2013 Sample Questions

INTERNATIONAL
ADVANCED LEVEL
Chemistry
SAMPLE ASSESSMENT MATERIALS

Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Subsidiary in Chemistry (XCH01)
Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Level in Chemistry (YCH01)
For first teaching in September 2013
First examination January 2014
Unit 1: WCH01/01 The Core Principles of Chemistry

Sample Assessment Material ................................................................................................................... 3

ample Mark Scheme ................................................................................................................................ 27
Unit 2: WCH02/01 Application of Core Principles of Chemistry

Sample Assessment Material ................................................................................................................ 51

Sample Mark Scheme .............................................................................................................................. 75
Unit 3: WCH03/01 Chemistry Laboratory Skills I

Sample Assessment Material ................................................................................................................ 93

Sample Mark Scheme ............................................................................................................................ 105
Unit 4: WCH04/01 General Principles of Chemistry I

Rates, Equilibria and Further Organic Chemistry

Sample Assessment Material .............................................................................................................. 123

Unit 5: WCH05/01 General Principles of Chemistry II

Transition Metals and Organic Nitrogen Chemistry


Unit 6: WCH06/01 Chemistry Laboratory Skills II


Pearson Edexcel International

Advanced Level in Chemistry
Pearson Education Limited 2013
Sample Assessment Materials

Write your name here

Surname
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Pearson Edexcel
Centre Number
Candidate Number
International
Advanced Level
Chemistry
Advanced Subsidiary
Unit 1: The Core Principles of Chemistry
Sample Assessment Material
Time: 1 hour 30 minutes
Paper Reference
WCH01/01
Candidates may use a calculator.
Total Marks
Instructions
black ink or ball-point pen.

Use
in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
Fill
centre number and candidate number.
all questions.
Answer
the questions in the spaces provided
Answer
there may be more space than you need.
Information
total mark for this paper is 80.

The
marks for each question are shown in brackets
The
use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.
Questions labelled with an asterisk (*) are ones where the quality of your
written
communication will be assessed
you should take particular care with your spelling, punctuation and grammar, as
well as the clarity of expression, on these questions.
A Periodic Table is printed on the back cover of this paper.
Advice
Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.

Keep
eye on the time.
Try toananswer
every question.
Check your answers
if you have time at the end.
S45360A
2013 Pearson Education Ltd.
1/

*S45360A0124*
Turn over
SECTION A
Answer ALL the questions in this section. You should aim to spend no more than 20 minutes
on this section. For each question, select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box .
and then mark your new answer with
If you change your mind, put a line through the box
a cross .
1 Which of the following quantities, used in the calculation of the lattice energy of
lithium oxide, Li2O, has a negative value?
A The enthalpy change of atomization of lithium.
B The first ionization energy of lithium.
C The first electron affinity of oxygen.
D The second electron affinity of oxygen.
(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)
2 Which of the diagrams below best represents the shapes of the electron contours in
sodium fluoride?
*S45360A0224*

3 Which of the equations below represents the first electron affinity for oxygen?
A O2(g)
+ 2e 2O(g)
B O2(g)
2e 2O(g)
C O2(g) + e O(g)
D O(g)
+ e O(g)
4 Which pair of ions is isoelectronic?

A Ca2+ and O2
B Na+ and O2
C Li+ and Cl
D Mg2+ and Cl
5 A drop of sodium manganate(VII) solution is placed at the centre of a piece of moist
filter paper on a microscope slide. The ends of the paper are clipped to a 30 V DC
power supply. After a few minutes,
A a purple colour has moved towards the positive terminal.
B a purple colour has moved towards the negative terminal.
C an orange colour has moved towards the positive terminal.
D an orange colour has moved towards the negative terminal.
6 How many moles of ions are present in 20 cm3 of 0.050 mol dm3 calcium chloride
solution, CaCl2(aq)?
A 0.0050
B 0.0030
C 0.0020
D 0.0010

*S45360A0324*
Turn over
7 The Avogadro constant is 6.0 x 1023 mol1. The number of atoms in

1 mol of dinitrogen tetroxide, N2O4, is
A 3.6 1024
B 1.8 1024
C 6.0 1023
D 1.0 1023
8 The equation for the complete combustion of ethane is

2C2H6(g) + 7O2(g) 4CO2(g) + 6H2O(l)
What volume of oxygen, measured at room temperature and pressure, is needed to
completely burn 0.1 mol of ethane?
[The volume of 1 mol of any gas measured at room temperature and pressure is 24 dm3]
A 2.4 dm3
B 4.8 dm3
C 8.4 dm3
D 16.8 dm3
9 A sample of swimming pool water contains 0.482 parts per million (ppm) of chlorine.
This is equal to a percentage of
A 0.000482
B 0.0000482
C 0.00000482
D 0.000000482
*S45360A0424*

10 Bromine has two isotopes with relative isotopic masses 79 and 81. Which of the
following values for mass/charge ratio could correspond to a peak in the mass
spectrum of bromine, Br2? You should assume the ions detected have a single
positive charge.
A 79.9
B 80
C 159
D 160
11 The first five ionization energies of an element, X, are shown in the table.
Ionization
energy
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Value
/ kJ mol1
631
1235
2389
7089
8844
What is the mostly likely formula of the oxide that forms when X burns in oxygen?
A X2O
B XO
C X2O3
D XO2
12 Which of the following has the largest ionic radius?

A S2
B Cl
C K+
D Ca2+

*S45360A0524*
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13 Which of the following is a major effect caused by increased carbon dioxide levels
arising from the burning of fossil fuels?
A Melting of polar ice caps.
B Damage to the ozone layer.
C Increased acid rain.
D Increased skin cancer.
14 Which of the following compounds shows geometric (E-Z or cis-trans) isomerism?

A but-1-ene
B 2-methylbut-1-ene
C but-2-ene
D 2-methylbut-2-ene
15 What is the systematic name for the compound with the following formula?
CH3CH CHCH3
CH3 CH2CH3
A 2-methyl-3-ethylbutane
B 1,2,3-trimethylbutane
C 2,3-dimethylpropane
D 2,3-dimethylpentane
Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.
*S45360A0624*

16 This question is about the reaction of methane with bromine in sunlight.
(1)
CH4 + Br2 CH3Br + HBr

(a) This reaction is best described as
A electrophilic addition.
B electrophilic substitution.
C free radical addition.
D free radical substitution.
(b) One of the steps in the mechanism of this reaction is
(1)
CH3 + Br CH3Br
This step is
A initiation.
B propagation.
C termination.
D reduction.
(c) This reaction produces a mixture of products.
Which of the following is most likely to form, as well as bromomethane?
(1)
A ethane
B propane
C butane
D pentane
(d) When human skin is overexposed to sunlight, it is likely to lead to skin cancer.
What is the radiation in sunlight that leads to skin cancer?
(1)
A microwaves
B infrared
C visible light
D ultraviolet
(Total for Question 16 = 4 marks)

*S45360A0724*
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17 Which equation represents the reaction for which the enthalpy change, H, is the
mean bond energy of the C-F bond?
A CF4(g) C(g) + 4F(g)
B CF4(g) C(g) + F(g)
C C(g) + 4F(g) CF4(g)
D C(g) + F(g) CF4(g)
TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 20 MARKS
10
*S45360A0824*

SECTION B
Answer ALL the questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided.
18 The radioactive isotope iodine-131, 131
53I, is formed in nuclear reactors providing
nuclear power. Naturally occurring iodine contains only the isotope, 127
53 I.
(a) Complete the table to show the number of protons and neutrons in these two
isotopes.
131
53
Isotope
(2)
127
53
Number of protons
Number of neutrons
(b) When iodine-131 decays, one of its neutrons emits an electron and forms a
proton. Identify the new element formed by name or symbol.
(1)
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(c) The problem with radioactive iodine is that it accumulates in humans in the
thyroid gland. Its absorption can be reduced by taking an appropriate daily dose
of a soluble iodine compound.
Suggest a suitable iodine compound which could be used.
(1)
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(d) Nuclear power stations are often proposed as suitable alternatives to those
burning coal, gas or oil.
Suggest a country where, because of its location, the dangers of nuclear power
may outweigh the advantages. Justify your answer.
(1)
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*S45360A0924*
11
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19 This question is about the elements arsenic to rubidium which have atomic numbers
33 to 37.
The first ionization energies, Em1, of these elements are given in the table.
Element
As
Se
Br
Kr
Rb
Em1 / kJ mol1
947
941
1140
1351
403
(a) Write the equation, with state symbols, which represents the first ionization
energy of arsenic.
(b) Suggest the formulae of the hydrides of arsenic and selenium.
(2)
(c) (i) Complete the electronic configuration for an arsenic and a selenium atom
using the electrons-in-boxes notation.
4s
10
12
As
[Ar] 3d10
Se
[Ar] 3d10
(2)
4p
*S45360A01024*

(2)
*(ii) Explain why the first ionization energy of selenium is lower than that of
arsenic.
(2)
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*(d) Explain why the first ionization energy of krypton is higher than that of selenium.
(2)
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*(e) Explain why the first ionization energy of rubidium is lower than that of krypton.
(2)
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(f ) Which of the elements, arsenic to rubidium, is likely to have atoms with the
smallest atomic radius?
(1)
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*S45360A01124*
11
13
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BLANK PAGE
12
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*S45360A01224*

20 Copper(II) sulfate solution, CuSO4(aq), can be made by adding an excess of solid

copper(II) oxide, CuO, to boiling dilute sulfuric acid. This is an exothermic reaction.
The balanced equation for this reaction is
CuO(s) + H2SO4(aq) CuSO4(aq) + H2O(l)
(a) (i) Complete the ionic equation for this reaction, including state symbols.
(2)
CuO(s) +
(ii) Calculate the mass of copper(II) oxide needed, if a 10% excess is required,
when 0.020 mol of sulfuric acid is completely reacted.
[Relative atomic masses: Cu = 63.5 and O = 16.0]
(2)
(b) (i) Suggest, with a reason, how the copper(II) oxide should be added to the
boiling sulfuric acid.
(2)
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*S45360A01324*
13
15
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(ii) When the reaction is complete, the excess copper(II) oxide is removed by
filtration.
To prepare crystals of copper(II) sulfate-5-water, CuSO4.5H2O, the resulting
solution is boiled to remove excess water.
How would you know when sufficient water had been removed?
(1)
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(iii) After cooling the solution, crystals form. State the colour of the crystals.
(1)
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(iv) The crystals all have the same shape. What does this indicate about the
arrangement of the ions?
(1)
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(c) (i) Calculate the molar mass of copper(II) sulfate-5-water, CuSO4.5H2O.

Remember to include the appropriate units in your answer. You will need to
use the Periodic Table as a source of data.
14
16
*S45360A01424*

(2)
(ii) Calculate the percentage yield if 2.7 g of copper(II) sulfate-5-water is obtained

from 0.020 mol of sulfuric acid.
(iii) What is the most likely reason for the yield being well below 100%?
(2)
(1)
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(d) When the crystals are heated, they turn white. On adding water, they return to
their original colour. Suggest a use for this reaction.
(1)
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*S45360A01524*
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15
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BLANK PAGE
16
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*S45360A01624*

21 Sodium hydrogencarbonate decomposes on heating to form sodium carbonate. It is

difficult to measure the enthalpy change of this reaction directly.
2NaHCO3(s) Na2CO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
One method of determining this enthalpy change is to react known amounts of
sodium hydrogencarbonate and sodium carbonate, separately, with excess dilute
hydrochloric acid.
(a) 0.010 mol of solid sodium hydrogencarbonate was added to 25 cm3 of
dilute hydrochloric acid. A temperature rise of 11 C was measured using a
thermometer graduated at 1 C intervals.
(i) Calculate the heat energy produced by this reaction using the equation:
Energy transferred in joules = mass 4.18 change in temperature
(1)
(ii) Calculate the standard enthalpy change for the reaction when one mole of
sodium hydrogencarbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid.
Remember to include a sign and units with your answer which should be
given to three significant figures.

*S45360A01724*
(2)
17
19
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*(b) The standard enthalpy change for the reaction between sodium carbonate and
dilute hydrochloric acid is found by a similar method to be
H d = 321.6 kJ mol1
Complete the Hess energy cycle below by adding the missing arrow and entities.
Use it to calculate the standard enthalpy change for the decomposition of two
moles of sodium hydrogencarbonate as in the equation below.
Remember to show your reasoning clearly.
(5)
2NaHCO3(s) Na2CO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

2HCl(aq)
............................
18
20
( ) + . . . . . . . . .................... ( ) + ............................ ( )
*S45360A01824*

(c) The uncertainty for each thermometer reading is 0.5 C.

Calculate the percentage error in the temperature rise of 11 C.
(1)
(d) Sodium hydrogencarbonate is used in cooking. Suggest what it is used for and
how it works.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

*S45360A01924*
19
21
Turn over
BLANK PAGE
20
22
*S45360A02024*

22 This question is about ethene and its reactions.

Ethene is produced in industry by cracking.
(a) (i) Write the equation for the cracking of dodecane, C12H26, to produce one mole
of ethene as the only alkene product.
(ii) Draw a labelled diagram of the apparatus and materials you would use to
crack dodecane and collect a sample of the gaseous alkene in the laboratory.

*S45360A02124*
(1)
(4)
21
23
Turn over
(b) Draw a diagram to show the regions of electron density in both parts of the
double bond between the carbon atoms in ethene. Label each region with
appropriate symbols.
(c) (i) Give the name and structural formula for the product of the reaction between
ethene and bromine, Br2(l).
(2)
(2)
Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..............................................................................................................................
Formula
(ii) Give the mechanism for the reaction between ethene and bromine.
22
24
*S45360A02224*

(3)
(d) Give the displayed formula for the organic product of the reaction between
ethene and acidified potassium manganate(VII).
(e) (i) Write a balanced equation for the formation of poly(ethene) from ethene,
showing the structure of the polymer clearly.
(ii) Comment on the atom economy of the reaction in (e)(i).
(1)
(2)
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 60 MARKS
TOTAL FOR PAPER = 80 MARKS

*S45360A02324*
23
25
24
26
*S45360A02424*

Mark Scheme (SAM)

Advanced Subsidiary in Chemistry
Unit 1: The Core Principles of
Chemistry

27
All the material in this publication is copyright

Pearson Education Ltd 2013
28

General marking guidance
All candidates must receive the same treatment. Examiners must mark the first
candidate in exactly the same way as they mark the last.
Mark schemes should be applied positively. Candidates must be rewarded for what
they have shown they can do rather than penalised for omissions.
Examiners should mark according to the mark scheme not according to their
perception of where the grade boundaries may lie.
There is no ceiling on achievement. All marks on the mark scheme should be used
appropriately.
All the marks on the mark scheme are designed to be awarded. Examiners should
always award full marks if deserved, i.e. if the answer matches the mark scheme.
Examiners should also be prepared to award zero marks if the candidates response is
not worthy of credit according to the mark scheme.
Where some judgement is required, mark schemes will provide the principles by
which marks will be awarded and exemplification may be limited.
When examiners are in doubt regarding the application of the mark scheme to a
candidates response, the team leader must be consulted.
Crossed-out work should be marked UNLESS the candidate has replaced it with an
alternative response.
Mark schemes will indicate within the table where, and which strands of Quality of
Written Communication, are being assessed. The strands are as follows:
i.
ensure that text is legible and that spelling, punctuation and grammar are
accurate so that meaning is clear
ii.
select and use a form and style of writing appropriate to purpose and to
complex subject matter
iii.
organise information clearly and coherently, using specialist vocabulary when
appropriate.

29
Using the Mark Scheme

Examiners should NOT give credit for incorrect or inadequate answers, but allow
candidates to be rewarded for answers showing correct application of principles and
knowledge. Examiners should therefore read carefully and consider every response:
even if it is not what is expected, it may still be creditworthy.
The mark scheme gives examiners:
an idea of the types of response expected
how individual marks are to be awarded
the total mark for each question
examples of responses that should NOT receive credit.
/
Means that the responses are alternatives and either answer should
receive full credit.
()
Means that a phrase/word is not essential for the award of the mark, but
helps the examiner to get the sense of the expected answer.
Bold
Phrases/words in bold indicate that the meaning of the phrase or the
actual word is essential to the answer.
ecf/TE/cq (error carried forward)(transfer error)(consequential) means that a
wrong answer given in an earlier part of a question is used correctly in
answer to a later part of the same question.
Candidates must make their meaning clear to the examiner to gain the mark. Do not
give credit for correct words/phrases which are put together in a meaningless manner.
Answers must be in the correct context.
Quality of Written Communication

Questions that involve the writing of continuous prose require candidates to:
write legibly, with accurate use of spelling, grammar and punctuation in order to
make the meaning clear
select and use a form and style of writing appropriate to purpose and to complex
subject matter
organise information clearly and coherently, using specialist vocabulary when
appropriate.
Full marks will be awarded if the candidate has demonstrated the above abilities.
Questions where Quality of Written Communication is likely to be particularly
important are indicated (Quality of Written Communication) in the mark scheme, but
this does not preclude others.
30

Section A
Question
Number
1
Answer
Mark
(1)
Question
Number
2
Answer
Question
Number
3
Answer
Question
Number
4
Answer
Question
Number
5
Answer
Question
Number
6
Answer
Question
Number
7
Answer
Question
Number
8
Answer
Question
Number
9
Answer
Question
Number
10
Answer
Question
Number
11
Answer
Question
Number
12
Answer
Question
Number
13
Answer
Mark
(1)
Mark
(1)
Mark
(1)
Mark
(1)
Mark
(1)
Mark
(1)
Mark
(1)
Mark
(1)
Mark
(1)
Mark
(1)
Mark
(1)
Mark
(1)

31
Question
Number
14
Answer
Question
Number
15
Answer
Question
Number
16(a)
Answer
Question
Number
16(b)
Answer
Question
Number
16(c)
Answer
Question
Number
16(d)
Answer
Question
Number
17
Answer
Mark
(1)
Mark
(1)
Mark
(1)
Mark
(1)
Mark
(1)
Mark
(1)
Mark
(1)
Total for Section A = 20 Marks
32

Section B
Question
Number
18(a)
Question
Number
18(b)
Acceptable Answer
Mark
131
Isotope
I53
127
I53
Number of protons
53
53
Number of neutrons
78
74
(2)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Mark
130
Xe54
Xenon/Xe/54Xe/Xe54
XeIodine/I with or
without numbers
(1)
Hydrogen/H with
or without
numbers
Te
Question
Number
18(c)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Potassium iodide/KI
HI
Accept any soluble, non-toxic iodide

or iodate.
KI3
Wrong name, correct formula.
(0)
Correct name, wrong formula.
(0)
Mark
Wrong formulae,
e.g. CaI, MgI
Wrong name,
e.g. calcium
idodate
(1)
BaI2 (toxic)
AgI (insoluble)
Potassium iodine

33
Question
Number
18(d)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Country /ALLOW state and justification

Both needed for 1 mark
Population
density
For example, Japan/New

Zealand/California etc.
Landslide
Mark
Too hot
Country/state at risk from

earthquake/tsunami/flooding.
Surrounded by
other countries
Further examples:
Antarctica
Italy at risk from volcanoes.
(1)
Afghanistan/middle eastern/African
countries at risk from terrorist/(nuclear)
weapon threat/war zone/political
instability/abuse of nuclear power.
USA/America/Jamaica at risk from
hurricanes/tornadoes.
California San Andreas Fault
Total for Question 18 = 5 Marks
34

Question
Number
19(a)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
First mark:
Mark
As(g) + e() As
(g) (electron
affinity)
As(g) e() As+(g)

OR
As(g) As+(g) + e()
Second mark:
All species gaseous.
(2)
A reasonable attempt at an ionization

energy.
Examples: As(g) + e() As+(g)
As(g) e() As-(g)
As2+(g) e() As3+(g)
IGNORE state symbol of electron.
ALLOW upper case/large AS in arsenic.
ALLOW As(g) + e() As+(g) + 2e()
Question
Number
19(b)
(2)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Mark
First mark:
AsH3/H3As
Second mark:
H2Se/SeH2
SE for selenium
IGNORE charges.
(2)
ALLOW upper case/large S in arsenic.

N.B. if two or more answers are given
for one element, mark that element on a
plus/minus basis.

35
Question
Number
19(c)(i)
Acceptable Answer
Mark
4s
4p
As
10
[Ar]3d
Se
[Ar]3d10
One mark for each row.

Arrows may be half-headed.
(2)
Arrows must be in same direction if in singly occupied boxes

(can be down).
ALLOW two arrows for Se in any 4p box.
For selenium two arrows must show opposite spins.
Question
Number
*19(c)
(ii)
Quality
of
Written
Commun
ication
Acceptable Answer
Mark
For parts c(ii), d and e, it is important to keep in

mind the two elements involved in each part:
As and Se
First mark:
EITHER
In Se, (spin) pairing has occurred (for the first time in that p
sub-shell).
OR
Electron removed from orbital containing two electrons.
ALLOW sub-shell for orbital.
(2)
Second mark:
EITHER
(Increase in) repulsion (so electron lost more easily).
OR
Half-filled (sub-) shell/allow orbital (particularly) stable (in
As).
ALLOW orbital for sub-shell.
Mark each point independently.
IGNORE reference to distance from nucleus and shielding.
36

Question
Number
*19(d)
Quality
of
Written
Commun
ication
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Se and Kr
Ionic radius
molecule (unless
monatomic)
First mark:
Mark
EITHER
The nuclear charge is increasing
(nuclear must be stated or clearly
implied).
OR
Number of protons/atomic number is
increasing.
(1)
(2)
Second mark:
(Outermost) electron is closer to the
nucleus/electron is removed from the
same (sub-)shell/electron experiences
similar shielding/(atomic) radius is
smaller/smaller atom.
(1)
ALLOW reverse arguments for selenium.
IGNORE Kr has full outer shell.
Question
Number
*19(e)
Quality
of
Written
Commun
ication
Acceptable Answer
Mark
Kr and Rb
Any two from:
The electron (in Rb) (removed) is further from
the nucleus.
(1)
The electron is in a higher/new/another/5s (energy

quantum) shell/energy level.
(1)
More shielded.
IGNORE any reference to stability of krypton or larger
atomic radius of Rb/full outer shell of Kr.
(1)
(2)
It is possible that two answers may be offered together in

one sentence, e.g. Rb outer electron is in another shell
further from nucleus.
(2)

37
Question
Number
19(f)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Krypton/Kr
Anything else
Mark
(1)
Total for Question 19 = 13 marks

Question
Number
20(a)(i)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
CuO(s) + 2H+(aq) Cu2+(aq) + H2O(l)
Left-hand side (1), right-hand side (1)
Mark
Charges within
water molecule
If SO42- are on both sides, maximum

1 mark.
(2)
ALLOW correct entities and balancing

with no or incorrect state symbols,
for 1 mark.
ALLOW multiples.
Question
Number
20(a)(ii)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
1.749/1.75/1.7 with or without working

scores.
(2)
1.74
1.8
Mark
If answer incorrect look for:

Mass = 79.5 x 0.02 OR =1.59
(1)
OR
TE from incorrect mass for 1 mark.
(2)
Their mass x 1.1= their correct answer to

2/3/4SF (g)
(1)
Accept crossed 7s.
ALLOW both ways of writing 4 i.e. if 4
looks like 9.
38

Question
Number
20(b)(i)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
First mark:
Spitting/violent
reaction/fizzing
Add in small portions/use a spatula/use

a small spoon/slowly/gradually.
Second mark:
To prevent (mixture/acid) boiling
over/frothing/spilling/splashing/splash
back.
Mark
Reaction is
exothermic alone
Bubbles of carbon
dioxide
(2)
Mark independently.
Bubbles are neutral.
IGNORE add carefully/cautiously alone.
Question
Number
20(b)(ii)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Mark
Dip in glass rod.

Remove and allow to cool.
See if crystals form.
ALLOW any workable suggestion.
Solution thickens
precipitate
forming
Examples:
See crystals/salt forming around edge
of beaker.
(1)
Depth of colour of solution increases.

Solution/colour becomes darker.
Solution/colour becomes deeper blue.
Dark blue solution.
Reduce volume by at least half/until
crystals form.
Question Acceptable Answer
Number
20(b)(iii) Blue

Reject
Mark
Any mention of
green or other
colour
(1)
39
Question
Number
20(b)(iv)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Mark
(The ions are arranged in a) regular

(way)/lattice.
OR
The ions are arranged in the same
way/have same arrangement/have
uniform arrangement.
The ions are

arranged in a
similar/fixed way
(1)
The term structure is neutral and

should be ignored.
IGNORE statements about ions attracting
or repelling.
Question
Number
20(c)(i)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Mark
249.6 g mol-1
ALLOW 249.5 g mol-1.
ALLOW 250 g mol-1
g/mol-1
value (1) units (1)
(2)
Common wrong values are 159.5/6,

185.5/6, 249.
ALLOW unit mark with any or no value.
ALLOW g/mol for unit.
40

Question
Number
20(c)(ii)
Acceptable Answer
Mark
(1)
Max yield = 249.6 x 0.02 = 4.992(g)

Percentage yield = 2.7 x 100
4.992
(1)
= (54.0865) = 54%
If 249.5 is used = (54.1082) = 54%
OR
2.7/249.6 = 0.01082
(1)
Percentage yield = 0.01082 x 100/0.02 = 54%
(1)
(2)
ALLOW TE from any value in (i), and note:

159.6 gives 84.6%
185.6 gives 72.7%
IGNORE SF except one SF.
(2)
Correct answer, no working scores.

Question
Number
20(c)(iii)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
(Copper(II) sulfate is soluble) so some

remains in solution/some remains on the
filter paper.
Experimental
error/
incomplete
reaction
IGNORE other transfer errors.

Incomplete crystallization not all the
crystals are formed.
Question
Number
20(d)
Mark
Filtering alone
Efflorescence
Acceptable Answer
Reject
This is a (chemical) test for (the

presence of) water.
Check to see if
substance is
hydrated
Invisible ink.
Mark
Drying agent
Moisture/humidity test.
Test to see if solutions are aqueous.
(1)
(1)
Quantitative
measurements of
water content

41
Question
Number
21(a)(i)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
25 x 4.18 x 11 = 1149.5 (J)

ALLOW 1.1495 kJ
1149.5 kJ
Mark
Otherwise ignore units even if incorrect.
(1)
IGNORE sign.
IGNORE SF except one or two SF.
Question
Number
21(a)(ii)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
-115 kJ mol-1
J or kJ alone
Mark
ALLOW -115000 J mol-1

Sign with correct value.
(1)
Units and three significant figures.
(1)
Mark independently.
(2)
ALLOW TE from (i)

-114 kJ mol-1 (rounding error) scores 1
mark
-115.0 kJ mol-1 scores 1 mark
Values of -4600 and -3.86 are quite
common.
ALLOW K and j in any case in units.
Question
Number
*21(b)
Quality
of
Written
Commun
ication
Acceptable Answer
Mark
2NaHCO3(s) Na2CO3(s)+CO2(g)+H2O(l)
2HCl(aq)
(2HCl(aq))
2NaCl(aq) + 2CO2(g) +
2H2O(l)
First mark:
Arrow from products in top line to lower line and correct
entities.
(1)
NaCl + CO2 + H2O
(5)
Second mark:
2NaCl(aq) + 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
Correct state symbols and balancing.
(1)
Ho = +91.6 OR +91.7 (kJ mol-1)

ALLOW no positive sign only if correct
working with correct signs given .
42

(3)
Question
Number
21(b)
continu
ed
Acceptable Answer
Mark
Third mark:
Correct use of Hesss Law (in numbers or symbols)
consistent with arrow direction.
(1)
Fourth mark:
2 x (-115) = Ho -321.6
Correct multiples and numbers.
ALLOW 2 x any number (including -4600 and -3.86)
except 2 x +/- 321.6.
(1)
Notice third and fourth marks can be scored by:
Ho = 2(115) (-321.6)
Fifth mark:
Ho = 2(115) (-321.6)
= +91.6 (kJ mol-1)
OR
Ho = 2(114.95) (-321.6)
= +91.7 (kJ mol-1)
Correct value for their calculation with correct sign.
IGNORE SF except 1.
ALLOW no positive sign only if correct working with
correct signs given.
(1)
Omitting 2 x gives +206.6 (could get 4 marks)

-4600 gives -598.4
-3.86 gives +313.88
Question
Number
21(c)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
(() 0.5 x 2 x 100/11 )= ()9.09 (%)
9.10/9.0
ALLOW at 9.0909/9.091/9.1 and 9.

Mark
(1)
43
Question
Number
21(d)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Mark
First mark:
It is used as a raising agent/self-raising
flour/baking soda/baking powder.
OR
To make pastry
rise
Bicarbonate of
soda
Causes cakes/(soda) bread to

rise/expand.
Second mark:
Carbon dioxide (released on heating
causes cakes/bread to rise).
Gas
Air
(2)
OR
It reacts with acid to form carbon dioxide
(in baking powder) providing bread/cake
etc is mentioned.
ALLOW
Used in cooking green vegetables to
keep green colour.
Neutralising acid
foods

Question
Number
22(a)(i)
Acceptable Answer
Mark
C12H26 C10H22 + C2H4

IGNORE state symbols even if incorrect.
(1)
ALLOW displayed and structural formula for ethane.
44

Question
Number
22 (a)(ii)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Collection over water or in gas syringe

(1)
Delivery tube
through
glassware
IGNORE solid bung with delivery tube

coming out/accidental sealing in
drawing/clamps.
Mark
This is the only stand-alone mark.

Dependent on diagram, including
roughly horizontal tube:
Labelled ceramic fibre/any sort of wool
(unless any named metal) (soaked in
dodecane).
(1)
Aluminium oxide/porcelain
pieces/catalyst/catalyst with incorrect
name or incorrect formula/any named
metal/anti-bump granules.
(1)
(4)
Heat under catalyst/under middle of

test tube.
(1)
Ceramic fibre
soaked in dodecane
Bunsen valve
fits here
Aluminium
Oxide/
Porcelain

45
Question
Number
22(b)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Mark
bond
bond
EITHER
Diagram of bonds, the single bond must
be shown as a region of space and not as
a single or double straight line.
(1)
Labelled (sigma) and (pi) in correct
places on correctly drawn bonds, i.e. this
mark can only be awarded if bonds
correctly drawn.
(1)
OR
(2)
bond
bond
bond
bond
can be
shown
with
dashes
bond
46
Labelled pi bond
(1)
Labelled sigma bond
(1)

Question
Number
22(b)
continu
ed
Acceptable Answer
Mark
Bonds may be shown by overlap of appropriate orbitals,

when any orbital or region of overlap may be labelled.
Only one pi lobe/bond need be labelled.
Carbons need not be shown.
Bonds may be drawn on separate diagrams.
IGNORE C-H bonds.
IGNORE any additional electron density maps.
IGNORE any partial charges.
Question
Number
22(c)(i)
Acceptable Answer
1, 2-dibromoethane
Reject
Mark
C2H4Br2
(2)
(1)
IGNORE punctuation.
(1)
CH2BrCH2Br
ALLOW displayed/skeletal formula.
Mark independently.
Bromoethane with CH2BrCH3

(0)
47
Question
Number
Acceptable Answer
Mark
22 (c)(ii)
First mark:
Arrow from double bond towards nearest bromine
atom and arrow from bond between bromine atoms
to furthest bromine atom.
(3)
Second mark:
Correct formula of carbocation intermediate.
Third mark:
Arrow from anywhere on the bromide ion to positive carbon.
ALLOW missing hydrogens if bonds from carbons shown.
ALLOW full marks for TE bromoethane formation using HBr
and first arrow to H of HBr.
ALLOW full marks for TE 1,2 dibromopropane.
Question
Number
22(d)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Mark
Skeletal formula
or structural
formula
ALLOW O-H not displayed.
(1)
ALLOW vertical C bond to any part of

OH.
Only penalise clear C-H-O/CH-O bond
horizontally.
IGNORE any name whether correct or
not.
48

Question
Number
22(e)(i)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
nCH2=CH2 (CH2-CH2)n
(CH2=CH2 )n
Left side
(1)
Right side extension bonds must be

shown.
Mark independently.
(1)
Mark
Accept nC2H4 (CH2-CH2)n.
(2)
Penalise omission of n only once.

ALLOW
nCH2=CH2 + nCH2=CH2 (CH2-CH2)n
for two marks.
ALLOW multiples of C2H4 in product.
Question
Number
22(e)(ii)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Mark
100% with one of the following:

Only one product
No product
lost/no side
reaction(s)
OR
No by-products/no other product
(1)
OR
All reactants form the product
All reactants form

the products
OR
As addition reaction
IGNORE same empirical formula

Total for Section B = 60 Marks
Total for Paper = 80 Marks

49
50


Surname
Other names
Pearson Edexcel
Centre Number
Candidate Number
International
Advanced Level
Chemistry
Advanced Subsidiary
Unit 2: Application of Core Principles of Chemistry
Paper Reference
WCH02/01
Total Marks
Instructions

Use
Fill
in
boxes at the top of this page with your name,
centrethe
number and candidate number.
all questions.
Answer
Answer
Information

The
The
Questions
labelled with an asterisk (*) are ones where the quality of your
written communication
will be assessed
Advice

Keep
eye on the time.
Try toananswer
every question.
Check your answers
S45361A
1/

*S45361A0124*
Turn over
51
SECTION A
Answer ALL the questions in this section. You should aim to spend no more than 20 minutes
on this section. For each question, select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box .
a cross .
1 Which of the following molecules has the smallest bond angle?
A H2O
B NH3
C CH4
D SF6
2 A charged rod is held beside a stream of liquid coming from a burette. Which of the
following liquids would NOT be significantly deflected?
A H2O
B CCl4
C C2H5OH
D C2H5Br
3 Which of the following statements about electronegativity is true?

A Non-metals have lower electronegativity than metals.
B Electronegativity decreases across a period in the Periodic Table.
C Electronegativity decreases going down a group in the Periodic Table.
D The bonds between atoms with equal electronegativity are always weak.
52
*S45361A0224*

4 In which series of compounds does the covalent character increase, going from left to
right?
A NaCl, MgCl2, AlCl3, SiCl4
B SiO2, Al2O3, MgO, Na2O
C LiI, NaI, KI, RbI
D KI, KBr, KCl, KF
5 Going down Group 2 from calcium to barium

A the first ionization energy of the element increases.
B the strength of the metallic bonding increases.
C the polarizing power of the 2+ ion decreases.
D the stability of the nitrate to heat decreases.
6 Fullerenes, graphite and diamond are all forms of carbon. Fullerenes dissolve in
petrol, but diamond and graphite do not. This is because
A the bonds between the carbon atoms in fullerenes are weaker than in
diamond or graphite.
B diamond and graphite are giant structures but fullerenes are molecular.
C there are delocalized electrons in diamond and graphite but not in fullerenes.
D there are covalent bonds in diamond and graphite, but not in fullerenes.
7 Sodium chloride is more soluble in water than in hexane because

A the intermolecular forces between water molecules are stronger than those
between hexane molecules.
B hexane molecules cannot fit between the ions in the sodium chloride lattice.
C energy is released when the ions in sodium chloride are hydrated.
D sodium ions and chloride ions form hydrogen bonds with water.

*S45361A0324*
53
Turn over
8 Hydrochloric acid and sodium carbonate solution react as shown below.

2HCl(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
Which sample of sodium carbonate solution will be neutralized by 20 cm3 of
0.05moldm3 hydrochloric acid?
Volume of sodium
carbonate/
cm3
Concentration of sodium
carbonate/
mol dm3
10
0.05
40
0.05
40
0.10
10
0.10
9 A white solid produces oxygen when it is heated, but no other gases. The solid could
be
A lithium nitrate.
B potassium nitrate.
C strontium nitrate.
D calcium oxide.
10 A solid is soluble in water and produces steamy acidic fumes with concentrated
sulfuric acid. The solid could be
A potassium carbonate.
B magnesium sulfate.
C silver chloride.
D sodium chloride.
54
*S45361A0424*

11
OH
The systematic name of the compound with skeletal formula shown above is
A 1,1-dimethylethanol.
B 2,2-dimethylethanol.
C 2-methylpropan-1-ol.
D 2-methylpropan-2-ol.
12 Samples of 1-chloropropane and 1-bromopropane are warmed with water containing
dissolved silver nitrate in the presence of ethanol. The 1-chloropropane reacts more
slowly because
A the CCl bond is more polar than the CBr bond.
B the CCl bond is stronger than the CBr bond.
C 1-chloropropane is less soluble than 1-bromopropane.
D 1-chloropropane is a weaker oxidizing agent than 1-bromopropane.
13 The reaction of 1-chloropropane with water containing dissolved silver nitrate in the
presence of ethanol is
A a redox reaction.
B a nucleophilic substitution.
C an electrophilic substitution.
D a free radical substitution.

*S45361A0524*
55
Turn over
14 The compound with formula CH3CH(NH2)CH3 can be made by reacting alcoholic

ammonia with
A propane.
B propene.
C 2-chloropropane.
D propan-2-ol.
15
Fraction of
molecules with
energy, E
Energy, E
The energy marked X in the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution shows

A the most common energy of the molecules.
B the activation energy of the reaction.
C the activation energy of a catalysed reaction.
D the number of molecules with energy greater than the activation energy.
56
*S45361A0624*

16 In the industrial process involving gas phase reactions to produce ammonia, many
collisions between molecules are unsuccessful because
A gas phase reactions are reversible.
B the collisions are not energetic enough to break the bonds in the molecules.
C gas phase reactions can only occur when a catalyst is present.
D gas phase reactions can only occur when UV light is present.
17 The molecular (parent) ion in the mass spectrum of a hydrocarbon containing 12C and
1
H only
A is the peak with highest relative abundance.
B is the peak with highest charge.
C is the peak produced by the most stable fragment.
D is the peak with highest mass to charge ratio.
18 A compound which has major peaks with mass / charge ratio at 29, 57 and 58 in the
mass spectrum could be
A propanal, CH3CH2CHO.
B propanone, CH3COCH3.
C propan-1-ol, CH3CH2CH2OH.
D propan-2-ol, CH3CH(OH)CH3.
19 Which of the following would not be used to assess whether the use of a biofuel
produced from a crop of sugar cane is carbon neutral?
The amount of
A fuel used to operate farm machinery.
B pesticides and fertilisers used.
C energy released per tonne of biofuel.
D fuel used to process the crop.

*S45361A0724*
57
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20 The principal reason why scientists have recommended that chlorofluorocarbons

(CFCs) are not used in aerosols is that they cause
A global warming.
B acid rain.
C ozone depletion.
D water pollution.
58
*S45361A0824*

BLANK PAGE

*S45361A0924*
59
Turn over
SECTION B
21 (a) (i) An alkaline solution is produced when barium reacts with cold water. Write
the equation for this reaction, including all state symbols.
(ii) The reaction in (a)(i) is a redox reaction. State the initial and final oxidation
number of any element that changes its oxidation number.
(2)
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Dilute hydrochloric acid is added to the solution produced in (a)(i). Write the
equation for the reaction which occurs. State symbols are not required.
(c) Dilute sulfuric acid is added to another sample of the solution produced in
(a)(i). How would the appearance of the resulting mixture differ from the mixture
produced in (b)? Explain this difference.
Appearance
(1)
(2)
............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Explanation .............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
60
*S45361A01024*

(d) (i) Two white powders are known to be barium carbonate and magnesium
carbonate.
How could you distinguish between the two powders by heating them?
[No practical details are required.]
Include the equation for the action of heat on one of these carbonates. State
symbols are not required.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Equation:
(ii) Suggest another test, other than heating or the use of an acid, which could be
used to distinguish between magnesium carbonate and barium carbonate.
State the results for both compounds.
Test
(2)
.................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Result with magnesium carbonate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Result with barium carbonate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

*S45361A01124*
11
61
Turn over
BLANK PAGE
12
62
*S45361A01224*

22 (a) The products of the reaction when 2-chlorobutane is heated with sodium
hydroxide depend on the conditions.
(i) What condition, other than a suitable temperature and sodium hydroxide
concentration, would produce a mixture of but-1-ene and but-2-ene?
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) What type of reaction occurs in (a)(i)?
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) What condition, other than a suitable temperature and sodium hydroxide
concentration, would produce butan-2-ol in the reaction of 2-chlorobutane
with sodium hydroxide?
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iv) Suggest the mechanism for the reaction of 2-chlorobutane with hydroxide
ions to form butan-2-ol. Use curly arrows to show the movement of electron
pairs.

*S45361A01324*
(2)
13
63
Turn over
(b) Phosphorus(V) chloride, PCl5, can be used to test for the OH group.
Describe what would be seen when phosphorus(V) chloride is added to
butan-2-ol. Give the equation for the reaction. State symbols are not required.
(2)
Observation ............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Equation
(c) A tertiary alcohol, A, is an isomer of butan-2-ol.

(i) Butan-2-ol and A can be distinguished by warming separate samples with a
mixture of potassium dichromate(VI) and sulfuric acid. State the observations
which would be made with each alcohol.
(2)
Observation with butan-2-ol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Observation with A
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Give the structural formula of the organic product which forms when
butan-2-ol is oxidized.
14
64
*S45361A01424*

(1)
(iii) Explain how infrared spectroscopy could be used to detect whether

butan-2-ol has been oxidized.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

*S45361A01524*
15
65
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23 The boiling temperatures of fluorine and two of its compounds are given below.
Substance
F2
CH3F
HF
Tb /K
85
195
293
(a) A molecule of F2 has 18 electrons.

Which intermolecular force depends to a large extent on the number of electrons
in the molecule?
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Calculate the number of electrons in a molecule of CH3F.
(1)
(c) Explain why the boiling temperature of CH3F is greater than that of F2, referring to
the intermolecular forces present.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(d) Explain why the boiling temperature of HF is the highest in the series.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
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*S45361A01624*

(e) Explain why the values of the boiling temperatures for Cl2, CH3Cl and HCl do not
follow the same trend as F2, CH3F and HF.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

*S45361A01724*
17
67
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24 The percentage by mass of tin in a piece of rock containing tin(IV) oxide, SnO2, was
determined as described in the procedure below.
Step 1 A sample of rock, with mass 10.25 g, was crushed and dissolved in sulfuric
acid.
Step 2 The solution was treated with a reducing agent to convert the Sn4+ to Sn2+
ions.
Step 3 50 cm3 of aqueous iodine solution with concentration 0.250 mol dm3 was
added to the solution of Sn2+ ions. The following reaction occurred:
Sn2+(aq) + I2(aq) Sn4+(aq) + 2I(aq)
Step 4 The excess iodine was titrated with sodium thiosulfate solution with
concentration 0.100 mol dm3. The volume of sodium thiosulfate solution
required was 11.60 cm3.
(a) Thiosulfate ions react with iodine as shown below.
2S2O32(aq) + I2(aq) S4O62(aq) + 2I(aq)
(i) Calculate the number of moles of sodium thiosulfate which were used in
Step 4.
(ii) Calculate the number of moles of iodine which reacted with this amount of
sodium thiosulfate.
(iii) Calculate the number of moles of iodine added to the solution of Sn2+ ions in
Step 3.
(iv) Use your results from (ii) and (iii) to calculate the number of moles of iodine
which reacted with the Sn2+ ions from the rock.
18
68
*S45361A01824*

(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(v) Hence calculate the percentage by mass of tin in the rock.
(2)
(b) (i) What change could be made in Step 4 to improve the reliability of the result?
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(ii) The error each time the burette was read was 0.05 cm3. Calculate the
percentage error in the titre value of 11.60 cm3.
(iii) How could the percentage error in the titre value be reduced without using a
different burette?
(1)
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) The titration can be carried out with or without an indicator. What colour change
would be seen at the end-point if an indicator was not used? The tin ions are
colourless.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


*S45361A01924*
19
69
Turn over
SECTION C
Answer ALL the questions in this section. Write your answers in the spaces provided.
25 (a) Sea water is a source of chemicals. The most abundant chemical dissolved in
sea water is sodium chloride. Compounds of magnesium and bromine are also
present. Magnesium occurs at 1300 parts per million (ppm) and bromine at
60ppm by mass.
The solution left after crystallizing sodium chloride from sea water is even richer
in bromine, and contains around 2.2 g dm3 of bromine.
Bromine is extracted from this solution by passing in chlorine gas. The mixture is
acidified to prevent hydrolysis of bromine by the reaction
Br2(aq) + H2O(l) 2H+(aq) + Br(aq) + BrO(aq)
The bromine can be separated by heating the solution to collect bromine vapour
which is then condensed, or by blowing air through the solution.
(i) Show by calculation that a solution containing 2.2 g dm3 of bromine is richer
in bromine than one containing 60 ppm.
[Assume that the mass of 1 dm3 of the bromine solution is 1000 g]
(1)
(ii) Write an ionic equation, including state symbols, for the reaction in which
chlorine gas reacts with bromide ions in solution to produce bromine.
(iii) What would be observed when the reaction in (ii) occurs?
(2)
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
70
*S45361A02024*

(iv) Explain why the addition of an acid, such as hydrochloric acid, prevents
hydrolysis of bromine.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(v) Assuming the hydrolysis of bromine is endothermic, explain how an increase

in temperature would affect the equilibrium position for the hydrolysis of
bromine.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(vi) Use your knowledge of activation energy to explain why an increase in

temperature increases the rate of hydrolysis of bromine.
(1)
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(vii) Use the equation for the hydrolysis of bromine to show that it is a
disproportionation reaction.
Br2(aq) + H2O(l) 2H+(aq) + Br(aq) + BrO(aq)
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

*S45361A02124*
21
71
Turn over
(b) At the surface of the sea, there is a dynamic equilibrium between carbon dioxide
gas in air and dissolved carbon dioxide in the surface sea water.
CO2(g) CO2(aq)
(i) State two features of a system which has reached dynamic equilibrium.
1.
(2)
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. . . . . . . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.
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*(ii) Carbon dioxidedissolves more easily in seawater than in pure water because
seawater contains carbonate ions, CO32(aq), and the following reaction
occurs.
CO2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO32(aq) 2HCO3(aq)
Explain how an increase in concentration of carbonate ions in sea water
affects the amount of carbon dioxide gas in the atmosphere.
(2)
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(iii) Carbon dioxide and water vapour both contain polar bonds.
What effect does infrared radiation have on the bonds in these molecules?
(1)
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22
72
*S45361A02224*

*(iv) Outline the mechanism by which molecules such as carbon dioxide and water
cause global warming.
(2)
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*(v) Without water vapour in the atmosphere, the earth would be many degrees
colder than it is at present. Why are many climate change scientists more
concerned about warming due to carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, than
warming due to the presence of water vapour? Refer to the difference
between anthropogenic climate change and natural climate change in your
answer.
(4)
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. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

TOTAL FOR SECTION C = 22 MARKS
*S45361A02324*
23
73
24
74
*S45361A02424*

Mark Scheme (SAM)

Unit 2: Application of Core
Principles of Chemistry

75

76

All candidates must receive the same treatment. Examiners must mark the
first candidate in exactly the same way as they mark the last.
Mark schemes should be applied positively. Candidates must be rewarded for
what they have shown they can do rather than penalised for omissions.
There is no ceiling on achievement. All marks on the mark scheme should be
used appropriately.
All the marks on the mark scheme are designed to be awarded. Examiners
should always award full marks if deserved, i.e. if the answer matches the
mark scheme. Examiners should also be prepared to award zero marks if the
candidates response is not worthy of credit according to the mark scheme.
Where some judgement is required, mark schemes will provide the principles
by which marks will be awarded and exemplification may be limited.
When examiners are in doubt regarding the application of the mark scheme
to a candidates response, the team leader must be consulted.
Crossed-out work should be marked UNLESS the candidate has replaced it
with an alternative response.
Mark schemes will indicate within the table where, and which strands of
Quality of Written Communication, are being assessed. The strands are as
follows:
i.
ensure that text is legible and that spelling, punctuation and grammar
are accurate so that meaning is clear
ii.
select and use a form and style of writing appropriate to purpose and
to complex subject matter
iii.
organise information clearly and coherently, using specialist vocabulary
when appropriate.

77

Examiners should NOT give credit for incorrect or inadequate answers, but
allow candidates to be rewarded for answers showing correct application of
principles and knowledge. Examiners should therefore read carefully and
consider every response: even if it is not what is expected, it may still be
creditworthy.
/
Means that the responses are alternatives and either answer

should receive full credit.
()
Means that a phrase/word is not essential for the award of the
mark, but helps the examiner to get the sense of the expected
answer.
Bold
Phrases/words in bold indicate that the meaning of the phrase or
the actual word is essential to the answer.
ecf/TE/cq (error carried forward)(transfer error)(consequential) means that
a wrong answer given in an earlier part of a question is used
correctly in answer to a later part of the same question.
Candidates must make their meaning clear to the examiner to gain the mark.
Do not give credit for correct words/phrases which are put together in a
meaningless manner. Answers must be in the correct context.

write legibly, with accurate use of spelling, grammar and punctuation in
order to make the meaning clear
when appropriate.
Full marks will be awarded if the candidate has demonstrated the above
abilities.
important are indicated (Quality of Written Communication) in the mark
scheme, but this does not preclude others.
78

Section A
Question
Number
1
Question
Number
2
Question
Number
3
Question
Number
4
Question
Number
5
Question
Number
6
Question
Number
7
Question
Number
8
Question
Number
9
Question
Number
10
Question
Number
11
Question
Number
12
Answer
Mark
(1)
D
Answer
Mark
(1)
B
Answer
Mark
(1)
C
Answer
Mark
(1)
A
Answer
Mark
(1)
C
Answer
Mark
(1)
B
Answer
Mark
(1)
C
Answer
Mark
(1)
A
Answer
Mark
(1)
B
Answer
Mark
(1)
D
Answer
Mark
(1)
D
Answer
Mark
(1)

79
Question
Number
13
Question
Number
14
Question
Number
15
Question
Number
16
Question
Number
17
Question
Number
18
Question
Number
19
Question
Number
20
Answer
Mark
(1)
B
Answer
Mark
(1)
C
Answer
Mark
(1)
A
Answer
Mark
(1)
B
Answer
Mark
(1)
D
Answer
Mark
(1)
A
Answer
Mark
(1)
C
Answer
Mark
(1)
80

Section B
Question
Number
21(a)(i)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Mark
Ba(s) +2H2O(l) Ba(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)

OR
Ba(s) + 2H2O(l) Ba2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) +
H2(g)
First mark:
Ba2
H2O(aq)
BaO2
(2)
Correct products.
Second mark:
State symbols and balancing.
Question
Number
21(a)(ii)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
First mark:
Inclusion of
oxygen changes
will lose 1
mark.
Ba(increases in ON) from 0 to +2.

Second mark:
H (decreases in ON) from +1 to 0.
Mark
(2)
TE from (a)(i).
Stand-alone marks.
Question
Number
21(b)
Acceptable Answer
Mark
Ba(OH)2 + 2HCl BaCl2 + 2H2O

(1)
ALLOW
H++ OH- H2O
TE from (a)(i):
BaO + 2HCl BaCl2 + H2O

81
Question
Number
21(c)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
White precipitate/white solid/white

crystals (rather than colourless solution).
(1)
Cloudy alone
Mark
(2)
Barium sulfate is insoluble (whereas barium

chloride is soluble).
(1)
Stand-alone marks.
Question
Number
21(d)(i)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Mark
If flame test is described in (d)(i) then

award appropriate marks for (d)(ii).
A correct decomposition equation
given in (d)(i) would score 1 mark.
Allow valid discussion of thermal
stability appearing in (d)(ii) for mark
in (d)(i).
Just barium
Barium carbonate is more thermally stable
(than magnesium carbonate)/requires more
heating/needs a higher
Just produces
temperature/decomposes more
more carbon
slowly/produces carbon dioxide more
dioxide
slowly.
OR
(2)
Just
magnesium
Reverse argument (MgCO3 decomposes

faster).
ALLOW BaCO3 does not decompose on
(1)
heating but MgCO3 does.
MCO3 MO + CO2
Where M stands for Mg or Ba.
(1)
82

Question
Number
21(d)(ii)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Flame test or description of: Mg does not

colour flame.
Magnesium
gives
white/bright
flame
(1)
ALLOW colourless/clear.
Mark
(2)
(1)
Ba: (pale/apple) green flame.

Stand-alone marks.
Blue-green
Instrument
analysis

Question
Number
22(a)(i)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Alcohol/ethanol (as solvent for NaOH)
Any other
reagents
IGNORE heat/pressure.
Question
Number
22(a)(ii)
Mark
(1)
Acceptable Answer
Mark
(1)
Elimination

Number
22(a)(iii) Water (as solvent for NaOH)/aqueous
(NaOH)/aqueous (ethanol)

Reject
Mark
Aqueous silver
nitrate
(1)
83
Question
Number
22(a)
(iv)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
CH3
Mark
CH3
-
Cl-
CH3
H
OH
Cl
C2H5
HO
_
CH3
CH3
C .......Cl
HO
C2H5
+ Cl
C2H5
ALLOW
(2)
OH
without
charge
Arrow from OH to appropriate C

(connected/previously connected) to Cl.
(1)
Arrow from C-Cl bond to Cl producing Cl .

(1)
Cl
(chlorine
radical)
ACCEPT three dimensional diagrams ; displayed

formulae; CH3CH2 for C2H5
Use of C4H9Cl as formula can score 1 for arrow
from C-Cl bond to Cl.
Lone pair on hydroxide ion need not be shown.
ALLOW solid lines instead of dotted lines in the
transition state.
84

Question
Number
22(b)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Steamy/misty/white and fumes/gas.
(1)
IGNORE fizzing.
Mark
White smoke
Solid
CH3CH2CH(OH)CH3 + PCl5
CH3CH2CHClCH3 + HCl + POCl3
(1)
ALLOW C4H9OH and C4H9C.l
CH3CH2CH2CH2
OH
(2)
C4H10O
ALLOW PCl3O.
ACCEPT displayed formulae.
ALLOW missing bracket in alcohol.
Stand-alone marks.
Question
Number
22(c)(i)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
With butan-2-ol: (change from orange) to

green/blue.
(1)
Reference to
gas given off or
formation of
precipitate
With A: remains orange/no change.
Green-blue
(1)
ALLOW no reaction.
Mark
(2)
Just nothing
Any reference to yellow: maximum 1

mark.
Question
Number
22(c)(ii)
Question
Number
22(c)(iii)
Acceptable Answer
Mark
CH3CH2COCH3
ALLOW displayed or skeletal.
(1)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Absorption/peak/trough for O-H/C-O/OH

bond/alcohol CO bond would disappear.
Just OH/CO
Just alcohol
peak
OR
Mark
(1)
Absorption/peak/trough for C=O/CO ketone

bond would appear.
Just ketone
peak

85
Question
Number
23(a)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
London (forces)/van der Waals

(forces)/temporary dipole-induced dipole
(attractions)/dispersion/forces/
instantaneous dipole-dipole
Dipole-dipole
Permanent
dipole-dipole
Just
abbreviations,
e.g. ID-ID,
VdW
Question
Number
23(b)
Question
Number
23(c)
Acceptable Answer
(1)
Mark
(1)
18/eighteen
Acceptable Answer
Reject
(Permanent) dipole-dipole attractions (also)

present.
Hydrogen
bonds
Reference to
CH3F having
more electrons
than F2
Question
Number
23(d)
Mark
Acceptable Answer
Mark
(1)
Mark
First mark:
Hydrogen bonds (also) present.
Second mark:
(2)
Which are stronger/which require more energy to break than

dipole-dipole/London forces/van der Waals forces/or
strongest intermolecular force.
Question
Number
23(e)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
HCl does not have hydrogen bonds

(between molecules)
Just chlorine
does not have
hydrogen
bonds
IGNORE references to electronegativity
Mark
(1)
86

Question
Number
24(a)(i)
Acceptable Answer
Mark
In (a) any units given must be correct.

Penalise once only.
IGNORE SF except 1SF. Penalise once only.
TE throughout.
(1)
((0.1x11.6)/(1000) = 1.16 x 10-3/0.00116/0.0012/1.2 x 103

(mol)
Question
Number
24(a)(ii)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
(1.16 x 10-3 / 2) = 5.8x10-4/0.00058 (mol

I2 react with thiosulfate)
6.0x 10-4 if 1.2 x 10-3 used
6 x 10-4

Number
24(a)(iii) ((50x0.25)/1000) = 1.25x10-2/12.5x10-3
/0.0125 (mol)
Reject

Number
24(a)(iv) = Answer to (a)(iii) - answer to a(ii)
Reject
Mark
(1)
Mark
0.012
(1)
Mark
(1.25 x 10-2 - 5.8x10-4 ) = 1.192 x10-2

/0.01192 (mol reacted with tin)
-2
-4
1.19 x10 /0.0119 (mol) if 6.0x 10
used
ALLOW
1.2 x 10-2/0.012 (mol)
Question
Number
24(a)(v)
(1)
1.20 x 10-2
Acceptable Answer
Mark
Mass of tin = answer to (a)(iv) x118.7/

= 1.414904/ 1.415 g
% tin = (1.415 x 100) = 13.803941
10.25
= 13.8 %
(1)
(1)
TE from mass if only 1 error in its calculation.

-2
13.83/13.8% if 1.194 x 10
(2)
used
If answer to(a)(iv) = 5.8 x 10-4 mol I2 this gives 0.068846 g

Sn and 0.67167 % Sn scores.
(2)
Correct answer without working scores.
(2)
ALLOW (1) for 17.5% of SnO2

87
Question
Number
24(b)(i)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Divide solution into separate portions for

titration.
Just repeat the

titration
Mark
(1)
Use starch
Question
Number
24(b)(ii)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
(0.05 x 2 x 100) = () 0.86%

11.6
Mark
(1)
ALLOW 0.9%.
0.90%

Number
24(b)(iii) Use more dilute thiosulfate (to make
titration reading bigger)/Use a larger
volume or moles of excess iodine.
Reject
Question
Number
24(c)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
(Pale) yellow/straw coloured to colourless.
Clear for
colourless
Use more rock
Blue/black to
colourless
Mark
(1)
Mark
(1)
Orange/grey/br
own
88

Section C
Question
Number
25(a)(i)
Acceptable Answer
Mark
2.2 g in 1000 g = 2200 g per 1 000 000 g/2200 (ppm)

(greater than 60)
OR
60ppm = 0.060 (g dm-3) (less than 2.2)
(1)
OR
2.2g dm-3 = 0.22% which is more than 60ppm = 0.006%
(Both values needed as neither is given in question)
OR
2.2 1000 = 2.2 x 10-3 and 60 1000000 = 6 x 10-5
Question
Number
25(a)(ii)
Acceptable Answer
Mark
Cl2 (g/aq) + 2Br- (aq) 2Cl- (aq) + Br2 (aq)

Correct species.
(1)
Balancing and state symbols.
(1)

Number
25(a)(iii) (Colourless to) yellow/orange/brown/redbrown colour (or any combination of these
colours) appears.
Reject
(2)
Mark
Effervescence

Number
25(a)(iv) Addition of hydrochloric acid increases the concentration of
(1)
H+ .
(1)
Mark
Equilibrium shifts to the left/favours the backwards

reaction/H+ combines with Br- and BrO- to make H2O and Br2
(1)
(2)
OR
The equilibrium will not produce H+.
(1)
So forward reaction will not occur.
(1)
Stand-alone marks.

89
Question
Number
25(a)(v)
Acceptable Answer
Mark
First mark:
The equilibrium shifts to the right/favours the forward
reaction.
Second mark:
(2)
To absorb added heat (energy)/in the endothermic/positive

H.
Number
25(a)(vi) Greater proportion of/more molecules with
energy more than (or equal to) activation
energy/sufficient energy to react (at higher
temperature).
ALLOW particles.
ALLOW overcome for more than.
Question
Number
25(a)
(vii)
Reject
Mark
Atoms
Lowers
activation
energy
(1)
Just more
successful
collisions
Acceptable Answer
Mark
First mark:
Bromine (atoms) are (simultaneously) oxidized from 0 to +1
in BrO-.
(2)
Second mark:
And reduced to -1 in Br-.
Question
Number
25(b)(i)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Mark
First mark:
The forward and backward reactions occur
at the same rate.
Second mark:
The concentrations or amounts or moles of
reactants and products remain
constant/intensive or macroscopic
properties (e.g. colour) are constant.
Concentrations
of products and
reactants are
the same
(2)
IGNORE reference to closed system.
90

Question
Number
*25(b)
(ii)
Quality
of
Written
Commun
ication
Question
Number
25(b)
(iii)
Acceptable Answer
Mark
Equilibrium shifts to the right so more CO2(g)

dissolves/equilibrium shifts to the right so reducing the
concentration of CO2(aq).
(1)
So amount of CO2 in atmosphere/gaseous decreases.
(1)
(2)
Second mark depends on first unless qualified by a near

miss.
Acceptable Answer
Reject
(Bonds) bend/stretch/vibrate (more)/bonds

change polarity or dipole (moment)
Molecules
vibrate
Mark
(1)
Bonds break
Question
Number
25(b)
(iv)
Quality
of
Written
Commun
ication
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Mark
First mark:
Infrared radiation/heat is absorbed by
greenhouse gases/by carbon dioxide and
water.
And one of the following for the second
mark:
When energy from the sun is (re-)emitted
from the earths surface (allow reflected).
IR absorbed
from the sun
UV radiation
(2)
OR
IR/heat cannot escape from earths
atmosphere.
OR
IR/heat is (re-)emitted back to the earth.

91
Question
Number
25(b)
(v)
Quality
of
Written
Commun
ication
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Mark
First mark:
Anthropogenic climate change is caused
by human activity.
Second mark:
Natural climate change is caused by
volcanic eruptions etc.
Up to any three of the following to a
maximum of 4 marks:
Water vapour levels always relatively
constant/water levels fluctuate normally
/water levels vary only to a small extent.
(4)
CO2 levels increasing due to (fossil) fuel

combustion/deforestation/industrial
revolution.
Reference to UV
CO2 molecules absorb more IR

radiation than H2O molecules OR CO2
molecules have a greater greenhouse
effect than H2O molecules.
Reference to ozone
depletion negates
this mark
Increase in CO2 levels has accompanied

rise in global temperatures.
Concern due to melting of ice
packs/rising sea levels/flooding/change
in sea pH etc.
Total for Section C = 22 Marks
Total for Paper = 80 marks
92


Surname
Other names
Pearson Edexcel
Centre Number
Candidate Number
International
Advanced Level
Chemistry
Advanced Subsidiary
Unit 3: Chemistry Laboratory Skills I

Paper Reference
WCH03/01
Total Marks
Instructions

Use
in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
Fill
centre number and candidate number.
all questions.
Answer
Answer
Information

The
The
You will be assessed on your ability to organise and present information, ideas,
descriptions
and arguments clearly and logically, including your use of
grammar, punctuation and spelling.

Advice

Keep
eye on the time.
Try toananswer
every question.
Check your answers
S45362A
1/

*S45362A0112*
Turn over
93
1 Tests were carried out on compounds X, Y and Z. Complete the tables below.
(a) Compound X is a white, water-soluble solid.
Test
(i)
Observation
Flame test
Inference
(Name or formula)
Lilac flame
....................................................................... .
(ii)
(iii)
To a solution of X,
add barium chloride
solution and acidify with
hydrochloric acid
To a solution of X, add
dilute nitric acid
followed by
Sulfate ions absent

. . . . . . . . . . ..............................................................
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . ..............................................................
Iodide ions present

. . . . . . . . . . . .............................................................
(2)
..................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iv)
Add concentrated
aqueous ammonia
solution to the mixture
remaining from test (iii)
(v) The formula of X is:
(1)
Confirms presence of
iodide ions
. . . . . . . . . . ..............................................................
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...............................................................
(1)
(b) Compound Y is a white solid that is insoluble in water.

Test
(i)
(ii)
Observation
Flame test
Yellow-red (brick red)

flame
Add dilute
hydrochloric acid to Y
Inference
(Name or formula)
....................................................................... .
(1)
The mixture fizzed and

the solid
. . . . . . . . . . ..............................................................
Bubble the gas through
It turned milky
CO2 evolved
(2)
..................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) The formula of Y is:

2
94
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................................................
(1)
*S45362A0212*

(c) Z is a colourless organic liquid with only one functional group. Z is completely
miscible with water to form a neutral solution.
Test
(i)
Observation
Add bromine water to Z
Inference
No colour change
....................................................................... .
(ii)
Add solid
phosphorus(V) chloride,
PCl5, to Z
Misty fumes (of

hydrogen chloride)
(1)
....................................................................... .
(1)
(iii)
Warm Z with
potassium dichromate(VI)
solution and
dilute sulfuric acid
Colour changes from

orange to green
Z could be
....................................................................... .
or
.......................................................................
(2)
(d) The composition by mass of Z is C 60.0%, H 13.3%, O 26.7%.

(i) Calculate the empirical formula of Z.
(2)
(ii) The molecular formula of Z is the same as its empirical formula. Give the
displayed formulae of the two possible isomers of Z.
(2)

*S45362A0312*
95
Turn over
2 An experiment to determine the enthalpy change of reaction between aqueous

copper(II) sulfate and zinc was carried out as follows.
1. 50.0 cm3 of copper(II) sulfate solution, of concentration 1.00 mol dm3, was placed
in a polystyrene cup.
2. The temperature of the solution was measured with a 0 110 C thermometer
and was found to be 23.0 C.
3. Zinc powder with a mass of 5 g (an excess) was added to the solution with
vigorous stirring and the highest temperature recorded was 69.5 C.
(a) (i) Write the ionic equation for the reaction between zinc and aqueous
copper(II) ions, including state symbols.
(2)
(ii) Calculate the quantity of heat energy produced in the experiment above,
giving your answer in J. (Assume that the heat capacity of the mixture is
4.18 J g1 C 1 and its density is 1.00 g cm3.) Use the expression
energy transferred in joules = mass specific heat capacity temperature change
(2)
(iii) Calculate the number of moles of copper(II) sulfate used in the experiment.
96
*S45362A0412*

(1)
(iv) Use your answers from (a)(ii) and (a)(iii) to calculate the enthalpy change for
the reaction in kJ mol1. Give your answer to three significant figures and
include the appropriate sign.
(2)
(b) The thermometer used in this experiment gave an uncertainty in each

temperature reading of 0.5 C.
(i) State the maximum temperature difference in this experiment that could have
been obtained using this thermometer.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) What is the percentage error in the temperature change using this
thermometer?
(c) Using the same equipment, together with a stop clock, suggest a procedure
that would improve the accuracy of this experiment by obtaining a more accurate
temperature change. You must use the same mass of zinc powder and the same
volume of 1.00 mol dm3 copper(II) sulfate solution.
(1)
(4)
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

*S45362A0512*
97
Turn over
3 Chloroalkanes and bromoalkanes can be made from alcohols by reaction of the

alcohol with sodium chloride or bromide, in the presence of 50% aqueous
sulfuric acid.
Iodoalkanes cannot be made from sodium iodide and sulfuric acid; red phosphorus
and iodine can be used instead as the halogenating agent.
(a) (i) What would you see if concentrated sulfuric acid was added to solid
sodium iodide? Give two observations.
(2)
1. . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Explain why sodium iodide and sulfuric acid cannot be used to make
iodoalkanes from alcohols.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Give the equation for the reaction between phosphorus and iodine to form
phosphorus(III) iodide. State symbols are not required.
98
*S45362A0612*

(1)
(c) A preparation of 1-iodobutane is given in outline below.

Procedure
1. Suitable quantities of red phosphorus and butan-1-ol are placed in a
round-bottomed flask fitted with a reflux condenser.
2. The mixture is heated until it boils gently and then the heat source is
removed.
3. A suitable quantity of powdered iodine is added in small portions down the
condenser at a rate which just maintains gentle boiling. The reaction should
be allowed to subside after each addition.
4. After the addition of iodine is complete, the mixture is heated under reflux for
30 60 minutes, until little or no iodine is visible.
5. The apparatus is allowed to cool and the condenser rearranged for distillation.
6. The crude 1-iodobutane is distilled off until the residue in the distilling flask
is about one-fifth of its original volume. Double its volume of water is added
and the distillation continued until no more oily drops condense into the
receiver.
7. The crude 1-iodobutane is separated and washed with dilute
sodium thiosulfate solution and then with dilute sodium carbonate solution.
8. The organic layer is separated and allowed to stand over anhydrous
calcium chloride.
(i) What does the manner in which the iodine is added in step 3 suggest about
the nature of the reaction?
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Completion of step 4 requires that little or no iodine is visible. State what you
would look for in this step to ensure that this is true.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

*S45362A0712*
99
Turn over
(iii) Draw the apparatus that is used in step 6 for distillation.
(3)
(iv) Suggest why the first washing of the product in step 7 is with dilute
sodium thiosulfate solution rather than with water alone.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(v) State why calcium chloride used in step 8 must be anhydrous.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(vi) To complete the preparation, after decanting the mixture from the
calcium chloride, there should be a step 9. What is this step?
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100
*S45362A0812*

(d) Chloroalkanes can be made from an alcohol and phosphorus(V) chloride, PCl5.
The equation for the reaction of butan-1-ol with PCl5 is
CH3CH2CH2CH2OH + PCl5 CH3CH2CH2CH2Cl + HCl + POCl3
This reaction is not suitable for the manufacture of 1-chlorobutane on a large
scale.
(i) In a laboratory preparation of 1-chlorobutane, 95.0 g of butan-1-ol was used.
Calculate the maximum mass of 1-chlorobutane that could be obtained.
(Assume the molar masses are, in g mol 1, butan-1-ol = 74.0, 1-chlorobutane = 92.5)
(2)
(ii) In practice, 95.3 g of 1-chlorobutane was obtained. Calculate the percentage

yield.
(iii) Give one reason why the actual yield is lower than the maximum possible
yield.
(1)
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iv) Give two reasons why this reaction would not be used industrially to make
1-chlorobutane.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


*S45362A0912*
101
BLANK PAGE
10
102
*S45362A01012*

BLANK PAGE

*S45362A01112*
11
103
12
104
*S45362A01212*

Mark Scheme (SAM)

Unit 3: Chemistry Laboratory
Skills I

105

106

used appropriately.
follows:
i.
ii.
iii.
when appropriate.

107

creditworthy.
/

()
answer.
Bold
108

Question
Number
1(a)(i)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Mark
Potassium (ions)/K+
K/incorrect
formula
Name with
incorrect
formula,
e.g. Potassium,
K
Question
Number
1(a)(ii)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
No precipitate forms/no change/no

reaction/colourless solution.
White
precipitate
dissolves.
ALLOW clear for colourless.

Question
Number
1(a)(iii)
(1)
Mark
(1)
Just dissolves
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Mark
Silver nitrate (solution)/AgNO3

ALLOW acidified silver nitrate.
(1)
Yellow precipitate/solid
ALLOW yellow suspension.
(1)
Pale yellow
precipitate
(2)
Second mark depends on first mark (use of

silver nitrate).
Question
Number
1(a)(iv)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
(Precipitate) does not dissolve/(precipitate)

is insoluble/(precipitate) becomes paler in
colour.
Grey solid
Mark
ALLOW no change/no reaction.

ALLOW mark for insoluble even if wrong
reagent is used in (a)(iii) to form a
precipitate regardless of colour.
(1)
Mark can only be given if there is a

precipitate in (a)(iii).

109
Question
Number
1(a)(v)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
KI
Just potassium
iodide
Consequential on cation other than K+ in

(a)(i).
ALLOW K+I-
Question
Number
1(b)(i)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Calcium (ions)/Ca2+
Ca/incorrect
formula
ALLOW +2 for 2+.
Question
Number
1(b)(ii)
Formula based
on cation with
incorrect
charge or anion
other than
iodide
Name with
incorrect
formula,
e.g. Calcium,
Ca
Acceptable Answer
Dissolved/disappeared
Reject
(1)
110
Reject
CaCO3
Name
ALLOW Ca(HCO3)2.
Formula based
on cation with
incorrect
charge, e.g
Ca2CO3 or anion
other than
carbonate or
hydrogencarbo
nate

Mark
(1)
Mark
(2)
Acceptable Answer
TE on incorrect metal ion in b(i) if correct

formula given e.g SrCO3, Na2CO3.
(1)
Melted
Limewater/calcium hydroxide (solution)

/Ca(OH)2 ((aq))
(1)
Question
Number
1(b)(iii)
Mark
Mark
(1)
Question
Number
1(c)(i)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
No double bonds between C atoms

/C=C absent/not an alkene/Z is
saturated/only single bonds between C
atoms.
Just no double
bonds
ALLOW not an alkene or alkyne.
Question
Number
1(c)(ii)
Mark
Just single
bond(s)
alkane or any
other functional
group stated
even if alcohol
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Alcohol/()OH/ROH/hydroxyl group
present.
OH-/hydroxide
for hydroxyl
ALLOW ()COH.
CHO
(1)
Mark
(1)
Carboxylic acid
Phenol

111
Question
Number
1(c)(iii)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Primary/1 alcohol
(1)
Secondary/2 alcohol
(1)
Just alcohol
Tertiary
alcohols
ALLOW
Not a tertiary alcohol for 1 mark.
ALLOW
propan-1-ol
propan-2-ol
Question
Number
1(d)(i)
(2)
(1)
(1)
Acceptable Answer
C 60.0 12
H 13.3 1
O 26.7 16
= 5.0
= 13.3
= 1.67
Mark
Other specific
examples
Alcohol and
carboxylic acid
Reject
Mark
C3H7OH
(2)
3
8
1
Ratio 5.0: 13.3: 1.67
(1)
C3H8O
(1)
Correct answer without working scores 2

marks.
Correct answer with incorrect working (e.g.
mole calculations inverted) scores 1 mark.
No TE on incorrect ratios.
112

Question
Number
1(d)(ii)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Mark
C-H-O
(1)
H
(1)
ALLOW OH for the hydroxyl group, but

bond should go from C to O in propan-1-ol.
(2)
C3H7OH
IGNORE poorly placed OH in propan-2-ol.

ALLOW skeletal formulae/structural
formulae both correct 1 mark.
ALLOW TE from 1(d)(i), e.g. if a different
number of carbon atoms is given in 1di
then allow 2 different isomers drawn
displayed correctly.

113
Question
Number
2(a)(i)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)
Sulfate ions not

cancelled out
First mark for correct species in a balanced

equation.
ALLOW hexaqua ions providing the
equation is balanced.
IGNORE reversible arrows.
(1)
Reversed
equation
Zn and Cu
metal both
shown as ions
(2)
Second mark for states.

Consequential on a reasonable attempt at
the equation, including for a full equation
or unbalanced equation.
For example, ALLOW as reasonable
Zn with 1+ instead of 2+
Sulfate ions shown correctly but not
cancelled out.
Question
Number
2(a)(ii)
(1)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
q = 50.0 x 4.18 x 46.5

= 9718.5 (J)/9.7185 kJ
Mark
(1)
(1)
Mark
9718
Correct answer with no working scores

(2)
IGNORE sf except 1 (i.e. allow 9719/9720
/9700 or 9.719/9.72/9.7 kJ)
IGNORE sign of q if given.
Question
Number
2(a)(iii)
If mass used 55.0g and

q = 55.0 x 4.18 x 46.5
= 10690.35 (J)
(1)
If mass used is 5g and

q = 5 x 4.18 x 46.5 = 971.85(J)
(1)
Acceptable Answer
(2)
Mark
50.0 x 1
1000
(1)
= 0.05 (mol)
Mark is for final answer.
114

Question
Number
2(a)(iv)
Acceptable Answer
Mark
H = -9718.5 (0.050 x 1000)

= -194.370 (kJ mol-1)
= -194 (kJ mol-1)
ALLOW = -194000 J mol-1
First mark:
Value, ignore sign and sf.
Only penalise units if value is in J (mol-1) without stating this
(1)
(2)
TE (a)(ii) ((a)(iii) x 1000)

Using 10690.5 gives - 2138810J = -214 kJ mol-1.
Second mark:
(1)
Sign and 3 sf.

This mark depends on a correct calculation method.
Question
Number
2(b)(i)
Question
Number
2(b)(ii)
Acceptable Answer
Mark
47.5 (oC)
(1)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
(1.0 x 100) 46.5 = 2.1505376

= () 2.15/2.2/2 (%)
2.0 and 2.1
IGNORE sf.
ALLOW answer with 47.5 in the
denominator which gives 2.1052631 = ()
2.11/2.1/2 (%).
Mark
2.0 and 2.2
(1)
ALLOW TE on value (b)(i).

115
Question
Number
2(c)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
First mark:
Measure the temperature (of copper(II)
sulfate) every minute/at realistic time
interval (15 seconds to 1 minute) for, e.g.,
2-4 minutes before adding zinc.
Readings more
often than
every 15 s
Mark
OR measure temperature (of copper(II)

sulfate) before adding zinc.
(1)
Second mark:
Measure temperature each minute/at
realistic time intervals (after adding zinc)
for several minutes.
(1)
N.B. these readings may be started after
the maximum temperature is reached/after
reaction has stopped and taken until the
mixture has cooled to room temperature.
Intervals should be chosen to allow at least
4 readings on cooling section of curve.
Third mark:
Plot a temperature time graph/plot a
graph using measurements (of temp and
time) obtained.
(1)
(4)
This mark can be awarded if first two

marks are insufficient for credit.
Fourth mark:
Extrapolate to find T/ maximum
temperature (at the time of mixing).
OR use properly described intersecting lines
to find maximum temperature.
(1)
ALLOW third and fourth marking points to
be shown on annotated diagrams/graph.
If zinc is added in small portions or
over a period of time only first and
third marks can be awarded.
(since measurements of cooling will be
incorrect and there is no definite time when
reaction starts.)
116

Question
Number
3(a)(i)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Mark
Any two from:

Misty/steamy fumes
(1)
White fumes
Steamy white
Purple/violet fumes
(1)
Smoke
ALLOW purple gas/vapour.

Brown or black solution/liquid/solid
OR grey/grey-black solid
(1)
Yellow solid/deposit
(1)
ALLOW yellow precipitate.
(2)
Yellow fumes
Yellow liquid
IGNORE effervescence, bubbles, colour

change, coloured fumes, solid disappears,
description of smells, identification of
products even if incorrect, follow-on tests,
e.g. effect on potassium dichromate paper.
Question
Number
3(a)(ii)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Mark
There is little/no HI formed (which is the

reagent needed).
(1)
Because HI is oxidized (to iodine)/because
iodide ions are oxidized (to iodine)/sulfuric
acid is oxidizing/HI reduces sulfuric
acid/iodide ions reduce sulfuric acid. (1)
Must mention oxidation or reduction
correctly for second mark.
IGNORE an elimination reaction would
occur.
Iodide ions
react with
sulfuric acid
Sulfuric acid
oxidizes iodine
(2)
HI is reduced
to iodine
ALLOW HI is oxidized to iodine for both

marks.

117
Question
Number
3(b)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
2P + 3I2 2PI3
Equations with
ions
OR
Mark
I for I2
P + 3/2I2 PI3
(1)
OR
P4 + 6I2 4PI3
ALLOW reversible sign.
Question
Number
3(c)(i)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Exothermic
Dangerous
ALLOW fast/vigorous/violent.
Reactive
(In)flammable
Mark
(1)
Volatile
Question
Number
3(c)(ii)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
(Very) pale purple/yellow/straw coloured
Clear for
colourless
OR
Colourless mixture/is decolourised
No (grey) solid
remains
OR
Add starch
Mark
(1)
Co purple colour
118

Question
Number
3(c)(iii)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Mark
Diagram to show:
Distillation flask and still-head and heat.
(1)
(no need for a thermometer)
Conical flask
ALLOW appropriate tubing as alternative to

still head.
ALLOW heating with electrical, water bath,
Bunsen or just arrow.
(3)
IGNORE thermometer and position, tap

funnel in still head, absence of reagents in
flask
Condenser sloping downwards
(1)
With water entering at the bottom and

suitable receiver (e.g. flask or beaker) (1)
Question
Number
3(c)(iv)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Mark
This removes/reacts with (any residual)

iodine.
Removes acid
OR
Removes
impurities
Removes excess iodine/I3-.
Removes iodide
(1)
Removes ions
(other than I3-)
Just reduces
iodine to iodide
Question
Number
3(c)(v)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Mark
Anhydrous calcium chloride/it is drying

agent OR anhydrous salt needed to remove
water/hydrated salt will not remove water
Just calcium
chloride is a
drying agent
(1)
Allow moisture for water and absorb for

remove.

119
Question
Number
3(c)(vi)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Distillation/re-distillation (over a narrow

range of temperature) (either side of the
boiling temperature of 1-iodobutane).
Recrystallisation
ALLOW fractional distillation.
Mark
Just
purification
(1)
IGNORE filtering before distillation and any

temperatures given.
Question
Number
3(d)(i)
Acceptable Answer
Mark
(95.0 74.0) x 92.5 g
(1)
= 118.75/118.8/119 g
(1)
ALLOW
118.77 (from use of 1.284)
3, 4 or 5 sf in final answer
Correct final answer scores 2 marks.
(2)
OR
Rounding errors by dividing 95.0 74.0 as a first step: e.g.
(95.0 74.0)=1.28, followed by 1.28 x 92.5 = 118.4/118
(1)
e.g. (95.0 74.0) = 1.3 followed by 1.3 x 92.5 =
120.25/120.3/120
Question
Number
3d(ii)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
95.3 3(d)(i)
(95.3 118.75) x 100 = 80.2563
= 80.25/80.3 %
80.2
Many candidates give the answer to 3 d(i)

to 3sf, e.g. 119 but keep the full answer in
their calculator, resulting in an answer of
80.25 which is correct and should be
allowed.
(1)
Mark
(1)
TE from 3(d)(i).
120

Question
Number
3d(iii)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
One of:
Just
losses/spillage
Handling/transfer losses
Competing reactions/(unwanted) side
reaction/by-products form
Incomplete reaction
Mark
Impure
reagents
Loss by
evaporation
(1)
Other products
form
Not enough
PCl5 to react

121
Question
Number
3d(iv)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Two of:
Just Atom
economy not
100%
Low atom economy

IGNORE low percentage/80% yield.
Mark
Just It would
be expensive
Phosphorus(V) chloride expensive.

Disposal of unwanted materials expensive
or difficult.
No (large scale) use for POCl3.
Difficult/expensive to separate required
product.
No credit for:
Anything to do
with
environmental
friendliness or
the ozone layer
or the end of
life on Earth.
Slow/time consuming
Exothermic
Not efficient
(2)
High energy use

Competing reactions
Non-renewable reactants
HCl toxic/acidic
Unwanted products
122


Surname
Other names
Pearson Edexcel
Centre Number
Candidate Number
International
Advanced Level
Chemistry
Advanced
Unit 4: General Principles of Chemistry I Rates,

Equilibria and Further Organic Chemistry
(including synoptic assessment)
Paper Reference
WCH04/01
You must have: Data Booklet
Total Marks
Instructions

Use
Fill
in
centrethe
all questions.
Answer
Answer
Information

The
The
Questions
will be assessed
Advice

Keep
eye on the time.
Try toananswer
every question.
Check your answers
S45363A
1/

*S45363A0124*
Turn over
123
SECTION A
Answer ALL the questions in this section. You should aim to spend no more than 20 minutes on
this section. For each question, select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box .
a cross .
1 The overall equation for a reaction between two chemicals, M and N, is
M + 2N P + Q
(a) This reaction occurs spontaneously at room temperature. Which of the following
must be true?
(1)
d
is positive.
A H reaction
d
B H reaction
is negative.
d
C S total
is positive.
d
D S total
is negative.
(b) The reaction above occurs in two stages via an intermediate, T.

M + N T
slow
N + T P+Q
fast
From this it can be deduced that the rate equation for the reaction between
Mand N is
(1)
A rate = k[M][N]
B rate = k[M][N]2
C rate = k[M][T]
D rate = k[N][T]
124
*S45363A0224*

2 Calcium carbonate decomposes at high temperature to form calcium oxide and

carbon dioxide:
CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)
Calcium carbonate is thermodynamically stable at room temperature because for
this reaction
A the activation energy is high.
B the enthalpy change, H, is positive.
C entropy change of the system (Ssystem) is positive.
D entropy change of the system (Ssystem) is negative.
3 2-methylpropane has a smaller standard molar entropy at 298 K than butane. The best
explanation for this is that 2-methylpropane has
A a lower boiling temperature.
B a higher standard molar enthalpy change of formation.
C fewer ways of distributing energy quanta.
D more ways of distributing energy quanta.

*S45363A0324*
125
Turn over
4 (a) For the equilibrium reaction between hydrogen and iodine

H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g)
increasing the pressure of the system
(1)
A has no effect on the rate or the position of equilibrium.

B increases the rate but does not affect the position of equilibrium.
C increases the rate and shifts the equilibrium to the right.
D increases the rate and shifts the equilibrium to the left.
(b) The equation for the equilibrium reaction between hydrogen and iodine may also
be written as
H2(g) + I2(g) HI(g)
This change to the equation, compared to that in part (a),
(1)
A has no effect on the value of the equilibrium constant.

B halves the value of the equilibrium constant.
C doubles the value of the equilibrium constant.
D square roots the value of the equilibrium constant.
126
*S45363A0424*

5 The first stage in the manufacture of nitric acid is the oxidation of ammonia:
4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g) H = 906 kJ mol1
(a) In modern industrial plants this reaction is carried out at a pressure of around
3 atm. Which of the following statements is incorrect? The raised pressure
(1)
A helps push the reactants through the reactor.

B shifts the position of equilibrium to the right.
C increases the cost of the reactor.
D increases the energy cost of this part of the process.
(b) A platinum-rhodium alloy catalyst is used in this reaction. Which of the following
statements is incorrect? The catalyst
(1)
A lowers the activation energy of the reaction.

B has no effect on the equilibrium constant for the reaction.
C alters the enthalpy change of the reaction.
D reduces the energy cost of this part of the process.
(c) The operating temperature of this reaction is about 900 C. The use of a high
temperature
(1)
A increases the rate of the reaction and the equilibrium yield.

B increases the rate of the reaction and decreases the equilibrium yield.
C decreases the rate of the reaction and the equilibrium yield.
D decreases the rate of the reaction and increases the equilibrium yield.

*S45363A0524*
127
Turn over
6 Ammonium chloride decomposes on heating:

NH4Cl(s) NH3(g) + HCl(g)
The equilibrium constant, Kp, for this reaction equals
A
PNH3 PHCl
1
PNH3 PHCl
PNH3 PHCl
PNH4 Cl
PNH4 Cl
PNH3 PHCl
7 The dissociation constant of water, Kw, increases with increasing temperature. When
the temperature increases, water
A remains neutral.
B dissociates less.
C becomes acidic.
D becomes alkaline.
8 The reaction between concentrated sulfuric acid and pure ethanoic acid is
CH3COOH + H2SO4 CH3COOH2+ + HSO4
The Brnsted-Lowry acids in this equilibrium are
A CH3COOH and H2SO4
B CH3COOH2+ and HSO4
C H2SO4 and CH3COOH2+
D CH3COOH and HSO4
128
*S45363A0624*

9 An aqueous solution of ethanoic acid is gradually diluted. Which of the following

statements is incorrect?
A The pH decreases.
B The value of Ka is unchanged.
C The concentration of ethanoic acid molecules decreases.
D The proportion of ethanoic acid molecules which dissociates increases.
10 Methyl orange and phenolphthalein are both acid-base indicators. In the titration of
a strong acid against a weak alkali
A methyl orange is a suitable indicator but phenolphthalein is not.
B phenolphthalein is a suitable indicator but methyl orange is not.
C both phenolphthalein and methyl orange are suitable indicators.
D neither phenolphthalein nor methyl orange is a suitable indicator.
11 Select the word that best describes the effect of a chiral molecule on the plane of
plane-polarized light. The plane of polarization of light is
A reflected.
B refracted.
C resolved.
D rotated.
12 An organic compound reacts with both acidified potassium dichromate(VI) and
lithium tetrahydridoaluminate (lithium aluminium hydride). The organic compound
could be
A a primary alcohol.
B an aldehyde.
C a ketone.
D a carboxylic acid.

*S45363A0724*
129
Turn over
13 Ketones react with

A both 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine solution and Tollens reagent.
B 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine solution but not with Tollens reagent.
C Tollens reagent but not with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine solution.
D neither Tollens reagent nor 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine solution.
14 Ethanoic acid, CH3COOH, may be prepared from ethanenitrile, CH3CN. This reaction is
best described as
A reduction.
B oxidation.
C hydrolysis.
D condensation.
15 Propanoic acid reacts with methanol to form an ester. The structure of the ester is
A H O
O H
C H
O
C
C H
B H O
H C H
H
H
C H C
O C
C H
D H
H
H
C H
H
130
*S45363A0824*

16 The boiling temperature of ethanoic acid is very much higher than that of butane
although these molecules have similar numbers of electrons. This is because
ethanoic acid has
A stronger covalent bonds.
B stronger ionic bonds.
C greater London forces.
D hydrogen bonding.
TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 20 mARkS

*S45363A0924*
131
Turn over
SECTION B
17 The equation for the combustion of hydrogen is
H2(g) + O2(g) H2O(l)
(a) Use the standard molar entropies on page 2 and page 25 of the data booklet to
d
) for this reaction.
calculate the standard entropy change of the system (S system
Note that the standard molar entropies of the elements are given per atom so
that the standard molar entropy of oxygen, S d [O2(g)] = +102.5 J mol1 K1.
(b) The standard enthalpy change for the combustion of hydrogen is 285.8 kJ mol1.
Use this value to calculate the entropy change of the surroundings for the
combustion of hydrogen at 298 K. Give your answer to 3 significant figures and
include a sign and units.
10
132
*S45363A01024*

(3)
(3)
d
(c) Use your answers to (a) and (b) to calculate the total entropy change (S total
) for
the combustion of 1 mol of hydrogen. Include a sign and units in your answer.
*(d) By considering both the thermodynamic stability and the kinetic inertness of
a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen, explain why hydrogen does not react with
oxygen unless ignited.
(2)
(2)
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*S45363A01124*
11
133
Turn over
18 Ethanedioic acid, H2C2O4, is a dicarboxylic acid which occurs in many plants, for
example in rhubarb leaves, and is used as a rust remover and strong descaler. The
structure of ethanedioic acid is shown below.
H O
Ethanedioic acid is a much stronger acid than carboxylic acids such as ethanoic acid,
having a pKa of 1.38. The hydrogenethanedioate ion, HC2O4, is a weaker acid than
ethanedioic acid, having a pKa of 4.28, although slightly stronger than ethanoic acid.
(a) (i) Write an equation for the reaction of the hydrogenethanedioate ion with
water to form an acidic solution. Include state symbols in your equation.
(ii) Write the expression for the acid dissociation constant, Ka, of the weak acid,
HC2O4.
12
134
*S45363A01224*

(2)
(1)
(iii) A solution containing hydrogenethanedioate ions behaves as a typical weak

acid. Use your answer to (a)(ii) and the pKa of the hydrogenethanedioate ion
to calculate the pH of a 0.050 mol dm3 solution of
sodium hydrogenethanedioate, NaHC2O4.
(b) (i) State two approximations used in the calculation of pH in (a)(iii).
(3)
(2)
1. . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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2. . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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*(ii) Explain why the calculation of the pH of a solution of

sodium hydrogenethanedioate gives a more accurate value than a similar
calculation for ethanedioic acid.
(2)
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*S45363A01324*
13
135
Turn over
(c) 25 cm3 of a 0.050 mol dm3 solution of sodium hydrogenethanedioate was titrated
with a sodium hydroxide solution of the same concentration.
(i) On the axis below, sketch the curve for this titration.
(3)
14
12
10
8
pH
6
4
2
0
20
40
Volume of NaOH / cm
60
*(ii) When 25 cm3 of a 0.050 mol dm3 solution of ethanedioic acid is titrated with
sodium hydroxide solution of the same concentration using phenolphthalein
as the indicator, the end point is 50 cm3.
When methyl yellow indicator is used, the colour changes at around 25 cm3.
Using the information given at the start of the question and quoting data
from page 19 of your data booklet, suggest why these volumes are different.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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14
136
*S45363A01424*

19 2-hydroxypropanoic acid, lactic acid, is a chiral molecule which is found in muscles

and in sour milk. The 2-hydroxypropanoic acid formed in muscles is optically active
but that in sour milk is not.
H OH O
H
C OH
H H
2-hydroxypropanoic acid
(a) (i) Explain the term chiral, stating the feature of 2-hydroxypropanoic acid that
makes it chiral. Label this feature on the formula above.
(3)
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(ii) What is the difference between the 2-hydroxypropanoic acid formed in

muscles and that found in sour milk which gives rise to the difference in
optical activity?
(2)
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*S45363A01524*
15
137
Turn over
(b) 2-hydroxypropanoic acid may be prepared in the laboratory from propanoic

acid in a two-stage sequence in which 2-bromopropanoic acid is formed as an
intermediate:
H H
H C
O
C OH
H H
Br2 / Red P
Stage 1
H Br
H C
O
C OH
H H
Stage 2
H OH O
H C
C OH
H H
(i) Stage 2 of this sequence was carried out in two steps. Identify the reagent
required for each step in Stage 2.
First step
(2)
..................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Second step ............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) When an optically active isomer of 2-bromopropanoic acid is used in Stage 2,
the resulting 2-hydroxypropanoic acid is also optically active. State and explain
what this indicates about the mechanism of the first reaction in Stage 2.
(3)
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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16
138
*S45363A01624*

(c) 2-hydroxypropanoic acid may also be prepared from ethanal in the following
sequence:
Reaction 1
OH
H
CN
Reaction 2
OH O
H C
(i) Name the mechanism and type of reaction occurring in Reaction 1.
C OH
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Identify the attacking species in Reaction 1.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) Give the first step of the mechanism of Reaction 1, showing the formation of
the intermediate.
*(iv) Explain, by referring to the mechanism in (c)(iii), why the 2-hydroxypropanoic

acid formed from ethanal shows no optical activity.
(2)
(3)
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

*S45363A01724*
17
139
Turn over
(d) The infrared spectrum of 2-hydroxypropanoic acid is shown below.
Transmittance / %
100
50
0
4000
Q
3000
2000
1500
Wavenumber / cm
1000
500
(i) Give the wavenumber of the peak that is present in the infrared spectrum of
2-hydroxypropanoic acid but will not be present in the infrared spectrum of
ethanal, identifying the group most likely to be responsible for this peak. Use
the data on pages 5 and 6 of the data booklet.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
*(ii) Identify the bond responsible for absorption peak Q in the spectrum. By
considering the wavenumber of this peak, and the data on pages 5 and 6 of
the data booklet, explain whether this peak alone can be used to distinguish
between ethanal and 2-hydroxypropanoic acid.
(3)
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
140
*S45363A01824*

(e) Ethanal and 2-hydroxypropanoic acid can be distinguished by the use of chemical
tests. Give two suitable tests not involving indicators. For each test, state the
observation associated with a positive result.
(4)
Test which is positive for ethanal but not for 2-hydroxypropanoic acid.
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Test which is positive for 2-hydroxypropanoic acid but not for ethanal.
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 51 mARkS

*S45363A01924*
19
141
Turn over
SECTION C
20 The ionic equation for the reaction of ammonium peroxodisulfate (persulfate),
(NH4)2S2O8, with potassium iodide, KI, is
S2O82(aq) + 2I(aq) 2SO42(aq) + I2(aq)
(a) In a series of experiments to determine the rate equation for this reaction, 10 cm3
of 0.0050 mol dm3 sodium thiosulfate was mixed with 20 cm3 of (NH4)2S2O8
solution and 5 drops of starch solution. 20 cm3 of KI solution was added with
mixing and the time taken for the solution to darken was noted. The initial
concentrations of the (NH4)2S2O8 and KI solutions and the times for the mixture to
darken are shown below.
Experiment
Number
Initial concentration / mol dm3

S2O82
Time for solution to

darken / s
0.10
0.20
35
0.05
0.20
69
0.10
0.10
70
(i) Explain the purpose of the sodium thiosulfate solution.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Use the data in the table to deduce the rate equation for the reaction
between S2O82 and I ions. Explain, by referring to the data, how you arrived
at your answer.
(3)
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
142
*S45363A02024*

(b) A further experiment was carried out to confirm the order of the reaction with
respect to iodide ions. (NH4)2S2O8 was mixed with KI to form a solution in which
the initial concentration of (NH4)2S2O8 was 2.0 mol dm3 and that of KI was
0.025 mol dm3. The concentration of iodine was measured at various times until
the reaction was complete.
(i) Outline a method, not involving sampling the mixture, which would
be suitable for measuring the iodine concentrations in this experiment.
Experimental details are not required but you should state how you would use
your measurements to obtain iodine concentrations.
(3)
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Explain why the initial concentration of (NH4)2S2O8 is much higher than that
ofKI.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) State how the initial rate of reaction may be obtained from the results of this
type of experiment.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

*S45363A02124*
21
143
Turn over
(iv) In such an experiment a student calculated the initial rate of reaction to be

8.75 105 mol dm3 s1. Use this value, the initial concentrations in (b) and
the rate equation that you obtained in (a)(ii), to calculate the rate constant for
this reaction. Include units in your answer.
(2)
(c) Using the method outlined in (b), the rate constant for this reaction was
determined at various temperatures. The data from these experiments are shown
in the table below. Note that none of the temperatures corresponds to that used
in (b) and that the rate constant is given in appropriate units.
22
144
Temperature
T/K
Rate constant
k
ln k
1/T
/ K1
300
0.00513
5.27
0.00333
310
0.00833
4.79
0.00323
320
0.0128
4.36
0.00313
330
0.0201
3.91
0.00303
340
0.0301
3.50
0.00294
*S45363A02224*

(i) Use the data in the table to plot a graph of ln k (on the y axis) against 1/T (on
the x axis) and draw a best fit line through the points.
(2)
1/T / K1
0.0029
3.50
ln k
0.0030
0.0031
0.0032
0.0033
0.0034
4.00
4.50
5.00
5.50
(ii) Determine the gradient of the best fit line in (c)(i) and use this value to
calculate the activation energy, Ea, of the reaction, stating the units.
(4)
The rate constant of a reaction, k, is related to the temperature, T, by the expression

ln k =
Ea 1
+ constant
R T
R = 8.31 J K1 mol1

TOTAL FOR SECTION C = 19 mARkS
TOTAL FOR PAPER = 90 mARkS
*S45363A02324*
23
145
24
146
*S45363A02424*

Mark Scheme (SAM)

Unit 4: General Principles of
Chemistry I Rates, Equilibria and
Further Organic Chemistry

147

148

used appropriately.
follows:
i.
ii.
iii.
when appropriate.

149

creditworthy.
/

()
answer.
Bold

when appropriate.
abilities.
150

Section A
Question
Number
1(a)
1(b)
Answer
Question
Number
2
Answer
Question
Number
3
Answer
Question
Number
4(a)
4(b)
Answer
Question
Number
5(a)
5(b)
5(c)
Answer
Question
Number
6
Answer
Question
Number
7
Answer
Question
Number
8
Answer
Question
Number
9
Answer
Question
Number
10
Answer
Question
Number
11
Answer
Mark
(1)
(1)
C
A
Mark
(1)
Mark
(1)
Mark
(1)
(1)
B
D
Mark
(1)
(1)
(1)
B
C
B
Mark
(1)
Mark
(1)
Mark
(1)
Mark
(1)
Mark
(1)
Mark
(1)

151
Question
Number
12
Answer
Question
Number
13
Answer
Question
Number
14
Answer
Question
Number
15
Answer
Question
Number
16
Answer
Mark
(1)
Mark
(1)
Mark
(1)
Mark
(1)
Mark
(1)
152

Section B
Question
Number
17(a)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Mark
Units are not required in (a) or (c) but if

used should be correct.
Penalise incorrect units in (a), (b) and (c)
once only.
IGNORE
Case of J and K.
Order of units.
First mark:
65.3/130.6 and 69.9 (J mol-1 K-1)
(1)
(3)
Second mark:
S = 69.9 - (130.6 + 102.5)
(1)
Third mark:
S = -163.2 = - 163 (J mol-1 K-1)
(1) +163 or any

positive answer
Correct answer with no working scores 3
IGNORE SF except 1 SF
TE at each stage.
If 65.3 used instead of 130.6 penalise
once (answer is then S = - 97.9 (J mol-1
K-1).
Question
Number
17(b)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Mark
Ssurroundings= - H/T or just numbers (1)

= +285800/298
= +959.06 = +959 J mol-1 K1/
+0.959 kJ mol-1K-1
Correct value to 3SF.
(1)
Correct units and positive sign.
(1)
Correct answer with no working scores 3.

(3)
Answer with no
sign
153
Question
Number
17(c)
Acceptable Answer
Mark
Stotal = Ssystem + Ssurroundings

(1)
Allow Sreaction for Ssystem
Stotal = answer (a) + answer (b)
= -163.2 + 959
= (+)795.8 = (+)796 (J mol-1 K-1)
If Ssurroundings=+959.06 then Stotal = +795.9
(1)
(2)

Ignore SF except 1 SF.
TE on values in (a) and (b).
No TE on incorrect equation.
If answer to (a) = -97.9 (J mol-1 K-1)
Stotal = (+)861.1 (J mol-1 K-1)
Question
Number
17(d)
Quality
of
Written
Communi
cation
Acceptable Answer
Reject
A mixture of hydrogen and oxygen is

thermodynamically unstable because
Stotal is positive.
Reference to the
stability of
individual
elements
OR
Mark
Reaction between hydrogen and oxygen

is thermodynamically feasible
because Stotal is positive.
(1)
ALLOW S for Stotal

No TE on negative Stotal from (c).
(2)
The mixture is kinetically inert /stable or

reaction is (very) slow because the
activation energy is (very) high.
(1)
Mixture/reaction is kinetically
inert/stable but thermodynamically
unstable/feasible scores 1 mark.
IGNORE
References to spark/flame providing the
(activation) energy for reaction.
154

Question
Number
18(a)(i)
Acceptable Answer
Mark
HC2O4-(aq) + H2O(l) C2O42-(aq) + H3O+(aq) (or )

ALLOW H2O(aq)
Equation
(1)
states
(1)
(2)
ALLOW for 1 mark.

HC2O4-(aq) C2O42-(aq) + H+(aq)
States mark is not stand-alone but can be awarded if the
equation has a minor error, e.g. an incorrect charge.
Question
Number
18(a)(ii)
Acceptable Answer
Ka = [C2O42-] [H3O+]/[HC2O4-]
OR
Reject
Mark
Ka =[H+]2/[HC2O4[H+][A-]/[HA]
Ka = [C2O42-] [H+]/[HC2O4-]
(1)
No TE on incorrect equation in (a)(i).

Penalise incorrect charges in (i) and (ii)
once only.
Question
Number
18
(a)(iii)
Acceptable Answer
Mark
No TE on (a)(ii)
Ka = 10-4.28 OR 5.24807 x 10-5 (mol dm-3)
(1)
Ka = [H+]2/[HC2O4-]
Ka = [H+]2/0.050
[H+] = (0.05 x 10-4.28) = 1.61988 x10-3 (mol dm-3)
(1)
TE on incorrect Ka value.
pH = -log 1.61988 x 10-3 = 2.7905 = 2.8
(3)
(1)
For final mark TE on algebraic/arithmetical errors providing

pH 1..3
IGNORE
SF except 1 SF.

155
Question
Number
18(b)(i)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
IGNORE explanations.
Use of NaHC2O4
for HC2O4-
First mark:
Mark
OR
HC2O4-/hydrogenethanedioate ion
ionization negligible.
Sodium
hydrogenethanedioate for
hydrogenethanedioate ion
throughout this
item
ALLOW
Acid for HC2O4-.
Slight/partial/incomplete/does not
dissociate for negligible.
OR
[HC2O4-]equilibrium = [HC2O4-]initial/0.050
(1)
(mol dm-3)
Second mark:
[H+] due to ionization of water negligible
(2)
OR
auto ionization of water negligible
OR
[H+] only due to ionization of HC2O4-/acid
OR
[C2O42-] = [H+]
(1)
IGNORE references to temperature and

to HA and A-.
Penalise omission of [] in discussion once
only.
156

Question
Number
18(b)(ii)
Quality
of
Written
Commun
ication
Acceptable Answer
Reject
First mark:
Ethanedioic acid is
a strong acid/
fully dissociated
Ethanedioic acid is a (much) stronger

acid (than hydrogenethanedioate
ion/sodium hydrogenethanedioate).
Mark
OR
Ethanedioic acid has a (much) smaller
pKa (than hydrogenethanedioate).
OR
Ionization/dissociation of ethanedioic
acid is (much) greater (than
hydrogenethanedioate).
OR
Reverse arguments.
Just
approximation
invalid
(2)
IGNORE
NaHC2O4 ionization negligible.
Second mark:
Approximation of negligible ionization
invalid/incorrect.
OR
[H2C2O4]equilibrium not equal to [H2C2O4]initial
No TE on 18(a)(iii).
IGNORE
Second ionization occurs.

157
Question
Number
18(c)(i)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Start pH at 2.8
ALLOW
2-4
(1)
Vertical section at 25 cm3 within pH

range 6-11 and 2.5-4 units long.
(1)
End pH (approaching) value in range 1213 (asymptotically).

(1)
Question
Number
18(c)(ii)
Quality
of
Written
Commun
ication
Mark
Deviation from
vertical
(3)
Maximum before
final pH
Acceptable Answer
Mark
First mark:
Methyl yellow range = 2.9-4
and the phenolphthalein range = 8.2-10.
ALLOW
pKin (methyl yellow) = 3.5
and pKin (phenolphthalein) = 9.3.
(1)
Second mark:
(2)
(The volumes are different) because ethanedioic acid is

dibasic/diprotic/has two replaceable/acidic hydrogen
atoms.
ALLOW dicarboxylic (acid)
(therefore there are two stages to the neutralization).
OR
Methyl yellow range coincides with neutralization of first
proton and phenolphthalein range coincides with
neutralization of second proton.
(1)
158

Question
Number
19(a)(i)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Mark
A chiral molecule is non-superimposable

on its mirror image/3D molecule with no
plane of symmetry.
(1)
Just nonsuperimposable
2-hydroxypropanoic acid has a carbon

atom which is asymmetric/has four
different groups attached.
(1)
Molecules for
groups
Just no plane of
symmetry
Middle carbon labelled in any clear way.

e.g.
OH
*
C
(3)
(1)
OH
ALLOW asymmetric C described but not

labelled.
IGNORE references to rotation of plane
polarized light.
Question
Number
19(a)(ii)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
2-hydroxypropanoic acid formed in

muscles is a single (allow pure)
enantiomer/(optical) isomer.
Just not a
racemic mixture
ALLOW
Unequal mixture of enantiomers/(optical)
isomers.
(1)
2-hydroxypropanoic acid formed in milk
is a racemic mixture/equimolar mixture
of the two enantiomers/racemate.
(1)
Mark
Just a mixture of
enantiomers
(2)
If milk and muscles are reversed but the

rest is correct, one mark is awarded.

159
Question
Number
19(b)(i)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
First step
NaOH(aq)/KOH(aq) or names
OH-/alkali
(1)
Second mark dependent on first being

correct.
Mark
H+/H3O+/acid
Second step
HCl(aq)/hydrochloric
acid/H2SO4(aq)/sulfuric acid
ALLOW
HNO3/nitric acid/dil HCl/(dil) H2SO4/(dil)
HNO3 or any strong acid (name or
formula) including HBr((aq)) and
HI((aq)).
(1)
(2)
IGNORE
Omission of (aq) and references to
temperature.
Ethanolic alcoholic solutions.
ALLOW
One mark for correct two reagents in the
wrong order.
One mark for alkali/OH- followed by
acid/H+/H3O+.
160

Question
Number
19(b)(ii)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Mark
First mark:
(stand-alone)
A racemic mixture is not formed.
OR
More of one enantiomer/(optical) isomer
is formed.
OR
Only one enantiomer/(optical) isomer is
formed.
(1)
Second mark: (stand-alone)
(Some of the) reaction is SN2.
(1)
Carbocation (for
molecule)
(3)
Third mark: (stand-alone)

Nucleophile/OH only attacks from one
side of the molecule/from the opposite
side to leaving group.
(1)
ALLOW
Use of intermediate for transition state
in description of SN2.
Reverse argument based on SN1 forming
a racemic mixture.
Question
Number
19(c)(i)
Question
Number
19(c)(ii)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Nucleophilic
(1)
Addition
(1)
SN1/SN2
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Cyanide (ion)/CN- /CN-/:CN-/-CN
HCN/ CN

Mark
(2)
Mark
(1)
161
Questio
n
Number
19(c)
(iii)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
CN
Mark
Omission
of charges
(penalise
once only)
CN
Both curly arrows.
(1)
Intermediate
(1)
ALLOW
Omission of lone pair.
Curly arrow from anywhere on nucleophile
including from charge or nitrogen.
Formation of charged canonical form followed
by attack of cyanide ion.
Full
charges on
ethanal
(2)
CNC in
intermediate
IGNORE +/- even if unbalanced.
162

Question
Number
19(c)
(iv)
Quality
of
Written
Commun
ication
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Mark
Racemic mixture/equal amounts of the

two enantiomers/racemate formed.
(1)
Stand-alone mark.
CHO/aldehyde group is (trigonal) planar.
(1)
ALLOW ethanal/molecule is (trigonal)
planar.
Cyanide (ion)/CN-/nucleophile attacks
(equally) from above or below/either side
(of the molecule).
(1)
Intermediate/
carbonyl
group/CO is
planar
(3)
Two positions
Intermediate
Penalise use of intermediate/ion for

aldehyde group once only.
Third mark cannot be awarded if the
reaction is described as a nucleophilic
substitution.
Question
Number
19(d)(i)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Any value/range within the range 37502500 cm-1 due to OH/OH/OH.
Wavenumbers
alone
OH in alcohol
IGNORE COOH/CO2H/carboxylic acid.

Question
Number
19(d)(ii)
Quality
of
Written
Commun
ication
Acceptable Answer
Reject
These three marks are stand-alone.
Carboxylic
acid/COOH
group
Q is due to C=O.
(1)
The (C=O) aldehyde range is 1740-1720

cm-1 and (C=O) carboxylic acid range is
(1)
1725-1700 cm-1
So the peaks/absorptions cannot be used
to distinguish these two compounds
because they overlap.
Mark
(1)
Mark
Just cannot be
used to
distinguish the
compounds
(3)
OR
The (broad) absorption Q covers both the
aldehyde and the carboxylic acid. ranges
(1)
ALLOW too close/quite similar for
overlap.

163

Number
19(e)
If reagent incorrect, observation mark can
only be awarded for a near miss.
Test positive for ethanol
Reagent (1)
Observation (1)
Tollens
Silver mirror/black
/grey ppt
Fehlings/
Red-brown ppt
Benedicts
2,4Orange/red/yellow ppt
DNP(H)/Bradys ALLOW brick-red ppt
reagent
Test positive for 2-hydroxypropanoic acid
Reagent(1)
Observation(1)
PCl5/Phosphorus
Steamy fumes*
(V)chloride/
ALLOW gas evolved
phosphorus
turns (blue)
pentachloride
litmus/UI red
Named metal
Effervescence
carbonate
ALLOW gas/CO2
evolved turns lime
(solution)
water cloudy
Sodium
Effervescence
hydrogencarbonate ALLOW gas/CO2
evolved turns lime
(solution)
water cloudy
Magnesium (and
Effervescence
water)
Ethanol and
Sweet/fruity/pear
H2SO4/named
drops/glue smell
strong acid
Ethanoic acid and
Sweet/fruity/pear
H2SO4/named
drops/glue smell
strong acid
Reject
Mark
Iodine in
alkali/iodoform
test
Acidified
potassium
dichromate
Smoke
Just fumes
Any indicator
as sole test
Incorrect
formulae of
reagents
(4)
ALLOW
Na and effervescence/gas evolved pops with
a lighted splint for2-hydroxypropanoic acid.
(2)
ALLOW fizzing/bubbling for effervescence.
IGNORE names of product.
IF two tests given for one substance both
must be correct for full marks.
*misty fumes/white fumes/gas for fumes
164

Section C
Question
Number
20(a)(i)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
(Sodium thiosulfate) (rapidly) reacts

with/reduces the iodine (as it is formed)
(1)
Iodide/I-
Mark
So prevents the starch-iodine colour

appearing until a fixed amount of
reaction has occurred.
ALLOW (for second mark)
So prevents the starch-iodine colour
appearing until all the thiosulfate has
reacted.
(2)
OR
Moles of iodine reacted/thiosulfate
time is (approximately) proportional to
the (initial) rate of reaction.
(1)
ALLOW
Use of thio for thiosulfate.
Question
Number
20(a)(ii)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Mark
(From 2 to 1) [S2O82-] doubles ([I-]

unchanged) and rate doubles/time halves
(1)
so order wrt S2O82- = 1
(From 3 to 1) [I-] doubles ([S2O82-]
unchanged) and rate doubles/time halves
so order wrt I- = 1
OR (if first mark awarded)
(From 3 to 2) [I-] doubles ([S2O82-]
halved) and rate unchanged so order wrt
(1)
I- = 1
Penalise omission of
concentration/square brackets once only.
2-
Rate = k[S2O8 ][I ]
(1)
(3)
Rate equation =
Third mark stand-alone if no working and

TE on incorrect orders.
IGNORE case of k.

165
Question
Number
20(b)(i)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
First mark:
Sampling
methods
calorimeter
Colorimetry/Use a colorimeter.
(1)
Mark
Second mark:
Measure transmittance/absorbance (at
various times).
(1)
Third mark:
(Use a calibration curve to) convert
transmittance/absorbance into
concentration.
pH meter
OR
Transmittance/absorbance proportional
to concentration.
(3)
ALLOW
Colorimetry may be used because iodine
(solution) is coloured (and other reagents
are colourless)/to measure intensity of
the iodine colour.
(1)
ALLOW (for the same three marks)
Electrical conductivity.
Measured at various times/(use a
calibration curve to) convert conductivity
into concentration.
Just conductivity
changes
Conductivity reduces as reaction

proceeds because 3 mol ions converted
to 2 mol ions /fewer ions on right-hand
side.
Question
Number
20(b)(ii)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
[(NH4)2S2O8] /
[S2O82-]/[peroxodisulfate]/[persulfate]
remains (approximately) unchanged
during the reaction.
(NH4)2S2O8 in
excess.
OR
[KI]/ I-] is the only variable.
166

[(NH4)2S2O8] etc
does not affect
the rate
Mark
(1)
Only [KI]/[I-]
affects the rate
Question
Number
20(b)
(iii)
Acceptable Answer
Mark
Plot a graph of concentration (of iodine/I2) (on the y axis)

against time.
(1)
(1)
Measure the initial gradient/gradient at t=0.
(2)
Plot a graph and measure the initial gradient/gradient at

t=0 alone scores second mark.
Question
Number
20(b)
(iv)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Mark
TE on 20(a)(ii) on numerical answer and

appropriate units.
8.75 x 10-5 = k x 2.0 x 0.025
k = 8.75 x 10-5/(2.0 x 0.025)
= 1.75 x 10-3
dm3 mol-1 s-1
(1)
(1)
1 SF
(2)
ALLOW units in any order.

Correct answer including units with no
working scores 2.
Question
Number
20(c)(i)
Acceptable Answer
Mark
Activation Energy Persulfate-Iodide

-3.00
0.0029
0.003
0.0031
0.0032
0.0033
0.0034
ln k
-3.50
-4.00
-4.50
(2)
-5.00
y = -4509x + 9.7525
-5.50
1/T
Use the overlay to mark the graph.

At least 4 points within the circles on the overlay.
(1)
Best fit line on points given.
(1)

167
Question
Number
20(c)(ii)
Acceptable Answer
Mark
Gradient = -(-3.50 - -5.27)/

(0.00333 - 0.00294)
= (-)4538 = (-)4500
ALLOW
Values from (-)4300 to (-)4700.
(1)
Gradient value negative.
(1)
Ea = -gradient x R = - -4538 x 8.31

= (+)37700 J mol-1 ( = (+)38 kJ mol-1)
(1)
TE on value of gradient even if it is positive

-4300 gives 35.7; -4700 gives 39.1
(4)
(1)
Correct units.
Correct answer from the gradient calculation with units
scores final 2 marks.
BUT correct answer with units but no gradient calculation
scores units mark only.
Total for Section C = 19 Marks

168


Surname
Other names
Pearson Edexcel
Centre Number
Candidate Number
International
Advanced Level
Chemistry
Advanced
Unit 5: General Principles of Chemistry II Transition

Metals and Organic Nitrogen Chemistry
(including synoptic assessment)
Paper Reference
WCH05/01
You must have: Data Booklet
Total Marks
Instructions

Use
Fill
in
centrethe
all questions.
Answer
Answer
Information

The
The
Questions
will be assessed
Advice

Keep
eye on the time.
Try toananswer
every question.
Check your answers
S45364A
1/

*S45364A0132*
Turn over
169
SECTION A
Answer ALL the questions in this section. You should aim to spend no more than 20 minutes on
this section. For each question, select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box .
and then mark your new answer with a
cross .
1 The following data are provided.
Ed/ V
ClO(aq) + H2O(l) + e Cl2(aq) + 2OH(aq)
+0.40
Cl2(aq) + 2e 2Cl(aq)
+1.36
What is the value of E dcell in which the following disproportionation reaction occurs?
Cl2(aq) + 2OH(aq) ClO(aq) + Cl(aq) + H2O(l)
A +
1.36
0.40 V
2
B +
1.36
+ 0.40 V
2
C + 1.36 0.40 V
D + 1.36 + 0.40 V
2
Which of the following is always proportional to E dcell for a chemical reaction?

A Hreaction
B Ssystem
C Ssurroundings
D Stotal
170
*S45364A0232*

3 The electrode system based on the half-equation below has the standard electrode
potential +1.51 V.
MnO4(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5e Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l)
E d = +1.51 V
Which of the following statements about this electrode system is correct?

A Changing the concentration of Mn2+(aq) would cause a change in the electrode
potential.
B Mn2+(aq) is acting as an oxidizing agent.
C The electrode used is made of manganese.
D When connected to a standard hydrogen electrode, the resulting cell voltage
would be +0.51 V.
4 Consider the following reaction.
S2O82(aq) + 2I(aq) 2SO42(aq) + I2(aq)
Which of the following ions could catalyse this reaction?
A Zn2+
B Al3+
C Fe2+
D Na+

*S45364A0332*
171
Turn over
5 EDTA ions form a complex with aqueous nickel(II) ions as shown by the equation
[Ni(H2O)6]2+(aq) + (EDTA)4(aq) Ni(EDTA)2(aq) + 6H2O(l)
Aqueous nickel(II) ions also form a complex ion with ammonia as shown by the
equation
[Ni(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6NH3(aq) [Ni(NH3)6]2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)
Aqueous nickel(II) ions form a more stable complex with EDTA ions than with
ammonia because
A six ammonia ligands cause steric hindrance around the central nickel(II) ion.
B EDTA ions carry a negative charge whereas ammonia molecules do not.
C there is a large increase in entropy when aqueous nickel(II) ions react with
EDTA ions, but not when aqueous nickel(II) ions react with ammonia.
D ammonia molecules tend to evaporate from the solution of the complex
whereas EDTA ions do not.
6 The hydrolysis of a transition metal cation can be represented by the following
equation
[M(H2O)6]n+(aq) + H2O(l) [M(H2O)5OH](n1)+(aq) + H3O+(aq)
In this reaction
A the solvent H2O is acting as an acid by donating a proton to the metal cation.
B the pH of the solution will be lower if the value of n is 2 instead of 3.
C the equilibrium position lies further to the right if the value of n is 3 instead of 2.
D the oxidation state of the metal in the cation has decreased from n to (n 1).
172
*S45364A0432*

7 In aqueous solution, manganate(VI) ions disproportionate into manganate(VII) ions

and manganese(IV) oxide when carbon dioxide is bubbled through the solution. The
ionic equation for the reaction is
3MnO42(aq) + 4H+(aq) 2MnO4(aq) + MnO2(s) + 2H2O(l)
The role of the carbon dioxide is to
A lower the pH of the solution.
B raise the pH of the solution.
C oxidize the manganate(VI) ions.
D reduce the manganate(VI) ions.
8 Which of the following shows the correct oxidation states of chromium in the ions given?
[Cr(OH)6]3
CrO42
[Cr(H2O)6]2+
+2
+10
+2
+3
+8
+6
+3
+6
+2
9 Transition metals are often used as heterogeneous catalysts. Which of the following
processes does not occur during such a catalysed reaction?
A Adsorption of reactant molecules on the surface of the metal.
B Bond breaking in the reactant molecules.
C Desorption of product molecules from the surface of the metal.
D An overall change in the oxidation number of the metal.

*S45364A0532*
173
Turn over
10 Consider the equation below.

[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)
This reaction is best described as
A acid-base.
B redox.
C addition.
D ligand exchange.
11 Which of the following will not reduce an acidified solution of potassium dichromate(VI)?
A (CH3)2C(OH)CH3
B FeSO4
C CH3CH2CH(OH)CH3
D Zn
12 The total number of isomers of dibromobenzene, C6H4Br2, containing a benzene ring is
A 2
B 3
C 4
D 5
174
*S45364A0632*

13 A section of the polypeptide made from a single amino acid is shown below.
H
H O H
H O
N C C N C C
CH3
CH3
The polypeptide was heated with excess dilute sodium hydroxide solution until no
further change took place.
Which of the following products is formed?
H H
A
H2N
C C C
O
H H
H
B
H2N
C C
CH3
H
H2N
C C
CH3
H
H3N
OH
C C
CH3
O

*S45364A0732*
175
Turn over
14 Which of the following pairs of compounds could form a polyamide?

A
Cl CH2 CH2 Cl
and
H2N CH2 CH2 NH2

O
HO
CH2 CH2 OH
and
O
C CH2 CH2 C
H2N
O
C
O
C
CH2 CH2 C
HO
and
CH3 CH2 NH2
OH
O
D
NH2
O
C CH2 CH2 C
Cl
and
H2N CH2 CH2 NH2
Cl
176
*S45364A0832*

15 Which of the following amino acids is optically active and produces an approximately
neutral solution when dissolved in water?
A H2NCH2COOH
H2NCHCOOH
CH3
H2NCHCOOH
(CH2)4
NH2
H2NCHCOOH
CH2
COOH
16 Which of the following is not planar?
A
B CCl4
C BF3
D [Pt(NH3)2Cl2]

*S45364A0932*
177
Turn over
17 A 50 cm3 sample of a gaseous hydrocarbon required exactly 250 cm3 of oxygen for
complete combustion. A volume of 150 cm3 of carbon dioxide was produced.
[All volume measurements were made at the same temperature and pressure.]
Which of the following is the correct formula of the hydrocarbon?
A C3H4
B C3H8
C C5H10
D C5H12
18 The first step of a nucleophilic addition reaction to a carbonyl group by a nucleophile,
Nu, is shown below.
O
O
CH3 C H
Nu
CH3 C H
Nu
The above step is possible because the

A nucleophile bonds to the + carbon atom and the carbonyl oxygen accepts an
electron pair from the double bond.
B nucleophile bonds to the + carbon atom and the carbonyl oxygen accepts
one electron from the double bond.
C methyl group donates electrons to the carbonyl carbon atom.
D C
O bond is weak.
10
178
*S45364A01032*

19 In a reaction carried out between ethanoic acid and methanol, the methanol was
labelled with the 18O isotope. The 18O was found to be in the organic product of the
reaction
18
18
CH3 C OH + CH3 OH CH3 C O CH3 + H2O

O
From the above information it can be deduced that the mechanism involves
A free radical substitution.
B breaking the C O bond in the ethanoic acid.
C nucleophilic attack by ethanoic acid on methanol.
D breaking the C
O bond in methanol.
18

20 The hydride ion, H, is a strong reducing agent, a good nucleophile and a strong base.
Which of the following changes could not be brought about by the hydride ion?
A CH3CHO to CH3CH2OH
B C2H5Br to C2H6
C CH2 CH2 to C2H6
D CH3COOH to CH3COO

*S45364A01132*
11
179
Turn over
BLANK PAGE
12
180
*S45364A01232*

SECTION B
21 Hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells can operate in acidic or alkaline conditions.
One such commercial cell uses porous platinum electrodes in contact with
concentrated aqueous potassium hydroxide solution, KOH(aq).
(a) Use relevant standard electrode potential values, on pages 15 and 17 of the Data
Booklet, to complete the table below in which two E d values are missing.
Half-equation
(2)
Ed / V
2H2O(l) + 2e 2OH(aq) + H2(g)
0.83
2H+(aq) + 2e H2(g)
0.00
O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e 4OH(aq)
O2(g) + 4H+(aq) + 4e 2H2O(l)

*S45364A01332*
13
181
Turn over
(b) (i) Fill in the boxes to identify, by name or formula, the substances used in the
standard hydrogen electrode.
(2)
platinum
electrode
(ii) State three conditions that are necessary for a standard hydrogen electrode.
(2)
1. . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3. . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) Write appropriate half-equations and use them to derive an overall equation for
the reaction which occurs when an alkaline hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell operates.
14
182
*S45364A01432*

(2)
(d) Use the E d values from the table in part (a) to calculate the E dcell for a hydrogenoxygen fuel cell operating in alkaline conditions.
(1)
(e) Suggest why the E dcell for a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell, operating in acidic conditions, is
identical to that of an alkaline fuel cell.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(f ) Give one reason (other than cost implications) why the platinum electrodes are
made by coating porous material with platinum rather than by using platinum rods.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(g) Suggest one disadvantage of using a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell compared with a
rechargeable battery when providing electrical energy for a motor vehicle.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

*S45364A01532*
15
183
Turn over
22 (a) Equations for the catalytic hydrogenation of cyclohexene and of benzene are
shown below.
+ H2
H = 120 kJ mol1
+ 3H2
H = 208 kJ mol1
(i) What is the type of reaction in both of these hydrogenations?
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .....................................
*(ii) The enthalpy of hydrogenation of benzene might be expected to be 360 kJ mol1.

Explain why this is not the actual value.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) Complete the following equation for the total hydrogenation of phenylethene.
Suggest a value for the enthalpy change of this reaction.
(3)
CH CH2
+ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H2
H = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kJ mol1
16
184
*S45364A01632*

(b) The compound benzophenone is used as a sunscreen. It can be prepared from

benzene, in the presence of aluminium chloride by the following reaction.
COCl
O
C
+ HCl
+
benzene + compound A
benzophenone
(i) Complete the diagram below by showing the displayed formula of the COCl
group in compound A.
(ii) Classify the type and mechanism of the reaction between benzene and
compound A.
(1)
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) Give the names of the two chemists associated with the type of reaction
described in (b)(ii).
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................

(1)
and .............................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
*S45364A01732*
17
185
Turn over
(iv) Give the mechanism for the reaction between benzene and compound A in
the presence of an aluminium chloride catalyst.
Start by showing the equation for the generation of the species which then
attacks the benzene ring.
(4)
Equation to show generation of species attacking the benzene ring:
Rest of the mechanism:
(v) Suggest the essential property of a substance that will be used as a sunscreen.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
186
*S45364A01832*

(c) (i) The identity of a sample of benzophenone can be confirmed by recording its
infrared and proton nmr spectra.
Identify two different bonds that would produce an absorption in the
infrared spectrum of benzophenone. Use the Data Booklet to suggest the
wavenumber of each of these absorptions.
(4)
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) In benzophenone there are three different hydrogen environments, X, Y

and Z, that produce signals in the ratio 2:2:1 respectively in the proton nmr
spectrum.
Identify, on the structure drawn below, the positions of all the hydrogen
atoms in each environment, labelling the different environments X, Y and Z.
(2)
O
C
benzophenone

*S45364A01932*
19
187
Turn over
23 A scientist investigated the typical behaviour of primary amines.

(a) Amines such as butylamine, CH3CH2CH2CH2NH2, and phenylamine, C6H5NH2, both
behave as bases.
(i) Which feature of an amine molecule allows it to act as a base?
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) The scientist reacted butylamine with two different acids.

Give the formulae of the salts that are formed when butylamine reacts with
(2)
sulfuric acid, H2SO4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ethanoic acid, CH3COOH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Phenylamine, C6H5NH2, is formed by the reduction of nitrobenzene, C6H5NO2.

Give the reagents that are used for this reduction.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
188
*S45364A02032*

(c) Phenylamine was reacted with a mixture of sodium nitrite, NaNO2, and
hydrochloric acid at a temperature between 0 C and 5 C. A diazonium ion
was formed. In a second step, the scientist reacted the diazonium ion with
phenol, under suitable conditions. A precipitate of 4-hydroxyazobenzene
(4-hydroxyphenylazobenzene) was formed.
(i) Draw the structure of the diazonium ion, clearly displaying the functional
group present in the ion.
(ii) Draw the structural formula of 4-hydroxyazobenzene.
(1)
(1)
(iii) State a condition, other than a suitable temperature, required for the reaction
of the diazonium ion with phenol and give a use for 4-hydroxyazobenzene.
Condition required:
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Use for 4-hydroxyazobenzene:

. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

*S45364A02132*
21
189
Turn over
(d) The scientist repeated the first step in experiment (c), but the temperature was
allowed to rise above 10 oC. Under these conditions, the diazonium ion reacted
with water to produce phenol. An unreactive gas, of molar mass 28.0 g mol1, was
also formed along with one other product.
Use this information to write the equation for the reaction of the diazonium ion
with water.
(2)
(e) The impure sample of 4-hydroxyazobenzene formed in part (c) may be purified by
recrystallization. During this process
the solid is dissolved in the minimum volume of hot solvent

the mixture is then filtered whilst still hot
the filtrate is cooled in an ice bath to produce crystals of 4-hydroxyazobenzene
the crystals are removed by filtration and dried.
(i) Why is the minimum volume of hot solvent used?
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) The impure 4-hydroxyazobenzene may contain both insoluble and soluble
impurities. Describe how
(2)
I. insoluble impurities are removed during recrystallization

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
II. soluble impurities are removed during recrystallization

. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
190
*S45364A02232*

(iii) How would you check the purity of 4-hydroxyazobenzene after

recrystallization, other than by using spectroscopy?
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


*S45364A02332*
23
191
Turn over
SECTION C
24
Titanium is the seventh most abundant metal in the Earths crust and occurs
principally as rutile (impure titanium(IV) oxide, TiO2).
Early attempts to extract the metal from its oxide by reduction with heated
carbon failed because the compound titanium carbide is formed. In 1910,
however, pure titanium was made by heating titanium(IV) chloride with sodium.
Titanium has a high melting temperature and a density of 4.50 g cm3.
Titanium is as strong as steel, but is about 40% less dense and is therefore
suitable for use in the aircraft industry. Titanium metal resists corrosion as it
has an impervious coating of titanium(IV) oxide. The metal adheres well to
bone, is not rejected by the body and is in demand for the manufacture of
replacement joints.
Titanium has two common oxidation states, +3 and +4. Solutions containing
the [Ti(H2O)6]3+(aq) ion, such as titanium(III) chloride, are purple in colour
and are readily oxidized by the oxygen in air to colourless titanium(IV) ions.
An aqueous solution of titanium(III) chloride is a strong reducing agent.
Titanium(IV) chloride, TiCl4, is a colourless liquid with a boiling temperature
of 136 C. This compound is used, in conjunction with organic compounds of
aluminium, as a catalyst for the polymerization of propene to poly(propene).
Titanium(IV) chloride is hydrolysed by water to give titanium(IV) oxide, TiO2
and hydrogen chloride gas.
Titanium(IV) oxide is a white, non-toxic solid at room temperature. It is used
as a white pigment in paint, largely replacing toxic lead compounds which
were used previously. Titanium(IV) oxide reacts with concentrated sulfuric
acid to form a salt and water. Titanium(IV) oxide also reacts with aqueous
potassium hydroxide solution, under suitable conditions, to form a compound
with formula K2Ti(OH)6.
(a) (i) Write the equation for the reaction which occurs during the manufacture of
titanium from titanium(IV) chloride as described in the article above. State
symbols are not required.
24
192
*S45364A02432*

(1)
(ii) Explain, by stating the changes of oxidation numbers, why the reaction in (i) is
classified as a redox reaction.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Complete the electronic configurations of
(2)
Ti
[Ar] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ti3+
[Ar] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ti4+
[Ar] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) Use your answer to (b) to explain why titanium is

(i) a d-block element
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) a transition element
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

*S45364A02532*
25
193
Turn over
*(d) (i) Explain why the hexaaquatitanium(III) ion, [Ti(H2O)6]3+, is coloured.
(3)
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Explain briefly why titanium(IV) compounds are colourless.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
194
*S45364A02632*

*(e) (i) Titanium(IV) oxide has a melting temperature of 1830 oC. Use this data,
plus information in the article at the start of the question, to compare the
structure and bonding in titanium(IV) oxide with that in titanium(IV) chloride.
Hence explain why these two compounds change state at very different
temperatures.
(4)
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Give the term used to describe an oxide, such as titanium(IV) oxide, which can
react with both acids and bases.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) Using information in the article, write the equation for the reaction between
titanium(IV) oxide and aqueous potassium hydroxide solution. State symbols
are not required.

*S45364A02732*
(1)
27
195
Turn over
(iv) Titanium(IV) chloride is one of the catalysts used in the polymerization of

propene to form poly(propene).
Give the displayed formula of the repeat unit of poly(propene).
(1)
(f ) The concentration of a solution of titanium(III) chloride can be determined by

titration with a solution of hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, in acidic conditions. The
end-point of the reaction is when the solution of titanium(III) chloride in the flask
goes colourless.
(i) Complete the ionic half-equation to show the reduction of hydrogen
peroxide.
H2O2 + 2H+ +
28
196
.......................
....................................
*S45364A02832*

(1)
*(ii) One mole of hydrogen peroxide reacts with two moles of titanium(III)
chloride.
In an experiment, 5.00 cm3 of a sample of titanium(III) chloride solution was
transferred to a volumetric flask and made up to 250 cm3 of an aqueous
solution. A 25.0 cm3 portion of this diluted solution was acidified and titrated
with a 0.0200 mol dm3 solution of hydrogen peroxide, H2O2. The mean titre
was 22.50 cm3.
Calculate the concentration of the original titanium(III) chloride solution, in
mol dm3.
(iii) Use information in the article to suggest why this titration gives a value that
is lower than the true value for the concentration of titanium(III) chloride
solutions.
(3)
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

TOTAL FOR SECTION C = 23 MARKS

*S45364A02932*
29
197
BLANK PAGE
30
198
*S45364A03032*

BLANK PAGE

*S45364A03132*
31
199
32
200
*S45364A03232*

Mark Scheme (SAM)

Unit 5: General Principles of
Chemistry II Transition Metals
and Organic Nitrogen Chemistry

201

202

used appropriately.
When examiners are in doubt regarding the application of the mark scheme to
a candidates response, the team leader must be consulted.
follows:
i.
ii.
iii.
when appropriate.

203

creditworthy.
/

()
answer.
Bold

when appropriate.
abilities.
204

Section A
Question
Number
1
Question
Number
2
Question
Number
3
Question
Number
4
Question
Number
5
Question
Number
6
Question
Number
7
Question
Number
8
Question
Number
9
Question
Number
10
Question
Number
11
Question
Number
12
Answer
Mark
(1)
C
Answer
Mark
(1)
D
Answer
Mark
(1)
A
Answer
Mark
(1)
C
Answer
Mark
(1)
C
Answer
Mark
(1)
C
Answer
Mark
(1)
A
Answer
Mark
(1)
D
Answer
Mark
(1)
D
Answer
Mark
(1)
D
Answer
Mark
(1)
A
Answer
Mark
(1)

205
Question
Number
13
Question
Number
14
Question
Number
15
Question
Number
16
Question
Number
17
Question
Number
18
Question
Number
19
Question
Number
20
Answer
Mark
(1)
B
Answer
Mark
(1)
D
Answer
Mark
(1)
B
Answer
Mark
(1)
B
Answer
Mark
(1)
B
Answer
Mark
(1)
A
Answer
Mark
(1)
B
Answer
Mark
(1)
206

Section B
Questio
n
Number
21(a)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Mark
E /V
Half-equation
+0.4(0)
+1.23
(2)
+2.46
One mark for each correct value.

Penalise omission of + once only.
Question
Number
21(b)(i)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Mark
hydrogen/H2
hydrogen ions/
H+/any strong
acid
First mark:
Hydrogen/H2(g)/H2
IGNORE
Any pressure value quoted
(2)
Second mark:
Name or formula of any strong acid (e.g.
HCl/H2SO4)
ALLOW hydrogen ions/H+(aq)/H+.
IGNORE
Any acid concentration value quoted.
H(g)/H for
hydrogen gas
HCL/HSO4
Just acidic
IGNORE
State symbols for ANY formula of hydrogen
and/or acid, even if incorrect.
IGNORE any references to platinum.

207
Question
Number
21(b)(ii)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
1 atm/100 kPa/101 kPa/1 bar
Wrong
pressure units
1 mol dm-3 ([H+]/[HCl])
Incorrect
concentration
units (e.g. 1
mol/1 mol-1
dm3 for [H+])
ALLOW
1 molar/1M
298 K/25oC
273
K/0oC/room
temperature
ALLOW
OK
Mark
(2)
All THREE conditions correct = 2 marks.

Any TWO conditions correct = 1 mark.
IGNORE
References to standard conditions.
References to Pt/catalyst.
ALLOW
0.5 mol dm-3 H2SO4.
INSTEAD of the 1 mol dm-3 ([H+]/[HCl]).
208

Question
Number
21(c)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Mark
First mark:
Mentions/some evidence for the use of
BOTH equations 1 AND 3 from the table in
any way, even if reversed or left
unbalanced for example:
O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e- 4OH-(aq)
Equations
involving H+
AND
4OH-(aq) + 2H2(g) 4H2O(l) + 4e-
(1)
ALLOW
for
Second mark:
(Adds the above half-equations cancelling
4e- to get.)
2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l)
If
e/OH/H+/tw
o surplus H2O
molecules
remain in this
final equation
(0) for 2nd
mark
(2)
OR
H2(g) + O2(g) H2O(l)
(1)
ALLOW
for
but must have H2 and O2 on left.

Mark the second scoring point
independently.
Award this mark if the correct equation is
seen, no matter how it is derived.
ALLOW MULTIPLES OF EQUATIONS IN ALL
CASES.
IGNORE any state symbols, even if
incorrect.
ALLOW equilibrium sign used in ANY of
the above equations instead of the full
arrows.

209
Question
Number
21(d)
Acceptable Answer
E
cell
Reject
= +0.40 - (-0.83) (V) = (+)1.23 (V)
Mark
-1.23 (V)
+ sign NOT required in final answer

(1)
Correct answer with or without working

scores.
(1)
No ECF from any incorrect E values used.
Question
Number
21(e)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Reaction/equation is the same
Electrode
potentials
dont change
OR
Reaction/equation for both is
2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l).
ALLOW
Just same
product/water
is produced
Just same
reactants are
oxidized and
reduced
for
Mark
(1)

ALLOW statements such as they both
produce water from hydrogen and
oxygen/reactants and products are the
same.
Same reaction
but in
reverse
scores (0)
ALLOW multiples of the equation.

Question
Number
21(f)
210
Acceptable Answer
Mark
To increase the surface area/to increase the number of

active sites.

(1)
Question
Number
21(g)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Mark
Any one of:

Storage (problems)
Hydrogen/oxygen/the gases have to be
stored under pressure
Leakage (of hydrogen/of oxygen/of gas)
Transport(ation) problems
Hard to carry/lack of portability
Hydrogen flammable inflammable
Hydrogen explosive
Fuel cell can
only be used
once scores
(0)
(Fuel cell) costly/expensive

Needs (regular) re-filling
Needs continual replenishment of H2 and O2
(1)
Lack of availability (of hydrogen/fuel)

Hydrogen is made from fossil
fuels/hydrogen is made by
electrolysis/hydrogen is made from natural
gas/hydrogen is made from non-renewable
resources.
ALLOW water is a greenhouse gas/
fuel cell(s) have short(er) lifespan/
fuel cells have to be (regularly) replaced.
IGNORE references to danger or safety or
hazardous.
Any arguments in terms of voltage output.
References to hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell
cannot be recharged.

211
Question
Number
22(a)(i)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Addition/reduction/free-radical addition.
Redox
Electrophilic
addition
Nucleophilic
addition
IGNORE
references to hydrogenation.
Question
Number
*22(a)
(ii)
Quality
of
Written
Commu
nication
Mark
(1)
Acceptable Answer
Mark
First mark:
Delocalisation (of /p electrons in benzene ring).
(1)
IGNORE reference to resonance

Second mark:
Results in more energy needed to break the bonds in
benzene (compared with three separate bonds).
(1)
(2)
ALLOW confers stability on the molecule/makes benzene

more stable (than expected)
IGNORE
Reference to carbon-carbon bond lengths
Values of any enthalpy changes.
Mark the two points independently.
212

Question
Number
22(a)
(iii)
Acceptable Answer
CH
CH2
Mark
CH 2
CH 3
+ 4H2
(H=) -328 (kJ mol-1)

First mark:
For 4
Second mark:
product as above/correct skeletal formula of product
ALLOW
Side chain written as C2H5.
Third mark:
-328 (kJ mol1)
(3)
N.B.
One H2 added showing a consequential correct product with
only side chain reduced and consequential H = -120 (kJ
mol-1) scores.
(2)
Three H2 added showing a consequential correct product with
only the benzene ring reduced and
H = -208 (kJ mol-1) scores.
(2)
Five H2 added with fully correct product drawn and H = 448 (kJ mol-1) scores.
(2)
Three and a half H2 added showing a fully correct product
(2)
and H = -268/-293(.3)(kJ mol-1) scores.
N.B. mark scoring points independently

213
Question
Number
22(b)(i)
Acceptable Answer
Mark
O
C
Cl
Mark awarded for displaying
(1)
O
C
Question
Number
22(b)(ii)
Cl
Acceptable Answer
Mark
Electrophilic substitution
(1)
BOTH words needed.

IGNORE references to acylation and/or Friedel-Crafts.
Question
Number
22(b)
(iii)
214
Acceptable Answer
Mark
Friedel and Crafts

BOTH names are needed for this mark .

(1)
Question
Number
22(b)
(iv)
Acceptable Answer
Mark
First mark:
C6H5COCl + AlCl3 C6H5CO+ + AlCl4+ can be anywhere on the C6H5CO in the equation for the
first mark.
O
C+
H
C
O
O
C
+ H+
(AlCl4- + H+ HCl + AlCl3)

N.B. If ethanoyl chloride or any other acid chloride or the
generic RCOCl is used instead of benzoyl chloride, no first
mark can be awarded but the 2nd, 3rd and 4th marks can be
awarded consequentially.
(4)
Second mark:
First curly arrow, as shown, to start from inside the hexagon
to the correct C+ carbon (i.e. not to the benzene ring).
N.B. the + must be on the C of the C=O/CO for this mark
Third mark:
Intermediate correctly drawn.
N.B. + can be shown anywhere in the ring or at the C atom
where electrophile is bonded. The horseshoe in the
intermediate to cover at least three carbon atoms.
Fourth mark:
Second curly arrow as shown from CH bond to reform the
ring, not from the H atom in this bond
N.B. products do not have to be shown nor the equation for
regeneration of the catalyst given.

215
Question
Number
22(b)(v)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Absorbs/reflects/blocks/protects
from/shields against/uv (light/radiation)
Adsorbs UV
light
Mark
(1)
IGNORE non-toxic/references to IR
Question
Number
22(c)(i)
Acceptable Answer
Mark
Any TWO of the following:

One mark for identifying the bond by formula as shown and
one mark for wavenumber in each matching pair.
UNITS are not required.
Bond
C=C
C=O
C-H
C-H
Wavenumber
range/wavenumber
(cm-1)
1600/1580/1500/1450
All four values
needed
17001680
3030
750/700
Both values needed
(4)
ALLOW
correct wavenumber range, or any number within the correct
range, for C=O.
Mark identification of the bond and the wavenumber
independently.
(e.g. a correct bond with a wrong wavenumber, or vice versa,
scores one of the two marks in each case)
IGNORE
nmr values/chemical shifts.
216

Question
Number
22(c)(ii)
Acceptable Answer
Mark
Y
X
Z
Y
First mark:
EITHER
Identifies correctly the three different proton environments
ALLOW
If the three different proton environments are shown on only
one of the benzene rings.
N.B. on right-hand ring, clockwise from C=O, positions 2, 3
and 4
And/or 2, 4 and 5 are shown as different environments
and/or
on left-hand ring, anti-clockwise from C=O, positions 2, 3
and 4
And/or 2, 4 and 5 are shown as different environments.
(2)
OR
Identifies proton Z correctly on both benzene rings.
Second mark:
Fully correct labelling on both rings using the letters X, Y and
Z.
N.B. X and Y labels are interchangeable, Z is not.

217
Question
Number
23(a)(i)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Lone pair (of electrons on the nitrogen

atom)
Lone pairs
Spare pair
Mark
(1)
ALLOW non-bonded pair (of electrons on

the nitrogen atom).
Question
Number
23(a)(ii)
Acceptable Answer
Mark
(with H2SO4)
(C4H9NH3+)2SO42-
(1)
ALLOW
C4H9NH3+HSO4 (with CH3COOH)
C4H9NH3+CH3COO-
(1)
CHARGES not essential.
(2)
Cation and anion can be in either order.

Maximum one mark if formula of the amine is incorrect in
either case.
ALLOW one mark if only the correct cation is given in each
case (i.e. the anion has been omitted in both cases).
N.B. the correct ions can be shown separately, e.g.
(C4H9NH3+)2 + SO42- .
218

Question
Number
23(b)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Tin/Sn
LiAlH4
ALLOW
Iron/Fe
(1)
(concentrated) hydrochloric acid

N.B. if candidates write HCl, there must
be some indication of concentrated, e.g.
conc HCl/concentrated HCl.
ALLOW HCl(aq).
Mark
Just HCl
Dilute
hydrochloric
acid/sulfuric
acid
(2)
(Followed by addition of alkali to liberate

the free amine)
(1)
Mark the two points independently.
N.B. do not allow second mark if there is a
suggestion that the acid and alkali are
added together simultaneously.
Question
Number
23(c)(i)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Mark
N2+ on ring
N
N.B. if the above structure is drawn, the +

charge must be on the N connected directly
to the benzene ring.
(1)
ALLOW N=N+ on ring.

IGNORE Cl-.
Question
Number
23(c)(ii)
Acceptable Answer

Mark
OH
(1)
219
Question
Number
23(c)(iii)
Acceptable Answer
Mark
(Conditions)
(Presence of) NaOH/KOH/alkali/OH-
(1)
ALLOW
Alkaline (conditions) or base or high pH.
IGNORE
Any references to temperature.
(Use)
Dye/pigment/colouring/indicator/in foodstuff/in
paint/methyl orange
(2)
(1)
IGNORE
Any reference to medicines.
220

Question
Number
23(d)
Acceptable Answer
Mark
OH + N2 + H+
N + H 2O
ALLOW
The + sign to be on either N atom in the benezenediazonium
ion.
OR
C6H5N2+ + H2O C6H5OH + N2 + H+
OR
C6H5N2Cl + H2O C6H5OH + N2 + HCl
OR
(2)
+
C6H5N2 + 2H2O C6H5OH + N2 + H3O

OR
C6H5N2+Cl- + H2O C6H5OH + N2 + HCl

N.B. C6H5 can be written or drawn
First mark:
(1)
for N2
Second mark:
for rest of the equation correct
(1)
IGNORE
State symbols, even if incorrect.

221
Question
Number
23(e)(i)
Acceptable Answer
Mark
(Otherwise) too much (product) remains in solution

OR
If excess (solvent) is used, crystals might not form
ALLOW
To avoid losing (too much) product (in the filtrate when
crystallization occurs).
To maximise the yield.
Will crystallize better from a concentrated solution/will
recrystallize (better) when cold.
(1)
IGNORE
References to a saturated solution or references to
dilution or references to the time taken for crystals to
form.
Question
Number
23(e)(ii)
Acceptable Answer
Mark
(Insoluble impurities removed)

By hot filtration/During the first filtration/During the
second step in the process.
(1)
(Soluble impurities removed)

By remaining in solution/Left in filtrate/Removed when
washed (with cold solvent).
(1)
Question
Number
23(e)
(iii)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Measure the melting temperature/melting

point and compare with data/known value
(from a data
book/literature/internet/database)
(BOTH points needed for the mark).
(0) If
reference to
determination
of the boiling
point is made
(2)
Mark
OR
The melting point is sharp (just this
(1)
statement is needed for the mark).

ALLOW
Any form of chromatography.
IGNORE
References to any types of spectroscopy.
222

Question
Number
24(a)(i)
Acceptable Answer
Mark
TiCl4 + 4Na 4NaCl + Ti

IGNORE
State symbols, even if incorrect.
(1)
ALLOW
Multiples.
Reversible arrows.
Question
Number
24(a)(ii)
Acceptable Answer
Mark
Ti reduced as oxidation number decreases from +4 to

0/changes from +4 to 0.
(1)
Na oxidized as oxidation number increases from 0 to
+1/changes from 0 to +1.
(1)
ALLOW
Correct oxidation numbers only for one mark.
N.B. max (1) if no + sign included.
(2)
ALLOW
4+ and/or 1+ given instead of +4 and +1.
N.B. if any of the oxidation numbers are wrong, award max
(1) for the idea that during oxidation the oxidation number
increases AND during reduction the oxidation number
decreases.
IGNORE
References to loss and /or gain of electrons.

223
Question
Number
24(b)
Acceptable Answer
Mark
(Ti [Ar]) 3d2 4s2/4s2 3d2
(1)
(Ti3+ [Ar]) 3d1 /3d1 4s0

(Ti4+ [Ar]) nil/3d0 4s0 /3d0
space left blank by candidate
BOTH Ti3+ and Ti4+ correct for second mark.
(1)
(2)
Mark CQ on Ti electron configuration for the second mark.

ALLOW
Upper case (e.g. D for d in electronic configurations).
Subscripts for numbers of electrons.
Full correct electronic configurations 1s2 2s2.
Question
Number
24(c)(i)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
(d-block element)
EITHER
Ti has (two) electrons in the 3d subshell/
Ti has a partially filled d-subshell/
Ti has a partially filled d-orbital/
Ti has electrons in d-orbital(s)/
Ti has electrons in d-subshell
(During the build up of its atoms) last
added/valence electron is in a
d-subshell/d-orbital.
OR
(During the build up of its atoms) last
added/valence electron is in a
d-subshell/d-orbital.
Question
Number
24(c)(ii)
Mark
Outer/highe
st energy
electrons are
in a dorbital/Outer
/highest
energy
electrons are
in a d-subshell
(1)
Electrons in
the d-block/
electrons in
the d-shell
Acceptable Answer
Mark
(Transition element)
Forms one (or more stable) ions/forms Ti3+ (ions) which
have.
Incomplete d-orbital(s)/an incomplete d-subshell/a partially
filled d-subshell/an unpaired d electron
(1)
IGNORE references to variable oxidation states.
224

Question
Number
*24(d)
(i)
Quality
of
Written
Commun
ication
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Mark
First mark:
d-subshell splits/d-orbitals split (in energy
by ligands)/d energy level(s) split(s)
(1)
d-orbital/dshell splits
Second mark:
Absorbs light (in visible region)
(1)
Absorbs purple
light
Third mark:
Electron transitions from lower to higher
energy/electron(s) jump from lower to
higher energy.
(3)
OR
Electron(s) promoted (within d).
(1)
Mark independently
N.B. maximum of (1) mark (i.e. the first
mark only) if refers to electrons falling back
down again.
Question
Number
24(d)(ii)
Acceptable Answer
No d-electrons/empty d-subshell

Mark
(1)
225
Question
Number
*24(e)
(i)
Quality
of
Written
Commu
nication
Acceptable Answer
Reject
TiO2 Structure mark
TiO2 (small)
molecules/simpl
e molecular
EITHER
Mark
Giant (structure)
OR
(1)
Lattice (structure)
IGNORE
Whether stated as ionic or covalent for

this mark.
TiO2 Bonding mark
EITHER
Strong (electrostatic) attraction between
ions.
For TiO2
mention of any
type of
intermolecular
forces between
molecules of
TiO2
ALLOW
Strong ionic bonds/ionic bonds require a
lot of energy to break.
OR
(4)
Strong covalent bonds/covalent bonds

require a lot of energy to break.
(1)
TiCl4 Structure mark
(Simple) molecules/(small) molecules
/molecular.
(1)
TiCl4 Bonding mark

Weak London/dispersion/van der Waals
forces (between molecules)/
London/dispersion/van der Waals forces
(between molecules) require little energy to
break.
(1)
226

TiCl4 giant
structure
Covalent bonds
broken (on
melting) in TiCl4
Ionic bonding in
TiCl4
Hydrogen
bonding (0) for
this mark
Question
Number
24(e)(i)
continue
d
Acceptable Answer
Mark
N.B. if candidate assumes TiO2 and TiCl4 are both simple
molecular, can score last mark for saying that the named
intermolecular forces in TiO2 are stronger.
IGNORE
(Permanent) dipole-dipole forces.
Mark the four scoring points independently.
Question
Number
24(e)(ii)
Acceptable Answer
Mark
Amphoteric
(1)
ALLOW
Recognisable spellings.
Question
Number
24(e)
(iii)
Acceptable Answer
Mark
TiO2 + 2H2O + 2KOH K2Ti(OH)6

OR
(1)
TiO2 + 2H2O + 2OH Ti(OH)62IGNORE state symbols even if incorrect.

Question
Number
24(e)
(iv)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Mark
H
H
MUST have continuation bonds at

each end.
Two (or more) repeat

units shown.
(1)
ALLOW
CH3
IGNORE
n and any brackets.

227
Question
Number
24(f)(i)
Acceptable Answer
Mark
(H2O2 + 2H+ +) 2e(-) 2H2O

(1)
BOTH
2e(-) and 2H2O needed for the mark.
Question
Number
*24(f)
(ii)
Quality
of
Written
Commun
ication
Acceptable Answer
Mark
(Moles H2O2 = 0.0200 x 22.50/1000) = 4.5 x 10-4 mol H2O2

(1)
(Moles Ti3+ reacting in 25.0 cm3) = 9.0 x 10-4 mol Ti3+
(Moles Ti3+ in 250 cm3) = 9.0 x 10-3 mol Ti3+
(1)
(1)
(Original concentration of Ti3+= 9.0 x 10-3/0.00500)

= 1.8 (mol dm-3)
1.8 (mol dm-3) with or without working scores
(1)
(3)
(3)
N.B. if mole ratio H2O2 : Ti3+ is 1:1 final answer for

concentration of Ti3+ is 0.9 (mol dm-3) scores.
Overall (2)
If mole ratio H2O2 : Ti3+ is 2:1 final answer for concentration
of Ti3+ is 0.45 (mol dm-3) scores.
Overall (2)
If candidate forgets to multiply number. of moles of Ti3+ by
(2)
10 then answer is 0.18 (moldm-3) this scores.
If volume of H2O2 used is 25.0 no first mark, but can score
two marks if final answer CQ is 2(.0) (mol dm-3).
Question
Number
24(f)(iii)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
(It/titanium(III)/Ti3+) oxidized
(by oxygen in the air)
Hydrolysis
Mark
(1)
ALLOW
It is a strong reducing agent

Total for Section C = 23 marks
228


Surname
Other names
Pearson Edexcel
Centre Number
Candidate Number
International
Advanced Level
Chemistry
Advanced
Unit 6: Chemistry Laboratory Skills II

Paper Reference
WCH06/01
Total Marks
Instructions

Use
Fill
in
centrethe
all questions.
Answer
Answer
Information

The
The
You
be assessed on your ability to organise and present information,
ideas,willdescriptions
and arguments clearly and logically, including your use of
grammar, punctuation and spelling.

Advice

Keep
eye on the time.
Try toananswer
every question.
Check your answers
S45365A
1/

*S45365A0116*
Turn over
229
1 (a) Compound Z is a crystalline solid that contains a nickel cation and one type of
anion. Complete the table below.
Test
(i)
Observation
Add dilute sulfuric acid

to compound Z
Inference
Bubbles of a colourless
gas are released. The gas
turns limewater milky
Name of gas released is

................................................................. . . . . . . .
Formula of anion in Z is
and
................................................................. . . . . . . .
a . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................
coloured solution is
Formula of the
formed
formed is
(1) complex ion
2+
[Ni(H2O)6] (aq)
(ii)
Add concentrated
hydrochloric acid to
the solution containing
[Ni(H2O)6]2+ ions
(iii) Add a few drops

of dilute aqueous
ammonia to the solution
containing [Ni(H2O)6]2+
ions
(iv) Add excess dilute
aqueous ammonia to
the solution containing
[Ni(H2O)6]2+ ions until
no further change is
observed
230
Yellow-brown solution
forms
Formula of the complex

ion formed is
................................................................. . . . . . . .
(1)
Green precipitate forms
Formula of the precipitate

formed is
................................................................. . . . . . . .
(1)
Formula of the complex
ion formed is [Ni(NH3)6]2+
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................
(1)
*S45365A0216*

(2)
(b) A 10.0 cm3 sample of a solution containing [Ni(H2O)6]2+ ions was titrated with a
solution of concentration 0.010 mol dm3 with respect to the ligand EDTA4 ions.
The equation for the reaction is
[Ni(H2O)6]2+ + EDTA4 [Ni(EDTA)]2 + 6H2O
(i) The mean titre of the solution containing EDTA4 ions was 24.20 cm3.
Use this information, and the equation above, to calculate the concentration
in mol dm3 of the solution containing [Ni(H2O)6]2+ ions.
(ii) Assuming the total error in the measurement of the mean titre is 0.10 cm3,
calculate the percentage error in this titre.
(2)
(1)
(iii) A similar solution, containing the same concentration of [Ni(H2O)6]2+ ions, also
contained a small amount of an impurity, copper(II) sulfate.
Suggest what effect this impurity would have on the titre. Justify your answer.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

*S45365A0316*
231
Turn over
BLANK PAGE
232
*S45365A0416*

2 A colourless liquid, compound X, was extracted from raspberries. X has the molecular
formula C10H12O2 and contains a benzene ring.
(a) What would you expect to see if a sample of compound X was burned in air?
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) A series of tests was carried out on compound X. In each test, state what you can
deduce about the structure of compound X from the results described.
(i) X forms a white precipitate with aqueous bromine solution.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) X forms an orange precipitate with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) Fehlings (or Benedicts) solution remains blue when warmed with compound X.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

*S45365A0516*
233
Turn over
(c) The high resolution proton nmr spectrum of compound X is shown below. This
spectrum shows that there are six different proton environments in the molecule
of X. The relative number of hydrogen atoms in each environment is indicated on
the spectrum. Use this spectrum, the data below and your answers to (a) and (b)
to help answer the questions that follow.
3H
1H
2H 2H
2H
2H
chemical shift / ppm

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
HCC=C
alkenes
arenes
HCC=O
aldehyde
ketone
ester
amide
acid
Ar OH
phenol
TMS
HCO
alcohol
ether
ester
OH
alcohol
Ar H
arene ring
8.0
234
HC=C
alkene
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
*S45365A0616*

Chemical shifts for

hydrogen relative to
TMS
(tetramethylsilane)
HCC
alkane
R 3 CH>R 2CH 2>
RCH 3
1.0
0.0
/ppm for TMS
(i) Which hydrogen atoms in compound X are most likely to have caused the
peaks at 6.5 ppm and 7.2 ppm?
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Compound X has a side chain containing four carbon atoms attached to the
benzene ring. Show all the atoms on this side chain and label each hydrogen
environment on the side chain with its splitting pattern.
(3)
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) Suggest the structural formula of X.

(1)
*S45365A0716*
235
Turn over
(d) Compound X can be extracted from raspberries by steam distillation. Draw

a labelled diagram of the apparatus you could use to carry out this steam
distillation.
(3)
236
*S45365A0816*

3 Glucose can be oxidized using acidified potassium manganate(VII). The kinetics of

the reaction can be studied using the procedure outlined below.
1. Measured volumes of glucose solution, sulfuric acid and water were added to a
conical flask.
2. A measured volume of potassium manganate(VII) solution was added to the flask.
The mixture was gently swirled and a stopwatch started.
3. The time taken for the mixture in the flask to change colour was recorded and the
initial rate of the reaction was then calculated.
4. The experiment was repeated using different volumes of the solutions.
The results of the experiments are shown in the table below.
Experiment
Glucose
/ cm3
Sulfuric acid
/ cm3
Potassium
manganate(VII)
/ cm3
Water
/ cm3
Initial rate
/ mol dm3 s1
20.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
1.0 105
20.0
20.0
5.0
5.0
5.0 106
10.0
20.0
10.0
10.0
9.8 106
10.0
10.0
10.0
20.0
4.9 106
(a) (i) Which piece of equipment should be used to measure out the volumes used
in each experiment? Justify your choice.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

*S45365A0916*
237
Turn over
(ii) What colour change would you see in step 3?
(2)
From . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................ to ..............................................................................................

(iii) Explain why water was added to the flask in experiments B, C and D.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iv) Suggest a technique that could be used to continuously monitor the change
in concentration of potassium manganate(VII) during the reaction.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(v) State the order with respect to glucose, sulfuric acid and potassium
manganate(VII) and hence write the rate equation for the reaction.
10
238
*S45365A01016*

(3)
(b) Experiment A was repeated at different temperatures and the time taken for
the potassium manganate(VII) to change colour was recorded. The results were
processed to find values of 1/temperature and ln (rate constant) and these are
shown in the table below.
Experiment
1 / temperature
/ K1
ln (rate constant)
3.00 103
1.60
3.10 103
2.60
3.21 103
3.75
3.35 103
5.20
(i) Plot a graph of ln (rate constant) against 1 / temperature on the axes below.
(3)
1 / temperature / K1
ln
(rate
constant)
(ii) Calculate the gradient of the graph.

(1)
*S45365A01116*
11
239
Turn over
(iii) Use your answer to (ii) and the relationship below to calculate the activation
energy, Ea, for this reaction. Include a sign and units in your answer.
Gradient =
Ea
R
R = 8.31 J K1 mol1
(2)
12
240
*S45365A01216*

4 The procedure outlined below can be used to extract caffeine from tea.
1. Add 25 g of tea, 10 g of calcium carbonate and 250 cm3 of water to a large beaker.
2. Gently boil the mixture for 15 minutes.
3. While the mixture is still warm, filter using suction filtration.
4. Transfer the filtrate to a separating funnel and separate the caffeine from the
aqueous mixture using solvent extraction, with dichloromethane as the solvent.
5. Dry the extract.
6. Remove the solvent.
[Density of dichloromethane = 1.32 g cm3]
(a) (i) Outline how to carry out the solvent extraction in step 4, to obtain a solution
of caffeine dissolved in dichloromethane.
(3)
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

*S45365A01316*
13
241
Turn over
(ii) How would you dry the extract in step 5? Include the name of a suitable
drying agent in your answer.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) (i) The solvent dichloromethane is harmful and can enter the body through
inhalation and skin absorption. Suggest a possible way to minimise each of
these risks when using dichloromethane.
(2)
Inhalation ................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Skin absorption
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Suggest a suitable way to remove the solvent in step 6.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) The extraction can also be carried out using liquid carbon dioxide. Suggest an
advantage of using this rather than dichloromethane.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
242
*S45365A01416*

(d) A student carrying out this extraction obtained 85 mg of caffeine. Calculate the
percentage by mass of caffeine obtained from the sample of tea used.
(e) Caffeine obtained in this way is often a pale green solid, due to impurities. State
the name of another technique you could use to further purify the caffeine.
(2)
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


*S45365A01516*
15
243
16
244
*S45365A01616*

Mark Scheme (SAM)

Unit 6: Chemistry Laboratory
Skills II

245

246

used appropriately.
follows:
i.
ii.
iii.
when appropriate.

247

creditworthy.
/

()
answer.
Bold
248

Question
Number
1(a)(i)
Question
Number
1(a)(ii)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Green
IGNORE qualifications of green such as
light/dark/emerald.
(1)
Blue-green
Carbon dioxide
ALLOW CO2.
(1)
CO32ALLOW HCO3-
(1)
Mark
Turquoise
(3)
Acceptable Answer
Mark
[NiCl4]2ALLOW
-2 for 2NiCl42[Ni(Cl)4]2Ni(Cl)42[Ni(H2O)2Cl4]2[NiCl6]4-
Question
Number
1(a)(iii)
Question
Number
1(a)(iv)
(1)
Acceptable Answer
Mark
Ni(OH)2/Ni(H2O)4(OH)2/
Ni(OH)2 (H2O)4/
[Ni(H2O)4(OH)2]/
[Ni(OH)2 (H2O)4]
Acceptable Answer
(1)
Reject
Mark
Blue solution (forms)

ALLOW lavender blue solution and any
other shade of blue.
Blue-green
(1)
OR
(Green) precipitate dissolves.

Precipitate
dissolves to give
incorrect
coloured solution
249
Question
Number
1(b)(i)
Acceptable Answer
Mark
24.2/1000 x 0.01 = 2.42 x 10-4 (mol)
(1)
Concentration of [Ni(H2O)6]2+ ions

= 2.42 x 10-4 x 100 = 0.0242 (mol dm-3)
(1)
(2)
ALLOW
TE on number of moles.
Correct answer alone scores both marks.
IGNORE significant figures except 1.
Question
Number
1(b)(ii)
Question
Number
1(b)(iii)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
0.1/24.2 x 100 = () 0.413%

/() 0.41 %
/() 0.4%
4 or more SF
Acceptable Answer
Reject
(Mean) titre would be greater.
(1)
Mark
(1)
EDTA(4) would also complex to/react with

Cu2+/[Cu(H2O)6]2+/CuSO4 /copper
ions/copper sulphate.
(1)
Both marks are stand alone.
Mark
More needed to
react with
unspecified
impurity
(2)
250

Question
Number
2(a)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Mark
Smoky/sooty flame
White smoke
IGNORE reference to yellow flame.

Question
Number
2(b)(i)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
It contains a phenol group/has OH attached

to benzene ring.
Just OH group
Hydroxide group
(1)
Mark
ALLOW hydroxyl group attached to

benzene ring.
(1)
ALLOW is a phenol.
ALLOW drawn benzene ring with OH.
Question
Number
2(b)(ii)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
It could be an aldehyde or a
ketone/contains a carbonyl group.
Either aldehyde
or ketone on its
own
ALLOW C=O.
Question
Number
2(b)(iii)
Mark
Acceptable Answer
(1)
Mark
X is a ketone
ALLOW aromatic ketone.
(1)
ALLOW R-CO-R.
ALLOW not an aldehyde if both ketone and aldehyde
mentioned in b(ii).
Question
Number
2(c)(i)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
(Hydrogen atoms/protons on) benzene

ring/phenyl group/arene ring.
Hydrogen atoms
in phenol

Mark
(1)
251
Question
Number
2(c)(ii)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
To score any marks in this question the

side chain must be:
Any other side

chain scores zero
for 2c(ii)
(a)
Mark
OR
(b)
OR
(c)
(3)
Ketone on correct carbon

Structure (a) or structure (c)
(1)
ALLOW displayed or skeletal

ALLOW CH2CH2COCH3
IGNORE presence or position of OH on the
benzene ring
triplet
triplet
Both triplets labelled.

Singlet labelled.
252

singlet
(1)
(1)
Question
Number
2(c)(ii)
continu
ed
Acceptable Answer
Mark
ALLOW
If the side chain is (b) the triplet CH2 next to the C=O correctly
labelled scores one mark.
O
CH 2
C
CH 2
triplet
CH3
(1)
If the side chain is (c) the triplets, both labelled, score the
mark.
O
C H2 C H2 C
triplet triplet
Question
Number
2(c)(iii)
(1)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Mark
IGNORE position of OH and side chain on

the ring.
ALLOW displayed or skeletal.
(1)
ALLOW C6H4(OH)CH2CH2COCH3.
ALLOW TE if one of the following side
chains is carried forward from 2c(ii):
TE for any other

side chain
OR

253
Question
Number
2(d)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Mark
Steam source with delivery tube to flask

Steam delivered
with the steam passing into the liquid in the above the liquid
flask.
in the flask
IGNORE incorrectly positioned safety vents
in the steam generator.
OR
Flask being heated and containing
water (and raspberries).
(1)
Unlabelled liquid
in the flask
Condenser with water jacket in correct

position and with correct direction of water
flow shown.
(1)
(1)
Collection vessel.
(3)
Minus 1mark if apparatus does not work

(e.g. sealed or leaky joints)
Correctly drawn reflux apparatus scores 1

mark.
IGNORE fractionating columns.
Collection vessel may be any shape of
flask, test tube or cylinder.
254

Question
Number
3(a)(i)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Burette/(graduated/volumetric) pipette (1)
Dropping/teat
pipette
Allows accurate/precise measurement. (1)
Mark
OR
Measuring cylinder.
(1)
(2)
Allows you to do multiple experiments

quickly/accurate enough (to determine
orders).
(1)
IGNORE
Ease of use.
Cylinder allows variety of different volumes
to be measured.
Question
Number
3(a)(ii)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Pink/purple
(1)
Lilac
To colourless
(1)
Clear for
colourless
Reverse order scores 1 mark.

Question
Number
3(a)(iii)
Mark
(2)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Mark
To keep the (overall) volume constant/50

cm3
Any other
volume quoted
(1)
OR
So the concentration of each reactant is
proportional to the volume used.
Question
Number
3(a)(iv)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
(Monitor change in concentration of MnO4using) colorimetry.
Just observing
the intensity of
the colour
OR
Titrate with reducing agent/named
reducing agent, e.g. Fe2+.

Mark
Electrical
conductivity
pH meter
Just titrate
(1)
255
Question
Number
3(a)(v)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Mark
0 order with respect to glucose

1st order with respect to sulfuric acid
1st order with respect to potassium
manganate (VII)
All 3 correct scores 2 marks
2 correct scores 1 mark
0 or 1 correct scores 0 marks
(2)
Rate/r/R = k[MnO4-][H+]([C6H12O6]0)
(1)
ALLOW full formulae or names in rate

equation.
Rate equation for

rate
(3)
If formulae given they must be correct.

ALLOW K for k.
ALLOW TE from incorrect orders for last
mark.
Question
Number
3(b)(i)
Acceptable Answer
Mark
(3)
(1)
Suitable linear scales.

IGNORE units.
256
Points plotted correctly.
(1)
Straight line of best fit drawn.
(1)

Question
Number
3(b)(ii)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Mark
Gradient = -10300
Positive gradient
ALLOW any value in the range -9600 to 11000
(1)
IGNORE units even if incorrect

Question
Number
3(b)(iii)
Acceptable Answer
EA = (-) gradient from b(ii) x 8.31
Reject
Mark
(1)
EA = Value to at least 2 significant figures

with units.
(1)
Units must be correct.
Negative EA
Correct value:
EA = -(-10300) x 8.31
= 85593 J mol-1/85.6 kJ mol-1
Correct answer with no working scores both
marks.
Gradient
-9600
-9700
-9800
-9900
-10000
-10100
-10200
-10300
-10400
-10500
-10600
-10700
-10800
-10900
-11000
EA/ kJmol-1
79.8
80.6
81.4
82.3
83.1
83.9
84.8
85.6
86.4
87.3
88.1
88.9
89.7
90.6
91.4
(2)

257
Question
Number
4(a)(i)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Mark
Any three from:

(1)
Shake/mix.
Release pressure/open stopper (from time

to time).
(1)
Remove lower/dichloromethane layer
by opening tap/using teat pipette.
Just add the

dichloromethane
Just separate
the liquids
(3)
OR
Decant the top layer/remove top layer with
teat pipette. To score this mark it must be
clear that the bottom layer is the layer
required.
(1)
Repeat extraction with additional solvent.
(1)
Question
Number
4(a)(ii)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Add named drying agent

(anhydrous) calcium chloride/magnesium
sulfate/sodium sulphate.
(1)
Sulfuric acid
ALLOW silica gel.
NaOH
IGNORE desiccators.
Heat with drying
(Allow to stand) decant/filter (to separate

drying agent)
(1)
Agent
Both marks are stand alone.

Question
Number
4(b)(i)
Mark
KOH
(2)
Dry with filter

paper
Acceptable Answer
Mark
Carry out in fume cupboard/hood chamber/well-ventilated lab.

(1)
IGNORE gas/face masks.
Wear (protective) gloves.
(2)
(1)
IGNORE lab coat and eye protection.
258

Question
Number
4(b)(ii)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Mark
Distillation/evaporate under reduced

pressure/rotary evaporation.
Just evaporate
(1)
ALLOW fractional distillation.

IGNORE recrystallisation.
Question
Number
4(c)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Mark
CO2 is less harmful/not harmful/

less hazardous/not hazardous/
less irritant/not irritant/
non-flammable/
non-toxic/evaporates easily/easily
removed.
Just CO2
safer/less risky
(1)
IGNORE comments regarding ozone layer

or global warming.
Question
Number
4(d)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Mark
(1)
85mg = 0.085g
% caffeine = 0.085/25 x 100 = 0.34%
(1)
%
caffeine>100%
(2)
ALLOW TE on incorrect mass.

Correct answer alone scores both marks.
IGNORE significant figures except 1 mark.
Question
Number
4(e)
Acceptable Answer
Reject
Mark
Recrystallisation
Distillation
(1)
ALLOW column chromatography.

ALLOW sublimation.


259
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INTERNATIONAL

SAMPLE ASSESSMENT MATERIALS

Unit 1: WCH01/01 The Core Principles of Chemistry

Pearson Edexcel International

Pearson Education Limited 2013

Sample Assessment Materials

Pearson Edexcel International

Pearson Education Limited 2013

Sample Assessment Materials

Write your name here

Candidates may use a calculator.

black ink or ball-point pen.

total mark for this paper is 80.

Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.

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(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark)

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4 Which pair of ions is isoelectronic?

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7 The Avogadro constant is 6.0 x 1023 mol1. The number of atoms in

8 The equation for the complete combustion of ethane is

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12 Which of the following has the largest ionic radius?

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14 Which of the following compounds shows geometric (E-Z or cis-trans) isomerism?

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16 This question is about the reaction of methane with bromine in sunlight.

CH4 + Br2 CH3Br + HBr

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(Total for Question 18 = 5 marks)

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(b) Suggest the formulae of the hydrides of arsenic and selenium.

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(Total for Question 19 = 13 marks)

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20 Copper(II) sulfate solution, CuSO4(aq), can be made by adding an excess of solid

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