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SP3176 The Universe ASSIGNMENT 1

1) The document discusses the Friedmann equations which describe the evolution and expansion of the universe based on its energy density and pressure. 2) It notes that in the early universe, radiation dominated and its energy density decreased with the expansion of the universe as t^-1/2 for a flat, radiation dominated universe. 3) As an exercise, it asks the reader to show that for a flat, radiation dominated early universe, the scale factor S increases as the square root of time t. It also asks the reader to construct a toy model of an empty universe dominated only by the cosmological constant Λ and solve the Friedmann equations for different spatial curvatures.

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58 views

SP3176 The Universe ASSIGNMENT 1

1) The document discusses the Friedmann equations which describe the evolution and expansion of the universe based on its energy density and pressure. 2) It notes that in the early universe, radiation dominated and its energy density decreased with the expansion of the universe as t^-1/2 for a flat, radiation dominated universe. 3) As an exercise, it asks the reader to show that for a flat, radiation dominated early universe, the scale factor S increases as the square root of time t. It also asks the reader to construct a toy model of an empty universe dominated only by the cosmological constant Λ and solve the Friedmann equations for different spatial curvatures.

Uploaded by

ddyzlee
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SP3176 The Universe ASSIGNMENT 1

Date of Submission: 11 March 2014 (Tuesday) Time of Submission: 6 pm From the rst and second Friedmann equation,
2 + kc2 8 S = G 2 S 3

and
2

respectively, one can obtain the dierential equation that describe the evolution of the energy density
S c 2 = 3 (c2 + p) S

S 2 + kc2 S 8G = 2 p S S2 c

Our Universe contains dierent forms of energy, such as matter and radiation. The characteristic dierence between these forms of energy can be described by the ratio of pressure and energy density. In the case of matter and radiation, we have and
pm =0 m c2 pr 1 = r c2 3

respectively. It is believed that in our early Universe, the energy landscape is mainly made up of radiation. In such a radiation dominated Universe,
S S pr 1 S r c2 = 3 (r c2 + pr ) = 3 r c2 (1 + r c2 (1 + ) ) = 3 S S r c2 S 3 r r = S S d d = 4 (ln S ) = (ln S 4 ) dt dt r S 4 4 S t1/2

d (ln r ) dt

(a) From the rst Friedmann equation, show that for a at (k = 0) radiation-dominated Universe, (b) In 1917, Einstein modied his eld equation with the addition of a cosmological constant. The cosmological constant can be viewed as a form of energy with energy density
= 8G

Let us construct a toy model of the Universe. Let it contains no matter nor radiation, but within it live the cosmological constant. (i) Assume that the toy Universe is at. Solve the rst Friedmann equation (use MATHEMATICA if you need to), show that the space expands exponentially with time. (ii) Solve the rst Friedmann equation for the toy Universe again, but now for the cases of k = 1 and k = 1. (You may set appropriate initial conditions to make the solutions look neater. You may also choose not to do so.) Compare the expansion of the toy Universe for the three geometries. 1

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