SHORT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

Topics
1. Introduction
2. Cause and Consequences
3. Types of Faults
4. Symmetrical Short Circuit Analysis
SHORT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Objective
Explain the significance of Short Circuit
Explain the causes and consequences of
Short Circuit
Classify different types of faults
Compute currents for symmetrical faults
Cause of Short Circuit Insulation Failure
Over-voltages caused by Lightning or
Switching Surges
Insulation contamination - salt spray, pollution
Mechanical Causes - Over-heating, abrasion
Faults on Transmission Lines
Most Common Lines are exposed to
elements of nature (60-70%).
Lightning strokes Over voltages cause
insulators to flash over line to ground short
circuit or line to line short circuit.
High winds Topple tower, tree falls on line.
Winds and ice loading Mechanical failure of
insulator.
Fog, salt spray, dirty insulator Conduction
path insulation failure
Short circuit in other elements
Cables (10-15%), circuit breakers (10-12%),
generators, motors, transformers etc (10-15%).
much less common Over loading for
extended periods deterioration of insulation
Mechanical failure.
Consequences of Short Circuit
Currents several magnitude larger than
normal operating current.
Thermal damage to equipment.
Windings and busbars Mechanical
damage due to high magnetic forces caused
by high current.
Faulted section must be removed from
service as soon as possible (3-5
cycles).
Types of Short Circuit
a
b
c
L G L L L L G 3| G
75 - 80% 5 7% 10 12% 8 10%
Asymmetrical Faults
Symmetrical Faults
Short Circuit Calculations
R L Series Circuit Transients
SW
t = 0
R L
e(t)
= o
= o
max
e(t) = 2V Sin ( t + )
= V Sin ( t + )
( )
max
di
V sin t + = Ri + L ; t 0
dt
>
( ) ( )
V
Rt /L max
i(t) = sin t + - e sin -
Z
(
(

e o u o u
Solving for i(t)
( ) ( )
2
2 -1
ac dc
ac
dc
Where, Z = R L and = tan L/ R .
or i(t) = i (t) + i (t)
i (t) = Symmetrical fault current (Constant)
i (t) = DC offset current (decays with time)
i(t) = Asymmetrical faul
+ e u e
t current
Time
I(t)
i
dc
i
ac
3-phase Short Circuit on
Synchronous Machine
Unloaded Machine:
Time
Actual envelope
Subtransient period
Transient period
Steady state period
0
a
b
c
S
y
m
m
e
t
r
i
c
a
l

s
h
o
r
t

c
i
r
c
u
i
t

c
u
r
r
e
n
t
X
I
E
g
+
X
a
X
d
Synchronous
reactance
X
I
E
g
+
X
a
X
f
Direct axis subtransient
reactance
X
I
E
g
+
X
a
X
f
Direct axis transient reactance
X
D
'
d
X
'' '
d d
ac g
'
d d d
''
d
'
d
- t / T
- t / T
1 1
-
X X
i (t) = 2 E
1 1 1
+ - +
X X X

x Sin ( t + - )
2
e
e
(
| |
( |
\ .
(
(
| |
(
|
(
\ .

=
A A
- t / T - t / T
g
' '
dcmax
''
d
A
2E
i (t) = e = 2 I e ;
X
T = Armature Time Const.
g
''
ac
''
d
E
I (0) = OC = = I
X

(Subtransient Current)
g
'
'
d
E
I = Ob = (Transient current)
X

g
ac
d
E
I ( ) = Oa = (Steady State current)
X

ac dc
i (t) = i (t) + i (t)
Short Circuit on a loaded
Synchronous Machine
'' '' ''
g t dg L f ext dg L
E V jX I V Z jX I = + = + +
' ' '
g t dg L f ext dg L
E V jX I V Z jX I = + = + +
I
L
Z
ext
V
t
V
f
P
Z
L
+
+ +
S
''
g
E
''
dg
X
m t dm L
E" V jX" I =
m t dm L
E' V jX' I =
For Motor:
Example: A synchronous generator and a
synchronous motor each rated 50 MVA, 11KV
having 12% subtransient reactance are
connected through transformers and a line as
shown in figure below. The transformers are
rated 50 MVA, 11/132 KV and 132/11KV with
leakage reactance of 8% each. The line has a
reactance of 15% on a base of 50 MVA, 132 KV.
The motor is drawing 25 MW at 0.8 power
factor leading and a terminal voltage of 10.6 KV
when a symmetrical three-phase fault occurs at
the motor terminals. Find the sub-transient
current in the generator, motor and fault.
Gen T1 Line T2 Motor
Z
ext
jX
dg
E
g
V
0
I
0
P
+ +
+
(a) Before the fault
Neutral
jX
dm
E
m
(j0.12)
(j0.31)
(j0.12)
Z
ext
jX
dg
E
g
I
g
P
+ +
(b) After the fault
Neutral
jX
dm
E
m
(j0.12)
(j0.31)
(j0.12)
I
m
I
f
Z
0 0
10.6
V = = 0.9636 0 pu
11
= 25 MW 0.8 pf leading
25
= pu 0.8 pf leading
50
= 0.5 pu 0.8 pf leading
Prefault Voltage =
Load
Prefault Current I
0
=
Z Z
o o
0.5
36.9 =0.6486 36.9
0.96360.8
Voltage behind sub-transient reactance (generator)
Z Z
" o o
g
E = 0.9636 0 + j0.430.6486 36.9
= 0.7962+ j0.223pu
Voltage behind sub-transient reactance (Motor)
Z Z
" o o
m
E = 0.9636 0 - j0.120.6486 36.9
=1.0103- j0.0622pu
Under faulted condition
"
g
"
m
0.7962+ j0.223
I = = 0.5186- j1.8516pu
j0.43
1.0103- j0.0622
I = = -0.5183- j8.4191pu
j0.12
Current in fault
f " "
g m
I =I +I = 0.0003- j10.2707pu
Base current (generator/motor) =
3
5010
= 2624.3A
3 11
"
g
"
m
f
I =2624.3(0.5186- j1.8516) =(1360.96- j4859.15) A
I =2624.3(-0.5183- j8.4191) =(-1360.17- j22094.24) A
I =2624.3(0.0003- j10.2707) =(0.78- j26953.39) A
Contribution from Gen. and Motor
Short Circuit Calculations using
Thevenins Theorem
A Short Circuit Structural change in
network addition of an impedance (Z
F
=
fault impedance, zero for solid short circuit)
at the point of fault.
The change in voltage or current resulting
from this structural network change can be
analyzed using Thevenins theorem.
Thevenins Theorem
The changes in network voltages and
currents due to the addition of an
impedance between two points of a network
are identical with those voltages and
currents that would be caused by placing an
emf, having a magnitude and polarity equal
to the pre-fault voltage between the nodes,
in series with the impedance all other
voltage sources being zeroed.
Post fault voltages and currents are computed
by superimposing these changes on pre-fault
voltages and currents.
Gen T1 Line T2 Motor
Example:
Z
ext
jX
dg
E
g
V
0
I
0
P
+ +
+
(a) Before the fault
Neutral
jX
dm
E
m
(j0.12)
(j0.31)
(j0.12)
G
Z
ext
jX
dg
E
g
V
0
I
0
P
+ +
+
(b) After the fault
Neutral
jX
dm
E
m
(j0.12)
(j0.31)
(j0.12)
G
V
0
+
Z
ext
jX
dg
E
g
I
0
P
+ +
+
Circuit A (Pre fault Circuit)
Neutral
jX
dm
E
m
(j0.12)
(j0.31)
(j0.12)
G
V
0
Using Superposition:
Z
ext
jX
dg
V
0
P
+
Circuit B (Thevenins Eq. Circuit)
Neutral
jX
dm
(j0.12)
(j0.31)
(j0.12)
A
''
g
I
A
''
m
I
G
Z
0 0
10.6
V = = 0.9636 0 pu
11
Prefault Voltage =
Z
A =
Z
A =
A Z
A Z
o 0
''
g
o 0
''
m
'' 0 '' o
g g
'' 0 '' o
m m
V 0.9636 0
I = = - j2.2409
j0.31 + j0.12 j0.43
V 0.9636 0
I = = - j8.03
j0.12 j0.12
I = I + I = 0.6486 36.9 - j2.2409
= 0.5186 - j1.8516
I = - I + I = 0.6486 36.9 - j8.03
= - 0.5186 - j8.4194
From the viewpoint of current the two factors
that need to be considered in selecting circuit
breakers are:
The maximum instantaneous current which
the breaker must carry ( withstand ) and
The total current when the breaker contacts
open to interrupt the circuit.
The selection of circuit breakers
Short-circuit MVA= \3 (nominal kV)
| I
SC
| 10
-3
Base MVA = \3 (base kV) | I
base
| 10
-3
Short-circuit MVA in per unit = | I
SC
| in per unit
th
SC
1.0 1.0
Z per unit per unit
I short circuit MVA
= =
Short Circuit MVA
The maximum momentary current is found by
calculating the ac short circuit current using
sub-transient impedances of the generators
and motors and then multiplying it by 1.6 to
take care of the dc off-set current.
The breaker interrupting current depends on
the interruption time of the circuit breakers and
is obtained by multiplying the sub-transient ac
short circuit current by following factors:
Circuit breaker speed Multiplying factor
8 cycle or slower 1.0
5 cycles 1.1
3 cycles 1.2
2 cycles 1.4
For CBs having short circuit MVA greater
than 500 MVA the multiplying factors are
increased by 0.1
SYMMETRICAL COMPONENT
ANALYSIS
SYMMETRICAL COMPONENT
ANALYSIS
1. Introduction
2. Symmetrical Component Transformation
3. Sequence network for PS Components
4. Sequence network for Power Systems
Objective
Explain the significance of symmetrical
component transformation
Develop sequence network for power
system components and networks
Compute current, voltage and power in
sequence networks
Types of Short Circuit
a
b
c
L G L L L L G 3| G
75 - 80% 5 7% 10 12% 8 10%
Asymmetrical Faults
Symmetrical Faults
Symmercal Component Transformation
Introduced by C. L. Fortescue (1918)
Modeling technique for analysis and design of
three-phase systems
Decouples a balanced three-phase network
into three simpler networks
For unbalanced three phase networks the three
sequence networks are connected only at the
point of unbalance.
Symmerical Component Transformation
A powerful tool for analyzing three phase
systems
Reveals complicated phenomena during
unbalanced operation in simple terms
Sequence network results have to be
superposed to obtain three phase network
results
SYMMETRICAL COMPONENT
TRANSFORMATION
An unbalanced set of n phasors can be resolved
into n sets of balanced phasors (symmetrical
components). The n phasors of each set of
components are equal in magnitude and angles
between adjacent phasors of the set are equal.
Unbalanced phasors of a three phase system
can be resolved into three balanced system of
phasors positive, negative, and zero
sequence
Positive-sequence components,
consist of three phasors with equal
magnitudes with 120 phase
displacement from each other, and
same phase sequence as original
phasors.
Negative-sequence components,
consist of three phasors with equal
magnitudes with 120 phase
displacement from each other, and
opposite phase sequence as original
phasors.
V
c1
V
b1
V
a1
= V
1
V
a2
= V
2 V
b2
V
c2
Zero-sequence components,
consist of three phasors with
equal magnitudes and zero
phase displacement from each
other.
V
a0
V
b0
V
c0
= V
0
V
a
V
b
V
c
V
a0
V
a1
V
a2
V
a
V
b1
V
b2
V
b0
V
b
V
c1
V
c2
V
c
V
c0
Phase a Phase b Phase c
V
a
= V
a0
+ V
a1
+ V
a2
V
b
= V
b0
+ V
b1
+ V
b2
V
c
= V
co
+ V
c1
+ V
c2
V
a
= V
0
+ V
1
+ V
2
V
b
= V
0
+ a
2
V
1
+ aV
2
V
c
= V
0
+ aV
1
+ a
2
V
2
| |
( ( (
( ( (
( ( (
( ( (

a 0
2
P b 1
2
c 2
V 1 1 1 V
V = V = 1 a a V
V 1 a a V
o
-1 3
a =1120 = + j
2 2
2
2
1 1 1
A = 1 a a
1 a a

0
s 1
2
V
V = V
V
and
Where,
V
p
= A V
s
V
s
= A
-1
V
p
Where,
-1 2
2
1 1 1
1
A = 1 a a
3
1 a a

0 a
2
1 b
2
2 c
V 1 1 1 V
1
V = 1 a a V
3
V 1 a a V
0 a b c
1
V = (V +V +V )
3
2
1 a b c
1
V = (V +aV +a V )
3
2
2 a b c
1
V = (V +a V +aV )
3
I
p
= A I
s
I
a
= I
0
+ I
1
+ I
2
I
b
= I
0
+ a
2
I
1
+ aI
2
I
c
= I
0
+ aI
1
+ a
2
I
2
I
s
= A
-1
I
p
0 a b c
1
I = (I +I +I )
3
2
1 a b c
1
I = (I +aI +a I )
3
2
2 a b c
1
I = (I +a I +aI )
3
POWER IN SEQUENCE NETWORKS
* * *
3 ag a bg b cg c
S = V I +V I +V I
T *
p p
= V I
(
(
(
(
(

*
a
*
3 ag bg cg b
*
c
I
S = V V V I
I
T *
3 s s
S =(AV ) (AI )
( (
( (
( (
( (

T *
T * 2 2
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
A A = 1 a a 1 a a
1 a a 1 a a
(

T T * *
s s
= V A A I

( (
( (
( (
( (

2 2
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
= 1 a a 1 a a
1 a a 1 a a
(
(
(
(

3 0 0
= 0 3 0 = 3U
0 0 3
T *
3 s s
S =3V I
* * *
3 0 0 1 1 2 2
S =3V I + 3VI + 3V I
= Sum of symmtrical component
powers
| |
(
(
(
(

*
0
*
0 1 2 1
*
2
I
= V +V +V I
I
Sequence Network for Power
System Components
Impedance Load:
Balanced Star
Grounded Load
a
c
b
Z
Y
I
n
Z
Y
Z
Y
I
b
g
N
Z
n
I
a
I
c
V
ag
V
cg
V
bg
+
+
+
-
-
-
ag Y a n n
V = Z I +Z I
Y a n a b c
= Z I +Z (I +I +I )
Y n a n b n c
= (Z +Z )I +Z I +Z I
bg n a Y n b n c
V = Z I +(Z +Z )I +Z I
cg n a n b Y n c
V = Z I +Z I +(Z +Z )I

ag Y n n n a
bg n Y n n b
cg n n Y n c
V (Z +Z ) Z Z I
V = Z (Z +Z ) Z I
V Z Z (Z +Z ) I
p p p
V = Z I
s p s
AV = Z AI
- 1
s p s
V =(A Z A)I
s s s
V = Z I
- 1
s p
Z = A Z A
Where,


Y n n n
2
s n Y n n
2
n n Y n
2
2
1 1 1 (Z +Z ) Z Z
1
Z = 1 a a Z (Z +Z ) Z
3
1 a a Z Z (Z +Z )
1 1 1
1 a a
1 a a

Y n
y
y
(Z +3Z ) 0 0
= 0 Z 0
0 0 Z

0 Y n 0
1 Y 1
2 Y 2
V (Z +3Z ) 0 0 I
V = 0 Z 0 I
V 0 0 Z I
0 Y n 0 0 0
V = (Z +3Z )I = Z I
1 Y 1 1 1
V = Z I = Z I
2 Y 2 2 2
V = Z I = Z I
Zero-sequence network
Z
Y
I
0
3Z
n
V
0
+
-
Z
0
= Z
Y
+ 3Z
n
For star ungrounded load Z
n
= infinity
Zero sequence network is open
Positive-sequence network
Z
Y
I
1
V
1
+
-
Z
1
= Z
Y
Negative-sequence network
Z
Y
I
2
V
2
+
-
Z
2
= Z
1
= Z
Y
Balanced Delta Connected Load:

1
Z
Z =
3

2 1
Z
Z = Z =
3
I
1
I
2

Z
3
Z
0
=
I
0

Z
3

Z
a
b
c
General
three-phase
impedance
load
I
b
g
I
a
I
c
V
ag
V
cg
V
bg
+
- - -
+
+
General three-phase impedance load
- 1
s p
Z = A Z A

0 01 02 aa ab ac
2
10 1 12 ab bb bc
2
20 21 2 ac bc cc
2
2
Z Z Z 1 1 1 Z Z Z
1
Z Z Z = 1 a a Z Z Z
3
Z Z Z 1 a a Z Z Z
1 1 1
1 a a
1 a a
0 aa bb cc ab ac bc
1
Z = (Z +Z +Z +2Z +2Z +2Z )
3
1 2 aa bb cc ab ac bc
1
Z = Z = (Z +Z +Z - Z - Z - Z )
3
2 2
01 20 aa bb cc ab ac bc
1
Z = Z = (Z +a Z +aZ - aZ - a Z - Z )
3
2 2
02 10 aa bb cc ab ac bc
1
Z = Z = (Z +aZ +a Z - a Z - aZ - Z )
3
2 2
12 aa bb cc ab ac bc
1
Z = (Z +a Z +aZ +2aZ +2a Z +2Z )
3
2 2
21 aa bb cc ab ac bc
1
Z = (Z +aZ +a Z +2a Z +2aZ +2Z )
3
aa bb cc
Z = Z = Z
ab ac bc
Z = Z = Z
and
Conditions
for a
symmetrical
load
01 10 02 20 12 21
Z = Z = Z = Z = Z = Z = 0
0 aa ab
Z = Z +2Z
1 2 aa ab
Z = Z = Z - Z
Example: Three identical Y-connected
resistors from a load bank with a three phase
rating of 2300 V and 500 KVA. If each bank
has applied voltages
|V
ab
| = 1800V |V
bc
| = 2700V |V
ca
| = 2300V
find the line voltages and currents in per unit
into the load. Assume that the neutral of the
load is not connected to the neutral of the
system and select a base of 2300 V,100 KVA.
Solution: On 2300 V, 100 KVA base line
voltages in per unit are:
ab
V =1800 2300 =.7826
bc
V =2700 2300 =1.174
ca
V =2300 2300 =1.0
Z
Z Z
0
ca
0 0
ab bc
Let, V 180 be taken as reference
Then, V =.7826 81.39 and V =1.174 - 41.23
Symmetrical components of the line voltages are
( Z Z
Z
ab1
V =1/3[.7826 81.39 + 1.174 120 - 41.23)
+ 1.0 (240+180)]
2
ab1 ab bc ca
1
V = (V +aV +a V )
3
= 1/3[.1171+j.7738+.2286+j1.152+.5+j.866]
=1/3[.8454+j2.7918] = .2819+ j.9306
= 0.97236
Z
0
73.147
( Z Z
Z
0 0 0
ab2
0 0
V =1/3[.7826 81.39 + 1.174 240 - 41.23 )
+ 1.0 (120 +180 )]
= 1/3[0.11716+j0.7737-1.111-j0.378 + 0.5 - j0.866]
=1/3[-0.49339 - j0.4703] = -0.1645 - j0.1567
=.2272 =.2272
Z
0
- 136.37
Z
0
223.627
2
ab2 ab bc ca
1
V = (V +a V +aV )
3
Z Z Z
0 0 0
ab0
V =1/3[.7826 81.39 + 1.174 - 41.23 + 1.0 180 ]
= 0
Voltages to neutral are given by
Z Z
1 0 0 0
an
V = 0.97236 (73.147 - 30 ) = 0.97236 43.147
ab0 ab bc ca
1
V = (V +V +V )
3
V
ca
V
bc
V
ab
n
Z Z
1 0 0
a
I = (0.97236 43.147 )/.2 =4.8618 43.147 p.u.
Z Z
2 0 0
a
I = (0.2272 253.627 )/.2 =1.136 253.627 p.u.
0
a
I = 0
Z Z
2 0 0 0
an
V = 0.2272 (223.627 + 30 ) = 0.2272 253.627
0
an
V = 0
resistance value in p.u.=1.100/500=.2 p.u.
SEQUENCE NETWORKS
SEQUEMCE NETWORKS
Lesson Summary
1. Introduction
2. Sequence networks for Transmission
Lines
3. Sequence network for Genetators
4. Sequence network for Transformers
5. Sequence network for Power System
Instructional Objective
On completion of this lesson a student should
be able to:
A. Develop sequence network Tr. Lines
B. Develop sequence network for Generators
C. Develop sequence network for Transformers
D. Assemble sequence networks for small
power systems
Sequence Networks of Three-Phase Lines
Z
aa
Z
bb
Z
cc
Z
bc
Z
ab
Z
ca
Z
nn
Z
bn
Z
an
Z
cn
I
a
I
b
I
c
I
n
V
cn
V
cn
V
an
V
cn
V
bn
V
an
a
b
c
n
a
b
c
n
For a fully transposed line:
Z
aa
= Z
bb
= Z
cc
Z
ab
= Z
bc
= Z
ca
Z
an
= Z
bn
= Z
cn
I
a
Z
ab
I
b
Z
ab
I
c
Z
an
I
n
Z
aa
+ - + - + -
I
n
Z
an
I
a
Z
an
I
b
Z
an
I
c
Z
nn
+ - + - + -
a
a
n
n
V
an V
an
an aa a ab b ab c an n a'n'
nn n an c an b an a
V = Z I +Z I +Z I +Z I +V
- (Z I +Z I +Z I +Z I )

an a'n' aa an a ab an b c
an nn n
V - V = (Z - Z )I +(Z - Z )(I +I )
+(Z - Z )I

bn b'n' aa an b ab an a c
an nn n
V - V = (Z - Z )I +(Z - Z )(I +I )
+(Z - Z )I

cn c'n' aa an c ab an a b
an nn n
V - V = (Z - Z )I +(Z - Z )(I +I )
+(Z - Z )I
n a b c
I = - (I +I +I )

an a'n' aa nn an a ab nn an b
ab nn an c
V - V = (Z +Z - 2Z )I +(Z +Z - 2Z )I
+(Z +Z - 2Z )I

bn b'n' ab nn an a aa nn an b
ab nn an c
V - V = (Z +Z - 2Z )I +(Z +Z - 2Z )I
+(Z +Z - 2Z )I

cn c'n' ab nn an a ab nn an b
aa nn an c
V - V = (Z +Z - 2Z )I +(Z +Z - 2Z )I
+(Z +Z - 2Z )I
s aa nn an
Z Z +Z - 2Z
m ab nn an
Z Z +Z - 2Z
aa' an a'n' s m m a
bb' bn b'n' m s m b
cc' cn c'n' m m s c
V V - V Z Z Z I
V = V - V = Z Z Z I
V V - V Z Z Z I
aa' an a'n'
V V - V
bb' bn b'n'
V V - V
cc' cn c'n'
V V - V

0
sy 1
2
Z 0 0
Z = 0 Z 0
0 0 Z
- 1
sy p
Z = A Z A
0 s m
Z = Z +2Z
1 2 s m
Z = Z = Z - Z
0 0' 0 0
V - V = Z I
1 1' 1 1
V - V = Z I
2 2' 2 2
V - V = Z I
Zero-sequence network
I
0
V
0
+
-
Z
0
= Z
aa
+ 2Z
ab
V
0
+
-
Positive-sequence network
I
1
V
1
+
-
V
1
+
-
Z
1
= Z
aa
- Z
ab
Negative-sequence network
I
1
V
2
+
-
V
2
+
-
Z
2
= Z
1
= Z
aa
- Z
ab
Sequence networks of Synchronous
Generator
a
c
b
Z
n
I
c
E
c
I
a
I
b
I
n
E
a
E
b
+
+
+
-
-
-
I
1
Positive-sequence network
+
-
V
1
E
g
Z
g1
+
-
~
~
g1 d
'' ''
g g g1 d
Z jX
For calculating initial Sub - transient fault current
E = E and Z jX
I
2
Negative-sequence network
+
-
V
2
Z
g2
( )
+
~
~ ~
g2
'
q d
g2
'' '' '' ''
d q d
X X
Z j
2
For calculating initial Sub - transient fault current
Z jX as X X
I
0
Zero-sequence network
+
-
V
0
3Z
n
Z
g0
~
~
g0 l
g1 g2 g0
Z jX
Z Z > Z
Sequence networks of Synchronous
Motor and Induction Motor
I
1
Positive-sequence
network
+
-
V
1
E
m1
Z
m1
I
1
Positive-sequence
network
+
-
V
1
Z
m1
+
-
Synchronous motor Induction motor
I
2
Negative-sequence
network
+
-
V
2
Z
m2
I
2
Negative-sequence
network
+
-
V
2
Z
m2
Synchronous motor Induction motor
I
0
Zero-sequence
network
+
-
V
0
3Z
n
Z
m0
Zero-sequence
network
I
0
+
-
V
0
3Z
n
Z
m0
Synchronous motor Induction motor
Per-Unit Sequence Models of Three-Phase
Two-Winding Transformers
+
+
V
L
-
V
H
-
jX
l
Z
0
30
jX
l
jX
l
positive-sequence network
negative-sequence network
+
V
H1
-
+
V
L1
-
+
V
H2
-
+
V
L2
-
A
B
C
H1
H2
H3
Z
N
N
a
b
c
X1
X2
X3
Z
n
Schematic representation
Zero Sequence Network
A
B
C
H1
H2
H3
Z
N
N
a
b
c
X1
X2
X3
Schematic representation
Transformer
+
V
H0
-
+
V
L0
-
Zero-sequence network
jX
l
+3Z
N
+3Z
n
Z
N
Z
n
Transformer
+
V
H0
-
+
V
L0
-
Zero-sequence network
jX
l
+3Z
N
Transformer
+
V
H0
-
+
V
L0
-
Zero-sequence network
jX
l
Transformer
+
V
H0
-
+
V
L0
-
Zero-sequence network
jX
l
+3Z
N
Transformer
+
V
H0
-
+
V
L0
-
Zero-sequence network
jX
l
Transformer
+
V
H0
-
+
V
L0
-
Zero-sequence network
jX
l
The per-unit sequence network of the Y-
transformer, shown in Figure (b), have the
following features.
1. The per-unit impedances do not depend on
the winding connections. That is, the per-
unit impedances of a transformer that is
connected Y-Y. Y-, -Y. or - are the
same. However, the base voltages do
depend on the winding connections.
2. A phase shift is included in the per-unit
positive- and negative- sequence networks.
For the American standard, the positive-
sequence voltages and currents on the
high-voltage side of the Y- transformer
lead the corresponding quantities on the
low-voltage side by 30. For negative
sequence, the high-voltage quantities lag
by 30.
3. Zero-sequence currents can flow in the Y
winding if there is a neutral connection, and
corresponding zero-sequence currents flow
within the winding. However, no zero-
sequence current enters or leaves the
winding.
Gen T1 Line T2 Motor
Example: For the system shown in figure
assemble the sequence networks
X
g1
X
T1
X
L1
X
T1
X
m1
E
g1
E
m1
Positive-sequence network
X
g2
X
T2
X
L2
X
T2
X
m2
Negative-sequence network
X
g0
X
T0
X
L0
X
T0
X
m0
Zero-sequence network
Thank You !