Stress Management

“Stress can be defined as a state of physical and mental tension caused by certain
external or internal factor in a person's life”.

The art of stress management is to keep yourself at a level of stimulation that is healthy
and enjoyable. Life without stimulus would be incredibly dull and boring. Life with too
much stimulus becomes unpleasant and tiring, and may ultimately damage your health or
well-being. Too much stress can seriously interfere with your ability to perform
effectively. By analyzing the likely causes of stress, you will be able to plan your
responses to likely forms of stress. These might be actions to alleviate the situation or
may be stress management techniques that you will use.

Stress arises when individuals perceive that they cannot adequately cope
with the demands being made on them or with threats to their well-being.
R.S. Lazarus (1966).

Stress is the "wear and tear" our bodies experience as we adjust to our continually
changing environment; it has physical and emotional effects on us and can
create positive or negative feelings.

As a positive influence, stress can help compel us to action; it can result in a new
awareness and an exciting new perspective.

As a negative influence, it can result in feelings of distrust, rejection, anger, and

depression, which in turn can lead to health problems such as headaches, upset
stomach, rashes, insomnia, ulcers, high blood pressure, heart disease, and stroke.
With the death of a loved one, the birth of a child, a job promotion, or a new
relationship, we experience stress as we readjust our lives. In so adjusting to
different circumstances, stress will help or hinder us depending on how we react to
it.

Stress results from an imbalance between demands and resources. R.S. Lazarus and S.
Folkman (1984).

Formula for finding Stress: In simple words we can say that when the pressure is greater
that the resources we face stress.

S=P>R
Where S stands for Stress
P is for Pressure
& R stands for Resources.
Types of Stress

So, what are the major types of stress? While there are many subcategories of stress that
are being treated today, the major types of stress can be broken down into four different
categories: Eustress, Hyperstress, Hypostress, and Distress.

Eustress
Eustress is one of the helpful types of stress. What is the definition for eustress? It is the
type of stress you experience right before you have the need to exert physical force.
Eustress prepares the muscles, heart, and mind for the strength needed for whatever is
about to occur.

Eustress can also apply to creative endeavors. When a person needs to have some extra
energy or creativity, eustress kicks in to bring them the inspiration they need. An athlete
will experience the strength that comes form eustress right before they play a big game or
enter a big competition. Because of the eustress, they immediately receive the strength
that they need to perform.

When the body enters the fight or flight response, it will experience eustress. The eustress
prepares the body to fight with or flee from an imposing danger. This type of stress will
cause the blood to pump to the major muscle groups, and will increase the heart rate and
blood pressure to increase. If the event or danger passes, the body will eventually return
to its normal state.

Distress
Distress is one of the negative types of stress. This is one of the types of stress that the
mind and body undergoes when the normal routine is constantly adjusted and altered. The
mind is not comfortable with this routine, and craves the familiarity of a common routine.
There are actually two types of distress: acute stress and chronic stress.

Acute Stress
Acute stress is the type of stress that comes immediately with a change of routine. It is an
intense type of stress, but it passes quickly. Acute stress is the body's way of getting a
person to stand up and take inventory of what is going on, to make sure that everything is
OK

Chronic Stress
Chronic stress will occur if there is a constant change of routine for week after week.
Chronic stress affects the body for a long period of time. This is the type of stress
experienced by someone who constantly faces moves or job changes
Stress Areas
Things that happen outside your body:

 SITUATIONS/EVENTS

 Relationship conflicts
 Job changes
 Stock market fluctuations
 Illness in a loved one
 Divorce or separation
 Being sued
 Losing a job
 Going to the doctor/dentist
 Failures/mistakes
 Retirement
 Overcrowding
 Disasters
 Death of a loved one

 DEMANDS

 Deadlines
 Competition
 Tests/Examinations
 Time pressures
 Family/children problems
 Financial pressures
 Too many responsibilities
 Public speaking
 Public performances
 Caring for others
 Dieting
 Quitting smoking

 OTHER EXTERNAL PROBLEMS

 Inconsiderate neighbors
 Unappreciative boss
 Traffic jams
 Construction problems
 Economic recession
 Business problems
 Employee problems
 Travel problems
 Car problems
 House problems
 Crime
 Vandalism
 Harassment
 Prejudice/discrimination
 Lack of resources
 Lack of opportunities
 Lack of education/training
 Bureaucratic hassles
 Social unrest
 Unexpected crises/changes
 Corporate takeovers

Things That happen inside your body:

 THOUGHTS

 Trouble concentrating
 Compulsive ruminating
 Being overly critical
 Thinking negatively
 Awful zing
 Catastrophizing

FEELINGS
 Feeling tired
 Feeling trapped
 Feeling irritable
 Feeling tense or nervous
 Diminished libido

 MOODS/EMOTIONS
 Acute anxiety (Fears/phobias)
 Chronic anxiety
 Anger
  Sadness
 Frustration
 Worry
 Guilt
 Impatience
 Depression
 Resentment
 Hostility
 Hopelessness
 Powerlessness
 Resignation
 Despair
 Boredom
 Apathy

OTHER BODY RESPONSES

 Muscle aches/tension
 Teeth grinding
 Jaw clenching
 Cold hands/cold feet
 Rapid heart beat
 Headaches
 Neck pains
 Back pains
 Upset stomach
 Diarrhea
 High blood pressure
 Skin rashes
 Increased appetite
 Decreased appetite
 Sleeping problems
 Sexual problems

Managing Stress Better.

Identifying unrelieved stress and being aware of its effect on our lives is not
sufficient for reducing its harmful effects. Just as there are many sources of stress,
there are many possibilities for its management. However, all require work toward
change: changing the source of stress and/or changing your reaction to it. How do
you proceed?
 1. Become aware of your stressors and your emotional and physical
reactions.

Notice your distress. Don't ignore it. Don't gloss over your problems.
Determine what events distress you. What are you telling yourself about
meaning of these events?
Determine how your body responds to the stress. Do you become nervous or
physically upset? If so, in what specific ways?

2. Recognize what you can change.

Can you change your stressors by avoiding or eliminating them completely?
Can you reduce their intensity (manage them over a period of time instead of
on a daily or weekly basis)?
Can you shorten your exposure to stress (take a break, leave the physical
premises)?
Can you devote the time and energy necessary to making a change (goal
setting, time management techniques, and delayed gratification strategies
may be helpful here)?

2. Reduce the intensity of your emotional reactions to stress.

The stress reaction is triggered by your perception of danger...physical

danger and/or emotional danger. Are you viewing your stressors in
exaggerated terms and/or taking a difficult situation and making it a disaster?
Are you expecting to please everyone?
Are you overreacting and viewing things as absolutely critical and urgent? Do
you feel you must always prevail in every situation?
Work at adopting more moderate views; try to see the stress as something
you can cope with rather than something that overpowers you.
Try to temper your excess emotions. Put the situation in perspective. Do not
labor on the negative aspects and the "what if's."

3. Learn to moderate your physical reactions to stress.

Slow, deep breathing will bring your heart rate and respiration back to
normal.
Relaxation techniques can reduce muscle tension. Electronic biofeedback can
help you gain voluntary control over such things as muscle tension, heart
reate, and blood pressure.
Medications, when prescribed by a physician, can help in the short term in
moderating your physical reactions. However, they alone are not the answer.
Learning to moderate these reactions on your own is a preferable long-term
solution.
4. Build your physical reserves.

Exercise for cardiovascular fitness three to four times a week (moderate,

prolonged rhythmic exercise is best, such as walking, swimming, cycling, or
jogging).
Eat well-balanced, nutritious meals.
Maintain your ideal weight.
Avoid nicotine, excessive caffeine, and other stimulants.
Mix leisure with work. Take breaks and get away when you can.
 Get enough sleep. Be as consistent with your sleep schedule as possible.

5. Maintain your emotional reserves.

Develop some mutually supportive friendships/relationships.

Pursue realistic goals which are meaningful to you, rather than goals others
have for you that you do not share.
Expect some frustrations, failures, and sorrows.

Always be kind and gentle with yourself -- be a friend to yourself.

There’s not an easy solution to deal with the problem of stress. Stress is encountered in
almost every aspect of our lives. Like successful weight management, in order to achieve
stress reduction we must weave the solution into the fabric of our lives. Through regular
practice of stress reduction techniques, symptoms of stress decrease and become more
manageable.

For the most part, stress is largely under your control. You may not be able to control the
situation, however, your reaction in any given situation is entirely under your control.
One way to monitor and understand stress in your life is to record your feelings in a
diary. Once you gain better awareness of the things that cause you stress, you can then
build an action plan to positively manage it by creating some positive goals to help
reduce the amount of stress in your daily life.

Relaxation: Stress Management Techniques

For the next few moments... stop doing... just sit. Become aware of your breath. Focus on
the subtle ebb and flow as you breath in, and breath out, and breath in, and breath out,
and breath in, and breath out...

You have just experienced a relaxing, albeit brief, time-out. When practiced throughout
the day, this breathing exercise can reduce your stress level significantly! There are a
variety of stress management techniques that will help decrease the amount of anxiety
you experience in your life. My list is not all inclusive, but it’s a good start. I suggest you
experiment with a wide variety of techniques to find the ones that work best for you.
Once you find some effective techniques, practice them regularly to weave them into the
fabric of your daily life.

Deep breathing. The exercise like the one explained above can give you some
immediate relief from a stressful situation. Focus on slowing your heart rate down by
breathing in deeply and slowly, then exhaling slowly and completely. Repeat the
inhale/exhale cycle at least five times and you should notice a decrease in your heart rate
and anxiety level.

Quiet time. Taking some quite time for yourself can often reduce stress. Find a place at
home and at work where you can get away from everyone and take a few minutes for
yourself. You can practice any relaxation technique or simply spend the time thinking
through a problematic situation. Use the time to do whatever will help you to relax.

Relaxation media. There is a variety of relaxation media on the market in the form of
cassettes, CD’s, videos and even computer software. These products can provide you
with multiple forms of stress management techniques, step-by-step instruction, soothing
music and more.

Visualization. Mental visualization is a powerful technique. While it can be

implemented in almost any situation, visualization has gained notoriety in it’s successful
practice by competitive athletes. The basic technique of visualization is to put yourself in
a relaxed position, breathe deeply and rhythmically and close your eyes. Then, in detail,
imagine in your mind’s eye a peaceful place or any surroundings that are pleasant and
claming to you. While imagining this place, focus on breathing deeply and releasing
tension from your entire body.

Visualization can also be used to play out a situation from the beginning to its positive
end. This is one of the variations used by competitive athletes. In your mind’s eye, you
imagine in detail, the chain of events and the actions you will perform to attain a positive
end result. During this process, focus on breathing deeply, releasing tension from your
body and approaching every action in a calm and confident manner.

Yoga. The word yoga comes from Sanskrit language meaning union and is believed to
be at least 6000 years old, originating in India. Yoga combines dynamic physical exercise
with a lifestyle philosophy. There are many forms of yoga but the goal is always the
same, perfect self knowledge. More specifically, the ultimate goal of yoga philosophy is
complete detachment from reality, as we understand it, and complete self knowledge. By
separating our "self" from the environment we are able to come to terms with our
individual personality and start putting our mind and emotions in order. If you would like
to experiment with yoga as a stress management tool, check out some books at the library
to learn more or rent a beginner’s yoga video tape. There are alot of good exercise
video’s available on yoga that would be worth experimenting with.

Meditation. Meditation is meant to bring about awareness, nothing else. It’s a time to
connect to your inner “source” and let go of the issues, responsibilities and situations that
bind your life. The benefits of mediation are uniquely individual, but both physiological
and psychological balancing is common. To get you started, here is an explanation of
how to practice classic and simple meditation:

The Mantra: A mantra is a sound, word, or phrase that is repeated to yourself out loud or
silently. The purpose of the mantra is to discard your normal thoughts and focus your
awareness inward. You can select anything as your mantra from a single word to
religious scripture, anything that is meditative for you.

Exercise. Exercise is an excellent means of releasing tension from your body and
inducing a relaxation response. You’ve been practicing this technique for many weeks
now. Among the other benefits physical activity brings, have you experienced a reduction
in stress?

Stretching. Stress makes your muscles tense up and can cause headaches, a stiff neck,
sore shoulders and a knotted back. Full body stretching will help your muscles relax and
help you to breath deeper. Always remember to hold stretches for a minimum of ten
seconds and concentrate on elongating the muscle slowly and rhythmically. Don’t
bounce! When you don’t have the time to stretch your entire body, try these simple upper
body stretching exercises to release tension. They can be easily done in a chair anywhere;
at home, at the office, traveling in a car, bus or on plane:

• Neck. Sit comfortably with your back straight and your shoulders relaxed. Tilt
your head to the left as though you are trying to touch your left ear to your
shoulder. Feel the stretch on the right side of your neck. Hold the stretch for 10
seconds. Be sure not to let your shoulders raise up, keep them down and relaxed.
Now, slowly move your head to the right, repeating the exercise to stretch the left
side of your neck. Last, slowly roll your head down, bowing your head and try to
touch your chin to your chest. Feel the stretch down the back of your neck. Hold
this position for 10 seconds. A word of caution: Do not tilt your head back in an
attempt to stretch the front of your neck, this position hyperextends the neck and
can cause physical harm.

• Shoulders. Sit comfortably with your back straight, your shoulders relaxed and
your arms at your sides. Slowly begin rolling your shoulders in a circular,
backward motion. Keep the movement isolated to your shoulders and keep your
arms relaxed and limp. Roll your shoulders back ten times then begin rolling them
forward ten times. Make the largest circles you can and feel the full range of
motion as your shoulders move.

Next, shrug your shoulders up as though you were trying to touch them to your
ears, then bring them down as though your were pressing them to the ground.
Repeat this up and down shrugging ten times.

• Back. Sit comfortably with your back straight, your shoulders relaxed and your
arms at your sides. Slowly rotate your torso and head as though you were looking
over your left shoulder. Rotate as far around as you comfortably can and hold the
stretch for ten seconds. Slowly bring your torso and head back to center position
and rotate to your right side. Hold the stretch for 10 seconds.

Next, sit comfortably with your back straight, your shoulders relaxed and cross
your arms in front of your chest. Now bring your crossed arms up to a 90 degree
angle, perpendicular to your body and hold them there. Slowly begin rounding
your back, making your chest concave. Stretch your arms away from your back as
though a sting was tied around your arms pulling them forward and another string
attached to your back was pulling it backwards. Hold the stretch for ten seconds.
 Lastly, sit comfortably with your back straight, your shoulders relaxed and your
arms at your side. Slowly begin leaning forward until you are resting your chest in
your lap. Allow your arms to relax and gently fall to the floor and bow your head
over your knees. Feel the stretch across your back as you let your body go limp.
Hold this stretch for ten seconds.

Give yourself reminders. Part of the problem with some of these techniques is simply
remembering to practice them. At home, at work, or in the car you may want to put up
little reminders to practice a technique. For example, purchase some labels that are small
round colored dots. Put them in various places in your home, car or work area. Whenever
you see one of these colored dots, practice deep breathing. Or, remind yourself with
sticky notes, an on-screen computer message that pops up at various intervals during the
day, schedule it in your daily appointment book, etc. Just be inventive in finding things
that will remind you to take some time to de-stress.

“Is this worth the stress?” Often we become involved in situations that simply aren’t
worth the stress that they cause. Ask yourself this question occasionally, and if the
answer is “No,” move on.

Be aware of situations you can’t control. Have the wisdom to realize when you’re in
a situation you can’t control, then accept it. Don’t waste your time trying to change it.
Instead, focus on reacting to the situation in a stress-free manner.

Don’t bottle up your feelings. Often stress occurs out of frustration and lack of
communication. Learn positive ways to express your feelings and desires to people who
may be causing you stress. If talking to a person isn’t the answer, then put your feelings
on paper in a journal. Many times the simple act of 'getting it off your chest' in an
appropriate manner will reduce your stress level.

Are chemicals the culprit? Surprisingly, much of the stress you experience daily could
be due to what you are putting into your body in the form of chemicals. Be sure to eat a
balanced, healthy diet to assure you’re giving your body the nutrients it needs to operate
and maximum efficiency.

• Caffeine is a stimulant. If you drink more than a couple cups a day, try decaf. You
may find that switching to a good decaffeinated coffee will reduce a significant
amount of stress.

• Alcohol in small doses may help you relax. However, in larger amounts it may
increase stress as it disrupts sleep and causes hangovers. Large amounts over an
extended period will start damaging your body.

• Nicotine in the very short-term may appear to relax your body, but it doesn’t.
Nicotine’s toxic effect raises the heart rate and stresses the body and lungs.
Consider quitting! There are a number of stop-smoking aids available on the
market today.
• Sugar can raise energy in the short term. Unfortunately, your body has to
counteract the high dose of sugar in your blood by raising your insulin level. Once
your blood-sugar level is normalized, the insulin will continue acting and you will
experience a decrease in energy lower than before you ate the sugar. Try not to
overtax your body by feeding it high dosages of sugar.