done.
It should be done after 9:OO A.M. At that time there should no moisture in the air. Within
48 hours, pollination is completed after the female flowers are opened. Pollination is done
2-3 times. If rain occurs, pollination should be repeated.
10% male pollens + 90 %flour = 52% fruiting occurs.
20 % male pollen + 80 % flour= 63 % fruiting occurs.
30 %male pollen + 70 % flour =60 % fruiting occurs.
 Mechanical:
Pollination is done by using various machines which spray the pollens either dry or
in wet form.
 Manual:
The pollens are sprinkled on the female spathes either hand or by the help of long
sticks with a cloth lump at one end and a hook on the other side of it.

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Irrigation:
The water requirement of date palm depends on the climatic conditions, water
table and type of soil and the age of tree. Date palm requires more water during fruit
development than at other time of year. Newly planted orchards require weekly irrigation
for a month at least, while established orchards require irrigation fortnightly during fruit
development and once a month during the rest of the year.
Fertilizers:
FYM, Urea, Ammonium sulfate, SSP, & Potash @60-80kg, 2kg, 4kg, 3-4kg, and
1-2kg/plant should be applied respectively. Urea is applied in split doses. One dose is
given before flowering and other after fruit setting.
Pruning: No systemic pruning is needed except removal of dropped or dried leaves.
Fruit Picking: Hand picking is done in July-August. Thorns should be removed to save
the dates from injury. Rain is harmful at the time of fruit ripening.
Intercropping: All leguminous crop i.e. guar, pulses, and berseem should be cultivated.
Insects: Following are some insects along with their control.

No. Insects Control

Scales Metasystox 2ml/100L of Water
Spider mites Calthen@ 2ml/100L of water
Stem borer Phosphotoxin tablets or detia
Fruit fly Pheromone traps or Diptrex spray
Termites Chlorpyriphos

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 Management Calendar for Date Palm
January:
 FYM, half nitrogen & full potassium and phosphorus dose should be applied.
 Land should be prepared for spring season and pits should be made.
February & March:
 Suckers should be separated.
 Suckers should be planted in the nursery.
 Pits should be filled with loam soil & FYM.
 Pollination is carried out.
April:
 Pollination should be continued.
 Half nitrogen should be applied.
 Leguminous crops should be sown in the gapes.
May & June:
 Irrigation & hoeing should be given.
 Protection measures should be taken for new plants.
July& August:
 Pits should be made after lay out.
 Harvesting should be done
September & October:
 Suckers should be detached from plants.
 Suckers should be planted in the nursery.
 Pits should be filled with loam soil.
 Berseem should be sown.
November& December:
 Bordeaux mixture should be applied against fungal diseases.
 Protection measures should be taken for new plants against frost.

Various Cultivars of Date Palm

Aseel Chohara Begum jangi Eedal shah

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 Bahawalpur Uch local Hillawi Kerblain
Kur Tarwali. Shamran Fasli
Zahidi Shakri Hamin wali Dhady

Different Stages of Date:

Doka: Color of fruit is greenish yellow. Some varieties are red. Fruit is sweet & delicious
at this stage e.g. Basrah wali, Eedal shah, Fasli, Kur, Tarwali, & Dhady.
Dung: Fruit ripens on lower side & color is changed. Fruit is very sweet. Insect attack is
more & rain damages the fruit at this stage e.g. Zahidi, Eedaln shah, Fasli, Kur, Shakri. &
Shamran.
Pind: Fruit is ripened completely at this stage and is dried on the tree. In Punjab fruit is
not dried on the tree due to rain. For example Aseel, Zahidi.The fruit is curved in sunlight.
Yield/plant TSS
Varieties Fruit color Eating stage Ripening time
(Kg) (%)
Kur Brown Doka July/August 84 33
Halini Yellow Dung September 81 30
Aseel Yellow Pind/chuhara August 79 29
Dhady Yellow Doka July/August 76 34
Shamran Yellow Doka/dung August 71 30
Zahidi Yellow Pind August 68 30
Kupra Black Pind August 65 27
Haminwali Brown Pind July 63 30
Shakri Chocolate Doka/dung/pind August 61 35
Eadan shah Pinkish
Doka/dung August 57 29
Yellow
Basrawali Pink Doka/dung August 54 24
Fasli Yellow Doka/dung August 51 26
Tarwali Pink Doka/dung August 47 28
Makhi Greenish
Pind August 45 29
Yellow
Pathri Yellow Doka/dung July 42 31

Determination of Yield:
Yield is determined by following formula.
Yield = Average individual fruit wait.
No. of fruit = No. of Spathes × average no. of strands/Spathes × average no. of
fruits/strands.

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 Guava
(Psidium guajava)
Introduction
Family: Myrtaceae
Origin: Guava ranks second number in area wise among the fruits after mango in
Pakistan. It is native to Mexico, which is warm area of America. It is also said that Guava
is native of India. Guava was first discovered in North America, Mexico, & Peru. In
Pakistan, it is mostly cultivated in Karachi, Hyderabad, Larkana, Bahawalpur, Multan,
Sheikhupura, Dera Ismail Khan, Sheikhupura, and Lahore.
Importance
 Guava is the king of vitamins C & contains 91-280 gm.
 A large quantity of Iron is present in the seeds of Guava.
 Minerals, phosphorus and Vitamin A are present in small quantity.
 A good quantity of pectin, used in making Jelly is also present in guava fruit.
Climate: It is an evergreen plant. It gives two crops in a year. It grows well in dry and
warm climate. It is drought resistant plant. Taste & shape of fruit is not better in humid
and cold climate. Rains and humidity cause damage to the skin of the fruit during
ripening. Insects become active due to excessive rains and damaged the fruits.
Soil: It grows well on wide range of soil. Guava can be grown from heavy to light loam
soil. But soft and unfertile soil is not suitable for the guava fruit. Guava fruit can be grown
on saline and water logged soil.
Propagation: Guava can be prorogated through seeds, cuttings, layering, and root
cuttings, grafting and budding.
Planting: Guava is raised in the mango orchard as a filler plant. It starts bearing after two
years of planting if managed well. Summer crop is severely attacked by fruit fly, so to
avoid this attack; fruit thinning is practiced in order to get maximum yield in winter. In
winter, the attack of fruit fly is severe. The summer crop should be discouraged so that
nutrient will be stored for a good winter crop.
Pruning: Small plants are pruned to give a strong framework. More flowering takes
place and branches bend due to load at initial stage. So pruning is very helpful. Weak,

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dries branches and offshoot are pruned. Fruit thinning is also helpful to improve the fruit
quality.
Intercropping: Fodder crops are sown in guava orchards.

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Insect Pests:
Fruit fly: Fruit fly attacks the guava. It lays eggs inside the fruit and makes hole
and affect the fruit quality. The attack of fruit fly is severe in summer crop and less in
winter.
Control
 Nogas @ 200 /100 liters of water should be applied.
 Dipterex @150mg /100 liters of water should be applied before fruit
ripening.
 Pheromone traps should be used 6-8 traps that are enough for one acre.
Varieties:
The most common and appreciable cultivars are Sufaida, Surkha, Peer Shaped (Larkana
Surahi) and Sadabahar (Seedless).

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 Jujube
(Ziziphus mauritiana)
Introduction
Belonging to Rhamnaceae family, it is considered the fruit of poor people.
Australia, China, India and Syria are major Ber producing countries. In China and
Pakistan fruits ripen in March. It is the most popular fruit in the Sub-Continent. It is a
hardy plant. It can tolerate a wide range of climate.
It is a medium sized and spreading type tree. There are many thorns on the
branches. White powder is formed on lower side of the leaves. Fruit setting starts in winter
in Multan, Lahore, Rawalpindi division and Bahawalpur. Leaves fall after harvesting and
tree goes to dormancy. New leaves sprout in rainy season.
Climate: It is drought tolerant tree that grows wildly in arid and semi-arid regions of
Pakistan to serve as a source of leaf fodder for livestock. It is mostly cultivated in plain
areas. It can be grown on wide range of climate in plain areas. Plants die in cold areas. It
likes warm and dry climate. It can tolerate temperature of 45-50°C and short period of
frost but cannot tolerate severe frost.
Soil: It is a hardy plant that can withstand adverse conditions of soil. It grows well on
sandy soil. It is drought resistant and grows well in waterlogged soil. It can be grown on
every type of soil even on moderately alkaline soil.
Propagation: It is propagated through seeds that are sown in March-April at the depth of
2-3cm. Polythene bags of 10*25cm are used which are filled with sand, clay and leaf
manure. Germination takes place after 20-25 days and sprinkler irrigation is done.
Seedlings are ready for transplantation after six months having plant-to-plant and row-to-
row distance of 30 feet. T budding &T grafting is done in August September and March,
April.
Irrigation: Irrigation intervals should be 15 days in basin system and one month in open
system. Irrigation is applied after one month in May-June. No irrigation is given in August
due to rains.
Fertilizer: FYM @ 40 kg/ plant, Urea @ 2-5 kg / plant, SSP @ 4kg/ plant and Potassium
Sulphate @ 1kg/plant should be applied respectively at fruiting when plants are at the age
of 7-10 years or more. Half dose of urea is applied in August-September and other half is
applied after fruit setting.

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Pruning: Pruning is important in Jujube, dead, diseased, malformed and 3-4 years old
branches should be pruned. Hanging branches are pruned after fruit picking in mid April-
May.
Intercropping: We can do intercropping with wheat, berseem, cotton, vegetables and
pulses etc. for first 5-6 years.
Uses: It is a source of leaf fodder for livestock in arid & semi-arid regions of Pakistan.
The wood of this fruit tree is largely used for making a number of agriculture implements,
furniture and as fuel-wood. Ber trees are also used for lac culture.
Insect pest
Fruit fly: Fruit fly damages the fruit and fruit becomes misshaped and unable to
eat. Fruit fly lays eggs inside the fruit
Control
 Dipterex, Thiodon or Follidol should be sprayed @ 200 ml/100 liters of
water on fruit tree in early November. Fruit fly lays eggs inside the fruit and
second spray is done in early February.
 Sex pheromone traps should be used on October. One trap is sufficient for
10 plants and direction of traps should be North-South and hanged above the
ground.
Diseases:
Powdery Mildew: It attacks on Jujube in the month of September- October.
Control:
 Topsin -M @ 100g /100 liters of water is applied.
 Afugen @ 100 g/100 liters of water is applied.
 Topas @ 50 g/100 liters of water is applied.
Alternaria:
This disease attacks on the leaves through out the year. This disease is
transferred from leaves to fruit and Black spots appear on the leaves and fruits.
Control:
 Diathane M-45, Trimultox, Antracol or Cupravit is sprayed @200-250
g/100 liters of water.

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 Spray of bordaux mixture 1:1:100 (CuSO4: CaO or lime: H2O) along with
ZnSO4@ 0.5 kg /100 liters of water should be applied to control the disease.

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 Performance of Ber Cultivars at Bahawalpur

Varieties Yield/tree (kg) TSS (%) Sugar (%) Fruit weight (g)
Dehli Sufaid 252 24 10 30
Bahawalpur
203 20 09 32
Selection-1
Alu bukhara 174 19 07 22
Karella 170 21 09 23
Umran 167 19 08 22
Bahawalpur
164 18 09 28
Selection-2
Mahmood Wali 163 23 09 24
Gorh 143 18 07 09
Suffan 122 22 08 17
Khobani 116 19 09 18

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 Pomegranate
(Punica granatum)
Introduction
It was cultivated in Syria and Egypt. Pomegranate is cultivated in Afghanistan,
Kurdistan and Balouchistan. It is also cultivated in Kashmir and Northwest Himalayan.
Soil: It grows well in heavy loam soil. It is also cultivated on saline soil where other fruits
cannot grow well.
Climate: It grows well in semi-humid climate. Low temperature for long period is not
suitable for pomegranate cultivation. Some varieties are also cultivated at the temperature
of 95 °F in summer and frost in winter.
Propagation: Pomegranate is propagated through cuttings, seeds and layering. Hardwood
is selected for cuttings. Cuttings are covered with sand in autumn and sown in spring.
Fresh cuttings give good results in spring. Cuttings are sown at the distance of 20-30cm
and LxL=85-90cm in the nursery.
Transplanting: Plants are transplanted at the distance of 3.5-4m in Balochistan. Plant to
plant distance should be 6m and L x L=6m.
Fertilizers: Half dose of nitrogen and full dose of phosphorus and potash should be
applied in January before flowering and remaining half dose of nitrogen should be applied
after fruit setting in March. FYM should be applied @40kg/plant and Urea, SSP and
Potash @ 2kg, 4kg, 1kg/plant should be applied respectively.
Fertilizer Application according to Age of Plant
Plant age FYM Urea SSP Potash
(years) (kg/plant) (kg/plant) (kg/plant) (kg/plant)
4-5 20 1 2 ½
6-10 40 2 4 1

Irrigation: Water requirement of pomegranate is 30% less as compared to citrus.

Irrigation should be given one month in summer and should not be given in
rainfall areas, 5-8 irrigation is sufficient in less rainfall areas in one year.
Pruning: Pruning is not done at the age of 4 years. Thick branches should be pruned to
get maximum growth. Pruning should be done after 4-5 years.

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Harvesting: Fruit is harvested in August-September before autumn. Baidana ripens
earlier than other fruits. Age of pomegranate is 30 years. It starts bearing fruit after 3years.
In pomegranate, manual harvesting is done with scissors.

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 Insects & Pest
Fruit fly: It attacks on the fruit and lays eggs inside the fruit.

Control:

 Dipterex can be used to control it.

 Pheromone traps should be used to lure the fruit fly.
Pomegranate butterfly: Butterfly attacks on the fruit.

Control: Thiodan 200ml or Confidor 60ml in 100ml of water should be sprayed.

Diseases:Fruits spot, leaf spot, blister, fruit rot and root rottening attack on the
pomegranate.
Control:
 Borax 1% solution should be sprayed to control the splitting of fruit.
 Dithane M-45@ 200g/100 litters of water or Topsin @ 150g/100 litters of water
and Benlate @100g/100litters of water should be sprayed.
Varieties:
 Badaina: it ripens in August.
 Khud: it ripens in mid September-October. It is cultivated in Quetta, Qalat and
Kashmir.
 Qandhari: it ripens in the end September-October.
 Tursh: it is cultivated in tribal areas of Quetta
 Ali puri: it is local variety of Alipur. Its seeds are white and light pink in color.

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 FALSA
(Grevia asiatica)
Introduction

Family: Tilliaceae.
Origin: Its origin is unknown. It is commonly said that it is old plant of Indo-Pak sub-
Continent. It is a popular fruit of Pakistan. It is deciduous plant.
Medicinal Importance: It has a cooling & soothing effect in summer. It is used in
making squashes. It is very suitable for the diseases of abdomen. It purifies the
blood. It is used for prevention of liver heat & indigestion of stomach. It is very
beneficial & its branches are used in making baskets.
Climate: It is not cultivated in snowfall areas (temperate zone). It cannot grow well in
humid climate, leaves fall in winter season. It can tolerate frost and cold.
Soil: It can grow on wide range of soil. Light, heavy and well-drained soils are suitable
for cultivation of falsa.
Propagation Methods: Falsa is usually propagated through seeds. It is not propagated
through cuttings. Grafting is also practiced in falsa but it is a difficult method.
Sowing time and method
Seeds are extracted from fruits and seeds are dried in the shade. Seed should be sown on
seedbeds. Plant is prepared for transplanting after one-year.1200 plants should be planted
in an acre at a distance of 5 × 5 feet.
Bearing Age: Falsa is an annual bearer.
Irrigation: It is drought resistant plant. Irrigation is necessary at the time of flowering &
fruit setting. In summer rainfall is suitable for falsa. Irrigation interval should be 4-6 week
in winter season. It is planted in areas of Punjab and Sindh.
Pruning: Severe pruning is done because fruiting takes place mostly on new branches.
Pruning is done at the height of 2-2.5 ft. in January.
Fertilizer: Urea @1/2kg, SSP @ 2 kg/plant should be applied respectively during the first
week of February
Yield: 4-5 kg/plant.

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 Projects Assigned

EFFECT OF FRUIT THINNING ON FRUIT QUALITY AND YIELD OF DATE

PALM (CV. KUR) UNDER BAHAWALPUR CLIMATIC CONDITIONS

Treatments:
T1 Control (No Thinning)
T2 10 % Removal of Strands per spathe
T3 25 % Removal of Strands per spathe
T4 50 % Removal of Strands per spathe

Layout Design: CRD

No. of Treatments: 4
No. of Replications: 3
No. of Plant per Treatment: 1
Total No. of Plants: 12

Table: Yield and fruit characters of Date Cv. Kur affted by fruit thinning at
Bahawalpur
Treatments Fruit Stone Stone- Fruit TSS Yield per
Weight Weight Pulp Size (cm) (%) Plant
(g) (g) ratio (%) LxB (Kg)
T1 5.48 0.80 16.68 3.05 x 29.5 90.97
2.03
T2 7.33 1.02 16.17 3.16 x 30.0 100.47
2.10
T3 8.73 1.20 16.08 3.41 x 31.5 116.40
2.22
T4 12.42 1.25 12.60 3.82 x 32.0 110.13
2.47

Result: Maximum fruit weight (12.42g), stone weight (1.25g), fruit size (L x B= 3.82 x
2.47 cm) and TSS % (32.0) were found in those plants where 50% strands were removed.
Maximum stone-pulp ratio (16.68 %) shown by control. Maximum yield per plant (116.40
Kg) found in those plants where 25% were strands were removed. Minimum fruit weight

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(5.48g), stone weight (0.80g), Fruit size (3.05 x 2.03cm), and TSS % (29.5) and yield per
plant 90.97 Kg were observed in control (without removing any strain).

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 EVALUATION OF NEW EIGHT SELECTED BER VARIETIES AT
BAHAWALPUR

Treatments:
Layout Design: RCBD V1 Ajooba
No. of Treatments: 9 V2 Anokhi
No. of Replications: 3 V3 Dilbahara
No. of Plant per Treatment: 1 V4 Faisalabad-1
Total No. of Plants: 27 V5 Foladi
V6 Pak White
V7 Sadqia
V8 Yazman Local

Table 1:Fruit characters of eight Ber varieties recorded for the year 2008-2009
Fruit Stone Pulp Stone-
Fruit size Fruit TSS
Varieties weight weight weight pulp ratio
(L x B) (cm) (%)
(g) (g) (g) (%)
V1=Ajooba 15.9 1.40 14.50 9.90 3.80 x 2.80 15.90
V2=Anokhi 16.6 1.60 14.60 9.00 4.00 x 3.10 16.30
V3=Dilbahar 19.3 1.50 17.90 7.90 4.00 x 3.30 15.90
V4=Faisalabad-1 14.9 1.15 13.60 9.00 3.60 x 2.60 15.90
V5=Foladi 19.8 1.35 18.60 7.30 3.70 x 3.10 15.70
V6=Pak White 16.4 1.35 15.10 8.50 3.40 x 3.80 15.80
V7=Sadqia 13.0 0.95 12.05 8.00 3.20 x 2.90 15.70
V8=Yazman local 19.1 1.40 17.70 8.00 3.80 x 2.96 16.00

Table 2: Yield and tree characters of eight Ber varieties recorded for 2008-2009
Varieties Yield per Plant Plant Stem
plant Height Spread girth
(kg) (m) (m) (cm)
V1=Ajooba 29.33 2.67 3.33 34.00
V2=Anokhi 37.66 3.67 6.03 63.67
V3=Dilbahar 37.00 3.83 4.60 57.00
V4=Faisalabad-1 33.00 2.67 3.50 39.00
V5=Foladi 36.00 2.83 3.83 52.66
V6=Pak White 39.66 3.83 5.23 61.66
V7=Sadqia 29.00 2.33 3.17 24.66
V8=Yazman local 36.00 2.83 4.33 49.33

Conclusion: The recorded data showed that maximum fruit weight (19.8g), pulp weight
(18.60g) stone weight (1.35g), fruit size (L x B = 3.70 x 3.10 cm) were found in cv.
Foladi. However maximum stone-pulp ratio (9.90) was recorded for Ajooba cultivar,

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while minimum (7.30) was recorded for cv. Foladi. Cultivar Sadqia attains minimum
values for these parameters except stone-pulp ratio. Maximum Fruit TSS % was (16.30)
for cv. Anokhi.
The data presented in Table 2, showed that maximum yield per plant (39.66 Kg)
was obtained by cv. Pak-white. Ber cultivars Dilbahar and Pak-White both attained
maximum height (3.83 m), while cv. Anokhi has maximum plant spread (6.03m) and stem
girth (63.67cm).

EFFECT OF UREA AND NAA SPRAY ON FRUIT DROP ON GUAVA

CV. LARKANA SURAHI

Two sprays of chemicals at fortnightly interval were applied according to treatments as

described below in the experiment “Effect of urea and NAA spray on fruit drop of guava
cv. Larkana Surahi”. The data regarding flower drop (%) were recorded during 2 nd week
of May as follows:

Table 1: Flower drop (%) in summer crop of guava

Treatments Flower drop (%)
T1= Control (without spray) 9.33
T2= Spray of Urea (5%) 19.00
T3= Spray of Urea (10%) 30.86
T4= Spray of NAA (0.05%) 56.51
T5= Spray of NAA (0.1%) 57.79
T6= T2+T4 21.22
T7= T3+T5 30.95

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 ANNEXURE
Following abbreviations have been used throughout the report.

@ At the rate of
FYM Farm Yard Manure
cv. Cultivar
D. G. Khan Dera Ghazi Khan
D. I. Khan Dera Ismail Khan
LxB Length x Breadth
P-P Plant to Plant Distance
SSP Single Super Phosphate
TSP Triple Super Phosphate
TSS Total Soluble Solids

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