1

BABA BANDA SINGH BAHADUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE

FATEHGARH SAHIB, PUNJAB.

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING FINAL PROJECT REPORT

UNDERGONE AT

PREET AGRO INDUSTRIES PVT. LTD.

NABHA(PB)

FROM: JULY 1, 2008 TO: DECEMBER 31,2008

FOR THE REQUIREMENT OF PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE AWARD

OF DEGREE OF B.TECH IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

NAME : RAMANDEEP SINGH GILL

COLG. ROLL NO : 246/05
UNI. ROLL NO. : 5121111065
BRANCH : MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
SEMESTER : 7TH
BATCH : 2005-2009
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CONTENTS

S. No. Text Page No

1. Certificate 3
2. Declaration 4
3. Acknowledgment 5
4. Abstract 6
5. Company Profile 7
5.1 Objectives 9
5.2 Marketing 10
5.3 Infrastructure 10
5.4 Awards/Achievement 11
5.5 Products 12

6. Tractor 25
6.1 Introduction 25
6.2 Constructional Parts 26
6.3 Applications 27
6.4 Design 27
6.5 Product Range 27
6.6 Differential 28
6.7 Gear Box 29

7. Combine Harvester 30
7.1 Introduction 30
7.2 History 30
7.3 Brief Description and working 31
7.4 Cutter Bar 33
7.5 Conveyors 34
7.6 Gear Box and Reduction Box 34
7.7 Hydraulic System 34

8. Quality Department 35
8.1 Need 37
8.2 Benefits 38
8.3 Testing Procedure 40
8.4 Quality Improvement System 43
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8.5 Hardware Section 44

8.6 List of Instruments 47
8.7 Flow chart of Quality check system 51

9. PPC Department 52

10. Purchase Department 53

11. Projects 56
11.1 To make Hardness chart of various parts of tractor 57
so that ease in checking the incoming quality
of various components
11.2 To implement power steering on the tractor to 62
make the steering simpler and easier.

12. References 75
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DECLARATION

I, Ramandeep Singh Gill do hereby solemnly affirm that the project

work has been undertaken by me at the” Preet Agro Industries Pvt. Ltd.", is
an original work and that it is not a duplicate or a copy of any other work. I was
guided in this project by Gurpreet singh, and have performed all the required
tasks on my own.

Date: January 5, 2009 Ramandeep Singh Gill

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ACKNOWLEGMENT

I attribute my Honors in showing my feelings of indebtedness and thankful to

Mr. B.S. Bhullar(Head of Training and Placement cell at Baba Banda Singh Bahadur
Engineering college,FatehGarh Sahib(Punjab),S. Hari Singh (M.D.) and Mr. Rajiv
Kaushal(Head of Training and accounts manager of Preet Agro Industries Pvt.
Ltd.)
I am extremely grateful to all the supervisors and workers who offered the
valuable guidance, assistance, cooperation, and suggestion.
In the last but not the least I express my thanks to all, who directly or indirectly
encourage me to work at shop floor and discussed with me the trick’s to achieve the
goal.
So I thanks to all mighty God who gave me chance to work with such nice
personalities.

Ramandeep Singh Gill

Mechanical Engineering.
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ABSTRACT

 My industrial training in Preet Agro Industries Pvt. Ltd for six month in
fourth year, 7th semester is highly learning experience for me. During this time I
done two projects, from which I learnt how to apply the knowledge of the
academics of the engineering in practical application.
 Secondly an exposure to the general behavior and the attitude of the people in
industry an added gains. The various communication levels in the industry seen
first hand.
 The projects also give me an idea of the practical work, administrative work,
importance and flow of documentation.
 Projects helped me to know that what type of expectations and requirements of
the industry from an engineer.
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COMPANY PROFILE

HISTORY OF THE FIRM

In 1980, when the nation needed one type of machine which could
harvest and thresh the crop simultaneously, to reduce the losses bearded by the
farmers, S. Hari Singh (M.D. of Preet Agro Industries Pvt. Ltd) was working on the
project in his tractor repair workshop. After three years of hardship, he was able to
establish a small scale unit for manufacturing harvesting reapers, Threshers,
Agriculture parts. Later, his brother S.Gurcharan Singh (Director) joined him in 1985
and they were able to make a tractor driven combine in 1986.
The name Preet was established in 1987. In 1996, they managed to get
approval certificates from Machinery Training and Testing Institute, Ministry of
agriculture, Govt. of India. In 1999, they converted their firm into a Pvt. Ltd.
Company. Today, they are the largest manufacturers of Self propelled combines,
harvesters in India.
Today, Preet Agro Industries Pvt. Ltd. has finally reached on this stage
when they are known in the farmer’s community nationwide.
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Plant Location :-
PREET TRACTORS PVT. LTD.
P.O. Box No.28, Patiala Road, Nabha - 147201 (Pb.) INDIA
Phone: 01765-220400, 222609, 309649
Fax: 91-1765-221619, 505649
Email: preettractors@yahoo.co.in
Website: www.preetagro.com
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OBJECTIVES
PRIMARY OBJECTIVES:
The company has laid down for itself goal of improving the value to the customers
through maintaining leadership in following categories.

• Market share: To maintain its status as brand leaders in the country

for combines and tractors.
• Product Development: To develop tractors and combines for all new applications
as identified.
• Technology modernization and up gradation of technology to the latest
improvements to meet customers requirements.
• Customer satisfaction it shall strive to achieve customer satisfaction rating more
than 90%.
• Quality: To improve quality consistently through quality assurance and process
control.
• Delivery to strive to achieve 100% on time.
SECONDARY OBJECTIVES:
• Protection & security to its workers.
• Safety for its workers.
• Economy of operation by lowering cost.
• Ensure a good quality system.
• Training & development of existing work force.
• To satisfy customer.
• Better management
• Better human relation.
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MARKETING
The Company is having very good marketing network all over India with 280
authorized dealers of tractor as well as combine harvesters. And having 35 % Market
share in Self-propelled combine harvester and 10 % of tractor mounted combine
harvester. Aim is take up 60 % of the market share. The company has sold more than
3200 combine harvesters.

INFRASTRUCTURE:

PREET is one of the India's leading manufacturers of agricultural tractors and

combine harvesters. PREET is market leader in self propelled combine harvesters in
India. The company is controlling 35% market share of self-propelled combine
harvesters.

Present scenario of plant: -

1. ISO 9001: 2000 certified company.

2. Combine harvesters are manufactured on organized assembly

production line.

3. Plant is equipped with latest CNC turning machines for machining of

components and others computerized machines i.e. shearing
machines, bending press, power press, lathe, shapers and radial drill
machines etc.

4. Company is having one another fully computerized Turret punching

machine to enhance production capacity and to maintain the quality
of product.
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 Future Plans: -
1. Company has installed Laser oscillator machine from MAZAK
Japan.

2. We will be first to install Robots for all type of welding jobs in our
plant in next financial year.

3. Dip Painting of sheet metal will be install soon.

AWARDS / ACHIEVEMENTS:

The company participated in KISSAN MELA organized by Punjab Agricultural

University Ludhiana in September 2003 and September 2005 with exhibition
our tractors and harvester combine. In the fair all the established manufacturers
and international giants participated we were adjudged the best performer and
awarded the first prize by the organizing authorities.
 The company has participated in International Farm Equipment Show held in
Toronto Canada in Feb’06.
 Mr. Ron Bollman from Government of Canada Invites “Preet Agro Industries”
to setup their plant in Ontario Canada.
 The company has also participated in international trade exhibitions held in Sri
Lanka & South Africa.
 The company has also attended the multi-trade visit, in different companies of
United States of America & Canada.
 Participated, adjudged the best performer and awarded the first prize in Krishi
Mela 2006 held in University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad Karnataka.
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PRODUCTS

Today, Preet Agro Industries is the largest manufacturer of self propelled combine
harvesters in India. The company produces a wide range of tractors and combines
which are given below: -
1. Tractors
a) Preet-6049
b) Preet-5049
c) Preet-4549
d) Preet-4049
e) Preet-3549
2. Combines
a) Preet-987 Dominator (Multicrop combine harvester)

b) Preet-987 (Maize Special Combine Harvester )

c) Preet-949 (Track type combine Harvester)

d) Preet-649 (Tractor operated combine Harvester )
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1.PRODUCT RANGE FOR TRACTORS

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Technical Specifications of Tractors

DESCRIPTIO PREET PREET PREET PREET

PREET 6049-I
N 3549-I 4049-I 4549-I 5049-I
ENGINE
Model / PREET
PREET 3549 PREET 4049 PREET 5049 PREET 6049
Make 4549
Power (PS) 34 39 45 47 57
Four Stroke Four Stroke
Type Four Stroke DI Four Stroke DI Four Stroke DI
DI DI
No. of 3. Vertical 3. Vertical 3. Vertical 4. Vertical
4. Vertical Inline
Cylinders Inline Inline Inline Inline

136Nm @ 150Nm @ 175.5%Nm 136Nm @ 183Nm @ 1300

Max. Torque
1300 rpm 1300 rpm @ 1300 rpm 1300 rpm rpm

Bore /
95/110 97/110 102/110 95/110 100/110
Stroke (mm)

Rated
2100 2100 2100 2100 2200
Engine rpm

Displaceme
2340 2438 2697 3119 3456
nt (cc)

Fuel Pump Inline

Inline Plunger Inline Plunger Plunger Inline Plunger Inline Plunger
(MICO Bush) (MICO Bush) (MICO (MICO Bush) (MICO Bush)
Bush)
Oil Bath
Oil Bath with Oil Bath with Oil Bath with Oil Bath with pre
Air Cleaner with pre
pre cleaner pre cleaner pre cleaner cleaner
cleaner

Cooling Water
Water Cooled Water Cooled Water Cooled Water Cooled
System Cooled

TRANSMISSION
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8 + 2 Sliding 8 + 2 Sliding 8 + 2 Sliding 8 + 2 Sliding 8 + 2 Sliding

Gear Box
Mesh Mesh Mesh Mesh Mesh

Heavy Duty Heavy Duty Heavy Duty Heavy Duty

Heavy Duty Dry
Clutch Dry Single 280 Dry Single 280 Dry Single Dry Single
Single 280 mm
mm mm 280 mm 280 mm

Multi Disc
Multi Disc Dry Multi Disc Dry Multi Disc Dry Multi Disc Dry
Breaks Dry Type
Type Mech. Type Mech. Type Mech. Type Mech.
Mech.
ROAD SPEED Km/Hr
LO
Gear LOW HIGH LOW HIGH HIGH LOW HIGH LOW HIGH
W
1 2.51 9.87 2.51 9.87 2.51 9.87 2.57 10.1 2.37 10.88

2 3.30 12.98 3.30 12.98 3.30 12.98 3.38 13.28 3.64 14.30

3 5.12 20.13 5.12 20.13 5.12 20.13 5.24 20.6 5.64 22.18

4 8.08 31.8 8.08 31.8 8.08 31.8 8.27 32.54 8.90 35.04

Reverse 3.51 13.8 3.51 13.8 3.51 13.8 3.59 14.12 3.87 15.21

STEERING
2 Lever, 2 Lever, 2 Lever, 2 Lever,
Type 2 Lever, ADDC
ADDC ADDC ADDC ADDC
Hydraulic
Gear Type Gear Type Gear Type Gear Type Gear Type
Pump

3 Point 3 Point 3 Point 3 Point 3 Point

Linkage
Linkage - II Linkage - II Linkage - II Linkage - II Linkage - II

POWER TAKE OFF

Splines 21 21 21 21 21
P.T.O.
1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
Speed
CAPACITIES (Liters)

Fuel Tank 48 48 56 56 56
Engine
8 8 8 10 10
Sump
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Cooling
8.5 8.5 8.5 9.5 9.5
Systems

Air Cleaner 0.75 0.75 0.75 1 1

Transmissio
n& 55 55 55 55 55
Hydraulic
Steering 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

TYRE SIZE

Front 6.00x16 6.00x16 6.00x16 6.00x16 7.50x16

Rear 13.6x28 13.6x28 13.6x28 14.9x28 16.9x28

Weight
1945 1945 1945 1945 2170
(Kgs)
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1. PRODUCT RANGE OF COMBINES

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SPECIFICATIONS OF PREET 987

DESCRIPTION MODEL - PREET 987

ENGINE ASHOKA LEYLAND / KIRLOSKAR
Model ALU-400 / 6 R-1080
Power 105 BHP at 2200 rpm
No. of Cylinder Six
Air Cleaner Combination of Dry & Wet Type
Cooling System Water Cooled
CLUTCH
Type of Clutch Single, Heavy Duty Dry Clutch
Dia (mm) 310
TRANSMISSION
No. of Gears 3 Forward, 1 Reverse
Gear Speeds (Km/hr)
Forward
1st Gear 2-4
2nd gear 4-8
3rd gear 8-20
Reverse 4-8
CUTTER BAR
Width 14 feet (4.3 m)
Cutting Height (mm) 55-1250
No. of Blades 58
No. of Guards 56
Stroke (mm) 89
Reel (rpm) 20-60
Dia (mm) 1064
THRESHING DRUM W P Rasp Bar Peg Tooth
Width (mm) 1250 1265
Diameter (mm) 606 605
Speed (rpm) 540 to 1200
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Speed Adjustment) By Means of Mechanical Variator

CONCAVE
Clearance
Front (mm) 17 to 30 13 to 35
Rear (mm) 7.5 to 11 9 to 12
Adjustment Mechanical
STRAW WALKER
No of Straw Walker/Steps 5/5
Length (mm) 3770
Width (mm) 234
CLEANING SIEVES
Area (m2)
Upper Sieve 2.30
Lower Sieve 1.30
F. CAPACITIES
Grain Tank (m3) 3.24
Fuel Tank (It) 380
BATTERY
No. of Batteries 2
Capacity & Rating of each 12 V, 88 Ah
H. TYRE Size Ply Rating
Front 18.4/15x30 14 PR
Rear 7.5x16 12 PR
MAIN DIMENSIONS
In Working:
Length (mm) 8130
Width (mm) 4610
Height (mm) 3855
In Transport:
Length (mm) 11900
Width (mm) 2950
Height (mm) 3855
WEIGHT (Kg) 8200
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FLOWCHART OF MANUFACTURING PROCESS

Production Planning & Control (PPC)

Purchase Department

Quality Control Department

Stores

Machine Shop

Assembly Shop

Paint Shop

Pre Delivery Inspection (PDI)

SALES DEPARTMENT
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PROCESS OF MANUFACTURING

The process of manufacturing is rather a complex one though it seems to be

simple. Every part to be manufactured undergoes through tests and is used only after
the approval of quality department. The entire manufacturing process is pre decided
and is guided by the recommendations and suggestions of Production Planning &
Control Department (PPC). During manufacturing process, the manufacturer has to
follow the industry standards being established by the industry. After quality control
department o.k. & rejected component send to store. From store o.k. component are
send to the assembly line no.1 and after assembling, the machines are send to paint
shop for painting. After paint shop all the electrical work, mirror’s work & seat work
is done in the assembly line no.2 or/final assembly. Thus, the manufacturing process is
complete after assembly line no.2. Then machines are sent to PDI (Pre Delivery
Inspection) where they are checked for the faults if any. Now, the machines are ready
to be send to the sales department for sale.
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INTRODUCTION TO TRACTOR

The word tractor has been defined from an English word ‘traction’ which means
‘pulling force’. In other words it may be defined as the machine, which can do tractive
work with the help of pulling force. The back tyres of tractor experience this type of
force.A tractor is a vehicle specifically designed to deliver a high tractive effort at
slow speeds, for the purposes of hauling a trailer or machinery used in agriculture or
construction. Most commonly, the term is used to describe the distinctive farm
vehicle: agricultural implements may be towed behind or mounted on the tractor, and
the tractor may also provide a source of power if the implement is mechanized.
Another common use of the term is for the power unit of a semi-trailer truck.

The word tractor was taken from Latin, being the agent noun of trahere "to pull". The
first recorded use of the word meaning "an engine or vehicle for pulling wagons or
ploughs" occurred in 1901, from the earlier term traction engine (1859).

The first tractors were steam-powered ploughing engines. They were used in pairs
either side of a field to haul a plough back and forth between them using a wire cable.

CUGNOT STEAM TRACTOR

The Cugnot tractor is believed to be the first self-propelled road vehicle, and thus, the
earliest automobile. Powered by steam, the three-wheeled tractor was invented in 1769
by Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot. It was designed to carry artillery, but similar vehicles soon
found many other uses in industry.
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CONSTRUCTIONAL PARTS OF TRACTOR

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TRACTOR APPLICATIONS

Tractors are mainly used for the following major applications: -

a) Farming
b) Material handling and
c) Transportation
A tractor is a critical tool in farm mechanization. A 20 HP tractor can replace about
200 laborers. Tractor is also for material handling in industries and a tractor – trailer
combination is also used as a passenger / commercial vehicle in rural and semi-urban
areas.
Studies done in Punjab shows that an average farmer runs his tractor for about 397
hours in a year. Out of this, 278 hours is spent on farming while the remaining time is
divided between marketing of produce and purchase of inputs (61 hours), customs
hiring (32 hours) and other social engagements (26 hours).

TRACTOR DESIGN

A tractor is an automotive vehicle driven by an internal combustion engine. The power

generated by the diesel engine is transmitted to the drive wheels through a gearbox.
The tractor design is different from other commercial vehicles as it has a differential
i.e. a gear assembly on the drive axle, which allows the two wheels to rotate at
different speed. A tractor is normally equipped with power take off shaft, which drives
auxiliary equipment such as pumps and compressors. Tractors are normally equipped
with high power air cleaners, which ensure smooth working even in dusty conditions.

PRODUCT RANGE
Tractors are normally distinguished on the basis of power of the engine measured in
horse power (HP) as follows: -
 Less than 20HP (Small size)
 20 - 40HP (Medium size)
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 30 – 60HP (Large size)

 Above 60HP (Very large size)

In India popular range of tractors is 20 – 40HP compared to 60HP in Europe and 90HP
in U.S.A. In India, most of the farms are small and fragmented. Tractors available in
developed countries have advanced features and accessories.

DIFFERENTIAL

If a tractor travels in a straight line, the two rear wheels turn on the road exactly at the
same speed. There is no relative movement between the rear wheels. But when the
tractor takes a turn, the outer wheel travels on a longer radius than the inner wheel.
The outer wheel turns faster than the inner wheel, that is, there is a relative movement
b/w the two rear wheels. If the two rear wheels are rigidly fixed to a rear axle the inner
wheel will slip which will cause rapid tyre wear, steering difficulties and poor road
holding. Therefore, there must be some devices to provide relative movement to the
two rear wheels when the tractor is taking a turn. The differential serves this purpose.
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Differential is a part of the inner rear axle housing assy., which includes the
differential, rear axles, wheels and bearings. The differential consists of a system of
gears arranged in such a way that connects the intermittent shaft with the rear axles.
The purpose of the differential is to provide the relative movement to the two rear
wheels when the tractor is taking a turn. The torque transmitted to each wheel is,
however, always equal.

GEAR BOX

The main functions which are performed by the gearbox are: -

 The torque or the tractive effort produced by the engine varies with speed only
within narrow limits. But the practical consideration for the running of tractor
under different conditions demands a large variation of torque available at the
wheels. The main purpose of the gearbox is to provide a means to vary the
leverage or torque ratio between the engine and the road wheels as required.
 Gearbox also provides a neutral position so that the engine and the road
wheels are disconnected even with the clutch in the engaged position.
 The third function of the gearbox is to reverse the rotation of the outgoing
shaft so as to drive the tractor in reverse direction.
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COMBINE HARVESTERS
The combine harvester, or simply combine, also known as a thresher is a machine
that combines the tasks of harvesting, threshing, and cleaning grain crops. The
objective is to complete these three processes, which used to be distinct, in one pass of
the machine over a particular part of the field. Among the crops harvested with a
combine are wheat, oats, rye, barley, corn (maize), soybeans, and flax (linseed). The
waste straw left behind on the field is the remaining dried stems and leaves of the crop
with limited nutrients which is either chopped and spread on the field or baled for feed
and bedding for livestock.

HISTORY:-
The first combine was invented by Hiram Moore in 1838. It took many decades for the
combine to become popular. Early combines often took more than 16 horses to drive
them. Later combines were pulled by steam engines. George Stockton Berry joined the
combine into a single machine using straw to heat the boiler. The header was over
forty feet long, cutting over one hundred acres per day.
Early combines, some of them quite large, were drawn by horse or mule teams and
used a bull wheel to provide power. In 1902, a combine could harvest enough grain in
one hour to make 10 loaves of bread. Tractor-drawn, combines were used for a time.
Tractor drawn combines evolved to have separate gas or diesel engines to power the
grain separation. Newer kinds of combines are self-propelled and use diesel engines
for power. A significant advance in the design of combines was the rotary design.
Straw and grain were separated by use of a powerful fan. "Axial-Flow" rotary
combines were introduced by International Harvester "IH" in 1977. In about the 1980's
on-board electronics were introduced to measure threshing efficiency. This new
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instrumentation allowed operators to get better grain yields by optimizing ground

speed and other operating parameters.
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WORKING OF COMBINE HARVESTERS

Combine harvester has been mainly divided into two parts:-

A. Cutter bar & conveyor unit

B. Thresher, cleaner & Storage unit

A. Cutter bar & conveyor unit: Cutter bar assembly is mounted on the machine with
the feeder conveyor &can be lifted up or down with the help of hydraulic jacks .it has
the following sub units
1. Reel
2. Knife and its drive
3. Auger
4. Feeder conveyor

The function of the reel (1) is to hold the standing crop (2) until it has been cut by
knives and lay it over the pan of the cutter bar (3) and the rest of the standing crop in
the field to be slightly pushed apart so that it is not damaged by the machine. On the
entire length of the cutter bar there are blades guards in which knife blades run .knife
blades are riveted o the knife strip and have a reciprocating motion. The cut crop falls
on the auger (4). Due to spiral movement, the crop is bought to the center of the auger.
In the center of auger, the prongs (5) handle the crop and push it to the conveyor chain
of the feeder assembly. Feeder chain (6) conveys the crop from auger to the threshing
drum.

B Thresher, Cleaner & Storage Unit: cut crop is threshed in the threshing unit
consisting of moving drum (7) and stationary concave basket (8). To suit various crops
and their threshing characteristics, drum speed is and can be adjusted from the
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operator’s platform. The gap between concave and drum which can be increased easily
be increased or decreased by adjusting nuts on both side of the machine
The stone trap (9) is provided in front of the threshing drum and concave so as to
catch the stone. the threshed straw is brought to the straw walkers to guide drum (10) a
baffle plate (12) is placed above the straw walkers (11) to control the grains flow by
allowing the grains to fall at the front of the straw walkers and straw to be discharged
at the rear end of the machine at traveling complete length of straw walkers. The
mixture of the grains and the straw drops from grate of concave above the stepped bed
(13. due to vibrating action of the straw walkers the straw is carried to the chaffer rack.
the blower blows (15) blows the chaff and short straw and grains are separated on the
hinged screw(14). Inclination and size of opening can be adjusted according to the
nature and size of grains. Air from speed blower (15) is arranged in such a way that it
passes under chaffer racks (16) as well under both the sieves. The air current blows out
light weight dust particles, short straws and other impurities out of the combine.
A slide is mounted at the end of cleaning box to trap the grain if any being carried
away by current. The clean grains are drooped from the lower sieve (17) to the
inclined lead (18) and are carried out by the grain elevator (19). At the top end of the
elevator is fixed another screw conveyor to convey the clean grain to the grain tank
(21). The un-threshed ear which had fallen at the rear of chaffer rack find their way t
inclined bed and are carried by screw conveyor (23) into the threshing drum
compartment for re threshing.
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CUTTER BAR
Cutter bar is one of the most important parts of the Combine Harvesters. Its work is to
cut the crop and then feed into feeder convener which then passes the crop to thresher.
Cutter bar is placed on a Trailor assembly when it is taken from one place to another.
The main parts of cutter bar are Reel,Knife and its Drive,Auger. Power is supplied to
these parts from engine with the help of various pullies.

KNIVES
While its construction,first of all the main base plate is constructed with the help of
sheets and by various process like welding and grinding. Then side plates are attached.
Then the knives and knife drive and other pullies are installed. Then the auger also
called as conveyor worm is fitted. Hydraulic cylinders are also placed at the sides to
lift the reel up and down. The function of the reel is to hold the crop and then it is cut
by knives and then by the help of the auger,it is passed to Feeder.
Usually the specifications of cutter Bar are:-
CUTTER BAR
Width 14 feet (4.3 m)
Cutting Height (mm) 55-1250
No. of Blades 58
No. of Guards 56
Stroke (mm) 89
Reel (rpm) 20-60
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Dia (mm) 1064

GEAR BOX AND REDUCTION BOX

Power from engine is supplied to Clutch with the help of pulleys. Clutch is assembled
with gear box. The function of gear box is to get different speeds at same speed from
engine Gear box is designed to have 4 different ratios.(3 forward and 1
reverse).Reduction box is used to decrease the speed of the tyres as not very high
speed is desired. Reduction box has only two gears,bull gear and small gear.

TYPES OF CONVEYORS & FUNCTION

GRAINCONVEYOR :-
It is an endless chain used to take only grain at the top of the combine in grain storage
tank. From Tank grains can be discharged to any tractor or other machine through
discharge arm. It has total 38 links.
EARCONVEYOR ;-
It is an endless chain used to take grain mixed with straws at front of Drum
Thresher,where it is again threshed to get grains,and straw is then thrown out of the
combine from the back through straw walkers.
It has 40 links.

HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
Hydraulic fuel is put into the tank placed at the top near the Engine. From the Tank the
fuel goes to Pump. There are two pumps assembled at both sides of the engine. They
get power from the Engine with the help of the belt and pulley arrangement.
From the left pump fuel goes to the Armedeol which is used for the steering. And from
the right pump fuel goes to Distributer used for 3 purposes
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Distributer used for 3 purposes

1) For lifting the reel of the cutter bar up and down.
2) For lifting up the cutter bar.
3) For the high low arrangement of the combine.

Exit is through the right side to the reservoir, and then circle is repeated.
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QUALITY DEPARTMENT

Preet Agro Industries. is making a wide variety of Harvestor combines and tractors
which are being sent to National & International market .Quality is the main &
important thing of this industry to sell there machines.

Quality department at Preet. checks the quality of the components being

purchased from the different vendors, which are used in the assembly of the tractors
and combines. These components are checked with very close quality control on every
parameter with the help of state-of-the-art quality control and inspection equipments.

M E A N IN G O F Q U A L IT Y A N D Q U A L IT Y C O N T R O L

Quality is one of the important factors which influences the purchaser of product and
helps to capture market. It plays an important role in customer‘s decision and which is
why control of quality during manufacture of a product is very necessary. Quality in
simple words is defined as the fitness for use. An equally good definition is
conformance to requirements. In both the above definitions, quality is defined relative
to use, rather than as a general characteristic that may be intangible. By this simple, yet
practical definition, if a product or service lives up to expectations, it is of high
quality. On the other hand, extra fine finish or using materials that are far stronger than
required does NOT add quality to an item unless it somehow causes the item to
conform to its requirement better.
Quality of product depends upon the application of materials, men, machines and
manufacturing conditions. The systematic control of these factors is the quality
control. The quality of a product differs greatly due to these factors. For example, a
skilled worker will produce products of better quality and a less skilled worker will
produce poor quality products. Similarly better machines and better materials with
 38

satisfactory manufacturing conditions produce a better quality product. Thus it is clear

that to control the quality of product; the various factors which are responsible for
quality are required to be controlled properly.
In the words of Alford and Beauty quality control may be defined as “Industrial
management technique by means of which products of uniform acceptable quality are
manufactured”. It is concerned with making things right rather than discovering and
rejecting those made wrong. It is something of the sort” a stitch in time saves not nine
but nine hundred in industry”.
It may also be defined as “Quality control is an effecting system for integrating the
quality development, quality maintenance and quality improvement efforts of various
groups in an organisation so as to enable production and service, at the most economic
levels which allow for full customer satisfaction”. In other words, quality is
everybody’s business and not only the duty of the persons in the Inspection
Department.

NEED: - The quality control is needed due to the following reasons:

a) CUSTOMER’S SATISFACTION
: - While purchasing a product, the customer
expects that the quality of the product should be accordance with the declared
standard. If the manufacturer fails to achieve quality control, the customer will
be dissatisfied and the firm will lose its reputation in the market.
b) ECONOMY
: - one of the major aims of manufacturer is to make a product as
cheap as possible. The quality control activities can achieve setting and
adjustment of machinery in an economical way. This reduces the cost of
production while retaining the desired quality.
c) REDUCTION IN SCRAP
: - Quality control ensures the best utilization of
material by locating and rectifying process faults and product defects. Hence
the amount of scrap is reduced to considerable extent.
 39

d) FEASIBILITY OF USING SPARE PARTS

: - It is often desired to replace
certain component parts in a machine. The manufacturers produce spare parts to
supply customers as and when needed. The quality control of products ensures
the interchangeability of spare parts.

BENEFITS OF QUALITY CONTROL

There are many advantages by controlling the product quality. Some of them are listed
below:
a) Improvement in quality.
b) Increased production under same set up.
c) Reduction in cost due to lower rejection and reworking.
d) Reduction in scrap.
e) Reduction in production bottlenecks.
f) Reduction in inspection in terms manpower and equipment cost.
g) Evaluation of quality tolerance with an idea of avoiding uncalled for quality
build-up.
h) Maintenance of operating efficiency.
i) Less customer complaints.
j) Quality consciousness.
k) Obtain feed back from customers.

In IQC Department Incoming Raw Material are inspected in order to:

 Eliminate those material which do not meet specification and likely to

cause trouble during processing.

 Evaluate vendor’s quality and ability to supply acceptable materials.

 40

 Inspection of raw material may involve a visuals check up only, a

dimensional check, a test of physical properties and chemicals composition,
etc.

 Raw materials depending upon their characteristics and may require a

sampling inspection

 After inspection, the right quality parts are sent either to stock room or
Assembly lines.
Hence Incoming Quality Control department helps to maintain the standard of the
tractors being assembled in International tractor Ltd.

QUALITY RESPONSIBILITIES:-

AS A USER:-

 Transmit needs to supplier.

 Provide feed back to supplier
 Obtain feed back from supplier

AS A PROCESSOR:-

 Plan process to meet customers need.

 Control process to meet customers need.
 Improve process based on customers feed back.

AS A SUPPLIER:-
 41

 Know who are customers

 Understand the needs of customers.
 Avoid creating problems for customers

TESTING PROCEDURE OF THE COMPONENTS

The components are tested by the following procedure:-

1) APPEARANCE
2) DIMENSIONS
3) WEIGHT
4) FITMENT
5) FUNCTION/PERFORMANCE
6) MATERIAL
7) PROCESS
8) CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
9) WELDING CHECKING
1) APPERANCE
:-
It is the first step to checking appearance of the components means how the
component looks like. Whether its surface is smooth or not? Whether its sharp edges
are chamfered or not? In this step component welding, surface treatment and
machining is also checked.
2) DIM ENSIONS
:-
It is the most important step of the quality testing of the various components. The
dimensioning means the checking of the dimensions of the component, whether these
 42

are correct or not? The dimensioning is done by certain instruments like the VERNIER
CALLIPER, MICROMETER, BEVEL PROTECTOR, HEIGHT GAUGE etc. By
these measuring instruments the measurement of the dimensions of the component
become very easy. These dimensions are checked with respect to the dimensions given
in the drawing i.e. the required dimensions.

3) WEIGHT: -
The material of component is also necessary because it gives idea of the material
required for manufacture the component. The weight of the component is measured by
weighing machine. This machine can measure the weight from 500gram to
50000gram. There is scale on the measuring machine, which shows the reading of the
weight.
4) FITMENT: -
Fitment means fitting of the component actually in the vehicle. The component is
then checked whether it fit properly in the relevant position or not. If the component is
fitted properly and then component get accepted otherwise it rejected. So the
acceptation or rejection of the component is also based upon the fitment of the
component.
5) FUNCTIONAL PERFORMANCE
:-
The functional performance of the component is measured after the fitment of the
component. Functional performance means how well the component is functioning in
the vehicle. Stresses produced in the component, fatigue strength, reliability etc is
checked during functional performance process.
6) MATERIAL
:-
The material of the component should be able to absorb the stresses produced in
that component. The material may be brittle, hard or tensile as per requirement.
 43

Hardness of the material is generally checked by Rockwell hardness testing machine,

poldi type hardness tester and shore hardness tester.

7) PROCESS: -
In this step of the quality control of the components the processes of the
components are checked. For making a certain component there are certain processes
by which a component should go through. These processes are made in serial wise and
the component should follow these processes in serial wise. If the processes are serial
wise then component is made exactly according to our requirement. These processes
can be checked only at the production site i.e. where the component is manufactured.
So in case of our industry the processes can only be checked on the vendor side where
the component is manufactured. The processes can be drilling, punching, tapering,
lathing, heat treatment, machining etc.
8) CHEMIAL COMPOSITION
:-
There are standard materials, which can be used to make certain components. For a
specific component there is specific material, by only which that component is
manufactured. For the certain component, the material is selected as its requirements
like the stresses produced in the component, its working climate, working time etc. so
it is very necessary to make the component with the required and reliable material.
Material checking is done by the certain instruments and required lots of research. In
PREET TRACTORS PVT. LTD the material checking for chemical composition is
not done.

9) WELDING CHECKING
:-
Welding checking is also an important process in the quality testing of the different
components. Welding checking means checking of the strength of the welding. The
components are made of different parts, which are welded with each other to make the
suitable and complete component. So it is very necessary to check the strength of the
 44

welding, in order to maintain strength and quality of the component. Here mainly blow
holes, porosity, welding appearance etc. of the welded component is checked.

QUALITY IMPROVEMENT SYSTEMS

1. COMPONENT DRAWINGS.
2. PROCESS SHEET WITH SUMMERY SHEET. (REF. SCD PROCESS
SHEETS).
3. FIRST PC. SETTING OK RECORD
4. RUN CHART FILLING BY OPERATOR & AUDIT BY QE ON RUN
CHART.
5. CHECKLIST ON FRONT SIDE & PDI ON THE BACKSIDE OF THE
SHEET.
6. IN PLANT REJECTION & THERE DEFECT ANALYSIS.
7. PERIODIC INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE OF TOOLS/GAUGES &
MACHINES.
8. MASTER SAMPLE SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR EACH SHEET.
9. MATERIAL SHOULD BE PROPERLY STACKED IN BINS .(NO
MATERIAL SHOULD BE ON SHOP FLOOR)
10. TOOLS & GAUGES SHOULD BE KEPT PROPERLY AT THEIR
ENMARKED PLACE.
11. WORKSTATION SHOULD BE ACCORDING TO LAYOUT PLAN.
12. MATERIAL SHOULD BE TRANSPORTED TO PTL IN BINS &
ARRANGEMENT SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR LODING BINS INTO
LCVs.
 45

13. THE RESPONSIBILITY OF IMPLEMENTING AND MAINTAINING THE

VERIOUS RECORDS SHOULD BE CLEARLY DEFINED AND THE
NAME OF THE PERSON TO BE INTIMATED TO VDC AND BUY.
14. SUBMISSION OF SELF-APPRAISAL FORM.

HARDWARE SECTION

Hardware is one of the main sections of the Incoming Quality Control Department.
All the hardware items which are used in the tractor assembly are checked
thoroughly in this section of IQC department. There are more than 900 different
components which are checked on regular basis, for this purpose Quality
Inspectors are provided with the entire measuring Instrument required by them.

For the convenience these components are further categorized under different
groups .Name of such groups is as follows:-

 WASHERS:-There are 96 types of different WASHERS which are

checked under this group. All these are used in different tractor
assemblies.
 SHIMS: - There are 75 types of different SHIMS which are checked
under this group. All these are used in different tractor assemblies
 BOLTS & SCREWS: - There are 60 types of different BOLTS &
SCREWS which are checked under this group. All these are used in
different tractor assemblies
 46

 RUBBER ITEMS: - There are 80 types of different RUBBER ITEMS

which are checked under this group. All these are used in different
tractor assemblies.

 SPRINGS: - There are 50 types of different SPRINGS which are

checked under this group. All these are used in different tractor
assemblies.

 DELIVERY & FUEL PIPES: - There are 54 types of different

DELIVERY & FUEL PIPES which are checked under this group. All
these are used in different tractor assemblies.

 SUCTION PIPES: - There are 54 types of different SUCTION PIPES

which are checked under this group. All these are used in different
tractor assemblies.

 KNOBS: - There are 21 types of different KNOBS which are checked

under this group. All these are used in different tractor assemblies.

 PLUGS: - There are 21 types of different PLUGS which are checked

under this group. All these are used in different tractor assemblies.

 O-RINGS &SEALING RINGS: - There are 20types of different O-

RINGS &SEALING RINGS which are checked under this group. All
these are used in different tractor assemblies.

 CLAMPS: - There are 23 types of different CLAMPS which are checked

under this group. All these are used in different tractor assemblies.
 47

 HOSE PIPES: - There are 18 types of different HOSE PIPES which are
checked under this group. All these are used in different tractor
assemblies.

 DUST CAP PTO COVER: - There are20 types of different DUST CAP
PTO COVER which are checked under this group. All these are used in
different tractor assemblies.

 BUSHES: - There are58 types of different BUSHES which are checked

under this group. All these are used in different tractor assemblies.

 WIRE & CABLES: - There are 23 types of different WIRE & CABLES
which are checked under this group. All these are used in different
tractor assemblies.

 PINS: - There are 120types of different PINS WASHERS which are

checked under this group. All these are used in different tractor
assemblies.

 NUTS: - There are 14 types of different NUTS which are checked under
this group. All these are used in different tractor assemblies.

 ADOPTERS: - There are 13 types of different ADOPTERS which are

checked under this group. All these are used in different tractor
assemblies.

 SPACERS: - There are 65 types of different SPACERS which are

checked under this group. All these are used in different tractor
assemblies.
 48

 GASKETS: - There are 66 types of different GASKETS which are

checked under this group. All these are used in different tractor
assemblies.

 FUEL CUT OFF RODS: - There are 6 types of different FUEL CUT
OFF ROD which are checked under this group. All these are used in
different tractor assemblies.

LIST OF INSTRUMENTS USED IN QUALITY DEPARTMENT

S.NO
NAME OF INSTRUMENT RANGE MAKE QTY.
.
1 VERNIER CALLIPER 0 - 600mm MITUTOYO 1
2 VERNIER CALLIPER 0 - 300mm MITUTOYO 2
3 VERNIER CALLIPER 0 - 150mm MITUTOYO 1
4 DIAL INDICATOR 0 - 11mm MITUTOYO 3
5 DIAL INDICATOR - MITUTOYO 1
6 MICROMETER 0 - 25mm MITUTOYO 1
7 MICROMETER 25 - 50mm MITUTOYO 1
8 MICROMETER 50 - 75mm MITUTOYO 1
9 MICROMETER 75 - 100mm MITUTOYO 1
10 MICROMETER 100 - 125mm MITUTOYO 1
11 MICROMETER 125 - 150mm MITUTOYO 1
12 MICROMETER 150 - 175mm MITUTOYO 1
13 FLANGE MICROMETER 0 - 25mm MITUTOYO 1
14 FLANGE MICROMETER 25 - 50mm MITUTOYO 1
15 FLANGE MICROMETER 50 - 75mm MITUTOYO 1
16 FLANGE MICROMETER 75 - 100mm MITUTOYO 1
17 FLANGE MICROMETER 100 - 125mm MITUTOYO 1
18 FLANGE MICROMETER 125 - 150mm MITUTOYO 1
19 SLIP GAUGE BOX 83PC. PECOCK 1
20 RADIUS GAUGE 1 - 7mm MITUTOYO 1
21 RADIUS GAUGE 7.5 - 15mm MITUTOYO 1
22 RADIUS GAUGE 15 - 25mm MITUTOYO 1
23 FEELER GAUGE 0.05 - 1.00 ATUL 1
HEIGHT
24 GAUGE(DIGITAL) 0 - 600 MITUTOYO 1
 49

ROCKWELL HARDNES
25 TESTER - FINE 1
SHORE HARDNESS
26 TESTER 0 - 100 MITUTOYO 1
27 DIAL BORE GAUGE 10 - 18.5 MITUTOYO 1
28 DIAL BORE GAUGE 18 - 35 MITUTOYO 1
29 DIAL BORE GAUGE 35 - 60 MITUTOYO 1
30 DIAL BORE GAUGE 50 - 150 MITUTOYO 1
31 MEGNETIC STAND - - 1
32 MICROMETER STAND MS - 1 - 1
33 MAGNETIC V - BLOCK 102X96X72 SAMRT 1
34 MAGNETIC V - BLOCK 152X98X74 SAMRT 1
35 THREAD PITCH GAUGE B.S.W. MITUTOYO 1
BHAL
36 SPECIAL DEAD CENTRE - ENGG. 1
37 SCREW JACK (BIG) - - 4
38 SCREW JACK (SMALL) - - 4
39 BED CENTRE 1000X260 LUTHRA 1
SURFACE PLATE
40 (GRANITE) 1000X1000 LUTHRA 1
41 CYLINDRICAL PINS ø 3.1 - 5
42 CYLINDRICAL PINS ø 3.2 - 5
43 CYLINDRICAL PINS ø 4.5 - 5
44 CYLINDRICAL PINS ø 5.00 - 5
45 CYLINDRICAL PINS ø 5.50 - 5
46 CYLINDRICAL PINS ø 6.00 - 5
47 CYLINDRICAL PINS ø 7.00 - 5
48 CYLINDRICAL PINS ø 8.00 - 1
49 CYLINDRICAL PINS ø 8.10 - 5
50 THREAD RING GAUGE M24X1.5 HIP 1
51 THREAD RING GAUGE M22X1.5 HIP 1
52 THREAD RING GAUGE M20X1.5 HIP 1
53 THREAD RING GAUGE M18X1.5 HIP 1
54 THREAD RING GAUGE M16X1.5 HIP 1
55 THREAD RING GAUGE M16X2 HIP 1
56 THREAD RING GAUGE M14X1.5 HIP 1
57 THREAD RING GAUGE M12X1.75 HIP 1
58 THREAD RING GAUGE M10X1.5 HIP 1
59 THREAD RING GAUGE M8X1.25 HIP 1
60 THREAD RING GAUGE M8X1 HIP 1
61 THREAD RING GAUGE M6X1 HIP 1
62 THREAD PLUG GAUGE M24X1.5 HIP 1
63 THREAD PLUG GAUGE M22X1.5 HIP 1
 50

64 THREAD PLUG GAUGE M20X1.5 HIP 1

65 THREAD PLUG GAUGE M18X1.5 HIP 1
66 THREAD PLUG GAUGE M16X1.5 HIP 1
67 THREAD PLUG GAUGE M16X2 HIP 1
68 THREAD PLUG GAUGE M14X1.5 HIP 1
69 THREAD PLUG GAUGE M12X1.75 HIP 1
70 THREAD PLUG GAUGE M10X1.5 HIP 1
71 THREAD PLUG GAUGE M8X1.25 HIP 1
72 THREAD PLUG GAUGE M8X1 HIP 1
73 THREAD PLUG GAUGE M6X1 HIP 1
CALCULTOR
74 SCIENTIFIC - CASIO 1
75 GEAR PROFILE TEATER MITUTOYO 1

PHOTOGRAPHS OF INSTRUMENTS

VERNIER CALLIPER
 51

MICROMETER

ROCKWELL HARDNESS TESTING M ACHINE

 52

MATERIAL REJECTED / O.K.

Material unload by store helpers in Q.C.

department

Store give material received report (M.R.R.) to Q.C.

department

Enter the M.R.R. no. & material detail in daily register by Q.C. department for record
purpose

Inspect the material in Q.C.

dept.
If O.K. If Reject

Send one copy of Send one copy of

M.R.R. to Purchase M.R.R. to store So
department that material may
transfer to store

Send one copy of clear

M.R.R. to Purchase
To inform the store deptt. with inspection
department, to pick the report of rej. material so
rejected material from that feed back may
Q.C. department transfer to vendor.
 53

PPC DEPARTMENT

PRODUCTION PLANNING AND CONTROL

When a product is to be manufactured, the product must be carefully planned to
ensure that proper methods are used and every work center is assigned the amount of
work acc to the capacity. While the product is being manufactured, the production
must be controlled to ensure that the planned output is constantly maintained. Thus
production planning and control consists of two diff and distinct function
PRODUCTION PLANNING + PRODUCTION CONTROL.
Production planning involves management decisions relating to how
much to produce, what materials, parts and tools will be needed, what steps should be
followed in the production process, within what time limit, the production is to be
completed and how much work to be done by each work station.
Production control involves implementation of production plans or
schedules by coordinating different activities. It seeks to ensure that product
operations and actual performance occur according to planned operations and
performance production operations are constantly evaluated, guided and directed along
the plans formulated by the planning department.
The specific objectives of PPC are as follows:-
1. To establish production targets and requirements.
2. To ensure smooth production by removing problems and bottle-necks in
the production process.
3. To coordinate machine and labour for optimum utilization of resources.
4. To guide purchase and supply of materials to suit production rate.
5. To minimize the cost of production and to maintain quality of output.
6. To ensure that jobs are completed in time and the delivery schedule is
maintained.
 54

PURCHASE DEPARTMENT

INTRODUCTION TO
PURCHASE DEPARTMENT
:-
As the name indicate the purchase department is mainly concerned with the purchase
of component & analysts of various parts that are provided by vendors.
The work done by purchase department is:-
a) Costing & analysis
b) Enrolment of new vendors
c) Sample inspection report
d) Monitoring the working of vendor
e) To get submitted the corrective & preventive action report.
f) To cancel the order of defaulter vendor
g) To issue & order to fresh vendor

First have all the costing & professional in this field does analysis of component. The
exact cost is measured by calculating the cost of material & cost of operation done on
the component. The purchase department bargain with the vendor to get the cost
minimized. In the bargaining the profit is kept fixed. Either the cost of transportation is
bared by the vendor or by the company.

To enroll the new vendor the vendor is to fill the enrollment form, which may consist
of following clauses:
1) Name & personal address of vendor
2) Telephone no.
3) Fax no. etc.
For new vendors first of all drawing is provided & he is asked to submit the sample
within a time frame the sample is checked by quality control department & the sample
report is filled & send to vendor.
 55

If the sample is up to standard & compile with a drawing then vendor is

registered for the order. The vendor is made to sign the bond & cost price paper in
which is bound legally to supply the component stock. The payment is made to vendor
according to agreement. The material from vendor is first of all checked by Q.C.
Department.

TERM S USED IN THE PURCHASE DEPARTM ENT

There are some terms which are commonly used in purchase department which
are given below: -

ERN (Engineering Release Note): -

When a new drawing is released from the R & D department it is released with
a number called the engineering change note. To every drawing there is certain ERN
no.

ECN (Engineering Change Note): -

When ever some changes are made in the drawings then the changed drawing is
released with the ECN number. It is done so because of the feedback from the
production side. This change is shown by an alphabetic letter, like a, b, c etc.

I.O.M. (Inter Office Memo): -

It is a document that is issued with in the different department of the division
from purchase department to tell them to do the needful work as
desired per company requirements.

PURCHASE ORDER: -
The purchase order is given to the vendor which includes the details and the
prices of the components which are to be purchased from the vendor.
 56

VENDOR REGISTRATION FORM: -

Vendor registration form (VRF) is a pre-printed document containing a
standard list of questions which are required to be filled by the prospective vendor.
The filled in VRF are preserved by the Purchase Department for future reference.

SAMPLE INSPECTION REPORT:-

Sample inspection report (SIR) is an inspection report listing the quality
parameters and specifications that are required to be checked by the quality control.
The actual result of Q.C. is mentioned on the SIR against each quality parameter.
Based on the result the sample is either accepted or rejected.
57
 58

PROJECT NO.1
AIM: - To make Hardness chart of various parts of tractor so that ease in checking
the incoming quality of various components.

REQUIREMENT OF HARDNESS CHART

 If any component which is come under line rejection in quality control for
mainly hardness then there is no need to open the control plan of that
components, simply see the hardness of that component from hardness chart
and check it again with suitable instrument.
 It is easy to locate the component control plan from the file by note the
component part no. from the hardness chart.
 It is beneficial for trainee students and for trainee engineers that they not know
hardness of various components of tractors.

CONTROL PLANS USED FOR MAKING HARDNESS CHART

 Rear Cover
 Front Axle
 Differential
 Gear and Shafts
 Gear Box
 Hardware
 59

HARDNESS CHART FOR DIFFERENTCOMPONENTS

REAR COVER
S.NO. PART NO. DESCRIPTION HARDNESS
1 401004 POSITION ACTUATOR ASSY. 58-63HRC
2 401007 POSITION LINK ASSY. 30-35HRC
3 401010 DRAFT LINK ASSY. 35-40HRC
4 401011 SENSOR LEVER HINGE PIN 25-30HRC
5 401013 SENSOR (L-42) 40-45HRC
6 401017 SENSOR ROD 30-36HRC
7 401020 PIN ROCKER LINK 25-30HRC
8 402008 CONNECTING ROD 40-45HRC
9 402010 LIFT ARM ASSY. 58-62HRC
10 405009 POSITION CRANK ASSY. 20-24HRC
11 405016 RETAINING PIN (BIG) 20-25HRC
12 403007 RESPONE VALVE 25-30HRC
13 402018 LINEAR 50-60HRC
14 104005 LINK PIN 25-30HRC
15 403006 BALL SHEET 50-60HRC
16 104006 LINCH PIN 25-30HRC
17 403002 PLUG 20-25HRC
18 104004 PIN 25-30HRC
19 401023 PIN 25-30HRC
20 4010106 SWIVEL PIN 25-30HRC
21 402021 INSERT 40-45HRC
22 402016 ROCK SHAFT 50-55HRC
23 405023 DRAFT LEVER ASSY. 35-40HRC
24 405013 POSITION LEVER ASSY. 35-40HRC
25 405007 DRFT CRANK ASSY. 20-40HRC

DIFFERENTIAL
S.NO. PART NO. DESCRIPTION HARDNESS
1 P0103005 P.T.O. COVER PLATE ( L ) 180-230BHN
2 P0406001 P.T.O. COVER PLATE ( R ) 180-230BHN
3 401019 ROCKER LINK ASSY. 40-45HRC
4 407023 DRAW BAR 25-30HRC
5 M0805007 WITHDRAWL NUT (PINION42X1.5) 25-30HRC
6 301005 PLATE ASSY. ( L ) 25-28HRC
7 301006 PLATE ASSY. ( R ) 25-28HRC
8 407025 LOWER LINK BRACKET ( L ) 25-30HRC
9 407026 LOWER LINK BRACKET ( R ) 25-30HRC
 60

FRONT AXLE
S.NO. PART NO. DECRIPTION HARDNESS
1 502013 STEERING ARM ( L ) 210-240BHN
2 502009 STEERING ARM ( R ) 210-240BHN
3 502007 HUB CAP 130-180BHN
4 501021 DOWEL LEEVE 20-25BHN
5 502008 O-RING HOLDER 20-25BHN
6 501003 PIN ( TOE HOOK ) 35-42BHN
7 502002 WEAR RING ( STUB AXLE ) 45-50BHN
8 502015 KING PIN 45-50HRC
9 501010 PIVOT PIN 25-35HRC

HARDWARE
S.NO. PART NO. DESCRIPTION HARDNESS
1 P0609002 RUBBER PAD ( FLY WHEEL ) SH 65 ±5
2 301002 WHEEL BOLT ( REAR AXLE ) 20 - 25HRC
3 301003 WHEEL NUT ( REAR AXLE ) 20 - 25HRC
4 M0806001 STUD ( M16X1.5 ) 20 - 25HRC
5 P0301007 RUBBER PAD ( FENDER ) SH 80 ±5
6 104007 DRAIN PLUG ( M24X1.5 ) 20 - 25HRC
7 1003009 HOSE PIPE SH 60 - 65
8 402025 O RING SH 65 ±5
9 M0811000 COPPER WASHER 40 -45HRC
10 406034 SPECIAL STUD 20 - 25HRC
11 406031 SEALING WASHER SH 65 ±5
12 106020 O RING (B.P.S.) SH 65 ±5
13 401022 O RING (SENSOR) SH 65 ±5
15 406025 SEALING RING SH 65 ±5
16 402012 SEAL RING (ROCK SHAFT) SH 65 ±5

GEAR BOX
S.NO. PART NO. DESCRIPTION HARDNESS
1 P0204009 INNER BUSH 180-230BHN
2 P0210004 SHIFTER LEVER 50-60HRC
3 P0210005 SHIFTER LEVER (HI - LOW) 55-60HRC
4 P0203017 BOTTOM COVER PLATE 180-230BHN
5 207024 IDLER CLUSTER PIN 58-63HRC
6 203010 LOCKING PIN 38-43 HRC
7 207015 WITHDRAWL NUT (C.S.) 25-30HRC
 61

GEAR AND SHAFTS

S. NO. PART NO. DESCRIPTION HARDNESS
1 P0105001 BULL GEAR
58-63HRC
2 P0105005 BULL PINION SHAFT ( L )
58-63HRC
3 P0105016 BULL PINION SHAFT ( R )
58-63HRC
4 P0207020 C. M. GEAR Z-43 DUAL
58-63HRC
5 P0102002 CONNECTING SHAFT SMALL
58-63HRC
6 P0207023 CONNECTING SHAFT BIG
58-63HRC
7 P0207005 CONSTNT MESH GEAR Z-45
58-62HRC
8 P0105009 CROWN WHEEL Z-42
58-62HRC
9 P0207019 DRIVE SHAFT Z-21
58-62HRC
10 P0207002 FIXED GEAR Z-25
58-62HRC
11 P0207003 FIXED GEAR Z-30
58-62HRC
12 P0207004 FIXED GEAR Z-36
58-62HRC
13 P0207015 IDLER CLUSTER GEAR Z-15, Z-21
58-63HRC
14 P0205001 INPUT SHAFT Z-19
58-60HRC
15 P0206001 INTERMEDIATE SHAFT
58-63HRC
16 P0206008 INTERNAL GEAR (4+1)
58-63HRC
17 P0206009 OUTPUT SHAFT
58-63HRC
18 208009 PLANET GEAR
60-62HRC
19 P0102006 PTO SHAFT (21 SPLINES)
52-60HRC
20 206020 SLEEVE HI/LOW 50-55HRC

21 P0206002 SLIDING GEAR 34/12

58-63HRC
22 P0206003 SLIDING GEAR Z-31
58-63HRC
23 P0206004 SLIDING GEAR Z-24
58-63HRC
 62

24 101001 TAIL PINION

58-63HRC
25 105006 CROSS
58-63HRC
26 105007 BEVEL GEAR ( L )
58-63HRC
27 105008 BEVEL GEAR ( R )
58-63HRC
28 105011 BEVEL PINION
58-63HRC
 63

Project No. 2

AIM: - To implement power steering on the tractor to make the steering simpler and
easier.

REQUIREMENT OF THIS PROJECT

1. Larger amount of torque is required to be applied by the driver for steering of

medium and heavy vehicles
2. Heavy vehicles such as Off-road trucks, fork lifts, earth moving machines, and
tractors demands high steering forces.
3. Mechanical linkage between the steering wheel and the steered wheels would be
more difficult and expensive in compact design vehicles.

APPLICATIONS

• Agriculture
• Construction
• Forklift trucks
• Lawn and garden
• Mini tractors
• Municipal vehicles
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COMPONENTS OF POWER STEERING

1. STEERING WHEEL: - its diameter is 350mm [14 inch.], 3 spoke steering

wheel with knob standard and optional horn button.

2. STEERING COLUMN
 Steering columns connect the steering wheel to the steering unit.
 The steering column must be supported when its length exceeds 150 mm.
 The mounting of the steering column must be properly aligned so that the steering
unit can return to neutral position automatically after a steering action has been
completed.
 The construction of the steering column must ensure that no axial or radial forces
are transferred to the steering unit input shaft.
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3) STEERING UNIT

 It has four ports, one is connected to tank or reservoir, one is connected to pump,
and remaining two is connected to steering cylinder.
 It controls the flow of oil in different ports.
 It is rigidly fixed with steering column.

4) PUMP
 It provides the oil to the pump.
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 It has two ports one is connected to steering column and other is connected to
pump.
 The oil used must be filtered for better working of the system.
 A magnetic insert is recommended when using filters larger than 25 micron.

5. STEERING CYLINDERS:-

 The steering cylinder used in this power steering is double acting balanced
cylinder.
 Balanced cylinders are compact and eliminate differences between steering
wheel turns and steering forces because of equal volumes.

6. PUMP:-
 The hydraulic power for the steering is provided by a Gear Pump (see diagram
below).
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 This pump is driven by the tractor's engine via a belt and pulley.
 Correct pump sizing is important in avoiding unnecessary energy consumption, or
slow response to steering demand.
 It supplies the required pressure to oil.

PUMP
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LAYOUT OF HYDROSTATIC
POWER STEERING
 69

HOW TO SIZE THE CORRECT STEERING

SYSTEM

STEP 1. TOTAL STEERING TORQUE:-

Total steering torque, T = C.f (√B2/8 + E2 ) kgmm
Where C = Load on the steered axle (in kgmm)
E = King pin offset (in m)
B = Tyre breadth (in m)
LOAD ON THE STEERED AXLE,
C = 1030 (LOAD ON FRONT STEERING)
+2000 (Load of the loader)

C = 3030 kg
E/B = 60/190 = .316
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(WHERE B=190,E=60)

F = 0.4 (from above graph )

Where F= coefficient of friction(dimensionless).Based on 0.7
As maximum.
T = 3030X0.4 √(190)2/8+(60)2 kgmm
= 3030X0.4X90.07 kgmm
T = 109164.13 kgmm
STEP 2. FORCE REQUIRED FOR AXLE :-

F= Mr/Rmin.
Where F = Required piston rod force (in kg),
Rmin. = Minimum effective radius arm (mm)
F= 109164.13/100 kg
F = 1091.64 kg
A = F/P cm2
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Where A = Pushing cylinder area (mm2),

P = Steering max. pressure in bar
For vehicle with a steered axle that can never be overloaded use 80% of the steering
circuit relief valve setting. For moderately loaded vehicles use 60%. For vehicles that
can be severely overloaded use 30%.
A = 1091.64/90 = 12.13 cm2
A = 1213 mm2

STEP 3. SELECTING STEERING UNIT DISPLACEMENT:-

Before proceeding further, a decision must be made as to the number of steering wheel
revolutions desired for the application to steer the axle from full one side to the.
1/2 1/2
Depending on vehicle usage, this will vary, normally 2 to 5 with 4 being a
good typical value.
Area of cylinder, A = Π/4[(D)2-(d)2] = Π/4[(60)2-(36)2]
A= 1808 mm2
As 1808 > 1213
Therefore it is acceptable.
Stroke length, S = 175 mm
Volume, V = 1808X175mm3 = 316400mm3
V = 316.4 cm3 ,The volume of oil required to move cylinder rod(s) through the entire
stroke.
Total wheel turns, N = 3
Therefore, steering unit displacement, Cu = V/N = 316/3 cm3/rev.
Cu = 105 cm3/rev.
As the calculations are complete, we select the closest standard steering unit
displacement (i.e. 100 cc unit) from catalog information.
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STEP 4. CALCULATING REQUIRED PUMP FLOW :-

We select Dowty pump IP 30 28,which has discharge of 12.7 liter at 1500 rpm.
At 1000 rpm its discharge will be = 12.7X1000/1500
= 8.5 liter/min.
Hence at 1000 engine rpm, we shall be able to get 8.5 liter./min. which means we can
steer wheel = 8.5X1000/100 = 85 rpm which is fairly ok and at 2000 rpm of engine
we shall be able to steer wheel by 170 rpm.

STEERING TROUBLE SHOOTING

 EXCESSIVE BACKLASH IN STEERING:- The most probable cause of

this trouble is the slackness in the steering linkage due to wear of bell joints and
steering.
 WANDER:- When the vehicle is being driven straight, it turns slightly to one
side and when the driver turns the steering to bring it back to the straight
ahead, it turns slightly to the other side, thus the driver has to adjust steering
constantly to keep the vehicle direction straight, the effect is called wander.
 PULLING TO ONE SIDE:- Sometimes the vehicle constantly pulls
towards one side.
 WHEEL WOBBLE(LOW SPEED SHIMMY):- The oscillation of the
front wheels at low speeds is called wobble.
 HIGH SPEED SHIMMY:- The oscillation of the front wheels at high speed
is called high speed shimmy.
 WHEEL TRAMP:- Sometimes the front wheels of vehicle at high speeds
vibrate so violently that an almost uncontrollable motion of the vehicle is
caused that is called wheel tramp.
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 EXCESSIVE TYRE WEAR:- This is normally due to incorrect tyre

pressure, excessive toe-in or toe-out.
 HARD STEERING:- When the effort required for steering is more than
the normal steering force.
 POOR RETURNABILITY:- Poor return of the steering wheel to centre
may be due incorrect tyre pressure, tight or frozen steering shaft bearing, and
incorrect front wheel alignment.

BENEFITS
 Minimizes steering linkage-reduces cost, provides flexibility in design.
 Provides complete isolation of load forces from control station-provides
operator comfort.
 Provides continuous, unlimited control action with very low input torque.
 74

REFERENCES

 Information Brochure of the company.

 Websites of the company
i.e. www.preetagro.com
www.preetcombines.com
www.preettractors.com
 Other internet websites like google,wikipedia,howstuffworks,etc
 Text books used as reference for the study, especially Automobile
Engineering (Vol 1 and 2) by Dr. Kirpal Singh.