PL SQL

Prakash Sir 5pm batch
PL/SQL:
1. It stands for procedural language/structure query language in SQL we cant execute the
same statement repeatedly to a particular no of times but where as in PL/SQL we can
execute the same statement repeatedly because it supports looping mechanism.
2. In SQL we cant execute more than one statement at a time. But where as in PL/SQL we
can execute more than one statement concurrently.
3. PL/SQL program is a combination of procedural language statements and structure query
language statements.
4. All PL statements are executed by PL engine where as all the SQL statements are
executed by PL engine.
5. PL/SQL supports all the principles of procedure language such as procedural functions,
control statements, conditional statements e.t.c., and also it supports some principles of
OOPS.
6. PL/SQL is not a consecutive language and every statement of PL/SQL program should
ends with ;(semicolon).
7. PL/SQL is the high performance transaction processing language.
Data types in PL/SQL: The data types which are using in SQL same data types are supported
in PL/SQL.
Operators in PL/SQL: The operators which are using in SQL same operators are by PL/SQL
except assignment operator.
Input statements in PL/SQL:
1. There is no input statements in PL/SQL to input the values at run time.
2. If we want input values at run time then we use insertion operator (&).
Output statements in PL/SQL:
Dbms_output.put_line()/ dbms_output.put()
This is other statement in PL/SQL which is used to print the values on the standard output
device.
SYN: dbms_output.put_line(message);
EX: dbms_output.put_line(Sathya Technologies);
SYN: dbms_output.put_line(message||variable);
EX: dbms_output.put_line(sum is ||C);
SYN: dbms_output.put_line(Variable);

EX: dbms_output.put_line;
Variable declaration in PL/SQL:
SYN: variable data type
EX: a number(10);
Block: Block is grouped code or set of statements, it is classified into two types.
1. Anonymous block
2. Sub programs
1. Anonymous Blocks:
i. Anonymous blocks are those blocks which we cant store permanently in database
once the user logout from the database these blocks are completely destroyed.
ii. These blocks cant have any prototype that is those blocks can be called as unnamed
blocks.
2. Subprograms:
i. Sub programs are those blocks which we can store permanently in database so that,
the user can access these blocks at a particular point of time.
ii. These blocks refer with same proper name or specific name that is so that these
blocks as named PL/SQL.
Structure of anonymous blocks:
Declare
Declaration of variables
Begin
Statement 1;
Statement 2;
.
.
Statement n;
Exception
Exception handling statements;
End;

PL/SQL anonymous block contains four sections those are declare, begin, exception and
end. Here declare and exception sections are optional.
Comments in PL/SQL: -- it is single line comment in PL/SQL no multi line comments in
PL/SQL.
p) Write a PL/SQL block print Sathya Technologies
begin
dbms_output.put_line('Sathya Technologies');
end;
Note: To display the output we can click options in menu bar and select server output. Here
we select custom and select on. Then we will get output.
P) Write a pl/sql program input any numbers and find out their sum.
declare
a number:=&a;
b number:=&b;
c number;
begin
c:=a+b;
dbms_output.put_line('sum is'||c);
end;
p) Write a PL/SQL block input two numbers and interchange them.
declare
a number:=&a;
b number:=&b;
c number;
begin
c:=a;

a:=b;
b:=c;
dbms_output.put_line('value of a is'||a);
dbms_output.put_line('Value of b is'||b);
end;
(OR)
declare
a number:=&a;
b number:=&b;
begin
a:=a+b;
b:=a-b;
a:=a-b;
dbms_output.put_line('value of a is'||a);
dbms_output.put_line('Value of b is'||b);
end;
P) Write a PL/SQL block to converts feets into inches.
declare
a number:=&a;
begin
dbms_output.put_line('enter feet values'||a);
a:=a*12;
dbms_output.put_line('inches for give value'||a);
end;
Conditional statements in PL/SQL:

Syntax:
If(condition) then
Statement 1;
Statemnet 2;

Statement n:
Else
Condition 1;
Condition 2;

Condition n;
End if;
This is the conditional statement in the PL/SQL. Which checks the condition either true or
false by means of relational operator such as >, <, >=, <= et.c.,
If the condition is satisfied it executes the statement between if and else. If the condition is
not satisfied then it will execute the statements after else.
Note: Every if condition should ends with end if statemet..

P) Write a PL/SQL block input two numbers and find biggest one.
declare
a number:=&a;
b number:=&b;
begin
if(a>b) then
dbms_output.put_line('a is big');
elsif(a=b) then

dbms_output.put_line('both are same');
else
dbms_output.put_line('b is big');
end if;
end;

P) Write a PL/SQL block input any positive number and check it out even or odd?
declare
a number:=&a;
begin
if(a =0) then
dbms_output.put_line(a||'is neither even nor odd');
elsif(a MOD 2 =0) then
dbms_output.put_line(a||'is even');
else
dbms_output.put_line(a||'is odd');
end if;
end;

P) Write a PL/SQL block input any positive number and check it is even or odd? Without
using mod function or mod operator.
declare
n number:=&n;
begin
if(2*floor(n/2)=n) then

dbms_output.put_line('n is even');
else
dbms_output.put_line(' n id odd');
end if;
end;
P) Write a PL/SQL block input customer number, Customer name, Current balance,
transaction amount and transaction code (d-deposit, w- with draw) calculate net
balance.
declare
cno number:=&cno;
cname varchar2(10):='&cname';
cb number:= &cb;
tamt number:=&tamt;
tc varchar2(1):='&tc';
nb number;
begin
if(tc='d') then
nb:=cb+tamt;
dbms_output.put_line('The net balance is' ||nb);
else
if(tc='w') then
nb:=cb-tamt;
dbms_output.put_line('The net balance is' ||nb);
else
dbms_output.put_line('Please enter d or w');
end if;

end if;
end;

P) Write Pl/SQL block input consumer number, Consumer name, and starting reading
number ending reading number, slap type (i-industry, c-commercial, r-residence).
Calculate units consumed?
Conditions:
1. If slab type is industry then unit rate is 5/-
2. If slab type is commercial unit rate is 4/-
3. If slab type is residence unit price is 3/-. Calculate the total charge?

declare
cno number(10):=&no;
stno number(10):=&stno;
edno number(10):=&edno;
slab varchar2(1):='&slab';
tu number;
begin
tu:=edno+stno;
if(slab='i') then
tu:=tu*5;
dbms_output.put_line('total unit cost is'||tu);
elsif(slab='c') then
tu:=tu*4;

elsif(slab='r') then
tu:=tu*3;
else
dbms_output.put_line('Please enter i or c or r');
end if;
end;
(OR)
declare
tu number;
begin
tu:=edno+stno;
if(slab='i') then
tu:=tu*5;
else
if(slab='c') then
tu:=tu*4;
else

if(slab='r') then
tu:=tu*3;
else
dbms_output.put_line('Please enter i or c or r');
end if;
end if
end if;
end;

P) Write a PL/SQL block input consumer number, name, starting reading number, ending
reading number and slab type(i-industry, c-commercial, r-residence) calculate units
consumed.
Conditions:
1. If slab type is industry and units consumed <=100 then unit rate is 5/- else 6/-
2. If slab type is commercial and units consumed >=100 then unit rate is 4/- else5/-.
If slab type is residence and units consumed <=100 then unit rate is 3/- else 4/- calculate
total charge.
declare
tu number;
begin

tu:=edno+stno;
if(slab='i') then
if(tu<=100) then
tu:=tu*5;
else
tu:=tu*6;
end if;
end if;
if(slab='c') then
if(tu<=100) then
tu:=tu*4;
else
tu:=tu*5;
end if;
end if;
if(slab='r') then
if(tu<=100) then
tu:=tu*3;
else
tu:=tu*4;

end if;
end if;
end;
Loop:
1. Loop is a mechanism which is supported by every programming language C,
COBOL, e.t.c.,
2. Whenever we need to execute a single or more than statements repeatedly then
we use loops.
3. Loops are categorized into two types.
i. Range based loops
ii. Condition based loops.
i. Range based loops: Range based loop is a loop statements which executes
statements as long as initial value reaches the final value. Once control crossed the
final value then automatically comes under the loop.
EX: For loop, for reverse.
ii. Control based loops: condition based loop is a loop statements which executes the
statements as long as the given condition is satisfied. Once the condition is not
satisfied control automatically outer the loop.
EX: while, loop.
Note: In oracle increment/ decrement is not programmer responsibility.
Syn: for variable in initialization . . final value
Loop
Statement 1;
Statement 2;
Statement n;
P) Print Sathya Technologies 10 times on console.
declare
i number(10);

begin
for i in 1..10 loop
end loop;
end;
(OR)
declare
i number(10);
begin
for i in -5..4 loop
end loop;
end;
Note: If i is participating in loop it is not possible.
P) To print 10 numbers on console.
declare
i number;
begin
for i in 1..10 loop
dbms_output.put_line(i);
end loop;
end;
P) To print 10 even numbers
declare
i number;

begin
for i in 1..5 loop
dbms_output.put_line((i*2));
end loop;
end;
P) To print 10 odd numbers
declare
i number;
begin
for i in 1..5 loop
dbms_output.put_line((i*2)-1);
end loop;
end;
P) To find factorial number.
declare
i number;
n number:=&n;
f number:=1;
begin
for i in 1..n loop
f:=f*i;
end loop;
dbms_output.put_line(f);
end;
P) Check it is prime or not.

declare
i number;
n number:=&n;
c number:=0;
begin
for i in 1..n loop
if(mod(n,i)=0) then
c:=c+1;
end if;
end loop;
if(c=2) then
dbms_output.put_line(n||'is prime');
else
dbms_output.put_line(n|| 'is not prime');
end if;
end;
P) Enter any four digit number reverse it.
declare
n number:='&n';
i number;
s number:=0;
r number;
begin
for i in 1..4 loop
r:=mod(n,10);

s:=s*10+r;
n:=floor(n/10);
end loop;
dbms_output.put_line(s);
end;

P) Give input four numbers and find sum of those numbers.
declare
n number:='&n';
i number;
s number:=0;
r number;
begin
for i in 1..4 loop
r:=mod(n,10);
s:=s+r;
n:=floor(n/10);
end loop;
end;
P) Give input four numbers and find out their first and fourth numbers sum.
declare
n number:='&n';
i number;
s number:=0;

r number;
begin
r:=mod(n,10);
for i in 1..3 loop
n:=floor(n/10);
end loop;
s:=n+r;
end;
P) Take a four digit number and find out middle numbers sum.
declare
n number:=&n;
r number;
k number;
l number;
begin
n:=floor(n/10);
r:=mod(n,10);
n:=floor(n/10);
k:=mod(n,10);
l:=r+k;
dbms_output.put_line(l);
end;
P) Find out the difference between all numbers of four digit number.
declare

n number:=&n;
i number;
r number;
t number;
s number:=0;
d number;
begin
r:=mod(n,10);
n:=floor(n/10);
for i in 1..3 loop
t:=mod(n,10);
s:=s+t;
n:=floor(n/10);
end loop;
d:=r-s;
dbms_output.put_line(d);
end;
P) Print the multiplication table.
declare
n number:=&n;
i number;
begin
for i in 1..10 loop
dbms_output.put_line(n||'*'||i||'='||n*i);
end loop;

end;
P) Write a PL/SQL block to print following triangle.
1
1 2
1 2 3
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4 5

declare
i number;
j number;
begin
for i in 1..5 loop
for j in 1..i loop
dbms_output.put(j||' ');
end loop;
dbms_output.put_line(' ');
end loop;
end;
OUTPUT:
1
1 2
1 2 3
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4 5

Print Following * triangle
*
* *
* * *
* * * *
* * * * *
* * * * * *
* * * * * * *
* * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * *

declare
i number;
j number;
begin
for i in 1..10 loop
for j in 1..i loop
dbms_output.put('*'||' ');
end loop;
end loop;
end;
OUTPUT:
*
* *

* * *
* * * *
* * * * *
* * * * * *
* * * * * * *
* * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * * *
declare
i number;
j number;
begin
for i in 1..10 loop
for j in 1..i loop
dbms_output.put('Bhargav'||' ');
end loop;
end loop;
end;
SQL> /
Bhargav
Bhargav Bhargav
Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav
Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav
Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav

Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav
Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav
Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav
Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav
Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav Bhargav

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

For Reverse:
SYN:
For variable in reverse
Initial value .. final value loop
Statement 1;
Statement 2;
End loop;
P) Write a PL/SQL block to print the numbers 10 to 1
declare
i number;
begin
for i in reverse 1..10 loop
end loop;
end;
P) Write a PL/SQL block input any number and find factorial
declare

i number;
f number:=1;
n number:=&n;
begin
for i in reverse 1..n loop
f:=f*i;
end loop;
dbms_output.put_line(f);
end;
While Loop:
Syn:
While(condition) loop
Statement1;
.
.
Statement n;
End loop;
P) write a Pl/SQL block to print 1 to 10 numbers.

declare
i number:=1;
begin
while(i<=10) loop
i:=i+1;

end loop;
end;
P)Write a PL/SQL program to reverse a number
declare
n number:=&n;
r number;
s number:=0;
begin
while(n>0) loop
r:= mod(n,10);
s:=s*10+r;
n:=floor(n/10);
end loop;
end;
P) Write PL/SQL Block input any number and check it is palindrome or not.
Palindrome: Palindrome means the number is same if read from reverse that is called
palindrome.
declare
n number:=&n;
r number;
s number:=0;
m number;
begin
m:=n;

while(n>0) loop
r:= mod(n,10);
s:=s*10+r;
n:=floor(n/10);
end loop;
if (m=s) then
dbms_output.put_line('Palindrome');
else
dbms_output.put_line('not palindrome');
end if;
end;

P) Write a PL/SQL block print it is Armstrong or not.
Armstrong number: Armstrong number means the sum of cubes of a number is same to that
number.
EX: 153
declare
n number:=&n;
r number;
s number:=0;
m number;
begin
m:=n;
while(n>0) loop
r:= mod(n,10);

s:=s+power(r,3);
n:=floor(n/10);
end loop;
if (m=s) then
dbms_output.put_line('Armstrong');
else
dbms_output.put_line('not Armstrong');
end if;
end;
P) Program to find the Strong number or not.
Strong: Strong number means factorial of each numbers sum is equal to given number.
145=1!+4!+5!=1+24+120=145 This is Strong number.
declare
n number:=&n;
f number:=1;
r number;
s number:=0;
m number;
begin
m:=n;
while(n>0) loop
r:=mod(n,10);
f:=1;
while(r>0) loop
f:=f*r;

r:=r-1;
end loop;
s:=s+f;
n:=floor(n/10);
end loop;
if(m=s) then
dbms_output.put_line('Strong number');
else
dbms_output.put_line('not Strong number');
end if;
end;
/
Loop Syntax:
Syn:
Loop
Statement 1;.
.
Statement n;
Exit when(condition)
End loop;
Here the statements are executed as long as the given condition is not satisfied control
automatically comes outer loop.
Write a PL/SQL block to print 10 times a String.
declare
i number:=1;

begin
loop
i:=i+1;
exit when(i>10);
end loop;
end;
EMBEDDED SQL:
Write a PL/SQL block print the employee details such as employee name, salary and
deptno when employee number passes as in value.
declare
a number;
b varchar2(10);
c number;
d number;
begin
select ename,sal,deptno into b,c,d from emp where empno=&a;
dbms_output.put_line(b||' ' ||c||' '||d);
end;
In the above example the programmer need to remember data types of the variables and its sizes
and also need to take more than one variable to retrieve more than one column data. To avoid all
the above said problems we need to use following attributes.
1. %type: This attribute is used to avoid data types of variables and also its sizes.
EX:
declare
a emp.empno%type;

b emp.ename%type;
c emp.sal%type;
d emp.deptno%type;
begin
dbms_output.put_line(b||' '||c||' '||d);
end;
%Row Type: This attribute is used to avoid to mention data type and its sizes and also no need
to take more than one variable.
EX:
declare
a emp%rowtype;
begin
select * into a from emp where empno=&a;
dbms_output.put_line('empno' || a.empno);
dbms_output.put_line('ename' || a.ename);
dbms_output.put_line('sal' || a.sal);
end;
P) Write a PL/SQL blok to hike the employee salaries 1000/- when deptno passed as in
value.
begin
update emp set sal=sal+1000 where deptno=&deptno;
end;
P) Write a PL/SQL block insert the records into the employee table.
declare
a emp.empno%type;

b emp.ename%type;
c emp.sal%type;
d emp.deptno%type;
begin
insert into emp(empno,ename,sal,deptno) values(&a,&b,&c,&d);
dbms_output.put_line('Values inserted');
end;
P) Write a PL/SQL block delete the employee details empno passed as value.
begin
delete emp where empno=&empno;
dbms_output.put_line('Records deleted sucessfully');
end;
Note: To delete and update no need to take any value.
Exception Handling: Errors are classified into two types those are
i. Syntactical errors
ii. Logical errors.
Syntactical errors: These errors will be raise when the user violate the language rules, these
errors will be raise at compile time.
Logical Errors: These errors will be raise if the program contains any logical mistakes and
those will be raised at runtime. We can handle these errors by using the exception handling
mechanism.
Exceptions are classified into two types those are
i. System defined ex caption
ii. User defined exceptions.
i. System defined exceptions: An exception which is defined by the system internally
those exceptions can be called as System defined exceptions.
ii. User defined Exceptions: An exception which is defined by the user manually and
programmatically those exceptions are called User defined exceptions.

1. NO_DATA_FOUND EXCEPTION: This exception will be raised when the users data not
available in the table.
P) Write a PL/SQL block to raise NO_DATA_FOUND exception.

declare
a emp%rowtype;
begin
select * into a from emp where empno=&a;
dbms_output.put_line('ename is'||a.ename);
dbms_output.put_line('salary is'||a.sal);
dbms_output.put_line('department no is'||a.deptno);
exception
when no_data_found then
dbms_output.put_line('Data is not available for given number plese enter another number');
end;
P) Write a PL/SQL block to raise zero divide exception.

declare
a number:=&a;
b number:=&b;
c number;
begin
c:=a/b;
dbms_output.put_line('division is'||c);
exception

when zero_divide then
dbms_output.put_line('infinity');
end;
2. Too many rows: This exception will be raised when the user is trying to fetch more than
one record at a time.
EX:
declare
a number;
b varchar2(10);
c number;
begin
select ename,sal into b,c from emp where deptno=&a;
dbms_output.put_line(b||' ' ||c);
end;

ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01422: exact fetch returns more than requested number of rows
ORA-06512: at line 6
EX:2

declare
a number;
b varchar2(10);
c number;
begin

select ename,sal into b,c from emp where deptno=&a;
dbms_output.put_line(b||' ' ||c);
exception
when too_many_rows then
dbms_output.put_line('It is not posible to fetch more than one row');
end;
OUTPUT:
Enter value for a: 30
old 6: select ename,sal into b,c from emp where deptno=&a;
new 6: select ename,sal into b,c from emp where deptno=30;
It is not posible to fetch more than one row
Using more than two exceptions.
declare
a emp%rowtype;
begin
select * into a from emp where deptno=&a;
dbms_output.put_line('ename is'||a.ename);
dbms_output.put_line('salary is'||a.sal);
dbms_output.put_line('department no is'||a.deptno);
exception
when no_data_found then
dbms_output.put_line('Data is not available for given number plese enter another number');
When too_many_rows then
dbms_output.put_line('It is not posible to fetch more than one row');

end;
3. Dup_val_on_index: This exception will be raised if the user trying to enter duplicate
values under primary key constraint column or unique key constraint column.
EX:
declare
a emp.empno%type;
b emp.ename%type;
c emp.sal%type;
d emp.deptno%type;
begin
insert into emp(empno,ename,sal,deptno) values(&a,&b,&c,&d);
dbms_output.put_line('Values inserted');
exception
when dup_val_on_index then
dbms_output.put_line('the entered number already in the table');
end;
4. Value error: This exception will be raised if the data types are not matching.
declare
a number;
b number;
c number;
d number;
begin
dbms_output.put_line(b||' ' ||c||' '||d);

Exception
when value_error then
dbms_output.put_line('type not mathced here');
end;
OUTPUT:
Enter value for a: 7788
old 7: select ename,sal,deptno into b,c,d from emp where empno=&a;
new 7: select ename,sal,deptno into b,c,d from emp where empno=7788;
type not mathced here
User Defined Exceptions:
declare
a number:=&a;
bhargav exception;
begin
if(a=10) then
dbms_output.put_line('it is positive');
end if;
if (a=0) then
raise bhargav;
end if;
exception
when bhargav then
dbms_output.put_line('a is nuetral');
end;

Cursors:
1. Cursor is a temporary SQL work area which is used to fetch more than one record from
existing table.
2. Cursors are classified into two types those are
i. Implicit Cursors
ii. Explicit Cursors.
i. Implicit Cursors: The cursor mechanism which is performed by the system
internally those cursors can be called as implicit cursors.
ii. Explicit Cursors: The Cursor mechanism which is performed by the user manually
those cursors can be called as explicit cursors.
Whenever we are working with cursors with explicit cursors we need to perform
following operations.
i. Declare Cursor
ii. Open the cursor
iii. Close the cursor
iv. Fetch the records from the cursor.
Syntax to Create a Cursor:
CURSOR<Cursor Name> IS SELECT * FROM <Table Name> WHERE <Condition>
EX: Cursor C is select * from emp where deptno=20;
Open the cursor:
Syn: Open <Cursor name>
EX: Open c;
Fetch the records from the Cursor:
SYN:FETCH < Cursor Name> INTO <List of variables>
EX: Fetch C into x,y,z;
Syntax to Close the Cursor:
Syn: CLOSE <Cursor Name>
EX: Close C;
A program which have no cursor.

declare
a emp%rowtype;
begin
select * into a from emp where deptno=&deptno;
dbms_output.put_line(a.ename||' '||a.sal||' '||a.deptno);
end;
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01422: exact fetch returns more than requested number of rows
ORA-06512: at line 4
To overcome this program
P) Write a PL/SQL Block to display employee details such as employee no, ename, salary
when department no is passed as in value.
declare
a emp%rowtype;
cursor c1 is select * from emp where deptno=&deptno;
begin
open c1;
fetch c1 into a;
dbms_output.put_line(a.ename||' '||a.sal||' '||a.deptno);
close c1;
end;
The above example fetches only one record because the statements are not lies within the loop.
Whenever we are working with loops we need to use the following attributes.
1. %Found
2. %Not Found
3. %Open
4. %RowCount

1. %Found:
i. This attribute is used to check whether the record is found or not in the memory it
always retrurns Boolean values that is either true or false.
ii. If the record is found then it is true if the recors is not found then it is false.
P) Write a PL/SQL Block display the employee details who are working under Sales
Department.
declare
a emp%rowtype;
cursor c is select * from emp where deptno=&deptno;
begin
open c;
loop
fetch c into a;
if c% found then
dbms_output.put_line(a.empno||' '||a.sal||' '||a.deptno);
else
exit;
end if;
end loop;
end;
Note: We can use Fetch command for empno also but it will display only one value.
P) Write a PL/SQL block to display the employee and department details.
declare
a emp%rowtype;
cursor c1 is select * from emp where deptno=(select deptno from dept where dname='SALES');
begin

open c1;
loop
fetch c1 into a;
if c1% found then
dbms_output.put_line(a.empno||' '||a.ename||' '||a.sal);
else
exit;
end if;
end loop;
* end;
OUTPUT:
7499 RAVI 5799
7521 ROHAN 5799
7654 PAVAN 5799
7698 VISHAL 1234
7844 SANJAY 1500
7900 GOPAL 5799
EX: 2:
declare
a emp%rowtype;
b dept%rowtype;
cursor c1 is select * from emp where deptno=&deptno;
cursor c2 is select * from dept where deptno=&deptno;
begin
open c1;

loop
fetch c1 into a;
if c1% found then
dbms_output.put_line(a.empno||' '||a.ename||' '||a.sal);
else
exit;
end if;
end loop;
open c2;
loop
fetch c2 into b;
if c2% found then
dbms_output.put_line(b.dname);
else
exit;
end if;
end loop;
end;
2. %Isopen: This attribute is used to check whether the cursor is opened or not in memory.
EX:

declare
a emp%rowtype;
cursor c1 is select * from emp;
begin

if c1% isopen then
dbms_output.put_line('Cursor not opened');
else
open c1;
dbms_output.put_line('Cursor Opened');
end if;
end;
3. %Not Found: This attribute is used to check whether the record is found or not in the
cursor. This attribute always say us Boolean value that is true or false if the record is
found then it is false. If the record is not found then it is true.
%Row Count: This attribute is used to count the number of records with in the cursor.
Reference Cursor: It is special type of cursor. We can assign more than one select statement to
same cursor.
declare
type curs_bhar is ref cursor;
a emp%rowtype;
b dept%rowtype;
c curs_bhar;
begin
open c for select * from emp;
loop
fetch c into a;
if c% found then
dbms_output.put_line(a.empno||' '||a.ename||a.sal);
else
exit;

end if;

end loop;
open c for select * from dept;
loop
fetch c into b;
if c% found then
dbms_output.put_line(b.dname);
else
exit;
end if;
end loop;
end;
Advantages of for loops using in the Cursors:
1. No need to open the Cursor.
2. Fetch the records automatically.
3. It automatically check the end of the rows.
4. It automatically close the Cursor.
5. No need to declare the variables.
6. Code will be decreased.
7. Execution will be faster.
8. It is collection of information from cursor to variable (That is i).

P) Write a PL/SQL block using % not found attribute.
declare
a emp%rowtype;

cursor c is select * from emp;
begin
if c% isopen then
dbms_output.put_line('I think C not opened');
else
open c;
end if;
loop
fetch c into a;
dbms_output.put_line(a.empno||' '||a.ename||' '||a.sal||' '||a.deptno);
exit when c% notfound;
end loop;
dbms_output.put_line(c%rowcount||'rows are displayed');
end;
For loop using the Cursor.
EX:
declare
cursor c is select * from emp;
begin
for i in c loop
dbms_output.put_line(i.deptno||' '||i.sal||' '||i.ename);
end loop;
end;
P) Write a PL/SQL block display the employee details whose name contains letter A
working in CHICAGO.

declare
cursor c is select * from emp where deptno =(select deptno from
dept where loc ='NEW YORK') and ename like '%A%';
begin
for i in c loop
dbms_output.put_line(i.empno||' '||i.ename||' '||i.sal);
end loop;
end;
CURSOR_ALREADY_OPEN: This exception will be raised if the user trying to open the
cursor within the for loop program.
declare
cursor c is select * from emp where deptno =(select deptno from
dept where loc ='NEW YORK') and ename like '%A%';
begin
for i in c loop
open c;
dbms_output.put_line(i.empno||' '||i.ename||' '||i.sal);
end loop;
exception
when cursor_already_open then
dbms_output.put_line('It is not necessary to open cursor in for loop');
end;

Cursors using joins:

declare
cursor c_emp is
select ename,sal*12 ANNSAL,dname
from emp,dept
where emp.deptno = dept.deptno;
begin
for i in c_emp
loop
dbms_output.put_line(i.ename || ' - ' || i.annsal || ' - ' || i.dname);
end loop;
end;
Parameterized Cursors:
declare
cursor c(dno number) is select * from dept where deptno=dno;
begin
for i in c(10) loop
dbms_output.put_line(i.deptno||' '||i.dname);
end loop;
end;
EX: 2
declare
begin
for i in c(&dno) loop

end loop;
end;
EX:
begin
for i in c(&dno) loop
end loop;
end;
Implicit Cursors:
EX:
declare
vdeptno number(3):=&vdeptno;
begin
update emp set sal=sal+1000 where deptno=vdeptno;
if sql% notfound then
dbms_output.put_line('Unable to update rows');
else
dbms_output.put_line(sql%rowcount||'emp details updated successfully');
end if;
end;

EX2:
declare

vdeptno number(5):=&vdeptno;
begin
delete from emp where deptno=vdeptno;
if sql% notfound then
dbms_output.put_line('Unable to update rows');
else
dbms_output.put_line(sql%rowcount||'emp details deletede sucessfully');
end if;
end;
Note: In implicit cursors we can use update and delete statements only. We cant use select,
insert.
SUB PROGRAMS:
1. Sub program is a part of the program which is used for code re usability.
2. Sub programs have two names those are procedures and functions.
3. The main difference between the procedure and the function is procedure does not return
any value but function returns one value.
PL/SQL Procedures are two parts.
1. Declaration of the procedure
2. Body of the procedure
Declaration of the procedure always start with a keyword called create and ends with last
variable parameter.
Whereas the body of the procedure starts with a keyword called as Is and ends with End
statement.
In PL/SQL sub program has three modes
1) IN MODE
2) OUT MODE
3) IN/OUT MODE
1) IN MODE: It is a default mode which is used to read the variables form the end user.
2) OUT MODE: This mode is used for writing purpose it sends the value to the end user.

3) IN/OUT: This mode is used for both reading and writing purpose it accepts and sends the
values to the end user.
Example for Procedure:
create or replace procedure p1
(a in number,
b out number) as
begin
select sal into b from emp where empno=a;
end;

EX:
create or replace procedure k
(a in number,
b out varchar,
c out number,
d out number)
as
begin
select ename,sal,deptno into b,c,d from emp where empno=a;
end;

Procedure created.

SQL> var x varchar2(15)
SQL> var y number

SQL> var z number
SQL> exec k(7788,:x,:y,:z)


SQL> print x

X
--------------------------------
RAJU

SQL> print y

Y
----------
5699

SQL> print z

Z
----------
10

SQL> print


X
--------------------------------
RAJU
Y
----------
5699
Z
----------
10
Empno ename sal deptno

a b c d

7788 x y z
Note: If we replace existing procedure type create or replace
Note: For getting errors type show errors.
Note: For getting a value as input and we just specify like this a in out number;
Note: Number of OUT Parameters in the procedure should be equal to number of host variables
and data types of OUT parameters should matched with host variables data types.

P) Write a PL/SQL procedure change the employee salaries who are working under 30
th

department
create or replace procedure p1 is
begin
update emp set sal=5000 where deptno=10;

end;
P) Write a Procedure to delete the record from the table.
(a in emp.empno%type)
is
begin
delete from emp where empno=a;
end;
P) Write a procedure to insert the records into the table.
(a emp.empno%type,
b emp.ename%type,
c emp.sal%type,
d emp.deptno%type)
is
begin
insert into emp(empno,ename,sal,deptno) values (a,b,c,d);
dbms_output.put_line('Record inserted sucessfully');
end;
Write a Program to display employee details by using %rowtype
(a in emp.empno%type) as b emp%rowtype;
begin
select * into b from emp where empno=a;
dbms_output.put_line(b.ename);

dbms_output.put_line(b.sal);
end;
Procedures with Cursors:
create or replace procedure p2(p_deptno in emp.deptno%type)
is
p_empno emp.empno%type;
p_ename emp.ename%type;
p_sal emp.sal%type;
cursor c is select empno,ename, sal from emp where deptno=p_deptno;
begin
open c;
loop
fetch c into p_empno,p_ename,p_sal;
if c% found then
dbms_output.put_line(p_empno);
dbms_output.put_line(p_ename);
dbms_output.put_line(p_sal);
else
exit;
end if;
end loop;
end;

Procedures using for loop Cursors
create or replace procedure p1 is

cursor c is select * from emp where deptno=deptno;
begin
for i in c loop
dbms_output.put_line(i.ename);
end loop;
end;
Function:
1. Function is a self contained block which performs specific task.
2. The main advantage of function is code reusability.
3. Function returns one value.
4. Functions are classified into two types those are
i. System Defined Function: A function which is defined by the system along with the
software those functions can be called as system defined functions.
EX: Length()
ii. User Defined Functions: A function which is defined by the user manually or
programmatically those functions can be called as user defined functions.
EX: Addd()
Functions are used to estimate or calculate any value. Function contains two sections.
i. Declaration of the function
ii. Body of the function.
i. Declaration of the function always starts with a keyword called create and ends with
return statement where as body of the function start with a keyword called is and ends
with end statement.
Syntax: CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION <Function Name>
(List of formal parameters)
RETURN TYPE
IS/AS
BEGIN
STATEMENT1

STATEMENT N;
RETURN VARIABLE
END;
P) Write a function to add two numbers.
create or replace function kin(a in number,
b in number)
return number
is
c number;
begin
C:=a+b;
return c;
end;
Execution Process:
var x number
exec :x:=kin(10,20)
P) Write a function input any value and return factorial.
create or replace function fac(n in number)
return number
is
f number:=1;
i number;

begin
for i in 1..n loop
f:=f*i;
end loop;
return f;
end;
Execution Process
SQL> var x number
SQL> exec :x:=fac(10)
SQL> print x

X
----------
3628800
P) Write a PL/SQL function find out the annual salary of the employee when empno passed
as in parameter.
create or replace function pic(eno in number)
return number
is
c number;
begin
select sal*12 into c from emp where empno=eno;
return c;
end;

NOTE:
1. In the above program if we specify empno instead of eno then we will get compile time
error.
2. We may specify in or may not specify at the place of declaration.
Execution Process
SQL> var x number
SQL> exec :x:=pic(7788)
SQL> print x

X
----------
60000
SQL> select pic(7788) from dual;
PIC(7788)
----------
60000

Write a function display the maximum salary employee name
create or replace function fun
return varchar
is
c varchar2(10);
begin
select ename into c from emp where sal=(select max(sal) from emp);
return c;

end;
Execution process
SQL> var x varchar2(15)
SQL> exec :x:=fun()
SQL> print x
X
-----------
Raj
P) Write a Function find out sum of all employees salaries working under 10 th department
create or replace function myfun
return number
is
c number;
begin
select sum(sal) into c from emp where deptno=10;
return c;
end;
Execution Process
SQL> var x number
SQL> exec :x:=myfun()


SQL> print x

X
----------
24999
Write a function find out the maximum salary employee total salary working in SALES
and ACCOUNTING department.
create or replace function myfun
return number
is
c number;
begin
select sal+nvl(comm,0) into c from emp where sal=(select max(sal) from emp where deptno in
(select deptno from dept where dname in('SALES','ACCOUNTING')));
return c;
end;
Execution Process
SQL> var x number
SQL> exec :x:=myfun()
SQL> print x
Package:
1. Package is a collection of sub programs which contains functions and procedures.
2. Package contains two sections
i) Package Specification
ii) Package Body
3. Package specification and package body name should starts with create and ends with
end statement.

4. Here package specification name and package body name should be same.
5. Package contains only functions or only procedures or combinations both also.
P) Develop a package display the employee details when employee number passed as IN
parameter and find out the annual salary.
create or replace package p10
is procedure s10
( a in emp.empno%type,
b out emp.ename%type,
c out emp.sal%type);
function s11
(a in emp.empno%type)
return number;
end;
X
----------
9999
NOTE: We never use Cursors in Functions.
NOTE: Package body cant exist without package specification.
P) Develop a package employee details when department number passed as IN value.
create or replace package sixpack
is
procedure p1
(p_deptno in emp.deptno%type);
function myfun
(p_deptno in emp.deptno%type)
return number;

end;

create or replace package body sixpack
is procedure p1
is
a emp%rowtype;
cursor c is select * from emp where deptno=p_deptno;
begin
open c;
loop
fetch c into a;
if c% found then
dbms_output.put_line(a.empno||' '||a.sal||' '||a.deptno);
else
exit;
end if;
end loop;
end p1;
function myfun
return number is
c number;
begin
select count(*) into c from emp where deptno=p_deptno;

return c;
end myfun;
end;
Execution Process
SQL> var a number
SQL> exec :a:=sixpack.myfun(30)
SQL> print a
A
----------
6


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