21 Bridges Bridges may be of reinforced concrete or steel (if) B.M. due to weight of wearing coat (73 may construction. We will discuss inthis chapter about the design of reinforced concrete bridges. An RCC. bridge usually consists of T beams supporting continuous slabs. The beams are supported on intermediate piers and end abutments, Ta India bridges for roads are Wesigned as per the recommendations of whe Indian Ronds Congress, Rail bridges are designed on the fecommendations of specifications of the Indian Raliway stancard code of practice. kis proposed to frst deal with the design of bridges subjected (o simplified lozdings. Design 197. A reinforced concrete (single span) T._ eam bridge is to consist of 5 beams 1.75 metres apart, i¢ span of the bridge is 12 metres clear with end bearings of 600 mun. The live loud an the bridge is 17000 N per sq.m. including impact. The carriageway cover the bridge isto be 7 metres wide with a foorpath Of 15 metres width on dther side. The lading on the footpath may be waen as 3900 N per square metre, Design the bridge, Solution. Fig, 889 shows an arrangement for the bridge. A parapet 100 mum thick and 1.25 metres high Is provided at each side. Design of footpath slab. The bending moment for the footpath stab will consist of the following Consider one metre ran of the bridge. (0 BM. due to self-weight of parapet O.1 x 1.25 x 25000 x 1.55 = 4844 Nim 1s 15 x 0075 x 24000 x 7% = 2025 Nm (iii) BM, due to wt, of footpath (150 mm) 1.6% 015 x 25000 x08 = 4800 Aon (i) BLM. de to live loud = 4388 Now Max. BLM, for the footpath slab = 16057 Nn Taking ¢ = 5 N/nm2; t= 140 N/mm? - and m = 18.67 and equating the moment of resistance (o the maximum bending moment, we have, 087 x 1000 a? = 16057 x 1000 136 mn Providing 12 mu $ bars at a clear cover of 15 nn, effective cover = 1546 = 2! om *, Effective depth available = 150-21 = 129 mm 16057 x 1000 4 Fa0 x 087 x 125! 02 man Spaciug of 12 mm diameter bars 113.1000 = = 110 nun efetl tyne = $°L96 X Ob WOOT X OLEDSG Wourauinbss jaos eunonldy. tute § 196 = ue Soar tw = SHO z apes P uu 2949} atewexouddy aw SZpOL = aw $21 ~ $2 OF - OCLL = sake) woainraq Surseds o1n sy = 309 30 “VIP ~ 20000 ~ yap TEI0H0 = p = awaureDsOyUFA a|}SU—Y atN JO PIOsNUEO yf OY ‘ndsp aapooyo axn ‘reg Jo s0Ky J3mn0 atp O1 wa gp JO JBA0D ajo v-FUPHAOX pu sAior OM Uy opIAdIEL 91 0) Alo4HT am S309 sO.OUNEID aw gz Ruyumssy WN OLEDS6 = Sache eee Wa wnupryy ‘reg apo we UBISop oxo}ouoNN EMS OA “SuIwOY pu -o4) A ‘Spe soqaven Aaveo suwvoy aieIpauLsoy amp dato}, WN Z618p = ‘urvag ayeIPAUUOTU UW WO prop Ang WAN 9819p = Igy, WN OEL8 = a amp Jo prorpeag " = zn WN LELOL BRR ets 29 84 wLOAy pre’ TWN OBIS =. SLX 0066 = ep qethooy az U9 prot a4" WN 0009 = Goose x "1 x STO aus wnedivo.t WIN OOLZ = O0OPE x $*1 x SLo'D = utt §1) 600° B30) MN STLE = OOOST X S@'T x O10 = edered 30 ry t944, ers Buysesoqpie> wong ‘ui pus 919 uo und anu dod prog SMIALOMUS ALAYONOD asONOINITA JO NOISE WR COL8h = 4 O8LR 00st x 90 x L60-= (a4 opt aw Qo ‘ypeen0 mane Qz41) ap 24) JO proj pudq, Wy coVG ® Set x ossee = aus y997) Woy puory way, J, e}pattao;uy can uo Kea a4paUE Jad peo suuwog 30 utiysogg 979 maw Oz = ww — SEP WOT EIT oq Jo}oureIp tw zy yo Bupsedg he Oy = SUX L8O x OPI ny, WOOT 65057 uatt 611 = 9 ~ $2 - Ost = ‘seq eour|p uate ZI Jo onwas ox 20 endap axnoayja oun ‘seheD sear au gz Suypraosg "WN 6'S069 = WN are Oa “N Sorex oer mu z ow. SeypHo9 aOpy “8818 390P 34 J0 Uns opHK az0H aU0 W39p} U0 YN OSS = poor aary (Roa wu ¢7) yoo Bupeam, AMO USLE ® OSL X St = (aw 51) aes ¥>9p 40 PRO peace, speo7y aes 2199p ap Jo Udjseq 3 aw ge = tw -- SE ‘OT XO ‘$809 "ep taw g 30 Surpedg cla soz = oor 8 001 x O51 x OOF. = awe s9018 Jo STO = oars wonnginsicy eon.BRIDGES ee ea | Win —— Fig. 896 ae Mh f Lm | L 425mm & Fig. 601, et ws provide H4 bars of 25 mm diameter arranged Width ot 4 ove layers with 7 bars in each layer. Area of sieel provided = 6872 mm?% O0E2 $£0°0 x Os"t (ue $1) 1809 Bupsean JOYS} 01 onp "Wee CH) wi BY SOW = Sor x OObE x SZzTX TO. jadased Jo 148;am-J198 OF anp “peg (1) puny ain 0 uns a4oKt SU 9pISLO:> + Saysoity aun Jo tssuoo (ui gers eediooy ain 294 ywoiuow Suypu09 941, -qeqs spedyeoy Jo usjsoqq ‘prs yoea 18 papjaond uSty sasaw ¢z°y pur y>Iy) wo Qf rodured YY 8puq voonh oy 3 woutuEL Ue SOUS 268 “Bi “uornjog 269 Mig woo! ‘adpiag ain uBisag “ono auonbe sad 84 066 10 vayos 29 cow yiodsoof ayy wo Buspooy aur aps days uo pia soot 67 fo ysodhoo 2 uy apie Seusoue Z aq 01 St a8puuq ay 4240 kos -a8oisi09 24 yoodvin Supmyow arava Buonbs sad By OLE $1 28pt1q ayp wo poo} 24H 247 "W0 09 fo Bussv04 + Pua yim 4049 sania cf St a8piaq ay fo uods 24 ‘yede sasiow $4°7 suiiag ¢ fo tisuoo 01 $1 a8puiq vind L (uods 21818) st2so.09 paoiofues y “get uitsaq uaa 209 = SCHOL x O9E Serr deo, s2aqs SHIN.o1 onp seams ze-ys juUjLION, WSUS 7 Zxz 7 RCT X OOO amads oun ste ‘#9009 peo aaff 917 Uaym anUaD Ie “rg UME : "uw O8ET 40 douersip saying v ye dn yuag oq s1eq o:0un € 197] W LSeror = N OPI * GOGH X bX LOL" ry Lovo ‘sq sng JO courns}sos aways ‘woddns axp wos) wu OEL = S'CLG x PIT = ptp'T Jo aoumsip w IW da ua 2q s1eq nO} 19°] N poopst=s0rset - zst68z = ‘A = ‘wauroouoyuras Aq parsisax 9 01 reaKIg N S0IseI = SIMALOMULS ALTYONOD G2DUOANIAT JO NOISE STHOL x OE x 960 = Pq °B atou09 Jo sousysor ays 1 aia 960 = IPO S160 40K SCO XE $160 = ot otpE eos 4 woungmsno wos soe foots asus yo eusaseg AU LO = etMtWfNY LO = srg ee - 4 wb a ‘ssn says euro estate = ea “arcane * $= fs tonaneyg “ous eIMUAt Oo = aot 19°81 ci % ‘stasot09 uy ssans aasserdutog Burpuodsaxi0g, Haun Tl = suyy £86 289 ON eat x OLESSE eats u asans jemoy ti S'€46 = 69 ~ SzvOL = uuv 4989} femoy. 1a 69 = £5 ost~e6e xz GT “GTX T= TERE feet p w= uw Ee (> e2H00 zLR9 x 9'8T = Gi~w Ost xosut “onuy am ‘gus ‘2in wof9q porwmts 9q 01 ‘spre ennaa ain HwiAssY - a Ost strvoq uasiieg-ssoumsip 9 01 9 s8q SHIN UD, ‘Is saKND UO sures uaoulpe ax9 7 souls s8apo ae Jo ES 0 MpLosq ain wey! sore—rd uoxTH 29 “aw 9EE = 006 + O9E + O0Ie = ‘aun sey + gam ou 124s 64.Brinars (Gi) BLM. due to wt 6€ footpath (15 em) 1.60 x 0.15 x 2400 x08 = 461 tg m (iv) BLM, due to live toad 390% 15x AE 2 430 ae ss +, Max. BM, for the footpath slab = 15 Adopting ¢ = $0 kg/om?, 1 = 1400 kev and equating the moment of re bending moment, we have, 8.50 x 100 x d? = 1559 % 100 d= 135 en With an effective cover of 2 ci, etfective depth available =1S-2= 13 em 1559 x 100 TH00 x O87 x Ty = 9.85 on?, = 113 inion, Disuibuiiod steel O.15% OF gross nea 15 100 25 om? Spacing of & mu dla, baes = Sx 100 arr = 22 em ok, Desfgn of the deck slab Londs Dend fond of deck stab (15 en) = 4x15 ‘Wearing coat (7.5 em average) = 24X75 = 180 kgm? = 1700 Agin? = 2240 gin? # 15.x 100 om? on 360 yin? Live Load Total Consider one meme wide strip of tie dock si Max. bending moment we 10 2240 x 1,78 = PB RNIS 0 795 = 6858 ky m = 68580 ke m, Providing 2.5 cn clear cover, the effective depth to the cenze of 12 mm diameter bars = 1800-25 - 0.60 = 11.9 om 68580 An 1400 x 0.87x 119 om? = 4.73 om? Spacing of 12 mon diameter bors = 213x100. “ 4.73 =23 om centres. Design of beans Lond per metce run om an intermediate T-beam nad From deck slab = 2240 1.75 = 3920 kom Dend lond of the rib (112 om overa, 36 om wie rb) = 0.97 x 0.36 x 2400 = 838 Ap/m Total = 4758 kein cm Lond per metre run an the end beam From eantitevering stab Weight of parapet = 0.10 x 1.25 x 2400 = 300 ke/n Wearing coat (75 em) 8.075 1.5 2300 = 259 gin Footpath slab = 0.15% 16x 2400 = 576 gin ive Toad on the footpath stab 390 1S = 585 kg/m Loud from the deck stab = 222. 1960 tem Dead load of the sib 2B kein Total “= 4518 gin But load on an intermediate beam A758 ky/n. Hence the intermediate beams earry heavier loads than the end beans. We shall therefore design an iemmediate beam, Maxisnum B.M,| ‘wodkins yous wos wo get dos Wa LS'SEL = 86% PLYO = bytf'T Jo soumnsip @ Ye dn wwog aq s2Uq sn9) 17 “yoo aun asisou ‘oy porgnn 99 s0Ko son ot 30 82a AGS Om AT WIRY GL = X98 Mebe ssons swoys qe “BY SL66e. z bi OUT SSLr or ITUIEXE ase “ars wine aways emo 21°98 = coy PET EHO BL awe vot ‘90EE er ‘arosouo9 uy ssans anpsvantuos Sumpuodsoxo3, ze wo/By 96ct ® wopy SOX VERE cys COTES {pore u ssoas jomay ‘wo $6 = 8'9 - SPO = uu 3onaq jnnoy ‘wo 99 = gel e wo wr HT FS ‘00 “Fat peas Gs €, ate P ptt SHunLOMaLS ALBHONOD QADUOINITY 40 NOISE cS =e aroyN + Buy woo} 2 JO wo pees (v= SPOD PERL BTS (LW SEX Ser “ay 364 “qos a ano(om poneMIS a4 OF SPAY NNW ONG BUC, “uo sti = ua 3, 240 go ove 30 HDL DANDABEL a 9 1x9 4964 aoe BEI raed WSeLe ‘surg fo foroeds U) sf nS HOA 8 HL Tuan, J, 3 J0 BU 10 SPI sl PERL pagal 9008 JO ¥OXV caadoy youa uy sang Z yar Ssakoy Omi UE ‘pounce soruyp an 9 fo 5109 pf psd 3 eT Ho C99 = > £46 * OObE ‘o00'tPr'G xourynbar jay roureontly m0 EL w wo SLL wwe Janay ayetuysoudly M9 P01 = wo 99-97 ~~ Zl sre wanna Suzandls axp srey ~ 30a qutouraazourar aqsuoy axg Jo plonuas ox cn rpdap aaniaayi9 aun 'Ssuq Jo 940} J9INO 9M 01 1H. 0 Jax09 se959 v Suypyaoxd paw sos omy ut papnosd 50 0 Ayoxit ze s30g soroUrp nw o7 SuRLIMSsY sua By OOO'EHY'G = we BY O€Y6 960RIDGES Proven 6 Se senme eues|['T Te macboce| “i I emis l [Pee ro IE ecu ' “tal? et UY fesse mtb sag mmg. szémng Shear resistance of four bars = 0.107 Anh, = 0.707 84x 5.31 x 1400 ky = 21020 kg i Balance shear force to be resisted Ee = 29975 ~ 21020 = 8955 ky Fig, 895 Spacing of twodegged 10 mn diameter stirrups spa of the bern the shea force al the vente will be Ayla inet, x Live load py 2 2X0.79 x 1440 x 98 ve 4 em centres, Maximum S.P, at the centre Due to dead load there will be tio shear force atthe centre. But when the live load covers one half of the HORS hy mw?"Wa 20) Wy oRcrE = eee wore 7 Peoy apa ayy ey TWN LL = GH aE Poot aan painqunsip Ato} oot 99r7 YN 008 = HN 0085 5 0m x $2 gus 30 24810) YN OORT = Lx 42 Woo Suywae JO WSI9AA eet prog fw ge = Wwo9 Sapam oi Jo ssauyonA oSezINy (9 2 og) tw 022 98 01 ges 2p JO ssouxoHIN amp auNsSy ets a1 Jo u8}soq, ope sey = SITT=LxLgOxPOXF=O ax 2Pa0 = NW Pigo= v= W oDUA qx yeaymau peop}sa Jo thdag. “sinarouyo09 "Sisep Buypuodsaxion an ayndutoa 1 Kzossapotr 139 st 1 sassans Sucyon Jo 19 want aM Joa Mop jos 1 Wpie aura sad yuu sor Paar jaoss wos Jo waun ays paou 2800 on uy senaw ¢ oxdn sunds sof j2018 wow fo a09 M087 ox suods sof poor uiow Jo agg 11 O8'T o1dn suvds sof rate simpy fo aos 14 G2'1 oxtn suods sof y2018 uiopy To apo 2 snopof 50 popraosd 29 nous stuz yom8 wonmannA (0) EET = euros sonpoyy uy f= 2unrayf w siasow02 ut ssauis ansscarduo HN OT = Iwanuaocofnasjoays uy sszu apse = pardopo 2q yous sossans Sury0m Smaonof aye ‘roseons Bap4a0M ‘Se = SUDag 104 OS = 50018 104 F smo 5099 ms samwomoyo sooduy -pudany (ny “Gasizadses 20,0f sw3ye 94) 10f Ny OFT pO Tooke Supuag sof Ny 021 sof = yore yp seneu ¢¢ fo om ouffoar 9d poo} any apa afiy parostvesuey (n) NY 08% = oe aan pamauatp Auaofinpovoy () = shtawannboy Fumojof 249 01 sindyf Surkvoduaron ayn su sys 30 w ¢ Konpoos scape puo sasiow 27 inods papa fo vipuig poor “94 Wo uBisoq “eet wie ‘Sdnains nou pndoug rWO/8Y Yet = fy EVOL XE | = ‘SBOP 2990) Jvaq 5 onp ssans mous feuRMONY 969 "By webpage 00> Buss00y, SB¥ALONWLS SLRIDNOD GADYOINII JO NOISE ‘ny doap wusog pin wos eee Sigel 864= E100. ym for shear = 42857 Nm for shear BM. Calculations per metre strip of stab Deck stab ‘A. Max. bending moment due to dead lodd at mid support : atl? +7300 x 2.62 <= ee = 6168.5 Nn ‘Max. bending moment due to dead load at the centre of span wuld 1300 x 2.62 "10 10 = 49348 Nn B. BM. due to uniformly distributed live foud ‘Over the support = STDS 0 35) 0 6818.2 Nin At the centre of each span S714 x 262 ae 135) = 52146 Nm C. BM, due to knife edge load Over the support 22 (135) = 24068.8 Nm At the centre of each span 2 286.26 FLEES -. 24068.8 Nix Total BM. at the middle support = 6168.5 + 6818.2 + 24068.8 Nm = 37055.5 Nm ‘Total BLM. at the centre of each span = 49348 + $214.6 + 24068.8 = M2182 Nn Cantilever bending moment B.M. due t0 weight of parapet = 0.15 x 1 x 25000 x 1,225 = 4593.75 Nm B.M. due to weight of kerb 0.25 x 0.15 x 24000 x 1.025 Increase of bending moment at the cenue of ea = 922.50 Nim B.M. due to wearing coat += 0075 x 0.90 x 24000 x 0.45 : = T29Nm B.M. due (0 self-weight of the slab = 0.22 x 1.30 x 25000 x 0.65 « = 4647.50 Nn BM, due to uniformly distributed live load 2 = S14 x OO 135 = 3124.10 Nin B.M. due to Knife edge toad, = 34286 x 0.90 x 1.35 f = 41657.50 Nm Total cantilever moment * = 5567435 Nm We fin! that the canuitever bending moment is the sreatest bending moment. -Equating the moment of resistance to the maximum bending moment, we have, 1.218 x 1000 4? ” a Clear cover to bridge slab reinforcement 55674.35 x 1000 14: mum, = 25 mm Using 18 mn diameter bars, minimum overall depth required 2214 + 25-49 = 248 am Let us make the slab 300 nm thick, Increase in bending moment due to 80. mn increase in thickness Deck slab Increase of bending moment over the middte support 262 25 x 80) x 29 = 1690 Nin Cantilever Increase ‘of camitever bending inoment A125 « 80) x LE = 1690 Nntu 901 9721 «Zw tds yo Ze wr9q 30 endap jie949 worl =90+ c= (Guyr0q wa 099) weds annoayr wang apps uo spe0%y suue9q eK OF = 992 x O00L , Pa Cees "5 ssans mays remuroyy N02808= rao, Nr UsRus = SET x useep vO} aBpa aru E69 = SET XGOx pues Peo] On paIRGLASED AjuOA, Noe O08 x se0'0 x 060 +109 Seaway, NOSLG = goose xoroxoct garg 096 OOK sTOXxszO quay, N Osce Goose xt xs aden, S194 DUD ou) 40 alps Joyno au) 9310p anon My E60 = 990001 Pd BLISS Sans says reurwon, NeLIsis = 7 +ep_% 7 ND Losey + (1) Ex pas Fee exsi+ sexo ‘won pao a J0 89 smu x 38 s040} seoUg says stays 40) 00 ‘yo we spp tor ti gp = sau 194 wore $209 siourp tw zt 30 Aue chee ZOE = ane (000 nae ce ( ar sez) 70 : toors urewr 30 3599 = ‘wouronnbar jaar worgensip SHUALINULS ata¥ONOD asoYOANEANE JO NOISAG 240 wroyaoxl pen pauonuaus suoneoysoods amp 20.p wove Geis Jo undg. peas wosaisa seman me go ; Pram ining on srt uMONOS OM lope ew ait sng Paredwwoo moworoyuas jo sBupss aun Buykpmg oor WHR RT ‘req sarourenp un gt 30 Suysedg 2u0u 9611 = tu 992% L8'0 X OPI QOL SSPLRE vod azppm sano My 2 mw oye = 979 ww ogg = —8601__ $MqJPiauIp wa Bt 30 Sued zt geo = uu 9921803071 SOOT ez OLSeE tds pan we 779 wu opt = OLE 0 ONS a seq svoureyp unw gt jo Bursts es snag SEXO XOPL WOT SERS WOWOUE FaAaTIES 305 My 1wotweambaa joys tw 992 = 6 - sz oe = (ot J0 s9809 m9 0 10 $04 ua stom) oaenexe miap oxoayo env waliz=p 0001 x sev9Eus =

‘wy Voesse = eset + carepe = unde goto 0 anta9 ayy ay MW S'srLBE = O69 + Ssso¥E = vod oippru xn J04 rustuott Biypog ye, 008BRIDGES = 1050 mm # Depth of rib = 1050 ~ 300 = 750 mm Width of rib = 400 mm Dead load Weight of rib = 0.40 x 0.75 x 25000 = 7500 Nin DL. from slab = 00% 25 +75 x24) x 2.5 = 24180 Wn Total dead load = 31680 n/n Live toad Uniformly distributed live toad = 5714 x 26 x 1.25 = 185705 Wim Knife'edge load : 26. = 120x 1000-28") 125 = 1114286 NV Maximum BM. = 2 = G1680 +:18570.5) 12.5%. 4 111428.6 & 12: reps = 1348220 Nin Loads on the end beam Parapet. = 3750 Nin Kerb : = 900 Nim Slab = 9750 Nin Wearing coat = 1620 Win Di. of deck stab = 2 jem 290 7500 Nhu Uniférmly distributed live toad = 5714 (0.9 + 1.3) 1.25 = 1871 Wm Total distributed toad = $1320 N/m Knife edge toad ‘Maximuta bending moment = 51320 1262 | 94286 x 12.6 4 8 4 = 13154463. Nin 801 ‘We find tiat the mide eam i subjected vo greater bending moment than the end beam Let us design the middie beam, Assuming thet 30 mm diameter bars are likely to be used in two layers and allowing a clear cover of 40 tint {0 the outer layer of bars, the effecting depth available = d= over depth ~ clear cover — diameter of bar half the spacing between layers = 1050 ~ 40~ 30 ~ 15 mm 165 ma Approximate lever arm 4, na-4 = 965 ~ 150 = 815 mm Approximate steel requienient 1348220 x 1000 S180 x B15 = 11816 mn? Provide 16 bars of 30 mm diameter (11310 mnun?), Width of flange This is taken at the lesser of the following : () Spacing of beams = 26 m= 2600 mn 260. 600+ 65300 mma L (i) G40, + 6d, = = 4300 mum Width of flange = 2600 mm Assuming that the neutral axis is situated outside the Mange, taking moments about We neutral axis, we have, 2600 x 300 (n ~ 150) 13,33 x 11310 (965 — n) & 82 mm, But thickness of tlange = 300 mm “, Neutral axis lies within the flange, Hence the depth of neutral axis is given by | 2 2600.02 13.33 x 11310 (065 =m) "24 115.9% - 11191202 «0 Solving, we get = 282 mm Actual lever arin sasd-4 871 nmwuowe2s0puar ean w ssouss aysuay £ pasdope aq troys satsouts Suwon Sumonof ayy “sassaxs Burzs04s (4) {oe = suv9q 40g BSE = gut 10g 2 SAion0f $0 99 yous s2ouvaopo Spode -yoeduuy (11) “Gomvedsou so10f svoys sof sawuos ¢1 pun mato Suypuag sof owner 2p = 902 yspin sous ¢¢ fo auny subst 40d poo} aayy 282 afiuy potnususowe (1) : ‘sauuoy Be = poo} ai pamquieip Suse pois () 4 stuauasmban Sumones ays 0 a4n8if Bukuvduooon aya us uoys 50 wi { koaipuos 12,9 puo soutew 27 weds 40379 fo ofpug poor ‘9°y wo usisaq “gpg udjsoq “9p us O0E © sdiuans @ wav oF p2889}-011 pourwou apinorg N Os6sLi awstsa1 aq 0) sous 1 ooteet = 596 X O0W x S40 = 5 = ‘meNUED Jo Zounns}sar swaUg AMUN SY = °B 098 B49p"Y 203 t= gor x 528% 00 _ S69v't = 001 x EO ‘tgeirear toes opsua Jo oBeiuaoi0g W Os6sLI'= N #Y'st66Lz ~ 9B'e98ssp = Parsysau 2q 01 sous douvpeg 20/8 OORT = AN pPST66LE = Onl (LOL x #) * £OL0 = “ry Loe JB}URIP tw OE JO S7eq JNO} Jo aauNAS!Se2 TwOLg ‘woddns ain wos} ww oopz = O€et + OEC1 We 1uaq 9q Avur sxeq atour smog “suoddns om wHo33 Mou O€CE = 118 * PIPL = Py Jo aoueIsTp Be 199,99 $289 sN0} 197) sour 25 20 pou 29 fe} ox a jo seq Blo ay aN BTL = uauyy $96 * OOP PO, ON SeeaRSE * F sans sys pounoyy “sq dn ing 430 wy ap uy wouaosoyuin seoys aptcad #12} N 9R'coR6sy = sere $8 eons + ea i" sar SoLsst + ovorg) = 9940) sways wnusyxepy eau Sz 282 ~ $96 , eet x feel we “Ter ‘1arouea 1 sans “onpsexdunoo umupret Suppuodsazio; wuyy vet = MBX OUETL ON or ceeareT PAS UL ssons yemoy 09 hg ear BE af gto a shuuon thulioge J rues Ot snug) i aes ‘aa ie td unwosid be SARALINULS BUTADNOD aaDYOANIAY 40 NOISZO26m Fig, 955 Compressive stress in 1 concrete’ in flexure = 0 kglem? ( about 75 span of stab) Modular ratio = 2B Average thickness of the wearing coat Distribution steek This shall be provided as 5 om. follows : Dead load 40% of Main steel for spans upto 1.25 metres Weight of weastug coat 50% of Main see! for spans upto 1.80 metres 150. 55% of Main steel for spans upto 240 metres Fie « 2300 = 173 Rein? 60% of Main stel for spans upto 3 metres. Weight of slab ‘Inno case need the area of distribution sieel exceed siamese 105 om? per metre width, op 2800 = 528 ke/n? Solution. For the given set of working siresses it oo is first necessary to compute the corvespondinig design coefficients, . Depth of critical neutral axis where n= md = 087d MR. = Q bd? where 2-4 x087x-B x 7921199 4 MR, = 1199 pat Design of the slab Assume the thickness of the slab t0 he 22 ent = 701 kg/m? Live oad Uno dished od = IO ota 572 kg/m? Kite ge a x 1900 kg/m for BM, 35 = 3429 kg/m for BLM, and BM, Calculations per metre strip of slab Deck sta A. Max. bending moment due to dead los at mid support 4 2 1 «26 x 100 = 59240 kg. cm, wi atewo 8y yo9gos ees + Petess = uauiow saaaqnue) ‘uo By QOEESE = OB6ZL + OcEOHE = weeds tea 30 ana omn ay wo BY ObIsE = czar + o1zs9¢ = ‘aoddns ojpprur atp 2940) wuauout Bujpusq TOL, wo 8 0291 = x = Gor x xe x8) owow Sujpusg sona{nUeD Jo asea19Uy aoaaqnur 9 8y Og6zt = oor x oboe ex 8) = eds * qovo Jo anuao aif we ywewou SuIpuag Jo avwarouy mo By ogcat = O01 x Bay x (HEX 8) ‘woddas opp an soac wwawour Burpuag Joost! wis 33a, 2 ssouyony uy ‘ssvaxouy 9 go} onp yvotow Huypung uy aseesoUy “PHD WO OE GeIs 3tp OxEUE SM 207] “WO 6p2 = wo 6orSt+SIC= posinbos ‘ndop tresado uimuun ‘Srey sqoureyp uau gy Susp] uw st = dwoursaz0juyDs qojs 9¥p1L9 01 39409 3091) wo ost =P PERESS = oP OOLXG6IT “oney amt Twowour SupLaa unuaseu 2p 01 courrstsat Jo wawou ay Sunes : “wwowour Surpuiog azo 2m 5 aww Fiapuag soxsqrTo om TN PU ph WOR PERSE = ——wawow sonsqmues prog, io aT OBI = SCL X06 x ozve = vot ¥p9 a}Uy 01 anp “Wee we By OWZIE = + yee SEX OO xe x tus eo} sai painginsip Aquuojun on anp “Wes STUNLOMULS 317¥ONOD GaDUOINITY 40 NoIsIa ‘anui29 amp 1 pro} pap 01 2np uawow FuppuTR xe uo By Gia = $9 00h «08 L xzz'0 = aus Mn 30 wSan-98 1 aN Hr 0 By $959.= oot, 00t sp.x ooee x SE x OO = 100 BupeaM 01 anp “Wes wo 8y Gees = $201 x OOee x SOx Sz0= 495 JO 148f0u 01 onp "WE wo By OL1hp = Sel x OOP x 1x STO= radered Jo 14394 01 amp “pre juatuout Buypuag ss4aqnUED wo 8y oceorE OzLOve + O0ZeS + OOFLY = weds you9 Jo anu20 9m9 18 “WE [EOL wo By OIZs9e wo Sy OZLO¥e + OS299 + OFS = 1woddns oqppru ame. wa 84 OTLOPE = WH Poy, weds yova jo antiaa on ay to By ozzope = s (SEL) OOI X. wR ™ os Tit odes om 2340 prot a8pa ajay or anp Wea“. wu BY goets = GED 001 x Ae DEXUs ands yor 0 anton ain ay tu By 9529 = 8 (SET) OL x wrx ‘wodds an 2040, voy aa pay AluLO,IUN OF aE "He wo 8 gopep = th e9t™ TOL git weds Jo.Exquating the moment of resistatice to the maxireu bending moment, weibiaveys "9 sa 11,99 x 100 d? ='568664 hos, d= 2180 om? Actual effective depiti available (with 18 mm bars ‘at a clear cover,of 25 mum) :, = 30-250 09 =266 om Steel requirement, ‘Ay for cantilever moment = 558664 '400x 087x266 7 2116 em? es “Spacing of 18 mun diameter bars 2.54 3100: ag. em = 14 cn centrés ‘Ag at mid span +S"! 353300" at * 14000875266 Men 1 Spacing of 18 rim diamitér bars om, = 23 cit centres’ > Ay over middle support 381440 a * 1400 x 087x266 ©" = 180 en?" s ‘Spacing of 18 mn diameter bars cn 1 om centres Studying the spacings of reinforcement computed above, we may adopt the following : ‘Over mid support aati spn | Distribution steel Span of slab =26m For the specifications mestioned inthe problem te distribution steel requirement = 60% of main steel = 060 ( 251210.) oy 18 mm diameter bars at 20 cm centres im = 7.62 om? Spacing of 12 mm diametet bars = x10, =" 762 = 148 on say 14,5 cm centres Check for shear stress Shear force at the inner edge of the end beam = (20% 260 715% 23) x 28 + 572-22 (1.35) + 4286 (1.35) kg 1950 ke Nominal shear sess _S___ 7950 &* bd = 700 x 266 98 ke/em? 12.82 i Bot sweet = AR x 100 = 048% For 048% steel Ge 3.0 keg/em? Permissible nominal shear stress for slabs = Ky. For slabs of thickness 30 om or more Kel ++ Permissible nominal shear stress =1X30= 30 kg/emt Shear force at the outer edge of the end beam Parapet 0.15 x 1x 2400 = 360 ky Kerb 0.25 x 0.15 x 2300 = 86 ky Stab 1.30 x 0:30 x 2400 = 936 kg Wearing coat 0.90 x 0.075 x 2300 = 155 kg Uniformly distributed live load S72 09% 135 = 695 kg Knife edge load Shear stress Beams Loads on the middle beam Effective span (60 em bearing) = 12 +06 = 12.6 metressu. (ST ~%) 0€ x 092 ‘onety ant ‘se enna ap moge swuowoM Forse ‘oStMy ot spisino parerns sy sexe enna ain vein Stussy, “wo 092 = 38u0y 30 wpa, + 9 ‘O8eT Porar3 wy Wo 092 = w 09 = siuoq Jo Supeds (1) 40 859 a0 $e voy 5} Stu, 9 Of = +a2 WO 06h = (OF x9) bon + 5S. M9 OE = OE X9 + OF + Potns eng s8uey 30 eras (e%9 ETT) se1awoyp aw o¢ fo sang gr apaout 20 891 #28 x 0061 ee Cooper eT twouissmbat oars ayeurowly WO YB = St 46 = qeipe 7 ust s049] syeuyyouddy Mo 16 = 2 90 0¢ ~~ sor = ss9fey toomi2g Supeds ox s1ey ~ 19 30 soraump ~ 42009 J} ~ indap 3940 = p = arqneae Indsp aanseyo ofp “meq Jo so6ey sno tq 0} 19 30 s9409 ae v Bapnoyte pe s30%e; OM UH past 29 01 Atoay ome req sore wat Of vet Supunssy “ureoq OIpPRU am UBisap sn ra] “ug pu ain ween yuowou uypu09 ‘Wos8 01 porafans sy weeq etporur ann win pay om wo By ON0'pLE'Z1 = us : + 18 001% serrate t 3 7 001 XE * 066 = ‘wowou Saypaog wnwexeyy 8Y Gov = ‘SaWALSNULS BISHONOD GADNOENIDY 40 NOISId rge \, se x cone» { See) voy aBpe om ‘eOT paingznsip (EOI, w/t 0665 wy ELST = STL x (ET +60) ZLS = Deol aaqt painginsip Apwoyrar) my ote = any z y - jy vy OOLL 18 Is y09 Jo "TG. Woo BtusB9 44 avis gx rodesog luteaq pus 94 uo sprory ‘wo By QoO'rEz'CL = wo % 001 x ‘ : x8 = on x8 (sit 0} 8y tit = er (S8)noans peor apo ayruy WAY 6581 = SLX 9 x ELS = Peo] att pomaensip étusONUA, - peo} gary WAY TOE = peo} peap Tero, WAY Ieee = 9% x UX SL + Hex OD) Quis Woy “Tq WEY O2L = OOF x SL'0 x OFO = aU 30 14810 peog (paumnsse) wo gy = aH JO MPL WO SL = OE ~ SOL qs jo indo ~ wa sor = wo oor x 9@L xa. tds jo HE = ‘urwaq 30 widap [TEACBRipors 13 x 113.1 074 —n) 28.08 cm But thickness of flange = 300m ;- Neutral axis lies within the flange, Hence the depth of neutral axis is given by 260 n2 2 213 113.1 07.4 — 9) m4 113122 1102 n= Bem Actual lever arm, “+ Actual stress in steel = 13.234)000: is “Tai xlas.r er i = 1327 kyle} 6 Corresponding -maxitilin’ compressive stress in, concrete ese 1 then oe 2M. 7 a.agg Refom? = 412 kyle? Maximum shear force [ Nominal shear stress 5 __ 44800 "ha = Brora been = 115 ke/omt Let us provide sheae reinforcement in the form of bent up bars. Let eight burs of the top layer be utilized for shear resistance, Let four bars be bent at a distance of 1Alda = 1414 x 88,1 = 124.6 om say 125 om {i the support. Four more bars may be bent at 125 + 125 = 250 cm from the support. Shea resistance of four bars of 30 mm diameter = 0107 Ayty, 0507 & (8% 7.07) x 1400 ke = 27990 ig Balance shear to be resisted = 44800 27990 ag = 16180 kg Percentage of tensile steel available 36.55 = Fox a7d * 100 = 1.45% For 1.45% steel, = 45 ky/em? Shear resistance of concrete Se2 45% 40x 974 = 17532 kg But shear to be resisted = 16180 kg. Provide two-legged 10 mm¢ stirrups at 30 0m ef em,Jo} sauuor gp 30 “pee agus B 30} s3UUOI OZ 94 THUS ‘sojorgos parsoyse hn 40} spo] wMUEUH OGL “E “a8pita ‘xn Buissox9 8} saqskjan go wren pauonvow anoge an AysoSoureo unpes aue-Z pes 9 0 ‘34 (NeUS PO] AA 3240 ON 106 314 “siapys act ougen ‘omy Aaan0 303 pasapysto9 9 YLO4s SUOMTPUOD 1319425 saqwaxo s9naqonys SOPONVOR Po|OHH.IO PAL VY SSID Jo uyen ou sweaqno pure s2Sppxy OUEINTML 20 “96 uemp'sS0] 99 10U {THUS SaFo:GaR oatssaDNS fom ugaattag Brq9EUS THE 0} 980 OHI, "T + SHON : eo] aay Tevorppe Aue 01 paroles se pownsse aq tow yes ToRyes 20 EN pscpUS ‘ain 4a pasononun ao] AersaBeure 2x v0 S902 aL, sossons umuapaat fume sod wy Ssnoou MS Sumov sp, palopsod a yous sofaugan JON go Sars 24h 178 wed 20 a} prOPUES 12 20 tod poov0s9H9 10U a2 $05 ©! 16:88 404s se saqouoa Huyss05920 Busse Oot igen pat Qu0% © 30 29E9 SKEANPUOS aKN PARE aTPHIDA roomy soouepp WNNMUN xn we peptacad ossans minanseut aanposd ys woos von sod uw Kalman 01 pate pang ayn 30 Buy 0 oF ECL yonen oy pauunsse aq us UE 30 SFOS PPUEIS Jr skeaspoos at JO AAPL. QHD GION 2 UNTIL “pgtyap 5 pasop#su09 9q 120 IE UR BUND 21 ‘ou pgpene Suoiea UY, 806 0006 ‘Ble waves Se sojonan Jo suren 30 SoppHUDN Paya 20 Parsons epans Jo sfS0OD TUS proL IAN UHISOP. OL Buypeoy “O°WT Je eA “asnuyo sp go sosoxlmnd Dip 30 Sammons ‘bsorwdwor se papzefas 94 01 ase suds soqum tne ‘Sompnaag sbaze paysnads ut S9GpUq 405 pee SaIMINAS ‘renokra Joy patton Aeon 04 01S! Supe] SLL ‘ suypuoy gf Sse “OWT LD “Super sup 20 pauisop axe sani pu sang mound diuypeoy y sep “OWT (2) -Saypoor ¥ s8e19 29pu PoURTIGD aq Avr sossants soto ‘Suontpuos upe99 Japan St ose Suypoot S80 409 payaBUD 24 PINOYS Suupeot Yv store 10) pausisep salud “sAemusiy pautoeds iro Booze pie sve pomods sono wy “sear fetnsnpin poreyJusowo> 40 Bunstxe wress9 uy SH Frulomunur reno ene pawdope 2018) Supeor SLL ‘voBam stp aepun ausoo segs pie svare paywoods qo uo SuipeoyAnvay Aran 01 pavafins SeBPUR, Buypeo ¥ ¥ SED “DAT { sqjodare> SuyMorfo} OM OWE -svaqyno pe song soyss979 9709 HL, “SUIpEO| “BT 01 Suiprozoe pavijsop ome soRpL9 peOs Te LION UL” Huojeayypedg s50a8u0D speoy WET “SOTS SAULDNULS ALAYINO GAOWOINISY JO NOISEA 908 m7 cord ‘como | wa | wre wean pip | 5 moToq UDA Se 99 {Tuas FeBPHG ol. ‘uuyE,nUur uo Sojonox Sutssoxo 40 Buyssed 40 B8pa.o3N0 P06 Sit 30 sofpa sano amp uaomiog # souema[9 wnurTZUE ‘un pie *q'94 st (OS pUq au [Ayn ut Sa>IYRA Jo Suen 30) sajoqyan Jo wyuA W uate kum aFEATD 14 WO NONLDIS 2iN JO nel Au 19N09 joys Pet 41 39110 ON“ ioe ‘SauiaW YS], WU S89] OU TAS SUA aissaoons uoomIaq aDuUISIP YO) BON AU ft SHON q ROLE I OIE paren wes aha ope oD SPA JO UPEAL Y ssH SPHNLIMILS BLBVDNOD GIOYOINITA JO KOISAG oreBRIDGES il oo bh 4 + écrion of moron ap ap be ml ato sem ane 76 § hg |g “e me, oer carriage way 28 tf “a ae su he effective width of the slab on ‘which the load rests, he effective spen in the case of simply supported slabs and equal to We clear span in the case of continuous slabs. 3 distance of the centre of gravity ‘of the concentrated load from the nearer support. the breadth of concentrated area of the load, ie, the dimension of the tyre of tack contact area over the road surface of the sab in a direction atright angles tothe span plus twice the thickness of the wearing coat or surface finish above the structural slab. a constant having the following values depending upon the ratio Ee Fe wi fe ‘Method of application of live loads for the design of deck slabs (excluding pre cast slabs of width less than width Of dispersion). ‘Any rational method may be adopted for calculating the'effect:of the live loads on deck slabs but the following methods are recommended. Distribution of concentrated loads on slabs @) Ifa solid slab is supported on two opposite edges and carries concettrated loads, it should be designed to resist the maximum bending moment cansed by the loading system, Such bending moment shall be assumed 10 be resisted by an effective width of slab (measured parailel to the supported edges), the effective width being calculated as follows : i For a single concentrated load, the effective width shall be calculated in accordance with the following equation : slab: Values of K f i Sioply | Comtinous supponed stab | stab On | 040 0.40 02 oa a0 03 18 Las oa aa aa os | 172 168 os 136 134 o7 22 136 os} be 208 8 236 216 10 24s ae ut 260 228 3 268 236 a mm no | ua uo fas | ts 2a 248 1 248 282 u in 256 ts 29s 200 9 300 20 | 2 and 3.00 20“ways 2q pInoys anyea seus AtomuoRIOdosd 8 ‘sosvaxDop ones ayy se Ing "paxn aq AeUr squys Drtos 20) punoy se wnpyas aanooyj2 ay) Jo angen at “ponba Ajaieunxoxlde ae samp eanxay jeuspnisol pu ‘sunastrEN oMp Uaqat Sy BIN ‘ato Sy One: SIP Hou “dUTs 249 0 Samnprdr (eanxayypoupmETUo pa assaasien yp Jo ones 241 vo puodan treys «mptas anni99}39 an ‘sas ros wen samo (quys yep 40 P43) QUIS see (oy ‘Aaya Sunoe speoy Oma atp soy paisa sp pouSisop os qojs ain BW) popiaosd deys9n0 so yrpu aun smUqUI PLO 29.13} ftapta 2an93y39 annzadsas aip jo ums ax o4 fonba se {Ua 29 TEAS SpvOy On 2¥N 3 MMPI. DANDO}IO MESON 919 *Pod] qwadelpe we 405 quIS 0 uNpIa dAN99]}3 at ‘sdettano pooy auo 203 quis Jo yp asnzazia ain st SpB0] payesyuadUeD sow 40 041 JO (21) ‘38p9 poKyy a1n oF pqtured uonDsuIp axp UL posmseout uo ourasixa somaU oI woss peOj ParEAUTD:IOD ayn Jo Sours aun soyd anyon axoge axn jen pAOKD 1 [oY OU ‘anqea sAogu om paaoxe rou jus YPM aandayD ain “woddns axp oF foyrezed wonsasyp ayn un guys sonaqnites 40 1MBud} 50 spua awtanxa oa axn Jo au0 sw paontd 1 peo} pareaiuasuos ain uay rein sox papssosd uy “uodkins axp 01 jojtened pasneraw avjs s3A9|nM9 30 JO mnBUeL amp pap-2uo paaoxa row Tet gos JPRSIAURD Jo pea Be = gt pe _poooxa YoU HES DI SANDAIIS Me papnong 06 4 wos wwe urs she bra oven eno STUNLOMULS BLTHONOD HDYOINITY JO NOISE zgBRIDGES (@) More accurate method of alysis for eases of slab covered by (a), (b) and (c) above and for all other ay cases of slabs may be used with the approval of the engineerin-charge. : Dispersion of loads along the span. The effective 5 Length of slab on which a wheel load or track load acts Shall be taken as equal to the dimension of the tee ‘contact area over the wearing surface ofthe slab in te dxcetion ofthe span plus twice the overall depth of the slab inclusive of the thickness of the wearing surface. The effeet of concentrated londs on slabs spaming Jn one oF two directions may be calculated trom the influence fields of such losdor by any other saional | _methé such as that of M, Pigeaud or De. Marcus, the 1+ Value of Poisson's ratio beihg taken a8 015, t Dispersion of oads through fills on arch bridges, + ‘The dispersion trough the fils above the are shall ‘be assumed at 45 degrees both along and Perpendicular 10 the span in the ease offarch bridge. Reduction inthe intensity of live load stresses on bridges accommodating more than to traffic lanes ‘The positon and number of londed lanes shall be Such a8 to produce the maimam stresses in all cases Where maximum strelses are produced in any member by simultaneously loading more than two traffic lanes the imensitis ofthe resultant live load stresses shall be reduced by 10 per cent for vach additional loaded taftic Ine in excess of the two Tanes subject to a maximum reduction of 20 per cent and subject also to conditions that the stresses as thus reduced are not lower than the stresses resulting fromm g simultaneous loading on two traffic lanes. : Footway and kerb loading (the provisions under i this clause do not apply to foot bridges), For all parts of bridge floors accessible only to. pedestlans and animals and forall footways the loading shall be 400 Kg/nesre?, Where crowd toads are likely to occur such as on bridges located near towns, which fre either centres of pilgimage or wivere large congregational firs are held seasonally, she intensity of footway loading shall ibe increased from 400 Kg/metre? io $00 kg/metre?, Kerbs 0.6 mere Or more jn width shall be designed forthe above loads ia addifion to the lateral loading Specified. If the kerb width js less than 0.6 m no five. Joad shall be applied in addition to the load specifics” ‘ . a3 In calculation of stress iu members of structures: wig, cantilevered footways, the fovtways shall be consi reg 2 loaded on one side or both sides or untoadae whichever condition gives the maximum suesses, > In bridges designed for any of the LR.C, loading, Geseribed above the main girders, trusses, ances, ¢ ther “member supporting the footways shalt designed for the following live loads per square me,y" of footways area, the loaded length of footway key in ech ease being suchas to produce the worst effeg.? on the member under consideration, {a) For effective spans of 7.5 metres or less, 4gy Ke/metres? or 500 kg/metres? as the case may be, (0) For effective spans of over 7.5 metres but Noy exceeding 30 metres the intesty of toad shall yt Setennined according to the equation : “| pep | Ml (© For effective spans of over 30 me the intens ‘of load shatl be deterhuped according to the equation o| 724 AD.) | ts) where P= 400 kg/m? or S00 kg/m? as the case may be, P = the live load in &g perm? L = the effective span of main girder, tmuss or arch in si and WY = widdh of die footway in m 4 Impact. Provision for unpact or dynamic econ shallbe made by an increment ofthe live Toad by an impact allowance expressed us a fraction e's | Percentage ofthe applied live load. The impact aero Shall be determined from the folowing equations whign ‘ue applicable for spans between 3m und AS m, i For class AA loading. ‘The impact peerage shay ; be taken as follows | f } (a) For spans less than 9 metres (0 For tacked vehicles: 25 percent for span up to 5 m linear reducing 1 10 pep i cent for spans of 9» (id) For wheeled vehicles + 25 per cent (©) For spans of 9 metves or morei i woomiog mds sandr | Of pu wre sa42}puE ap) WO Seo} 205 1199 0d Gz | sues poptadsns 190 44 peonrar uu soxaynato | nya, sue songs om 7° Seetran0 sunoayet | Sey safpuq og (g) f st220 snonunios ‘peoud sf peoy ain } x0 Pouoddns PR Wo uBds aanoan | Atduns suede 30g (0) # mop Pouroads se weds 2x9 Jo w uy Busy am sj 7 arog reser 6 814 Teas 305 vonozsy sore edu (4) \ ae sy 81a 7 207 wonoway soe roeduny G) ju Sb fe W ¢ uaaiseg sis 30) oieaqude are ‘ HotU suomeabo Surwooy ag way, Hono ede ony, 695 Fy Uf FU noMH2. 29 es aewusoiod edu on Spo, SSP 20 V S809 304 s2x9 pou8}sop epg du 90 SequU om Uy BuIpwO| A SUI 40 Y s8e)9 44, ‘sauraw €z 30 s800x9 u suvds 403 6O5 ~ ‘Bk UP poresrpuy amo. 2m mm soueps0998 uF pu mw ¢z oy dda suds 303 auoated ge + ‘subd ie soy yuao sad oT S9aIH9R parsons (1) seque payanay, () seBpiaq fans dog uzi po Ss20%0 wt suns Jo} 609 Biel uF Pareoypuy oni 31 tH a>uepsco%e or pu ow zr on Gh sms 20 ated 62+ s.zgea poous aoa (9 1 Of J0 ssoox9 1, sds 20) 606 Big uy Daveoyu aan ota wan sauepaoooe ut pu we gy Jlsumdsovdn wou! Of: sxanyya payseas seg ( s98puq 34 soy g 2 g ‘SaUALONALS 31a ¥ONOD aAOYOANITY 40 NoISIa nw Puiss| Bor Uas[ane bon lag 8pipes: (©) For. bridges baving | Effective overhang of the cantilever arms:with | cantilever arm + half the suspended spans. | length of the suspended sia «| span’ for toads on -the | cantilever *arm, ° the soa tes eptéetive length of the | suspended span‘for loads | on the’ suspended. span | and ‘the effective span | between supports for J toads on the main span. In any bridge structore where there is a filling of not less than 0.6 including the road crust, the impact percentage tobe allowed inthe design shall be assumed to be one-half of what is stipulated above. For calculating the pressure on beatings and on the top surface of the bed blocks, fll value of the appropriate impact percentage shall be allowed but, for the design of piers, abutments and structures, generally below the top of the bed block, the appropriate impact percentage shall be multiplied by the factor given below : (@) Eot calculating the pressure at the bottom surface of the bed block. os ()) For calculating the pressure on the top 3 m of the structure below the bed block. - os decreasing vniformly 10 710 (6) For caleutating the pressure on the portion of the structure more than 3 m below the bed block. ze10 Kerbs - } (q) ‘The section given in Fig, 910 shall be adopted for the road kerb, () Roadway Kerbs shall be adequately anchored {nto the deck structure to resist a local lateral force of 750 kg per m of the kerb, applied horizontally at the top of the kerb, Note, The horizontal force reed not be considered inthe design of the main structural members of the bwidge, : (6) Safety kerbs shall not be less than 600 nun. wide. Fig. 967 Width of roadway and footway (@) For high level bridges constructed for the use of road traffic only, the width of the roadways shall rot be less than 3.8 m for a single Tane bridge and shall be increased by a minimum of 3m for every aduitional Jane of traffic on multiple lane bridges. Road bridges shall be either one lane, two lanes or four lanes. Thre tne bridges shall nol be considered. In the use of four lanes or mukiples of two Fanes a central verge of at least 1.2 m width shall be provided, {h) Causesays or submersible bridges shall provide fora least two lanes of traffic as specified in (a) above unless one lane traffic is specially permitted for the desige. (0) For bridges constructed for the use of combined oad and tramway talfic, the roadway width given in {a) above shall be increased by 4 m for a single wack tramway and by 7.6 m for a double track vaunway. (@ Fora bridge on ahorizontal curve the roadway Width shall be increased by an amount not Fess than that required by the setevant Road Standards {e) When a footway is provided its width shall not be less than 1.5 m1, Railings, Parapets or G (1) High level bridges (@) Substantial sailings or parapets along each side of the bridge shalt be provided for wie protection of traffic, Consideration shall be given to the architectural features of We railing or parapet to obtain proper proportioning ofits various members and ts harmony ‘with the structure as a whole, Consideration shall be given also to avoiding, as far ss consistent with safety le Posts ‘and appearance, obstruction of the view from passing - motor cars, (b) Railings or parapets shall have @ rninimumnanwo 24 04 jes So[orton jo uren & Jo siaqren atp uaaasiag aout swap9 219 ‘pHOL én JO omssdl puym ain SuneynazED apy suns 1483 03 Aowuen Burka sofpysq kom Azouypso ‘S38 pq AeatStH + sane RupMOUFOy ap anny 01 powasse oq yeys pue Aeapeas ax9 anoge auyoue Sy Ye Bune Se pasaprsuo> aq qTes PEO] BAI Buysour pasodxo Aus ysuye Se 9040) putes Tea] tL, “HL MUS Te gaanay wy omosaud pur VEZLO}, = of "HL W894 Ye sno sad seztruoyry ay poy JO AYDOTBA TeIUOZLO = 4 ; 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Equating the moment of resistance to the maximum, Dispersion of toad along the spaa bending moment, we have, Eifective ength of slab on which the wheel lead acts 12 x 100 a? = 1,410,400 ty shall be taken as equal to the dimension of the tyre d= 34.28 cm contact area over the wearing surface of the span plas Effective depth avail twice the overall depti: of the slab inclusive of the cover an si thickness of the wearing surface, —— le providing 25 mm clear 92366 cm “1 Tn our case’ the effective fength on which the 1410400, - ‘wheel load is applied, Aa Ta00% 0.87 x 366 °™ = 2542 (40+8) om = 31.63 en? = 12Lem= 121 m Spacing of 18 me diameter bars But distance betivéeit wheels = 1.20 m 254 x 100 ‘The effective length of dispersion is abtiost equal -“e to whoel-snace, / i = 8 cm contres. “The thadiig for aro m wie sripis therefor taken ystribution Steet as sone F/ 918. Distrbition siea! should be compuicd for resisting 2 Max, BAM 4 O3times te tive fod binding moment nd 02 tines /2 2.95 x 58% 2.95 x AZ py” the dead toad moment 2 2 . BM, for whieh the distibution steel shout be J 665m computed, £665,000 kg em = 03 x (665,000 + 252,700) + 0.2 x 492700 ke em peayenenrs += 373,850 ke cm 373.850, 5 2 RO emt : An = Ti00 0.87 «481 8.75 om? p re wucing Of 12 nm diameter bars / BLM. due to impact LH too cH 8 X 665.000 ky en * pee | w252700 fe cin lee 129 em soy 12.8 om centres Total bending moment perm width “The greatest shou fore wl occur when the toads | = 492,700 + 668,000+252,700 ke cm are closes! 10 the support = 1,410,400 kg om Adopting sat pest € = T0.kyfone® t= 1400 kg/m? and. For this tof stresses, m= 0.304 Pig. 916,‘Nol 235 55049 a6 “iy your set 8 owue (ore ® ewe owe guue~ « wousas ms savan wos witha, | \ wowrses Pewaen s7u9 0. + ume), \ wher Gereanjme” avis \ SEE OB aa - souucr 9R'p = uasaid are “ues 2 Suen otp qiog wet asus axa sop ue QsOU SE SHEL) wo = ee TESeite + Co ee A Mw SLBE V 20 won eas jeomsen, chp +081 + 0r0+090% : “panda oq S 21 HoH 30} SupROT OM BHOHS LLG Ht “passpsuo 99 204 ue soyBIn WORIPLOD s1MN Pue JoIWaIB TINS 2q ITM IPI DAnsayZ9 20 9%01 0 wen sue duo Spm 939 aN LUA ime 8 aa 180" Sipe {POWA ausow Jad parapysuco 2q 0) pur * soso B= 090+ SCT + 08 + zp +08 +00 +90 = ‘wosaud cre suyen qpoq uo ep BANDON * “de spin om a Jo spr sanoaya an en smoHS SUL wort ~1)ovt + ese ne L8'S ssv0+( tf T at (4 -t}asee PO, puos9F oi 20} aes Jo ApH BANDON SMUALOMLLS H1FHONOD GIDYOINEI dO NOISE ‘pM oanoaye Sumpuocsaaroa sup speot JO uta au 4]u0 oF paroofans 8} a8 tq amN WTA samuot 1'e = S60 PITRE AUPE UW 9d paxapysuos 99 0) peOT. w $601 = FEL FUT FST +¥0 +908 ‘p01 aansay a ues am suren p09 waa ce. fem spp oxnzayo a ose ONL souvor z Tz usr w 990+ (45-1) 20x gove= ie eas wo(Pes)arere 928arta mak at Fig. 919 = 4866 Live load 400 061 240 kg/m SE due to impact. 038x486» 1851 4, pane 7 USE: due wo ded oad Total load per metre run = 1308 Keim nae, BM. 1308 x 5,872 Max. SF.= 10277 Pee eee een = 563100 ke/om Bffective depih available = 7025 ~ 0.9 em (18 mun dia. bars) = 666.0m 563100 Au = Ta00 x 0.872686 6 Fa Rey x 100= 020% ° = 694 on’, Provide 3 bors of 18 mm diameter, Design for horizontal loads Horizonial toad per metre ran & kel = 750 kg, Permissible nominal shear stress BLM, due to this force rt Ag, = 1x 3.5 = 3.59 kefom? P = 750 x (70 40) Letaltemate bars be beat at one-6yenth of he span 7 9 = 40) ag cnt Bond stvere 7 : = 22500 he cin Effecuve depth 2.75 kelom? S a = 60-32 STom ao oe obo. 500 a er Au” TaG0 x 08757 087 x 36.6 x 7F = 0.3241 cm? (very small quantity) . = 10 kyon? «Provide nominal 8 mn, dameier vertical ink at 1 Ghee 8 4 13 haven? 25 cm contre, ieee une sae IB om) 20S Deen d migra concn eam “Kerbs 0.6 metre or more in with shall be designed bridge for carrving a no-lane trafic. the detailed for alive load of 400 kg per m? {nd also a horizeatal requitements of which are given below « lead of 750 ky/n run, () Effective span = 12 metres “Design for vertical loads (ii) Width of the carriage way = 6.8 metres Loads on kerb will therefre consist of the iii) Thickness af the wearing coar = & em following : (iv) Live loud : IRC~ Class A toading DL. of kerb 06 x 0.70 = 1008 kyin Fig. 919 shows the eae loads for this class loading. »; Railing, = 60 kg/m The nose to tail distance between successive trains oe (assumed) shall not be less than 184 metres,seule sateen =n a0 ara Taare ei si . 50 uayo1 99 Kou suowosop3suoo - aoays weap uo \1 quys ays fo yipior aangally (Wt) = ‘oqo staoddns snonunuos ayy san Ost Auwneyran, amss 1 sono 2508 Shumsso pun sony pournuser mo F 3 Taw Boas ; ‘aoied (9 05 a0 pounosapsnuotou a Steonpot ‘219 DIUoD pwned ayy ‘a8puq ays fassors $1 (aug auopumnu we sapaiian fo ss) 10) sapypsa Jo was v uaysr Kouasouays ‘ar fo sand uo 19809 joys poo} any 4210 ON a8. |Fig. 923, 1 = thickness of wearing coat in ¢ B = wheel contact dimension in en, (viti) The width of the rib of she T-beans may be taken as 35 cm and the spacing of the beams as 2.15 metres. (ix) Three diaphragms ~ one atthe cetre and one ‘each at he ends ~ may be provided to siffen the floor system and the width of didphragnt may be assumed ‘as 30 en. . (x) Concrete Mix : 4-200 grade. Solution, Fig, 922 shows an arrangement proposed for the bridge. Since the stab is continuous over the supporting ‘beams, the positive and negative bending moments will be taken at 80 percent of the maximum positive free bending moment, The maximum free bending moment due to live load will be determined by Keeping the heaviest load (Cor D) atthe centre of one intermediate panel. (See Fig. 923). Dispersion of the wheel load since a diaphragm is present atthe centre 12215 m Let the thickness of the wearing coat be 8 em t=8on Ground contact dimensions B=25 cm We 50 cm ye B+ mS +2x8= 41 cm Wa W+ 2 =504+2% 8 = 66 cm a L +6 100 4 Reb a = 0.068 say 0.07 66 1" Bide 100 = 0307 shy 0.31 ‘The smallest value of t given Is 0.36. Hence m, and i will be taken corresponding wo 0.07 and ¢ = 036, Hence, we get ‘my = 0.173 and mg = O11 1. BLM. along the shorter span at the centre = (ty + 0.15 nits) W (0.173 + 0.15 x 0.11) x 5.7% 1000 kg. (080 ky mt 108,000 kg cnt Impact factor 45 “6+L (L in this case is the span of the slab) 45 = Ga 2is = 05% Bot theimps (or to be adopted is not to exceed 0.5. Hence we will adopt an impact factor of 0.5. < Tmnpact moment = 0.5 x 108,000 kg om = 54,000 kg cnn D.L, Moment ‘Assume the slab to be 20 ent thick Dead load of slab per metre? = 20x 24 = 480 kg mi?7 : imo 6 Sar= wey “ny 891 X 180% OOF ; ODT BY site = SIX Hgrere abee dooygo adty um seOGs PHL 94F] + wo9o- 62-0 z =nagone dap aanoay0 29 sim aU By y= woe aw ZI put aA09 eater & upg ; on a 8821091 = 2P OOL XZ : ana 30 91D “ane 9m youu Suxptog “9p wo Of 1 s1nq ‘oWp wou 8 2PHHO1d—umaqEat 9 oF aouEtss Jo nou a BuNINby we Zi= OP Lg0=P P rHEO =H WO HTK ST ere OeXE, s20q Jocureyp uau g 30 Supeds on er to 8y QgeT = a0 27 gor pawdope aq 11H svants Surqom Suumortoy exp ‘x1 aresD009 60g AT BUNS) wo 6SL* ¥O~T1-S%-00= wo 84 g87'091 foors syen Jo anuao cin ot map aanoay9 24 wo o9e002 * 80 ‘Joes wonngunsyp se pasn ay smeq soroureyp we BT wowour 9045 “xOU 941 JO OR wo 8y O16E = : ufisap soy vax 99 ot wo By pau Sigg emia an “MUNtID 304 HUAOT (000s +000'801)2'0 + O9E8ExZ'0 = sy oocae + onc ome wowout puot peap aun sot £10 + tw 8y QOERE + 00DKS + 00080T uourou poor OAM oon SH 7 _ Wa me, dors wou w 21 open = 1 opsrosd 01 $0 Gs poprsoat st towsos0zura8 SI i: ows wonnatnsia WN ree sauna wo pt &os Seas bet poet M0191 = SUAESSESSEES Le 8 99 = PEO PAP (COL, wo 64 a ee OLX ETT a By pa = ETXB = s3nq sarauregp aw Z1 Jo Suoedg *- 1nop Buueam Jo peo} peact eto fia farses ——- sre tare. “aeLOr (5205 1s 46 SHUNLONYS ALFYONOD 4IIYOINITY AO NISTEffective width from shear consideration of the crossing or passing vehicles shall be as follows : Clearance [eter caioge wi : soamnenfanea(1- 22 SS mo 75m 04 m to 12m above. 7.5 m 12 ns | 2+ 05+2x0 (1-3) = 176 em Nominal shear stress 8 __ 4989. 4 bd * T76 x 169 = 1.68 ag/om? Percentage of tensile steel = eeag x 100 = 026% For 0.26% steel, Ge = 2.20 hgfem? ‘Thickness of slab = 200m Kal2z + Permissible nominal shear stress. Kg, = 12x 2.20 = 2.64 kp/om?, Destgn of girders, Tic load transferred to a girder [Will be @ maximuin when one row of wheels of one "rtm is exactly of the girder and one row of wheels «of a passing train is closest to one girder. The position of the train loads for producing the severe effects on (ie eitder macked A is shown in Fig*924, “| The minimum clearance g between the onter edges Tn oie-case tie eatiageway bending 68.m the clearance 12-04 FSS) 68-55) m 152 m +. Distance between the centre lines of these wheels 192 + 0:50 = 142 m IC Wis one ofthe whee! loads of one axle then the corresponding load waisted tHe glider marked A: (282 Tw « = 1502 W But the axle load =2W + The girder is subjected to “'502 = 61751 times the axle loads, Multiplying the given axle toads by 0.751, we get the following load system to be considered for the girder A. W, = 0.751 x27 = 2.03 ¢ W, = 0.751 x27=2.03 1w By 0280p = nee oe BEEK WEE worm “pq WAY g9¢2 = wor prAN MOY, | WAY Ong = oor x1 x se19 = (ua 001 % 19 $e) gH JO ry PLo94 way 966 = STE x €2 <8 109 Sumapy wy 2¢01 = SUX 92 x OF Geis tana ant ase peop pratt wie = Wm Les x s70-= oto roe = TL49 sto= Hee (009 9m J0 wis om 317) 749. sor0) edu WY LS = L612 - GosL MSY X LVS — 98'S x 6L7I = Jwawout Suypuog wane ‘Apinosqay 826 Sig aeher 1 $006 Be tane16 ol png — A & ae wer pet mae fuel ah : ge Gee ate joe TOT = OSEI - 6r9z = 10st = ees hg wre. 131: ny za ore x are = uwonseay samo 1 6c9e= Ee OCR HITS = az “pua-itoy an wows w OF'9 JO SOUP BW 3a PINOY Fy Peo] sin “aOUDH * £26 Fey ty mous se st woRpUOD "yy g uuMuNxeUE ainosqe 40} Max peo ox Jo omsod ax “aon M 2E0* Oy - et = t0z + 07 +9 * HOT 941 ae pao} ImEHASs MN UaAANIOG aOUEISIG SONDW Z0'p = auiow £07 E07 + 98 FOrB+T VOXWE+LEX We HSER OEE 4q vanyl sy wrashs poo} anoge in JO tones 2k9 paw 44 poy 2xn uadI0g aOUESTCL “rept 241 J0 yop ain ay Woy awESIPIMba om UloEAS Peo] aaoqE am JO wuIINsAL axN pu “At peo! rep {ons ods 2m uo paoeid x ou As ORs POOL aL, 1988 = Fay ‘hv ax optim sna90 Hak iuowOR Rumpig wie Arpimosue ag MM axoge om WOK! PUL OAK 226 Hy wer tus} wee fun as 4959 198 $0 seo a mH MH ‘womtpue Mawou! Supurg wne aq 1 RupuodsaieD td 0 HO 94 LA MOTE Ya pute MMH, “Ak SPHOI a YAN Puy am “iapa oxn Jo astusD sip se Sendo muowow Siypasg wunareeeu 30 IsISHOD TEs APL A, “nauaSuuiz posodoud an snous ze Bd “WOR MOS ‘ny/8y 00r = ‘apg al uo piv0} aAr7 (1) wer = nds asnaaify (0) usce # ‘aps: poos 40aI9 () 1 yuauauinbaa Bvssoyrof ays 04 3849 oof ataigu0n parsofuies v uBisag cot VASOCL -sufisap snoyud ain up poudy st ‘4eOUs ain asisax ova yu2q 99 Aout s1mq KypaneIAATE tO wo KE ren : FETT < OOFT X GLO XP ooh ede ray dup sagungp ano poor} 0 BuDHNs “By Zer0z BLIGH ~ OPs6e = °S “gene Or pao 9 OES By gto = BELL SE BP "7h = °S cmapiy sip =" {poaws -HOB'L 20D = oor x SENSE pet = 001 x BS trois ay go ene Aly £66 BULL x SE Tol Toe Pa ssasis avai [UAWON, saunas 168 = rel + ors + LO = 105 SROYS TROY, . samo 191 = saws OK Bet suaqs POF PEC 16 BRE usodesuse) eb ——w sre sf ws safes rd tia a v8./" pripaes 7 : WEARING Coar aveRace THICKNESS DCm. Fig. 992 “5 Dead load moment Provide 10 mm diameter bars at 8 cm centres, 1175.) Distibuton steet = 216 (1.175 + 0.15 270 (AF) ‘ i 2 2 GIS f 10415 17s 100 | 2 = 282 x A = 1.875 on? Provide 6 mn diameier bars at 15 cm centres wear, Maximum shear force 100] ent +10 x2-x 1175+ 216 (1.17 x 0225) gh, = 9403 kg m = 216 + 270 + 352 + 216 + 400 x LATS ky Live load momeit = 1524 fg. Last 4+ Nominal shear stress = 400 x = °— = 276.10 ke m w ge Su 1 Total bending momeit. 7 i adaen «12. = 76.1 = 127 kg “Use meso gates 62M reenage of teste el _o)-Equating the moment of resistance to the maximum = 882 og jy jf bending moment; we have T00 x 73 * 100 = 0.69% 58:50 x 100 d? =12162 x, 100 For 0.69% steel, BER dw 11.96 om Ge= 3.3 kefein? Providing an effective cover of3 cmeffective dep Thickness of slab “available = 15 om, K = 130 = 15-32 120m “+ Pemissible nominal shear stess [Sosa Area of steel required = Kg. = 13X33 = 4.29 kglem? Ag = H2IS2X100_ oe Main girder, Consider one metre run of the girder = As = 1400 0.87 x 12 ©" Dead load from the two cantilevering portions = 8.32 cm? ‘a X (216 + 270 + 352 + 215] i |Uo 061 = weoq 1 JO wpe aBueL WO 061 = OF + SZ X TL = “a+ uw £ wo 009 abe ues F (1) + Bupwortoy om Jo tossoy aap se wos 94 Tv St, BHU 30 PIA (HO 7685 = 89 C1 JO wary) ‘oyaunyp ua sz fo s1oq zp aptaoud sn sr WO S919 = sao SELBXO0%T armbar fats Jo vam aeuxonddy wo S18 wh 20494 aumpoxdy a OFT ssouyormn af aferoay =p 0 $6 = ‘ndep enndayya ‘sono> aanoaya 19 9 SuIprAo%g 40 001 = Popisosd indop e040 9 16 = wo Sets no OP X02 *° (OORRSE | 3 x sv ‘ox qo ur29q Jo wAdopjfe2200 HOOD aU, ua 84 0906984 = g 19 89 001% apse 8 We noua Suto aa WAY SUte = SPOL + O9TE = -eputd 2m Jo ant aro a POOL ROY, = W/Y SOL = SL X OBE = sepn8 ah $0 ant are Sod poy anry +» my cae = 0 sae Frsegp ) cor Po Zt = weg 9 Jo wos aarsays NAY 00% 20, ant end OM © f 6 oa WE Tor td -wompooo Suter} 9 0 Buspcaoe ws og mew stats a9 ai antbs sol pot Say 30 1unowe UTED © o ap poERORD 99 eon 22p18 24v3oj wot poor a ath, peop De By one = 918 + sez = EOL Deep MOY, 81 918 = ore x se0 x FOF 44130 ror peo = 0 $8 51-001 = WN 0 eo 9 01 = 39 twvag 2tn Jo endap ye2080 24a 27] 8 pez = 962 + soz = brs aI wy PEO] PEEP (HOY, « | Sy 967 = | ore xox s1'0-+ooeex FOX 10 = | ‘aq 241 092 1209 Surman pure ges so peor PESCT ¥y sore = i £6 iy i bw 061 SAUALONILS ALTONOD aROUOUNIEY ZO NoISEA oeAssumie the neutral axis to be below the flange, ‘Taking moments about'the neutral axis, we have 190 x 12.5.(i 625) + 18 x 58.92 (94 n) Solving n= 33.3. em, 3n- 2d, ai iad 3 3x333-2x125 125 ST 2x333~ 125% 3m = 5.17 cm + Actual lever arm 4 = 5.7 ‘Actual stress in steel = 7569000 * 5892 x 88.25 = 1456 kevem? Oversiress = 56 kevem? Percentage overstress % = Ty 100 = 4% ‘Agfem? * Auhere the overstress in tess that 5 per cent the ‘design may still be considered as safe) Stress in concrete 1456 oye Tg heven oF 3 = 444 kee? (less than $0 Kefem?) Maximum shear force 25230 ke 71 ke/em? Percentage of tensile sicel 29.46, Fox oT * 100 = 0.78% For 0.78% steel, Ge 34 hyve? Shear fores corresponding to a nominal shear siress Of 3.40 Ay/em?“566 “tir ‘ 290M9 40 woUL38S TraonLIBNOT 09 eosans Fuse Bova, ar NES rune se S002! gust soves —— Wing, {wzer I. urea de eden. It p uw st sere. % Yource.y sanvms as00272 euwe) “ovabste awe susor. suse mu) ] up 06 4» R Servis CEE ue {woop U8 D6 001 eos arse gp meo lat ae on ele], “yuo OF AY Seouis eases + witt li incas euwo swe ‘sdtums yeorwou 9p]60%d ee ee “By O€ese Atuo sy a's winiupeout op ng TEX OE gr x ORE SEL = = vos PLOY PEO, Pee amare s4oddns amy aos soxpaut Z 18 2040) aways vane ana SY ocorz = 042s + OOBST = “woddas ain wour 300 osz = vgz8'z 78 di tq 29 eases on sq sou g 79] pe uoxldns ep MOI] 9 Get