02 - Fundamentals of Ethernet LANs
02 - Fundamentals of Ethernet LANs
02 - Fundamentals of Ethernet LANs
Agenda
Local Area Networks Overview of Ethernet History of Ethernet Common Ethernet Standards Ethernet Media Requirements Ethernet UTP Cabling
UTP Cabling Pinouts for 10BASE-T and 100BASE-T UTP Cabling Pinouts for 1000BASE-T
1/1
1/3
Hubs
Ethernet is the undisputed king of LAN standards today
existed, including Token Ring, Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
Eventually, Ethernet won out over all the competing LAN
standards
Figure on next slide shows a simple Ethernet LAN or Small
2/3
3/3
www.asghars.blogspot.com
Overview of Ethernet
The term Ethernet refers to a family of standards that
1/2
dene the Physical and Data Link layers of the LAN networks
Most of the standards dene a different variation of
Ethernet at the Physical Layer, with differences in speed and types of cabling
Additionally, for the Data Link Layer, the IEEE separates the
the same data link layer standard (common Ethernet header and trailer)over all types of Ethernet physical links
6 www.asghars.blogspot.com
Overview of Ethernet
Ethernet data link protocols focus on sending an
2/2
www.asghars.blogspot.com
History of Ethernet
1/1
directly on Ethernetthe IEEE 802.3 committee and the IEEE 802.2 committee The 802.3 committee worked on Physical Layer standards as well as a subpart of the Data Link Layer called Media Access Control (MAC) The IEEE assigned the other functions of the Data Link Layer to the 802.2 committee, calling this part of the data link layer the Logical Link Control (LLC) sublayer The two early Ethernet standards were 10BASE5 and 10BASE2. You should not expect to need to implement 10BASE5 or 10BASE2 Ethernet LANs today 10BASE5 and 10BASE2 had limitations on the total length of a cable. With 10BASE5, the limit was 500 m; with 10BASE2, it was 185 m Repeaters were used with 10BASE5 and 10BASE2 www.asghars.blogspot.com standards 8
The IEEE in the early 1980s formed two committees that worked
1/2
The T refer to the fact that each of these standards denes the use of UTP cabling, with the T referring to the T in twisted pair. While X refer to the fact that these standards defines the use of fiber optic
www.asghars.blogspot.com
2/2
Ethernet hub
When building a LAN today, you could choose to use
either a hub or a switch as the centralized Ethernet device to which all the computers connect
Even though modern Ethernet LANs typically use
switches
10
www.asghars.blogspot.com
1/1
11
www.asghars.blogspot.com
1/13
the two wires inside a single twisted pair of wires as shown in figure
To send data, the two devices follow an encoding
scheme
12 www.asghars.blogspot.com
2/13
13
www.asghars.blogspot.com
3/13
4/13
15
www.asghars.blogspot.com
5/13
GBIC
SFP
switch
16 www.asghars.blogspot.com
6/13
opposite pins when they transmit data 10Base -T and 100Base-T use two pair of wires in UTP cable, one for each direction as shown in figure
In the figure on last slide, the PC transmits using the top pair,
and the switch on the right transmits using the bottom pair
17 www.asghars.blogspot.com
7/13
to pins 1 and 2, while NIC receivers use a pair of wires at pin position 3 and 6
While the switch knowing those facts do the opposite, their
receivers use the pins 1 and 2, and their transmitters use the pins 3 and 6
Figure shows the straight through cable pinout
18
www.asghars.blogspot.com
8/13
switch
Because like devices
both transmit on over the same pins, therefore; a Crossover cable is used
www.asghars.blogspot.com
19
9/13
the
20
www.asghars.blogspot.com
10/13
21
www.asghars.blogspot.com
11/13
when the wrong cable is used and automatically changes its logic to make the link work
22 www.asghars.blogspot.com
12/13
numbered pin on the other side, but it does so for all eight pins It keeps one pair at pins 1 and 2 and another at pins 2 and 6, just like in the erlier writing. It adds a pair 4 and 5 and the final pair at pins 7 and 8
Crossover Cable Pinouts
Crossover cables crosses the same two-wire pairs as in the
previous Ethernet standards, but it also crosses the two new pairs as well (pair at pins 4,5 with pair at pins 7,8)
www.asghars.blogspot.com
23
13/13
24
www.asghars.blogspot.com
1/8
Fields matter more are discussed in the table on next slide Data and Pad is also Maximum transmission Unit (MTU)
25 www.asghars.blogspot.com
2/8
26
www.asghars.blogspot.com
3/8
hexadecimal, typically is written with periods separating each set of four hex digits. For example, 0000.0C12.3456 is a valid Ethernet address
Ethernet address are also known as Hardware Addresses,
4/8
addresses (UAA) because the IEEE universally (well, at least worldwide) administers address assignment
28
www.asghars.blogspot.com
5/8
Identify more than one LAN interface card. The IEEE denes
MAC addresses, the broadcast address, has a value of FFFF.FFFF.FFFF (hexadecimal notation). The broadcast address implies that all devices on the LAN should process the frame
Multicast Addresses: Multicast addresses are used to allow a
subset of devices on a LAN to communicate. When IP multicasts over an Ethernet, the multicast MAC addresses used by IP follow this format: 0100.5exx.xxxx, where any value can be used in the last half of the address
29 www.asghars.blogspot.com
6/8
7/8
and hosts i.e. It identifies the type of network layer (Layer 3) packet inside the Ethernet frame
The device originating the Ethernet frame insert
a value (a hexadecimal number) to identify the type of packet encapsulated inside the Ethernet frame
IEEE manages a list of EthernetType values As shown in figure, a host can send one Ethernet frame
with IPv4 packet and the next Ethernet frame with IPv6 packet, each of these frame will have different Ethernet Type field value, reserved by the IEEE
31 www.asghars.blogspot.com
8/8
receiving node a way to compare results with the sender, to discover whether errors occurred in the frame Note Error detection does not mean error recovery, Ethernet defines that the errored frame should be discarded, recovery is task of TCP
32
www.asghars.blogspot.com
1/4
the electrical signal on one cable, interpret the bits as 1s and 0s, and generate a brand-new, clean, strong signal out the other cable
A repeater does not simply amplify the signal, because
amplifying the signal might also amplify any noise picked up along the way
Repeaters propagate the collisions
33
www.asghars.blogspot.com
2/4
CSMA/CD imposes half-duplex logic on each device, meaning that only one device can send at a time
Hubs also propagate the collisions,
therefore; Data Link Layer (L2) bridges and switches were introduced
34 www.asghars.blogspot.com
3/4
forward data frames only on the outbound port that reaches the destination of the frame, as opposed to hubs, which send the frame out on all ports
A bridge is slower than a switch because it uses software
35
www.asghars.blogspot.com
4/4
frames only on the outbound port that reaches the destination of the frame
Switches can buffer frames in memory, switches can
port of the switch allow the use of full-duplex operation. Full duplex means that an Ethernet card can send and receive concurrently
36 www.asghars.blogspot.com