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Coding The Arduino: "Embedded Systems"

This document provides an overview of coding for the Arduino embedded system, including how Arduino uses C programming and interacts with both software and hardware through inputs and outputs. Key concepts covered include Arduino program structure, using variables and constants, setting pin directions, printing to the serial monitor for debugging, and examples of basic programs for flashing an LED and reading a digital input.

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thap_dinh
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
68 views

Coding The Arduino: "Embedded Systems"

This document provides an overview of coding for the Arduino embedded system, including how Arduino uses C programming and interacts with both software and hardware through inputs and outputs. Key concepts covered include Arduino program structure, using variables and constants, setting pin directions, printing to the serial monitor for debugging, and examples of basic programs for flashing an LED and reading a digital input.

Uploaded by

thap_dinh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Coding the Arduino

Embedded Systems

Software

Hardware

Lives in a Virtual World Restart makes all OK Easy to Modify; programmable Expensive: i7 ~$800

Deals with the Real World --Arduous to Modify; NOT programmable Expensive: PCB >$100

Software

Firmware
Embedded Systems

Hardware

Lives in a Virtual World Restart makes all OK Easy to Modify; programmable Expensive: i7 ~$800

Does Both Restart makes Some things OK Easy to Modify; programmable Inexpensive:$1-$30

Deals with the Real World --Arduous to Modify; NOT programmable Expensive: PCB >$100

Software
Computers do exactly what you tell them, no more, no less Arduino uses the C programming language You can go a long ways with just a few instructions See the Arduino Guide (2011 web site)

On the Arduino Programming


cable

I/O pins

Reset

9V or 12V battery

Power pins

Brain

Schematic Icons: Hardware


1K TIP120

Dealing With the Outside World

SENSOR

COMPUTER

ACTUATOR Lamp Relay Motor Solenoid

Switch Light beam Potentiometer Encoder Temperature

I/O Commands

DigitalWrite(n,HIGH); DigitalWrite(n,LOW); DigitalRead(n);

set pin n to +5 V set pin n to 0 V

read state of pin n

Driving Outputs
Program sets pin high/low (1/0) digitalWrite(4,HIGH); digitalWrite(4,LOW); +5V 0V Board pin set to +5V/0V

+12 V

Interface electronics use signal voltages and power supply to switch motor on/off

PIN 4

1K TIP120

Reading Sensors
Program reads value of pins (1/0) digitalRead(4); +5V 0V Board pins set to +5V/0V

+5 V

Interface electronics change sensor signals into +5V/0V

10K PIN 4

Program Structure
/* declare variable names here to be used below */ Comments void { // } void { // } setup()

Commands

commands to initialize go here loop() commands to run your machine go here

Anatomy of a Program
/*--------------------------Turn on LED for sec ----------------------------*/ void setup() { pinMode(2,OUTPUT); digitalWrite(2,HIGH); delay(500); digitalWrite(2,LOW); } void loop() { } // one-time actions

// // // //

define pin 2 as an output pin 2 high (LED on) wait 500 ms pin 2 low (LED off)

// loop forever

Digital Numbers
A bit is one binary digit: 0/1 A byte is 8 bits 00000011 (binary) = 3 (decimal)

11111111 (binary) = 255 (decimal)

b7

b0 Type #bits Number range 0-1

bit
x x x x x x x

byte
x x x x x x x x

0-255
0-65,535 -32,768-32,767

word 16 int 16

Arduino Data Variables


Declare at top of program

type

byte i; word k; int length; int width;

0 to255 0 to 65,536 -32,768 to 32,767

name

Variable Names: Cant have white-space, use camelCase: myVariableName Make them short but meaningful: motorSpd, redLED

Use byte variables unless expecting large numbers; Dont mix types:byte i=266 will roll over to 0

Constant Symbols
#define LED 2 // define the LED pin void setup() { pinMode(LED,OUTPUT); } void loop() { digitalWrite(LED,HIGH); delay(500); digitalWrite(LED,LOW); delay(500); }

Changeable Variables
#define LED 2 // define the LED pin int myDelay = 500; void setup() { pinMode(LED,OUTPUT); } void loop() { digitalWrite(LED,HIGH); delay(myDelay); digitalWrite(LED,LOW); delay(myDelay); myDelay = myDelay - 50; }

Setting Pin Direction


void setup() { pinMode(2,OUTPUT); pinMode(3,INPUT); } void loop() {}

What Does This Program Do?


#define LED 2 // the LED pin byte i,j; void setup() { pinMode(LED,OUTPUT); for (i=0;i<4;i++) { flasher(); delay(5000); } } void loop() {} void flasher() { for (j=0;j<3;j++) { digitalWrite(LED,HIGH); delay(500); digitalWrite(LED,LOW); delay(500); } }

Printing to the Terminal


void setup() { Serial.begin(9600); Serial.println("Hello World"); } void loop() {}

Debugging an Input
void setup() { Serial.begin(9600); } void loop() { // Read from digital pin 2 & // spit the value out to serial Serial.println(digitalRead(2));
// Every 100ms or so delay(100); }

Want More?
Arduino Microcontroller Guide Language Reference section of Arduino site

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