United S ta tes Pa tent [ 1 9 ]

S a k a i et a l .
[ 5 4 ] FLOPPY DIS C DRIVE UNIT
[ 7 5 ] Inv ento r s : J u nic h i S a k a i; Fu j io Ito h , b o th o f
Yo k o h a m a ; S eiic h i W a ta na b e,
K a w a s a k i, a l l o f J a p a n
[ 7 3 ] A s s ig nee: M a ts u s h ita El ec tr ic Indu s tr ia l Co . ,
Ltd. , K a do m a , J a p a n
[ 2 1 ] A p p l . NO. : 6 6 3 , 1 7 3
[ 2 2 ] Fil ed: Oc t. 2 2 , 1 9 8 4
[ 3 0 ] Fo r eig n A p p l ic a tio n Pr io r ity Da ta
Oc t. 2 0 , 1 9 8 3 [ J P] J a p a n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 8 -1 9 6 3 5 4
[ 5 1 ] Int. Cl . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G1 1 B 1 5 / 1 4 ; Gl l B 5 / 0 9 ;
Gl l B 1 5 / 4 6
[ 5 2 ] US . Cl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 6 0 / 6 5 ; 3 6 0 / 4 6 ;
3 6 0 / 7 3
[ 5 8 ] Fiel d o f S ea r c h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 6 0 / 2 5 , 3 1 , 6 5 , 4 6 ,
3 6 0 / 5 1 , 7 3 , 6 7
PREA M P
[ 1 1 ] Pa tent Nu m b er : 4 , 6 5 6 , 5 3 3
[ 4 5 ] Da te o f Pa tent: A p r . 7 , 1 9 8 7
[ 5 6 ] Ref er enc es Cited
u s . PA TENT DOCUM ENTS
3 , 4 6 5 , 3 2 1 9 / 1 9 6 9 Reis f el d . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 6 0 / 6 7
4 , 3 7 1 , 9 0 1 2 / 1 9 8 3 S h a h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 6 0 / 6 5
Pr im a r y Ex a m iner -Vinc ent P. Ca nney
A tto r ney , A g ent, o r Fir m -Cu s h m a n, Da r b y & Cu s h m a n
[ 5 7 ] A BS TRA CT
In a ?o p p y dis c dr iv e u nit, th e r o ta tio na l s p eed o f a
?o p p y , a w r ite c u r r ent f ed to a w r ite h ea d, el ec tr ic
c h a r a c ter is tic o f a s ig na l p r o c es s ing c ir c u it in a r ea d
c ir c u it a r e a l l c o ntr o l l ed s o a s to s et th em to v a l u es
s u ita b l e f o r s el ec ted m o de c o r r es p o nding to m a g netic
r ec o r ding da ta dens ity . A s w itc h ing s ig na l is eith er
m a nu a l l y p r o du c ed o r f ed f r o m a n ex ter na l c ir c u it s o a s
to ef f ec t s w itc h ing b etw een no r m a l dens ity m o de a nd
h ig h dens ity m o de. Th e ?o p p y dis c dr iv e u nit a c c o r d
ing to th e p r es ent inv entio n is th er ef o r e c a p a b l e o f h a n
dl ing ?o p p y dis c s o f dif f er ent dens ity v a l u es .
1 1 Cl a im s , 2 1 Dr a w ing Fig u r es
2 4
S W S IG GEN
2 0
TIM E
Dl FF/ A M P COM P DOM A IN
FILTER
U. S . Pa tent A p r . 7 , 1 9 8 7 - S h eetl o f 9 4 , 6 5 6 , 5 3 3
. TQ III
w "
f a ,
_ U. S . Pa tent A p r . 7 , 1 9 8 7 S h eet2 o f 9 4 , 6 5 6 , 5 3 3
2 v m dE
ENG-n.
CV NdE 2 . ; N0 :
A B N Q C
N8 Na y -m
8 : N 0 E 2 3 m . 9
US . Pa tent A p r . 7 , 1 1 9 8 7 - S h eet4 o f 9 4 , 6 5 6 , 5 3 3
b 1 m
( 1 2 0 0 1 0 1 1
b 2 l l U UUU UUUUU'
FIG. . 5
S W S IG GEN 2 3 \
LOW S PEEDx ?
+0 3 INT > 3 1
3 2
US . Pa tent A p r . 7 , 1 9 8 7 S h eet5 o f 9 4 , 6 5 6 , 5 3 3
5 5 3 BE;
A . < 2 6 m tm > >
m m
U. S . Pa tent A p r . 7 , 1 9 8 7 S h eet6 0 f 9 4 , 6 5 6 , 5 3 3
Fm ?
U. S . Pa tent A p r . 7 , 1 9 8 7 S h eet7 0 f 9 4 , 6 5 6 , 5 3 3
m m , m m ,
m : E . 6
$ 3 9 . . 8 9 5 .
w t
3 E
. E E 6 . .
w m < m 9 . 2 9 m m
4 , 6 5 6 , 5 3 3
S h eet 8 o f 9
U. S . Pa tent A p r . 7 , 1 9 8 7
m NN
4 , 6 5 6 , 5 3 3
1
FLOPPY DIS C DRIVE UNIT
BA CK GROUND OF THE INVENTION
Th is inv entio n r el a tes g ener a l l y to m a g netic r ec o r d
ing a nd r ep r o du c ing , a nd m o r e p a r tic u l a r l y to a ?o p p y
dis c dr iv e u nit u s ed a s a n a u x il ia r y s to r a g e dev ic e o f a
c o m p u ter .
Fl o p p y dis c s a r e no w w idel y u s ed, a nd ?o p p y dis c s
o n th e m a r k et c a n b e c l a s s i?ed into tw o g r o u p s , o ne
b eing a no r m a l dens ity ty p e, a nd th e o th er b eing a h ig h
dens ity ty p e. No r m a l dens ity ty p e a nd h ig h dens ity ty p e
r es p ec tiv el y indic a te th e dens ity o f da ta to b e w r itten o r
r ec o r ded o n a ?o p p y dis c , i. e. th e a m o u nt o f da ta w r it
ten p er u nit a r ea . Th es e tw o ty p es r el a ting to da ta den
s ity a r e s ta nda r da r iz ed. Bec a u s e o f th e dif f er enc e in
ty p e, ?o p p y dis c s o f ea c h ty p e a r e u s ed in p a r tic u l a r l y
des ig ned ?o p p y dis c dr iv e u nits f o r th e ty p e. Th e f o l
l o w ing ta b l e s h o w s c h a r a c ter s tic s o f no r m a l dens ity
r ec o r ding a nd h ig h dens ity r ec o r ding .
TA BLE 1
NORM A L- HIGH
ITEM DENS ITY DENS ITY UNIT
COERS IVE FORCE 3 0 0 6 0 0 Oer s ted
M EDIUM THICK NES S 2 . 5 1 . 5 m ic r o n
ROTA TIONA L S PEED 3 0 0 3 6 0 r p m
CUTOFF FREQ . OF LPF 3 0 0 K 4 0 0 K I-Iz
RES ONA NT FREQ . OF 3 5 0 K 5 0 0 K Hz
DIFFERENTIA TOR A M P
S TORA GE CA PA CITY l M 1 . 6 M b y te
DA TA TRA NS FER 2 5 0 K 5 0 0 K b it/ s
S PEED
NUM BER OF TRA CK S 8 0 7 0
A s w il l b e u nder s to o d f r o m th e a b o v e ta b l e, a ?o p p y
dis c dr iv e u nit des ig ned a nd m a nu f a c tu r ed s o a s to h a n
dl e ex c l u s iv el y eith er no r m a l dens ity ?o p p y dis c s o r
h ig h dens ity ?o p p y dis c s c a nno t b e u s ed f o r th e o th er
ty p e ?o p p y dis c s . Th er ef o r e, tw o dif f er ent s o r ts o f
?o p p y dis c dr iv e u nits m u s t b e p r ep a r ed s o th a t eith er
ty p e o f ?o p p y dis c c a n b e u s ed. Ho w ev er , it is tim e-c o n
s u m ing a nd tr o u b l es o m e to c h a ng e ?o p p y dis c dr iv e
u nits w h enev er dif f er ent ty p e ?o p p y dis c s a r e u s ed.
S UM M A RY OF THE INVENTION
Th e p r es ent inv entio n h a s b een dev el o p ed in o r der to
r em o v e th e a b o v e-des c r ib ed dr a w b a c k s inh er ent to th e
c o nv entio na l ?o p p y dis c dr iv e u nits .
It is , th er ef o r e, a n o b j ec t o f th e p r es ent inv entio n to
p r o v ide a new a nd u s ef u l ?o p p y dis c dr iv e u nit w h ic h is
c a p a b l e o f h a ndl ing ?o p p y dis c s o f dif f er ent dens ities
k no w n a s no r m a l dens ity a nd h ig h dens ity .
A c c o r ding to a f ea tu r e o f th e p r es ent inv entio n a
s w itc h ing s ig na l indic a ting . eith er a no r m a l dens ity
m o de o r a h ig h dens ity m o de is a p p l ied to a m o to r dr iv e
c ir c u it w h ic h c o ntr o l s th e r o ta tio na l s p eed o f a u s ed
?o p p y dis c , a s w el l a s to w r ite c ir c u it a nd r ea d c ir c u it
r es p ec tiv el y s o th a t r o ta tio na l s p eed o f th e ?o p p y , w r ite
c u r r ent f ed to a w r ite h ea d a nd el ec tr ic c h a r a c ter is tic s
in a r ep r o du c ed s ig na l p r o c es s ing in th e r ea d c ir c u it a r e
a l l c h a ng ed to b e s u ita b l e f o r a s el ec ted dens ity m o de.
A s a r es u l t, a s ing l e ?o p p y dis c dr iv e u nit a c c o r ding to
th e ins ta nt inv entio n c a n b e u s ed in c o m m o n f o r ?o p p y
dis c s o f b o th ty p es , i. e. no r m a l dens ity ?o p p y dis c s a nd
h ig h dens ity ?o p p y dis c s .
In a c c o r da nc e w ith th e p r es ent inv entio n th er e is
p r o v ided a ?o p p y dis c dr iv e u nit w ith a m o to r f o r r o ta t
ing a ?o p p y dis c a nd a m a g netic h ea d a s s em b l y f o r
w r iting a nd/ o r r ea ding inf o r m a tio n o n a nd/ o r f r o m s a id
5
1 5
2 0
2 5
3 0
3 5
4 0
4 5
5 0
5 5
2
?o p p y dis c , c o m p r is ing : s w itc h ing s ig na l g ener a ting
m ea ns f o r g ener a ting a s w itc h ing s ig na l indic a tiv e o f a
s el ec ted m o de r el a ting to m a g netic r ec o r ding c h a r a c ter
is tic o f a ?o p p y dis c to b e u s ed; m o to r dr iv e m ea ns
r es p o ns iv e to s a id s w itc h ing s ig na l f o r c a u s ing s a id
m o to r to r o ta te a t dif f er ent s p eeds in a c c o r da nc e w ith
s a id s el ec ted m o de; a nd a w r ite c ir c u it a nd/ o r a r ea d
c ir c u it c o u p l ed to s a id m a g netic h ea d a s s em b l y , s a id
w r ite c ir c u it g ener a ting a w r ite c u r r ent f ed to s a id m a g
netic h ea d a s s em b l y f o r w r iting inf o r m a tio n, s a id w r ite
c ir c u it h a v ing m ea ns r es p o ns iv e to s a id s w itc h ing s ig na l
f o r c o ntr o l l ing a w r ite c u r r ent f ed to s a id m a g netic h ea d
a s s em b l y s o a s to w r ite inf o r m a tio n w ith a w r ite c u r r ent
s u ita b l e f o r s a id s el ec ted m o de, s a id r ea d c ir c u it b eing
r es p o ns iv e to r ea d o u t s ig na l f r o m s a id m a g netic h ea d
a s s em b l y f o r p r o du c ing a r ep r o du c ed s ig na l , s a id r ea d
c ir c u it h a v ing m ea ns r es p o ns iv e to s a id s w itc h ing s ig na l
s o a s to p r o c es s s a id r ea d o u t s ig na l w ith a c h a r a c ter is tic
s u ita b l e f o r s a id s el ec ted m o de.
In a c c o r da nc e w ith th e p r es ent inv entio n th er e is a l s o
p r o v ided a ?o p p y dis c dr iv e u nit w ith a m o to r f o r r o ta t~
ing a ?o p p y dis c a nd a m a g netic h ea d a s s em b l y f o r
w r iting a nd/ o r r ea ding inf o r m a tio n o n a nd/ o r f r o m s a id
?o p p y dis c , c o m p r is ing : s w itc h ing s ig na l g ener a ting
m ea ns f o r g ener a ting a s w itc h ing s ig na l indic a tiv e o f a
s el ec ted m o de r el a ting to m a g netic r ec o r ding c h a r a c ter
is tic o f a ?o p p y dis c to b e u s ed; m o to r dr iv e m ea ns
r es p o ns iv e to s a id s w itc h ing s ig na l f o r c a u s ing s a id
m o to r to r o ta te a t dif f er ent s p eeds in a c c o r da nc e w ith
s a id s el ec ted m o de; a w r ite c ir c u it f o r g ener a ting a w r ite
c u r r ent f ed to s a id m a g netic h ea d a s s em b l y f o r w r iting
inf o r m a tio n v ia a w r ite h ea d o f s a id m a g netic h ea d
a s s em b l y , s a id w r ite c ir c u it h a v ing m ea ns r es p o ns iv e to
s a id s w itc h ing s ig na l f o r c o ntr o l l ing a w r ite c u r r ent f ed
to s a id m a g netic h ea d a s s em b l y s o a s to w r ite inf o r m a
tio n w ith a w r ite c u r r ent s u ita b l e f o r s a id s el ec ted m o de;
a del a y c ir c u it f o r r eta r ding a w r ite-c o m m a nd s ig na l b y
a v a r ia b l e del a y tim e w h ic h is v a r ied in a c c o r da nc e
w ith s a id s w itc h ing s ig na l ; a nd a n er a s e c ir c u it f o r s u p
p l y ing a n er a s e c u r r ent to o ne o r m o r e er a s e h ea d o f s a id
m a g netic h ea d a s s em b l y s o a s to p a r tia l l y er a s e a p o r
tio n w r itten b y s a id w r ite h ea d, s a id er a s e c ir c u it b eing
r es p o ns iv e to s a id s w itc h ing s ig na l s o a s to c h a ng e th e
er a s e c u r r ent to b e s u ita b l e f o r s a id s el ec ted m o de, s a id
er a s e c u r r ent b eing f ed to s a id er a s e h ea d( s ) w ith a
tim ing deter m ined b y s a id del a y c ir c u it.
In a c c o r da nc e w ith th e p r es ent inv entio n th er e is
f u r th er p r o v ided a ?o p p y dis c dr iv e u nit w ith a m o to r
f o r r o ta ting a ?o p p y dis c a nd a m a g netic h ea d a s s em b l y
f o r w r iting a nd/ o r r ea ding inf o r m a tio n o n a nd/ o r f r o m
s a id ?o p p y dis c , c o m p r is ing : s w itc h ing s ig na l g ener a t
ing m ea ns f o r g ener a ting a s w itc h ing s ig na l indic a tiv e o f
a s el ec ted m o de r el a ting to m a g netic r ec o r ding c h a r a c
ter is tic o f a ?o p p y dis c to b e u s ed; m o to r dr iv e m ea ns
r es p o ns iv e to s a id s w itc h ing s ig na l f o r c a u s ing s a id
m o to r to r o ta te a t dif f er ent s p eeds in a c c o r da nc e w ith
4 s a id s el ec ted m o de; a r ea d c ir c u it r es p o ns iv e to r ea d o u t
6 0
6 5
s ig na l f r o m s a id m a g netic h ea d a s s em b l y f o r p r o du c ing
a r ep r o du c ed s ig na l , s a id r ea d c ir c u it inc l u ding a l o w
p a s s ?l ter r es p o ns iv e to s a id r ea d o u t s ig na l , th e c u r o f f
f r eq u enc y o f s a id l o w p a s s ?l ter b eing c h a ng ed in a c c o r
da nc e w ith s a id s w itc h ing s ig na l ; a dif f er entia to r / a m
p l i?er r es p o ns iv e to a n o u tp u t s ig na l f r o m s a id l o w p a s s
?l ter , a r es o na nc e f r eq u enc y o n dif f er entia ting b eing
c h a ng ed in a c c o r da nc e w ith s a id s w itc h ing s ig na l ; a nd a
tim e-do m a in ?l ter r es p o ns iv e to a n o u tp u t s ig na l f r o m
s a id dif f er entia to r / a m p l i?er f o r c o nv er ting th e s a m e
4 , 6 5 6 , 5 3 3
3
into a p u l s e w a v ef o r m , th e w idth o f ea c h p u l s e b eing
c h a ng ed in a c c o r da nc e w ith s a id s w itc h ing s ig na l .
BRIEF DES CRIPTION OF THE DRA W INGS
Th e o b j ec t a nd f ea tu r es o f th e p r es ent inv entio n w il l
b ec o m e m o r e r ea dil y a p p a r ent f r o m th e f o l l o w ing de
ta il ed des c r ip tio n o f th e p r ef er r ed em b o dim ents ta k en in
c o nj u nc tio n w ith th e a c c o m p a ny ing dr a w ing s in w h ic h :
FIG. 1 is a b l o c k dia g r a m o f a c o nv entio na l ?o p p y
dis c dr iv e u nit;
FIG. 2 c o ns is ting o f ( a ) th r o u g h ( h ) is a w a v ef o r m
c h a r t u s ef u l f o r u nder s ta nding th e c o nv entio na l u nit o f
FIG. 1 a s w el l a s a f o l l o w ing em b o dim ent o f th e p r es ent
inv entio n;
FIG. 3 is a s c eh m a tic b l o c k dia g r a m o f a n em b o di
m ent o f a ?o p p y dis c dr iv e u nit a c c o r ding to th e p r es ent
inv entio n;
FIG. 4 c o ns is ting o f a . b , a nd a ; b ; is a w a v ef o r m c h a r t
o f da ta to b e w r itten o n o r r ea d o u t f r o m a no r m a l
dens ity ?o p p y dis c a nd a h ig h dens ity ?o p p y dis c ;
FIG. 5 is a c ir c u it dia g r a m o f th e s w itc h ing s ig na l
c ir c u it s h o w n in FIG. 3 ;
FIG. 6 is a c ir c u it dia g r a m o f th e w r ite c ir c u it, del a y
c ir c u it, er a s e c ir c u it a l l s h o w n in FIG. 3 ;
FIG. 7 A is a c ir c u it dia g r a m o f a p r ea m p l i?er a nd a
l o w p a s s ?l ter b o th s h o w n in FIG. 3 ;
FIG. 7 B is a n eq u iv a l ent c ir c u it dia g r a m o f th e l o w
p a s s ?l ter in no r m a l dens ity m o de;
FIG. 7 C is a n eq u iv a l ent c ir c u it dia g r a m o f th e l o w
" p a s s ?l ter in h ig h dens ity m o de;
FIG. 8 is a c ir c u it dia g r a m o f th e dif f er entia to r / a m
p l i?er , c o m p a r a to r , tim e-do m a in ?l ter s h o w n in FIG. 3 ;
a nd
FIG. 9 is a c ir c u it dia g r a m o f a m o to r dr iv e c ir c u it
s h o w n in FIG. 3 .
Th e s a m e o r c o r r es p o nding el em ents a nd p a r ts a r e
des ig na ted a t l ik e r ef er enc e nu m er a l s th r o u g h o u t th e
dr a w ing s .
DETA ILED DES CRIPTION OF THE
INVENTION
Pr io r to des c r ib ing th e p r ef er r ed em b o dim ent o f th e
p r es ent inv entio n, a c o nv entio na l ?o p p y dis c dr iv e u nit
o r a p p a r a tu s w il l b e des c r ib ed f o r a b etter u nder s ta nd
ing o f th e p r es ent inv entio n w ith r ef er enc e to FIGS . 1
a nd 2 .
FIG. 1 s h o w s a b l o c k dia g r a m o f a c o nv entio na l
?o p p y dis c dr iv e u nit, w h il e FIG. 2 is a w a v ef o r m c h a r t
s h o w ing v a r io u s s ig na l s in th e u nit. Th e w a v ef o r m
c h a r t in FIG. 2 w il l a l s o b e u s ed f o r th e des c r ip tio n o f
a n em b o dim ent o f th e p r es ent inv entio n. In FIG. 1 , th e
r ef er enc e 1 is a ?o p p y dis c , i. e. a ?ex ib l e m a g netic r e
c o r ding m ediu m , w h ic h is deta c h a b l e f r o m th e ?o p p y
dis c dr iv e u nit. Th e ?o p p y dis c 1 is a r r a ng ed to b e
r o ta ted b y a s p indl e m o to r 2 , a nd s ig na l r ec o r ding / r e
p r o du c ing is ef f ec ted v ia a m a g netic h ea d 3 w h ic h
c o m es into c o nta c t w ith th e ?o p p y 1 .
In th e c a s e o f r ec o r ding a s ig na l o n th e ?o p p y dis c 1 ,
a w r iting s ig na l b is f ed to a w r ite c ir c u it 4 , a nd a n
o u tp u t s ig na l th er ef r o m ( s ee FIG. 2 ( c ) ) is r ec o r ded
th r o u g h th e m a g netic h ea d 3 . Th e ?o p p y dis c 1 is m a g
netiz ed b y w a y o f a v o l ta g e s h o w n in FIG. 2 ( c ) a s
s h o w n in FIG. 2 ( d) . A t r ig h t a nd l ef t ends in a dir ec tio n
o f p r o g r es s o f th e m a g netic h ea d 3 a r e m o u nted er a s e
h ea ds ( no t s h o w n) u s ed f o r p r ev enting er r o neo u s detec
tio n o n r ep r o du c tio n. S inc e th e er a s e h ea ds a r e l o c a ted
b eh ind th e m a g netic h ea d 3 in a dir ec tio n o f th e
p r o g r es s , a del a y c ir c u it 6 is p r o v ided to r eta r d a w r it
1 0
2 0
2 5
3 5
4 5
6 5
4
ing g a te s ig na l h w h ic h is f ed to th e er a s e h ea ds v ia a n
er a s e c ir c u it 5 .
In th e c a s e o f r ep r o du c ing a s ig na l f r o m th e ?o p p y
dis c 1 , a s ig na l i f r o m th e m a g netic h ea d 3 is ?r s t
detec ted, a nd is a m p l i?ed b y a p r ea m p l i?er 7 . Th en
no is e c o m p o nents a r e r em o v ed b y a l o w p a s s ?l ter 8
( s ee FIG. 2 ( e) ) , a nd a n o u tp u t s ig na l f r o m th e l o w p a s s
?l ter 8 is f ed to a dif f er entia to r / a m p l i?er 9 . A s ig na l t
dif f er entia ted w ith in th e dif f er entia to r / a m p l i?er 9 is
inp u tted to a c o m p a r a to r 1 0 a r r a ng ed to v a r y its o u tp u t
s ig na l g a s 0 to l o r 1 to 0 w h en th e v o l ta g e
o f th e inp u t s ig na l P c r o s s es z er o v o l t. Th e o u tp u t
s ig na l is th en inp u tted to a tim e-do m a in ?l ter 1 1 , a nd
w h en th e s ig na l g c h a ng es s u c h a s 0 to l o r 1
to 0 , a p u l s e is o u tp u tted. In th is w a y , a n o u tp u t s ig na l
j , w h ic h v a r ies in th e s a m e m a nner a s th e inp u t s ig na l
b , is p r o du c ed a nd is f ed to ex ter na l c ir c u its .
Ref er r ing no w to FIGS . 3 a nd 4 , a n em b o dim ent o f
th e ?o p p y dis c dr iv e u nit a c c o r ding to th e p r es ent in
v entio n w il l b e des c r ib ed, w h er e FIG. 3 is a b l o c k dia
g r a m a nd FIG. 4 is a w a v ef o r m c h a r t.
In FIG. 3 , th e r ef er enc e 1 2 a F is a ?o p p y dis c , i. e. a
?ex ib l e m a g netic r ec o r ding m ediu m , w h ic h is deta c h
a b l e f r o m th e ?o p p y dis c dr iv e u nit. Th is ?o p p y dis c ,
indic a ted a t th e r ef er enc e 1 2 0 , is o f no r m a l dens ity ty p e,
na m el y , it h a s a c o er s iv e f o r c e o f 3 0 0 Oer s ted f o r in
s ta nc e, a nd a th ic k nes s o f a m a g netic l a y er o f 2 . 5 m i
c r o m eter . Th e r ef er enc e 1 2 b is u s ed to indic a te a ?o p p y
dis c o f h ig h dens ity ty p e, h a v ing a c o er s iv e f o r c e o f 6 0 0
Oer s ted f o r ins ta nc e a nd a th ic k nes s o f a m a g netic l a y er
o f 1 . 5 m ic r o m eter . In th e f o l l o w ing des c r ip tio n, th es e
?o p p y dis c a r e s im p l y r ef er r ed to a s no r m a l dens ity
?o p p y dis c a nd a h ig h dens ity ?o p p y dis c . Fu r th er
m o r e, a m o de f o r h a ndl ing th e no r m a l dens ity ?o p p y
dis c 1 2 a a nd a no th er m o de f o r h a ndl ing th e h ig h dens ity
?o p p y dis c 1 2 b w il l b e r es p ec tiv el y r ef er r ed to a s no r
m a l dens ity m o de a nd h ig h dens ity m o de h er eina f ter .
Th e r ef er enc e 1 3 is a s p indl e m o to r w h ic h dr iv es th e
?o p p y dis c 1 2 a o r 1 2 1 2 . Th e s p indl e m o to r 1 3 is r es p o n
s iv e to a s ig na l f r o m a m o to r dr iv e c ir c u it 1 3 a r ec eiv ing
a s w itc h ing s ig na l ( DDM ) s o a s to c h a ng e th e r o ta
tio na l s p eed f r o m 3 0 0 r p m to 3 6 0 r p m o r v ic e v er s a .
Th e r ef er enc e 1 4 is a m a g netic h ea d a s s em b l y w h ic h
is c a p a b l e o f w r iting a nd r ea ding o n a nd f r o m th e ?o p p y
dis c s o f eith er no r m a l dens ity ty p e o r h ig h dens ity ty p e.
Th e r ef er enc e 1 5 is a w r ite c ir c u it w h ic h c o nv er ts a
w r iting da ta s ig na l b c o ntr o l l ed b y a w r iting g a te
s ig na l h , into a w r ite c u r r ent C s u ita b l e f o r eith er
no r m a l dens ity o r h ig h dens ity m o de in a c c o r da nc e
w ith a s w itc h ing s ig na l ( LS ) , a nd th is w r ite c u r r ent C
is f ed to th e m a g netic h ea d 1 4 a s s em b l y . A del a y c ir c u it
1 7 n a nd a n er a s e c ir c u it 1 6 a r e b o th p r o v ided f o r p r e
v enting er r o neo u s detec tio n o n r ep r o du c tio n in th e
s a m e m a nner a s in th e c o nv entio na l ex a m p l e, a nd th e
del a y tim e is c h a ng ed s o th a t a dif f er ent del a y tim e is
p r o v ided r es p ec tiv el y f o r no r m a l dens ity m o de a nd
h ig h dens ity m o de.
In th e c a s e th a t s ig na l s a r e r ep r o du c ed f r o m th e
?o p p y dis c s 1 2 a a nd 1 2 b , a s ig na l i f r o m th e m a g netic
h ea d a s s em b l y 1 4 is detec ted, w h ic h is a m p l i?ed b y a
p r ea m p l i?er 1 8 , a nd no is e c o m p o nents a r e r em o v ed b y
w a y o f a l o w p a s s ?l ter 1 9 . Th is l o w p a s s ?l ter 1 9 is
c o ntr o l l ed b y a f u r th er s w itc h ing s ig na l ( +LS ) s o a s to
s et a c u to f f f r eq u enc y th er eo f to b e s u ita b l e f o r eith er
h ig h dens ity o r no r m a l dens ity m o de, f o r ins ta nc e 3 0 0
K Hz o r 4 0 0 K Hz . Th is is ef f ec ted f o r c o r r ec ting c enter
f r eq u enc y dev ia tio n ( p ea k s h if t) o n r ep r o du c tio n a t a n
inner p o r tio n o f th e ?o p p y dis c .
4 , 6 5 6 , 5 3 3
5
A dif f er entia to r / a m p l i?er 2 0 s el ec ts a r es o na nt f r e
q u enc y , 3 5 0 K Hz o r 5 0 0 K Hz , w h ic h is s u ita b l e f o r h ig h
dens ity o r no r m a l dens ity m o de, in a c c o r da nc e w ith th e
s w itc h ing s ig na l LS s o a s to r edu c e th e c h a ng e in
g a in, r em o v ing u nnec es s a r y h ig h f r eq u enc y r a ng e no is e
th er eb y s u p p r es s ing j itter . Th e dif f er entia to r / a m p l i?er
2 0 dif f er entia tes its inp u t s ig na l a nd o u tp u ts a r es u l ta nt
dif f er entia ted s ig na l .
A c o m p a r a to r 2 1 h a s th e s a m e s tr u c tu r e a s th a t u s ed
in th e c o nv entio na l ex a m p l e, s o th a t its o u tp u t s ig na l
g c h a ng es s u c h a s 0 to l o r 1 to 0 , w h enev er
th e v o l ta g e o f its inp u t s ig na l f c r o s s es z er o v o l ts .
Th is o u tp u t s ig na l g is f ed to a tim e-do m a in ?l ter 2 2 ,
a nd w h en th e s ig na l g c h a ng es , a p u l s e s ig na l is o u t
p u tted s o a s to o u tp u t th e s a m e s ig na l j a s th e s ig na l
b . Th is s ig na l j is o u tp u tted a s a r ea d o u t p u l s e
s ig na l to a n ex ter na l c ir c u it. Th e tim e-do m a in ?l ter 2 2 is
r es p o ns iv e to th e s w itc h ing s ig na l LS s o a s to s w itc h
a m a l f u nc tio n-a v o iding c ir c u it b u il t in th e tim e-do m a in
?l ter 2 2 u s ing th e s w itc h ing s ig na l LS .
Th e r ef er enc e 2 3 v is a s w itc h ing s ig na l g ener a to r
w h ic h g ener a tes th e a b o v e-m entio ned th r ee k inds o f
s w itc h ing s ig na l s DDM , +LS a nd LS . Th e s w itc h
ing s ig na l g ener a to r 2 3 is r ep o ns iv e to a m a nu a l s w itc h
2 4 w h ic h m a y b e c o nnec ted to a p o w er s o u r c e s ide +B
o r g r o u nd s ide G. W h en a m o v a b l e c o nta c t o f th e m a n
u a l s w itc h 2 4 is tu r ned to p o w er s o u r c e s ide +B, a
p o s itiv e v o l ta g e is f ed to th e s w itc h ing s ig na l g ener a to r
2 3 . In th is w a y , l o g ic l ev el s o f th e th r ee s w itc h ing s ig
na l s DDM , LS a nd +LS a r e c o ntr o l l ed s o th a t
th ey a s s u m e eith er l o g ic 1 o r 0 . Th e m a nu a l s w itc h
2 4 is p r o v ided f o r des ig na ting eith er no r m a l dens ity o r
h ig h dens ity m o de s o a s to c o ntr o l th e entir e ?o p p y dis c
dr iv e u nit a c c o r ding to th e p r es ent inv entio n to b e s u it
a b l e f o r a ?o p p y dis c o f eith er o ne o f a s el ec ted dens ity
ty p e. A l th o u g h th e s w itc h ing b etw een no r m a l dens ity
m o de a nd h ig h dens ity m o de is m a nu a l l y ef f ec ted in th e
il l u s r a ted em b o dim ent, th is m a nu a l s w itc h 2 4 m a y b e
r ep l a c ed w ith a c ir c u it w h ic h p r o du c es h ig h o r l o w
s ig na l b y detec ting th e ty p e o f a u s ed ?o p p y dis c . Fo r
ins ta nc e, th e s w itc h 2 4 m a y b e r ep l a c ed w ith a h o s t
c o m p u ter w h ic h is r es p o ns iv e to a r ea d o u t s ig na l f r o m
th e u s ed ?o p p y . In th is c a s e, w h en th e r ea d o u t s ig na l
c a nno t b e r ec o g niz ed a s no r m a l da ta , th en it is deter
m ined th a t th e s et m o de is w r o ng , a nd a h ig h o r l o w
s ig na l is p r o du c ed to c a u s e th e s w itc h ing s ig na l g ener a
to r 2 3 to p r o du c e a p p r o p r ia te s w itc h ing s ig na l s w ith
w h ic h th e s et m o de is c h a ng ed to a no th er m o de.
In th e c a s e th a t th e no r m a l dens ity m o de h a s b een
s el ec ted o r des ig na ted, th e l o g ic l ev el s o f th es e s w itc h
ing s ig na l s a r e s u c h th a t DDM is o f l o g ic 0 , LS
b eing o f l o g ic 0 , a nd +LS b eing o f l o g ic 1 . On th e
o th er h a nd, in th e h ig h dens ity m o de, DDM is o f
l o g ic 1 , a nd +LS b eing o f l o g ic 0 . Th e p o l a r ity o f
DDM is a l w a y s th e s a m e a s th a t o f LS . Th e r ea s o n
th a t tw o s ig na l s DDM a nd LS v a r y ing identic a l l y
a r e p r o v ided is th a t it is des ir ed th a t th e m o to r dr iv e
c ir c u it 1 3 a , w h ic h c o ns u m es a r el a tiv el y l a r g e c u r r ent,
is f ed w ith th e s ig na l DDM , w h ic h is o f l a r g e c u r r ent
c a p a c ity . In o th er w o r ds , it is intended to ens u r e th e
a p p l ic a tio n o f a l a r g e-a m o u nt c u r r ent to th e m o to r dr iv e
c ir c u it 1 3 0 s ep a r a tel y f r o m th e s ig na l LS f ed to o th er
el ec tr o nic c ir c u its .
FIG. 4 s h o w s no r m a l dens ity da ta a l , a nd its c o r r e
s p o nding w r iting s ig na l b 1 , a s w el l a s h ig h dens ity da ta
a 2 a nd its c o r r es p o nding w r iting s ig na l b 2 . A s is u nder
s to o d f r o m FIG. 4 , th e w r iting s ig na l b 1 f o r no r m a l
2 0
2 5
3 0
3 5
4 5
5 0
5 5
6 0
6 5
6
dens ity a nd th e o th er w r iting s ig na l b 2 f o r h ig h dens ity
h a v e a n identic a l v o l ta g e a nd dif f er ent f r eq u enc ies .
Th e a b o v e-m entio ned em b o dim ent o p er a tes a s f o l
l o w s . W h en it is intended to r ec o r d o r r ep r o du c e a
s ig na l o n a nd f r o m th e ?o p p y dis c 1 2 a o f no r m a l dens ity
ty p e, th e m a nu a l s w itc h 2 4 s h o w n in FIG. 3 is tu r ned to
a no r m a l dens ity s ide, th en th e r o ta tio na l s p eed o f th e
s p indl e m o to r 1 3 is s et to 3 0 0 r p m , a nd th e w r ite c u r r ent
in th e w r iting c ir c u it 1 5 a s w el l a s th e er a s e c u r r ent in
th e er a s e c ir c u it 1 6 a r e b o th s et to v a l u es s u ita b l e f o r
no r m a l dens ity . Fu r th er m o r e, o n r ep r o du c tio n in no r
m a l dens ity m o de, th e c u to f f f r eq u enc y o f th e l o w p a s s
?l ter 1 9 is s et to 3 0 0 K Hz , w h il e th e r es o na nt f r eq u enc y
o f th e dif f er entia to r / a m p l i?er 2 0 is s et to 3 5 0 K Hz , th e
tim e c o ns ta nt o f th e tim e-do m a in ?l ter 2 2 b eing s et to
o ne h a l f th a t u s ed f o r h ig h dens ity ?o p p y dis c .
W h en th e h ig h dens ity ?o p p y dis c 1 2 b is u s ed, th e
m a nu a l s w itc h 2 4 is tu r ned to h ig h dens ity s ide. Th en
th e r o ta tio na l s p eed o f th e s p indl e m o to r 1 3 is c h a ng ed
to 3 6 0 r p m , w h il e th e w r iting s ig na l a nd th e er a s e s ig na l
a r e r es p ec tiv el y s et to v a l u es w h ic h a r e tw ic e a nd 1 . 4
tim es th e v a l u es s et f o r no r m a l dens ity m o de. Fu r th er
m o r e, th e c u to f f f r eq u enc y o f th e l o w p a s s ?l ter 1 9 is s et
to 4 0 0 K Hz , w h il e th e r es o na nt f r eq u enc y o f th e dif
f er entia to r / a m p l i?er 2 0 is s et to 5 0 0 K Hz , a nd th e tim e
c o ns ta nt o f th e tim e-do m a in ?l ter 2 2 is s et to a do u b l ed
v a l u e o f th e no r m a l dens ity v a l u e.
In th is w a y , eith er o f th e no r m a l dens ity ?o p p y dis c
1 2 a a nd th e h ig h dens ity ?o p p y dis c 1 2 b m a y b e u s ed
f o r w r iting a nd r ea ding w ith th e m a nu a l s w itc h 2 4 b eing
s u ita b l y o p er a ted. A s s h o w n in Ta b l e l , in th e no r m a l
dens ity f l o p p y dis c 1 2 0 , th e s to r a g e c a p a c ity is 1 M b y te,
da ta tr a ns f er s p eed b eing 2 5 0 K b it/ s ec , th e nu m b er o f
tr a c k s b eing 8 0 , th e th ic k nes s o f th e m a g netic l a y er
b eing 2 . 5 m ic r o m eter s . On th e o th er h a nd, in th e h ig h
dens ity f l o p p y dis c 1 2 b , th e s to r a g e c a p a c ity is 1 . 6 M
b y te, da ta tr a ns f er s p eed b eing S OOK b it/ s ec , th e nu m b er
o f tr a c k s b eing 7 0 , th e th ic k nes s o f th e m a g netic l a y er
b eing 1 . 5 m ic r o m eter s .
Th e em b o dim ent il l u s tr a ted in FIG. 3 w il l b e de
s c r ib ed in deta il in c o nnec tio n w ith r es p ec tiv e b l o c k s .
FIG. 5 s h o w s a b l o c k dia g r a m o f th e s w itc h ing s ig na l
g ener a to r 2 3 . In FIG. 5 , th e r ef er enc e 3 0 is a ter m ina l
f o r r ec eiv ing a LOW S PEED s ig na l w h ic h a s s u m es
l o g ic 0 o r 1 in a c c o r da nc e w ith th e s ta te o f th e
m a nu a l s w itc h 2 4 . In deta il , l o g ic ' 0 is a p p l ied to th e
3 0 ter m ina l w h en no r m a l dens ity m o de is s el ec ted, a nd
l o g ic 1 is a p p l ied to th e s a m e w h en h ig h dens ity is
s el ec ted. Th e r ef er enc e 3 1 is a ter m ina l to w h ic h a n
inter na l dr iv e s el ec t s ig na l +DS INT is a p p l ied. W h en
l o g ic 0 is a p p l ied to th e ter m ina l 3 1 , th e ?o p p y dis c
dr iv e u nit is p u t in o p er a b l e s ta te, a nd w h en l o g ic 1 is
a p p l ied to th e s a m e, th e u nit is dis a b l ed. Th e r ef er enc e
3 2 is a ter m ina l f o r r ec eiv ing a POW ER-ON-RES ET
s ig na l POR w h ic h a s s u m es l o g ic 0 w h en p o w er is
s u p p l ied. Th e r ef er enc e 3 3 is a D ?ip -?o p w h o s e o u tp u t
Q c h a ng es a s 0 to 1 o r 1 to 0 w h en a n inp u t
s ig na l a t T inp u t ter m ina l c h a ng es f r o m 1 to "0
w ith in a p er io d w h er e D inp u t ter m ina l r ec eiv es 1
s ig na l . Th e r ef er enc e 3 4 is a p u l l -u p r es is to r w h ic h h o l ds
th e v o l ta g e a t D ter m ina l a t 1 u nl es s th e LOW
S PEED v o l ta g e a t th e ter m ina l 3 0 b ec o m es 0 . Th e
r ef er enc e 3 5 is a p u l l -u p r es is to r w h ic h inh ib its s etting
o f th e D ?ip -?o p 3 3 . Th e r ef er enc e 3 6 is a b u f f er a m p l i
?er w h ic h p er f o r m s c u r r ent a m p l i?c a tio n o f a Q o u tp u t
o f th e D ?ip -?o p 3 3 . Th e r ef er enc e 3 7 is a p u l l -u p r es is
to r w h ic h h o l ds 1 u nl es s th e b u f f er a m p l i?er 3 6 p r o
du c es 0 . Th e r ef er enc e 3 8 is a c a p a c ito r w h ic h l o w er s
4 , 6 5 6 , 5 3 3
7
th e o u tp u t im p eda nc e o f th e b u f f er a m p l i?er 3 6 . Th e
r ef er enc e 3 9 is a ?r s t o u tp u t ter m ina l f o r th e l o w s ig na l
LS w h ic h a s s u m es l o g ic 0 in th e no r m a l dens ity
m o de. Th e r ef er enc e 4 0 is a n inv er ter w h ic h inv er ts th e
Q o u tp u t o f th e ?ip -?o p 3 3 s u c h a s 0 to 1 o r 1 to
0 . Th e r ef er enc e 4 1 is a p u l l -u p r es is to r w h ic h h o l ds
1 u nl es s th e inv er ter 4 0 p r o du c es O . Th e r ef er enc e
4 2 is a c a p a c ito r f o r l o w er ing th e o u tp u t im p eda nc e o f
th e inv er ter 4 0 . Th e r ef er enc e 4 3 is a s ec o nd o u tp u t
ter m ina l f o r th e o th er l o w s ig na l +LS a s s u m ing l o g ic
1 in th e no r m a l dens ity m o de. Th e r ef er enc e 4 4 is a
s w itc h ing tr a ns is to r o f np n ty p e. Th e r ef er enc e 4 5 is a
b ia s r es is to r c o nnec ted b etw een th e o u tp u t ter m ina l o f
th e inv er ter 4 0 a nd th e b a s e o f th e tr a ns is to r 4 4 . Th e
r ef er enc e 4 6 is a th ir d o u tp u t ter m ina l f o r o u tp u tting th e
dir ec t-dr iv e-m o to r -DDM s ig na l u s ed f o r s ta r ting a nd
s to p p ing th e s p indl e m o to r 1 3 . Th is th ir d o u tp u t ter m i
na l 4 6 is a n o p en-c o l l ec to r ter m ina l o f th e tr a ns is to r 4 4 .
Th e s w itc h ing s ig na l g ener a to r 2 3 o f FIG. 5 o p er a tes
a s f o l l o w s . W h en a p o w er s w itc h ( no t s h o w n) o f th e
u nit is tu r ned o n, th e ~ POR s ig na l a t th e ter m ina l 3 2
b ec o m es 0 . Th is 0 s ig na l is f ed to a r es et ter m ina l R
o f th e ?ip -?o p 3 3 s o a s to r es et th e s a m e s u c h th a t Q
o u tp u t a s s u m es a 0 s ta te. A s a u s er o r a n o p er a to r
s el ec t th e f l o p p y dis c dr iv e u nit s h o w n in FIG. 3 , +DS
INT s ig na l a t th e ter m ina l 3 1 b ec o m es 0 , a nd th en th e
v a l u e o f Q o u tp u t o f th e ?ip -?o p 3 3 v a r ies in a c c o r
da nc e w ith th e LOW S PEED s ig na l a p p l ied to th e
ter m ina l 3 0 . Na m el y , w h en LOW S PEED s ig na l a t
th e ter m ina l 3 0 is o f l o g ic 0 ( in th e no r m a l dens ity
m o de) , th e Q o u tp u t is 0 . On th e o th er h a nd, w h en
LOW S PEED s ig na l a t th e ter m ina l 3 0 is o f l o g ic 1
( in th e h ig h dens ity m o de) , th e Q o u tp u t a s s u m es 1 .
W h en Q o u tp u t is a 0 , th e ?r s t o u tp u t ter m ina l 3 9 is
0 , th e s ec o nd o u tp u t ter m ina l 4 3 b eing o f 1 , a nd th e
th ir d o u tp u t ter m ina l 4 6 b eing 0 . W h en Q o u tp u t is
1 , th e ?r s t o u tp u t ter m ina l 3 9 is 1 , th e s ec o nd o u t
p u t ter m ina l 4 3 b eing 0 , a nd th e th ir d o u tp u t ter m ina l
4 6 a s s u m ing a h ig h im p eda nc e.
FIG. 6 s h o w s th e w r ite c ir c u it 1 5 , th e del a y c ir c u it
1 6 , th e er a s e c ir c u it 1 7 , th e m a g netic h ea d a s s em b l y 1 4 ,
' a nd o th er p er ip h er a l c ir c u its . Th e w r ite c ir c u it is g ener
a l l y des ig na ted a t 1 5 , a nd c o m p r is es a w r iting c u r r ent
s w itc h ing c ir c u it 1 5 a , a r eg u l a ted p o w er s u p p l y c ir u c it
1 5 b , a nd a w r iting -dr iv ing c ir c u it 1 5 0 .
In th e w r iting c u r r ent s w itc h ing c ir c u it 1 5 0 o f FIG. 6 ,
th e r ef er enc e 3 9 indic a tes th e ?r s t s w itc h ing s ig na l
LS ter m ina l c o nnec ted to o r c o r r es p o nding to th e
LS s ig na l ter m ina l 3 9 s h o w n in FIG. 5 . Th e r ef er enc e
5 3 is a tr a ns is to r w h o s e b a s e is c o nnec ted v ia a r es is to r
5 2 to th e ter m ina l 3 9 . Th e r ef er enc e 5 5 is a no th er tr a n
s is to r w h o s e b a s e is c o nnec ted v ia a r es is to r 5 4 to th e
c o l l ec to r o f th e tr a ns is to r 5 3 . Betw een th e em itter a nd
b a s e o f th e tr a ns is to r 5 5 is c o nnec ted a r es is to r 5 6 , w h il e
tw o r es is to r s 5 7 a nd 5 8 c o nnec ted in s er ies a r e c o n
nec ted b etw een th e em itter a nd th e c o l l ec to r o f th e
s a m e. A v o l ta g e f r o m th e r eg u l a ted p o w er s u p p l y c ir
c u it 1 5 b is a p p l ied to th e em itter o f th e tr a ns is to r 5 5 .
In th e w r iting c u r r ent s w itc h ing c ir c u it 1 5 a , s inc e th e
LS s ig na l a t th e ter m ina l 3 9 is o f O in th e no r m a l
dens ity m o de, th e tr a ns is to r s 5 3 a nd 5 5 a r e m a de no n
c o ndu c tiv e. Th er ef o r e, th e v o l ta g e f r o m th e r eg u l a ted
p o w er s u p p l y c ir c u it 1 5 b is f ed v ia o nl y th e r es is to r 5 7
to th e w r iting -dr iv ing c ir c u it 1 5 c a s a c u r r ent I.
In th e h ig h dens ity m o de, s inc e th e - LS s ig na l a t th e
ter m ina l 3 9 b ec o m es 1 , th e tr a ns is to r s 5 3 a nd 5 5 b e
c o m e c o ndu c tiv e in th e w r iting c u r r ent s w itc h ing c ir
c u it 1 5 0 . A s a r es u l t, th e v o l ta g e f r o m th e r eg u l a ted
1 5
2 0
3 0
4 0
5 0
5 5
6 5
8
p o w er s u p p l y c ir c u it 1 5 b is f ed v ia th e em itter -c o l l ec to r
p a th o f th e tr a ns is to r 5 5 in p a r a l l el to th e r es is to r 5 7 .
A c c o r ding l y , th e to ta l c u r r ent I f ed into th e w r iting
dr iv ing c ir c u it 1 2 0 is de?ned b y a c o m b ined r es is ta nc e
v a l u e o f th e r es is to r s 5 7 a nd 5 8 , a nd th er ef o r e th e c u r
r ent I is g r ea ter th a n a c u r r ent de?ned b y o nl y th e r es is
to r 5 7 .
In th is w a y , th e c u r r ent I f ed to th e w r iting -dr iv ing
c ir c u it 1 5 0 is c o ntr o l l ed in a c c o r da nc e w ith th e l o g ic
l ev el o f th e s w itc h ing s ig na l LS a t th e ter m ina l 3 9 .
M o r e s p ec i?c a l l y , w h en th e LS s ig na l is o f 0 ( i. e.
no r m a l dens ity ) , a s m a l l c u r r ent ?o w s , a nd o n th e o th er
h a nd, w h en th e LS s ig na l is o f 1 ( i. e. h ig h dens ity ) ,
a l a r g e c u r r ent f l o w s .
In th e r eg u l a ted p o w er s u p p l y c ir c u it 1 5 b , th e r ef er
enc e 5 9 is a t +1 2 V ter m ina l , w h ic h is c o nnec ted v ia a
r es is to r 6 1 to b a s e o f a tr a ns is to r 6 0 , a nd a l s o v ia a r es is
to r 6 2 to c o l l ec to r o f th e tr a ns is to r 6 0 . Em itter o f th e
tr a ns is to r 6 0 is g r o u nded, w h il e th e c o l l ec to r o f th e
s a m e is c o nnec ted to b a s e o f a no th er tr a ns is to r 6 4 a nd to
c a th o de o f a z enner dio de 6 3 w h o s e a no de is g r o u nded.
Co l l ec to r o f th e tr a ns is to r 6 4 is c o nnec ted to th e +1 2 V
ter m ina l 5 9 , w h il e em itter o f th e s a m e is c o nnec ted to
em itter o f th e tr a ns is to r 5 5 o f th e w r iting c u r r ent
s w itc h ing c ir c u it 1 5 a .
Th e r eg u l a ted p o w er s u p p l y c ir c u it 1 5 b is a r r a ng ed
s u c h th a t b a s e o f th e tr a ns is to r 6 0 is o f 0 , a v o l ta g e is
o u tp u tted f r o m th e em itter o f th e tr a ns is to r 6 4 . Na m el y ,
w h en b a s e o f th e tr a ns is to r 6 0 is o f 0 , th e tr a ns is to r 6 0
is r ender ed no nc o ndu c tiv e, a nd th er ef o r e +1 2 V ?o w s
into th e z enner dio de 6 3 v ia th e r es is to r 6 2 . A s a z ener
v o l ta g e f r o m th e z ener dio de 6 3 is a p p l ied to b a s e o f th e
tr a ns is to r 6 4 , a r eg u l a ted v o l ta g e is o u tp u tted f r o m th e
em itter o f th e tr a ns is to r 6 4 .
Th e w r iting da ta ( s ee b 1 a nd b 2 in FIG. 4 ) h a v ing a
p u l s e w a v ef o r m is inp u tted to W RITE DA TA ter m ina l
6 5 o f th e w r iting -dr iv ing c ir c u it 1 5 0 . Th e r ef er enc e 6 7 is
a n inv er ter w h o s e inp u t is s et to +5 V, na m el y , l o g ic
1 s ta te, b ec a u s e o f c o nnec tio n v ia a r es is to r 6 6 to +5
V l ine, in th e c a s e no s ig na l is f ed to th e W RITE DA TA
ter m ina l 6 5 . Th e r ef er enc e 6 8 is a D ?ip -?o p w h o s e T
ter m ina l is c o nnec ted to a n o u tp u t ter m ina l o f th e in
v er ter 6 7 , a nd R ter m ina l b eing c o nnec ted to a n o u tp u t
ter m ina l o f a n OR g a te 7 1 .
One inp u t ter m ina l o f th e OR g a te 7 1 is c o nnec ted v ia
a b u f f er a m p l i?er 7 0 to a W RITE GA TE ter m ina l 6 9 ,
a nd th e o th er inp u t ter m ina l o f th e OR g a te 7 1 is c o n
nec ted v ia a no th er b u f f er a m p l i?er 7 3 to th e ter m ina l 3 1
r ec eiv ing th e DS INT s ig na l .
Th e a b o v e-m entio ned D ?ip -?o p 6 8 inv er s es its Q
o u tp u t w h en T inp p _ t tu r ns f r o m 1 to 0 s inc e in
v er ted inf o r m a tio n Q o f Q o u tp u t is inp u tted to th e D
inp u t. W ith th is o p er a tio n, th e D ?ip -?o p 6 8 div ides th e
f r eq u enc y o f T inp u t b y tw o .
Th e r ef er enc e 7 6 is a n inv er ter , w h o s e inp u t is c o n
nec ted to th e Q o u tp u t o f th e D ?ip -?o p 6 8 . Th e in
v er ter 7 6 dr iv es a tr a ns is to r 7 9 v ia a r es is to r 7 7 . Th e
tr a ns is to r 7 9 r ec eiv es a t its b a s e th e r eg u l a ted v o l ta g e,
i. e. o u tp u t f r o m th e tr a ns is to r 6 4 , th r o u g h a r es is to r 7 8 ,
a nd th e a b o v e-m entio ned w r iting c u r r ent I a t its em it
ter . Co l l ec to r o f th e tr a ns is to r 7 9 is g r o u nded v ia a
r es is to r 8 0 .
S im il a r l y , th e r ef er enc e 8 1 is a n inv er ter , w h o s e inp u t
is c o nnec ted to th e Q o u tp u t o f th e D ?ip -?o p 6 8 . Th e
inv er ter 8 1 dr iv es a tr a ns is to r 8 4 v ia a r es is to r 8 2 . Th e
tr a ns is to r 8 4 r ec eiv es a t its b a s e th e r eg u l a ted v o l ta g e,
i. e. o u tp u t f r o m th e tr a ns is to r 6 4 , th r o u g h a r es is to r 8 3 ,
a nd th e a b o v e-m entio ned w r iting c u r r ent I a t its em it
4 , 6 5 6 , 5 3 3
9
ter . Co l l ec to r o f th e tr a ns is to r 8 4 is g r o u nded v ia a
r es is to r 8 5 .
Betw een c o l l ec to r s o f th e tr a ns is to r s 7 9 a nd 8 4 is
p r o v ided a r es is to r 8 6 . Co l l ec to r o f th e tr a ns is to r 7 9 is
c o nnec ted v ia a dio de 8 7 to a w r ite/ r ea d c o il 1 0 1 o f a
?r s t m a g netic h ea d 1 0 0 . Th e c o l l ec to r o f th e tr a ns is to r
7 9 is f u r th er c o nnec ted v ia a no th er dio de 8 8 to a w r ite/
r ea d c o il 1 0 6 o f a s ec o nd m a g netic h ea d 1 0 5 . Th e ?r s t
a nd s ec o nd m a g netic h ea ds 1 0 0 a nd 1 0 5 a r e b o th in
c l u ded in th e m a g netic h ea d a s s em b l y 1 4 a s w il l b e
des c r ib ed h er einl a ter .
S im il a r l y , c o l l ec to r o f th e tr a ns is to r 8 4 is c o nnec ted
v ia a dio de 8 9 to a w r ite/ r ea d c o il 1 0 2 o f th e ?r s t m a g
netic h ea d 1 0 0 . Th e c o l l ec to r o f th e tr a ns is to r 8 4 is
f u r th er c o nnec ted v ia a no th er dio de 9 0 to a w r ite/ r ea d
c o il 1 0 7 o f th e s ec o nd m a g netic h ea d 1 0 5 .
Th e r ef er enc e 7 5 is a ter m ina l f o r r ec eiv ing th e POW
ER-ON-RES ET POR s ig na l a s s u m ing 0 f o r a
g iv en p er io d o f tim e im m edia tel y a f ter th e p o w er is
tu r ned o n. Th e r ef er enc e 7 4 is a NA ND g a te w h o s e o ne
inp u t is c o nnec ted to th e POR s ig na l ter m ina l 7 5 . To
th e o th er inp u t ter m ina l o f th e NA ND g a te 7 4 is c o n
nec ted to a n o u tp u t ter m ina l o f th e b u f f er a m p l i?er 7 3
r es p o ns iv e to th e inter na l dr iv e s el ec t DS INT s ig na l a t
th e ter m ina l 3 1 . A n o u tp u t ter m ina l o f th e NA ND g a te
7 4 is c o nnec ted to b a s e o f th e tr a ns is to r 6 0 .
Nex tl y , th e del a y c ir c u it 1 6 a nd th e er a s e c ir c u it 1 7
a l s o s h o w n in FIG. 6 w il l b e des c r ib ed. Th e r ef er enc e
1 1 0 is a n inp u t ter m ina l f o r r ec eiv ing a s ig na l ES W
indic a ting th a t er a s ing is p o s s ib l e. Th e r ef er enc e 4 3 is a
ter m ina l f o r r ec eiv ing th e s ec o nd s w itc h ing ter m ina l
( + LS ) a s s u m ing 1 in th e c a s e o f dr iv ing th e no r m a l
dens ity f l o p p y dis c 1 2 a . Th e r ef er enc e 1 1 3 is a n inte
g r a ted c ir c u it f u nc tio ning a s a m o no s ta b l e ( o ne-s h o t)
m u l tiv ib r a to r , w h ic h is s im p l y r ef er r ed to a s M S M V IC.
Th is M S M V IC 1 1 3 c o nnec ted to a n CR tim e-c o ns ta nt
deter m inining c ir c u it inc l u ding a r es is to r 1 1 2 a nd a
c a p a c ito r 1 1 8 , is c o nnec ted to a p o s itiv e v o l ta g e s o u r c e
ter m ina l +5 V s o th a t a n o u tp u t tim e o f th e o u tp u t
v o l ta g e is deter m ined b y th e tim e c o ns ta nt. Th e M S M V
IC 1 1 3 is r es p o ns iv e to ES W _ s ig na l : s ent th er eto v ia a
b u f f er 1 1 1 s u c h th a t it s ta r ts o u tp u tting a n o u tp u t v o l t
a g e w h en ES W tu r ns to 0 . In th e c a s e o f no r m a l
dens ity ?o p p y , s inc e th e s ig na l +LS a t th e inp u t ter m i
na l 4 3 is o f l o g ic 1 , a tr a ns is to r 1 1 6 w h o s e b a s e is
c o nnec ted v ia a r es is to r 1 1 5 to th e inp u t ter m ina l 4 3 ,
b ec o m es c o ndu c tiv e, a nd th er ef o r e a c a p a c ito r 1 1 7
c o nnec ted to c o l l ec to r o f th e tr a ns is to r 1 1 6 is g r o u nded.
A s a r es u l t, th e c a p a c ito r 1 1 7 is c o nnec ted in p a r a l l el to
th e c a p a c ito r 1 1 8 , inc r ea s ing c a p a c ita nc e deter m ining
th e tim e c o ns ta nt th er eb y c a u s ing th e M S M V IC 1 1 3 to
o u tp u t a l o ng er o u tp u t s ig na l th a n b ef o r e. Th is o u tp u t
s ig na l f r o m th e M S M V IC 1 1 3 is f ed to a NA ND g a te
1 1 9 a nd a NOR g a te 1 2 5 .
Th is NA ND g a te 1 1 9 r ec eiv es th e o u tp u t s ig na l f r o m
th e IC 1 1 3 a nd a l s o th e POR s ig na l f r o m th e inp u t
ter m ina l 7 5 , a nd a n o u tp u t ter m ina l o f th e NA ND g a te
1 1 9 is c o nnec ted v ia a r es is to r 1 2 0 to b a s e o f a tr a ns is to r
1 2 2 . Th is tr a ns is to r 1 2 2 r ec eiv es + 5 V f ed v ia a r es is to r
1 2 1 to b a s e th er eo f . Co l l ec to r o f th e tr a ns is to r 1 2 2 is
g r o u nded v ia a r es is to r 1 2 4 . A dio de 1 2 3 is c o nnec ted in
p a r a l l el w ith th e r es is to r 1 2 4 w h er e th e a no de o f th e
dio de is g r o u nded. Th e c o l l ec to r o f th e tr a ns is to r 1 2 2 is
f u r th er c o nnec ted to a no des o f dio des 1 2 6 a nd 1 2 7 . Th e
c a th o de o f th e dio de 1 2 6 is c o nnec ted to a n er a s e c o il
1 0 3 o f th e ?r s t m a g netic h ea d 1 0 0 , w h il e th e c a th o de o f
th e dio de 1 2 7 is c o nnec ted to a n er a s e c o il 1 0 8 o f th e
s ec o nd m a g netic h ea d 1 0 5 . A no is e r edu c ing c a p a c ito r
1 5
2 0
3 0
3 5
4 0
4 5
5 0
5 5
6 5
1 0
1 0 4 is c o nnec ted in p a r a l l el to th e er a s e c o il 1 0 3 . S im i
l a r l y , a no th er no is e r edu c ing c a p a c ito r 1 0 9 is c o nnec ted
in p a r a l l el to th e er a s e c o il 1 0 8 . W h en th e o u tp u t o f
A ND g a te 1 3 8 o r 1 4 0 tu r ns 0 , a c u r r ent is f ed f r o m
th e tr a ns is to r 1 2 2 to th e er a s e c o il 1 0 3 o r 1 0 8 s o a s to
p er f o r m er a s ing .
Th e er a s e c ir c u it 1 7 , w h ic h h a s b een p a r tia l l y de
s c r ib ed in th e a b o v e, w il l b e f u r th er des c r ib ed in deta il .
Th e r ef er enc e 3 9 is a n inp u t ter m ina l f o r r ec eiv ing LS
s ig na l a s s u m ing 0 in th e c a s e o f no r m a l dens ity
?o p p y . Th is ter m ina l 3 9 is c o nnec ted v ia a r es is to r 1 2 9
to b a s e o f a tr a ns is to r 1 3 0 s o th a t th e r es is to r 1 2 9 g iv es
a p p r o p r ia te b a s e b ia s . Em itter o f th e tr a ns is to r 1 3 0 is
g r o u nded, w h il e c o l l ec to r o f th e s a m e is c o nnec ted to a
b ia s r es is to r 1 3 1 . A p o s itiv e v o l ta g e s u p p l y ter m ina l +5
V is c o nnec ted to em itter o f th e tr a ns is to r 1 3 2 , a nd is
c o nnec ted v ia a r es is to r 1 3 3 to b a s e o f th e s a m e, a nd
f u r th er m o r e v ia r es is to r s 1 3 4 a nd 1 3 5 to th e c o l l ec to r o f
th e s a m e. A j u nc tio n c o nnec ting th e r es is to r s 1 3 4 a nd
1 3 5 is c o nnec ted to em itter o f th e tr a ns is to r 1 2 2 .
In th e er a s e c ir c u it 1 7 , s inc e th e tr a ns is to r 1 3 0 do es
no t b ec o m e c o ndu c tiv e w h en th e s ig na l LS is o f 0 ,
i. e. in th e c a s e o f no r m a l dens ity , th e tr a ns is to r 1 3 2 do es
no t a l s o b ec o m e c o ndu c tiv e. Th er ef o r e, +5 V is a p
p l ied v ia o nl y th e r es is to r 1 3 4 to em itter o f tr a ns is to r
1 2 2 . On th e o th er h a nd, w h en LS is o f 1 , i. e. in th e
c a s e o f h ig h dens ity , th e tr a ns is to r 1 3 0 b ec o m es c o ndu c
tiv e, a nd th er ef o r e th e tr a ns is to r 1 3 2 a l s o b ec o m es c o n
du c tiv e a l l o w ing th e +5 V to b e f ed to th e em itter o f
th e tr a ns is to r 1 2 2 v ia a p a r a l l el c ir c u it o f th e r es is to r s
1 3 4 a nd 1 3 5 .
Th e r ef er enc e 1 3 6 is a n inp u t ter m ina l f o r r ec eiv ing a
S IDE S ELECT s ig na l w h ic h a s s u m es l f o r dr iv ing
th e ?r s t m a g netic h ea d 1 0 0 a nd 0 f o r dr iv ing th e
s ec o nd m a g netic h ea d 1 0 5 . Th e r ef er enc e 1 3 7 is a n
inv er ter w h o s e inp u t ter m ina l is c o nnec ted to th e inp u t
ter m ina l 1 3 6 f o r r ec eiv ing th e S IDE S ELECT s ig na l ,
a nd w h o s e o u tp u t is c o nnec ted to inp u ts o f A ND g a tes
1 3 8 a nd 1 4 1 . Th e inp u t ter m ina l 1 3 6 is dir ec tl y c o n
nec ted to inp u ts o f A ND g a tes 1 3 9 a nd 1 4 0 . Th e o th er
inp u t ter m ina l s o f th e A ND g a tes 1 3 8 to 1 4 1 a r e a l l
c o nnec ted to th e o u tp u t o f th e NOR g a te 1 2 5 .
Th e r el a tio ns h ip b etw een th e A ND g a tes 1 3 8 to 1 4 1 ,
th e NOR g a te 1 2 5 , a nd th e S IDE S ELECT s ig na l a t
th e inp u t ter m ina l 1 3 6 a r e s u m m a r iz ed a s f o l l o w s :
( 1 ) W h en NOR g a te 1 2 5 = 0 , S IDE S E
LECT= O , s inc e o u tp u t o f th e inv er ter 1 3 7 is o f 1 ,
o u tp u ts o f A ND g a tes 1 3 8 , 1 4 0 a nd 1 4 1 = l , a nd o u t
p u ts o f A ND g a tes 1 3 9 = 0 .
( 2 ) W h en NOR g a te 1 2 5 : 0 , S IDE S E
LECT= 1 , s inc e o u tp u t o f th e inv er ter 1 3 7 is o f 0 ,
o u tp u ts o f A ND g a tes 1 3 9 , 1 4 0 a nd 1 4 1 : 1 , a nd o u t
p u ts o f A ND g a tes 1 3 8 = 0 .
( 3 ) W h en NOR g a te 1 2 5 = 1 , S IDE S E
LECT= 0 , s inc e o u tp u t o f th e inv er ter 1 3 7 is o f 0 ,
o u tp u ts o f A ND g a tes 1 3 8 , 1 3 9 a nd 1 4 0 = 1 , a nd o u t
p u ts o f A ND g a tes 1 4 1 = 0 .
( 4 ) W h en NOR g a te 1 2 5 : 1 , S IDE S E
LECT= 0 , s inc e o u tp u t o f th e inv er ter 1 3 7 is o f l ,
o u tp u ts o f A ND g a tes 1 3 8 , 1 3 9 a nd 1 4 1 = l , a nd o u t
p u ts o f A ND g a tes 1 4 0 = 0 .
Th e o p er a tio n o f th e NA ND g a tes 1 3 8 th r o u g h 1 4 1 is
a s f o l l o w s :
( 1 ) In th e c a s e th a t th e NA ND g a te 1 3 8 is o f 0 .
A v o l ta g e a t a c enter p o int o f c o il s 1 0 1 to 1 0 3 o f th e
?r s t m a g netic h ea d 1 0 0 o f th e h ea d a s s em b l y 1 4 b e
c o m es OV, a nd th er ef o r e o nl y th e er a s e c o il 1 0 3 o p er
4 , 6 5 6 , 5 3 3
1 1
a tes a l l o w ing th e ?r s t m a g netic h ea d 1 0 0 to a s s u m e
w r ita b l e s ta te.
( 2 ) In th e c a s e th a t th e NA ND g a te 1 3 9 is o f O .
A v o l ta g e a t a c enter p o int o f c o il s 1 0 6 to 1 0 8 o f th e
s ec o nd m a g netic h ea d 1 0 5 o f th e h ea d a s s em b l y 1 4
b ec o m es 0 V, a nd th er ef o r e o nl y th e er a s e c o il 1 0 8
o p er a tes a l l o w ing th e s ec o nd m a g netic h ea d 1 0 5 to
a s s u m e w r ita b l e s ta te.
( 3 ) In th e c a s e th a t th e NA ND g a te 1 4 0 is o f 0 .
A v o l ta g e a t a c enter p o int o f c o il s 1 0 1 to 1 0 3 o f th e
?r s t m a g netic h ea d 1 0 0 o f th e h ea d a s s em b l y 1 4 b e
c o m es 6 V, a nd th er ef o r e th e er a s e c o il 1 0 3 is dis a b l ed.
Th is is b ec a u s e no c u r r ent f l o w s into th e er a s e c o il 1 0 3
s inc e th e c enter p o int a s u m m es 6 V s inc e th e v a l u e o f
th e r es is to r 1 4 4 is m a de eq u a l to th a t o f th e r es is to r 1 4 2 .
A t th is tim e, th e ?r s t m a g netic h ea d 1 0 0 is in r ea da b l e
s ta te.
( 4 ) In th e c a s e th a t th e NA ND g a te 1 4 1 is o f 0 .
A v o l ta g e a t a c enter p o int o f c o il s 1 0 6 to 1 0 8 o f th e
s ec o nd m a g netic h ea d 1 0 5 o f th e h ea d a s s em b l y 1 4
b ec o m es 6 V, a nd th er ef o r e th e er a s e c o il 1 0 8 is dis
a b l ed. Th is is b ec a u s e no c u r r ent ?o w s into th e er a s e
c o il 1 0 8 s inc e th e c enter p o int a s u m m es 6 V s inc e th e
v a l u e o f th e r es is to r 1 4 5 is m a de eq u a l to th a t o f th e
r es is to r 1 4 3 . A t th is tim e, th e s ec o nd m a g netic h ea d 1 0 5
is in r ea da b l e s ta te.
Th e m a g netic h ea d a s s em b l y 1 4 c o m p r is es th e a b o v e
m entio ned ?r s t a nd s ec o nd m a g netic h ea ds 1 0 0 a nd 1 0 5
I w h ic h r es p ec tiv el y c o v er a f r o nt o r ?r s t s u r f a c e a nd a
'0 r ea r o r a s ec o nd s u r f a c e o f th e ?o p p y dis c 1 2 0 o r 1 2 b .
Th e ?r s t m a g netic h ea d 1 0 0 c o m p r is es th e w r ite/ r ea d
h ea ds 1 0 1 a nd 1 0 2 , th e er a s e c o il 1 0 3 a nd th e c a p a c ito r
1 0 4 . A l l th es e th r ee c o il s a r e c o ntr o l l ed a t th eir o ne ends
b y w a y o f a c o m m o n c o ntr o l l ine, w h il e th e o th er ends
r ec eiv e v o l ta g es s u c h th a t th e er a s e c o il 1 0 3 r ec eiv es 5
v o l ts , a nd th e w r ite/ r ea d h ea ds 1 0 1 a nd 1 0 3 r ec eiv e 1 2
v o l ts . On w r iting o p er a tio n, th e c o ntr o l l ine is o f 0 v o l t
( na m el y , NA ND g a te 1 3 8 is o f 0 a nd NA ND g a te 1 4 0
" is o f 1 ) , s o a s to dr iv e a l l th e w r ite/ r ea d h ea ds 1 0 1 ,
. 1 0 2 a nd th e er a s e h ea d 1 0 3 . On r ea ding o p er a tio n, th e
inc o ntr o l l ine is o f 6 v o l t ( na m el y , NA ND g a te 1 4 0 is o f
O a nd NA ND g a te 1 3 8 is o f 1 ) , a nd th er er ef o r e,
o nl y th e w r ite/ r ea d h ea ds 1 0 1 , 1 0 2 a r e dr iv e w ith o u t
dr iv ing th e er a s e h ea d 1 0 3 .
S im il a r l y , th e s ec o nd m a g netic h ea d 1 0 5 c o m p r is es
th e w r ite/ r ea d h ea ds 1 0 6 a nd 1 0 7 , th e er a s e c o il 1 0 8 a nd
th e c a p a c ito r 1 0 9 . A l l th es e th r ee c o il s a r e c o ntr o l l ed a t
th eir o ne ends b y w a y o f a c o m m o n c o ntr o l l ine, w h il e
th e o th er ends r ec eiv e v o l ta g es s u c h th a t th e er a s e c o il
1 0 8 r ec eiv es 5 v o l ts , a nd th e w r ite/ r ea d h ea ds 1 0 6 a nd
1 0 7 r ec eiv e 1 2 v o l ts . On w r iting o p er a tio n, th e c o ntr o l
l ine is o f 0 v o l t ( na m el y , NA ND g a te 1 3 9 is o f 0 a nd
NA ND g a te 1 4 1 is o f 1 ) , s o a s to dr iv e a l l th e w r ite/
r ea d h ea ds 1 0 6 , 1 0 7 a nd th e er a s e h ea d 1 0 8 . On r ea ding
o p er a tio n, th e c o ntr o l l ine is o f 6 v o l t ( na m el y , NA ND
g a te 1 4 1 is o f 0 a nd NA ND g a te 1 3 9 is o f 1 ) , a nd
th er ef o r e, o nl y th e w r ite/ r ea d h ea ds 1 0 6 , 1 0 7 a r e dr iv en
w ith o u t dr iv ing th e er a s e h ea d 1 0 8 .
Th e W r iting c ir c u it 1 5 , del a y c ir c u it 1 6 , th e er a s e
c ir c u it 1 7 a nd th e m a g netic h ea d a s s em b l y 1 4 a l l il l u s
tr a ted in FIG. 6 o p er a te a s f o l l o w s .
In FIG. 6 , da ta to b e w r itten ( s ee FIG. 2 ( b ) ) indi
c a ted a t W RITE DA TA is f ed to a da ta inp u t ter m ina l
6 5 . In th e c a s e o f w r ita b l e s ta te, a w r ite g a ting s ig na l
( s ee FIG. 2 ( b ) ) indic a ted a t W RITE GA TE is f ed to a
g a te inp u t ter m ina l 6 9 s o a s to c a nc el th e r es etting s ta te
o f th e D ?ip -?o p 6 8 th er eb y f r eq u enc y div iding th e
w r ite da ta ( FIG. 2 ( b ) ) b y tw o .
1 5
2 0
2 5
3 0
3 5
4 0
4 5
5 5
6 0
6 5
1 2
Fu r th er m o r e, in th e c a s e o f w r ita b l e s ta te, s inc e th e
DS INT s ig na l a t th e ter m ina l 3 1 a nd th e POR s ig na l
a t th e ter m ina l 7 5 a r e o f l , th e tr a ns is to r 6 0 r em a ins
no nc o ndu c tiv e. Th er ef o r e, a p o s itiv e v o l ta g e +1 2 V
a p p l ied to a ter m ina l 5 9 is r eg u l a ted b y th e r eg u l a ted
p o w er s o u r c e c ir c u it 1 5 b to b e f ed to th e w r iting s w itc h
ing c ir c u it 1 5 a .
Th e inp u t ter m ina l 3 9 o f th e w r iting s w itc h ing c ir c u it
1 5 0 r ec eiv es th e LS s ig na l w h ic h a s s u m es 0 in th e
c a s e o f no r m a l dens ity a nd 1 in th e c a s e o f h ig h den
s ity s o th a t th e w r iting c u r r ent I is c o ntr o l l ed s u c h th a t
a s m a l l w r iting c u r r ent ?o w ing o nl y th e r es is to r 5 7 in
th e c a s e o f no r m a l dens ity o r a l a r g e w r iting c u r r ent
?o w ing b o th th e r es is to r s 5 7 a nd 5 8 in th e c a s e o f h ig h
dens ity is f ed to th e w r iting dr iv e c ir c u it 1 5 c .
W r ite da ta o u tp u tted f r o m th e D ?ip -?o p 6 8 is a p
p l ied to w r ite/ r ea d c o il s 1 0 1 , 1 0 2 , 1 0 6 a nd 1 0 7 v ia di
o des 8 7 to 9 0 w ith th e w r iting c u r r ent I b eing c o ntr o l l ed
b y th e tr a ns is to r s 7 9 a nd 8 4 . W r iting o n th e ?o p p y dis c
1 2 0 o r 1 2 b is c o ntr o l l ed b y th e NA ND g a tes 1 3 8 o r 1 3 9
s u c h th a t o ne o f th e ?r s t a nd s ec o nd m a g netic h ea ds 1 0 1
a nd 1 0 5 is dr iv en.
Th e del a y c ir c u it 1 6 a nd th e er a s e c ir c u it 1 7 o p er a te
a s f o l l o w s . In th e del a y c ir c u it 1 6 , er a s a b l e-indic a ting
s ig na l ES W f ed to th e ter m ina l 1 1 0 is r eta r ded b y w a y
o f th e M S M V IC 1 1 3 . Th e del a y tim e p r o v ided b y th e
IC 1 1 3 c h a ng es dep ending o n a s el ec ted dens ity m o de
s u c h th a t th e del a y tim e is s w itc h ed to l o ng er v a l u e o r
to a s h o r ter v a l u e in r es p o ns e to +CS s ig na l f ed
th r o u g h th e ter m ina l 4 3 . A n o u tp u t s ig na l f r o m th e
del a y c ir c u it 1 6 is f ed v ia th e NOR g a te 1 2 5 to th e
NA ND g a tes 1 3 8 to 1 4 1 .
A n er a s e c u r r ent is f ed f r o m th e tr a ns is to r 1 2 2 v ia
dio des 1 2 6 a nd 1 2 7 to th e er a s e c o il s 1 0 3 a nd 1 0 8 . Th e
er a s e c u r r ent is s w itc h ed b y -LS s ig na l a t th e ter m ina l
3 9 s o th a t a s m a l l c u r r ent f ed v ia th e r es is to r 1 3 4 in th e
no r m a l dens ity m o de o r a l a r g e c u r r ent f ed v ia b o th
r es is to r s 1 3 4 a nd 1 3 5 in th e h ig h dens ity m o de is f ed to
th e er a s e c o il s 1 0 3 a nd 1 0 8 . Th e er a s e c u r r ent is a l s o
c o ntr o l l ed in th e s a m e m a nner a s th e w r ite c u r r ent b y
w a y o f NA ND g a tes 1 3 8 a nd 1 3 9 s u c h th a t o ne o f th e
?r s t a nd s ec o nd m a g netic h ea ds 1 0 0 a nd 1 0 5 is dr iv en a t
o ne tim e.
Du r ing r ea ding o u t th e W RITE GA TE s ig na l a t th e
ter m ina l 6 9 a nd th e ES W s ig na l a t th e ter m ina l 1 1 0
b o th b ec o m e 1 s o a s to c a u s e th e NOR g a te 1 2 5 to
p r o du c e 1 f o r c l o s ing NA ND g a tes 1 3 8 a nd 1 3 9 a nd
o p ening NA ND g a tes 1 4 0 a nd 1 4 1 . A t th is tim e, th e
v o l ta g e o f th e c o m m o n c o ntr o l l ine c o nnec ted to th e
c o il s 1 0 1 to 1 0 3 a nd 1 0 6 to 1 0 8 is r a is ed f r o m O V to 6 V
th er eb y dis a b l ing th e er a s e c o il s 1 0 3 a nd 1 0 8 to w h ic h 5
V h a s b een a p p l ied. A s a r es u l t, tw o o u t o f f o u r r ea d
c o il s 1 0 1 , 1 0 2 , 1 0 6 a nd 1 0 7 a r e dr iv en o n r ea ding m o de,
s o th a t a r ea d o u t s ig na l REA D 1 o r REA D 2 is der iv ed
f r o m o u tp u t ter m ina l s 1 5 1 a nd 1 5 0 .
No w , r ea ding c ir c u its w il l b e des c r ib ed w ith r ef er
enc e to FIGS . 6 ', 7 A , 7 B, 7 C a nd 8 .
In FIG. 6 , th e r ef er enc e 1 4 6 is a dio de c o nnec ted to
th e c o il 1 0 7 ; th e r ef er enc e 1 4 7 , a dio de c o nnec ted to th e
c o il 1 0 2 ; th e r ef er enc e 1 4 8 , a dio de c o nnec ted to th e c o il
1 0 6 ; a nd th e r ef er enc e 1 4 9 , a dio de c o nnec ted to th e c o il
1 0 1 . A no des o f th e dio des 1 4 6 a nd 1 4 7 a r e b o th c o n
nec ted to th e o u tp u t ter m ina l 1 5 0 f o r der iv ing REA D 2
s ig na l th er ef r o m . S im il a r l y , a no des o f th e dio des 1 4 8
a nd 1 4 9 a r e b o th c o nnec ted to th e o u tp u t ter m ina l 1 5 1
f o r der iv ing REA D 1 s ig na l th er ef r o m . Th es e o u tp u t
ter m ina l s 1 5 0 a nd 1 5 1 a r e r es p ec tiv el y c o nnec ted to
inp u t ter m ina l s o f a p r ea m p l i?er 1 8 s h o w n in FIG. 7 A .
4 , 6 5 6 , 5 3 3
1 3
FIG. 7 A a l s o s h o w s a l o w p a s s ?l ter 1 9 r es p o ns iv e to
o u tp u ts f r o m th e p r ea m p l i?er 1 8 . In Fig . 7 A , th e r ef er
enc es 1 5 2 a nd 1 5 3 a r e b ia s r es is to r s c o nnec ted to + 1 2 V
s o u r c e. Th es e b ia s r es is to r s 1 5 2 a nd 1 5 3 a r e p r o v ided
f o r b ia s ing th e c o il s 1 0 1 , 1 0 2 , 1 0 6 a nd 1 0 7 v ia th e dio des
1 4 6 to 1 4 9 r es p ec tiv el y . Th e r ef er enc e 1 5 4 is a r es is to r
w h ic h deter m ines th e inp u t im p eda nc e a c r o s s th e inp u t
ter m ina l s 1 5 1 a nd 1 5 0 .
Th e l o w p a s s ?l ter 1 9 r ec eiv es +PC ON s ig na l f ed to
a ter m ina l 1 5 6 , th e +LS s ig na l f ed to a ter m ina l 4 3 a nd
th e o u tp u t s ig na l s f r o m th e p r ea m p l i?er 1 8 , i. e. tw o
o u tp u ts f r o m a 2 -inp u t, 2 -o u tp u t ty p e o p er a tio na l a m p l i
?er 1 5 5 , a nd o u tp u ts LPF+ a nd LPF- s ig na l s a t o u t
p u t ter m ina l s 1 8 9 a nd 1 9 0 . Th e inp u t ter m ina l 1 5 6 f o r
r ec eiv ing th e +PC ON ( w r ite p r e-c o m p ens a tio n ON)
s ig na l is c o nnec ted v ia a b u f f er a m p l i?er 1 5 7 to a j u nc
tio n c o nnec ting dio des 1 7 0 a nd 1 7 1 . Th is +PC ON
s ig na l is f ed f r o m a tr a c k c o u nter w h ic h c o u nts th e
nu m b er o f s c a nned tr a c k s s o a s to detec t a p r es ent l o c a
tio n o f th e h ea d o n th e ?o p p dis c . M o r e s p ec i?c a l l y , th e
w h en th e nu m b er o f tr a c k s is f r o m O to 4 3 , th e +PC ON
s ig na l is o f 0 a nd w h en th e nu m b er o f tr a c k s is f r o m
4 4 to 7 6 , th en th e +PC ON s ig na l is o f 1 . W ith th is
+PC ON s ig na l a nd th e +LS s ig na l f ed to th e ter m ina l
4 3 , th e c u to f f f r eq u enc y o f th e l o w p a s s f il ter is in
c r ea s ed to a h ig h er v a l u e w h en th e ?o p p y dis c is o f h ig h
dens ity a nd a n inner tr a c k ( tr a c k 4 4 to tr a c k 7 6 ) is b eing
s c a nned.
Th e +LS s ig na l f ed to th e ter m ina l 4 3 is o f 1 in th e
c a s e o f no r m a l dens ity , a nd is f ed v ia a r es is to r 1 6 0 to
b a s e o f a tr a ns is to r 1 6 1 to r ender th e s a m e c o ndu c tiv e.
A p o s itiv e v o l ta g e +1 2 V is f ed v ia a r es is to r 1 7 6 to
a no des o f dio des 1 6 4 a nd 1 7 0 , a nd to a c a p a c ito r 1 7 7 .
Th e v o l ta g e 1 2 V is a l s o f ed v ia a r es is to r 1 8 1 to a no des
o f dio des 1 6 7 a nd 1 7 1 a nd to a c a p a c ito r 1 7 2 .
Ou tp u t s ig na l s f r o m th e o p er a tio na l a m p l i?er 1 5 5 o f
th e p r ea m p l i?er 1 8 a r e des ig na ted a t REA D 1 a a nd
REA D 2 a r es p ec tiv el y a nd a r e f ed v ia ter m ina l s 1 5 8
a nd 1 5 9 to th e l o w p a s s ?l ter 1 9 . Th e ter m ina l 1 5 8 is
c o nnec ted v ia a c o il 1 6 8 to th e c a p a c ito r 1 7 2 a nd b a s e o f
a tr a ns is to r 1 7 4 , w h il e th e ter m ina l 1 5 8 is c o nnec ted v ia
a r es is to r 1 6 2 to b a s e o f a tr a ns is to r 1 6 3 . Th e em itter o f
th e tr a ns is to r 1 6 3 is c o nnec ted to c a th o de o f th e dio de
1 6 4 , w h il e th e c o l l ec to r o f th e tr a ns is to r 1 6 2 is
g r o u nded. Th e em itter o f th e tr a ns is to r 1 7 4 is c o nnec ted
v ia a r es is to r 1 7 5 to th e p o s itiv e v o l ta g e + 1 2 V l ine.
Co l l ec to r o f th e tr a ns is to r 1 7 4 is g r o u nded w h il e b a s e
th er eo f is g r o u nded v ia a r es is to r 1 7 3 .
S im il a r l y , th e ter m ina l 1 5 9 is c o nnec ted v ia a c o il 1 6 9
to th e c a p a c ito r 1 7 7 a nd b a s e o f a tr a ns is to r 1 7 9 , w h il e
th e ter m ina l 1 5 9 is c o nnec ted v ia a r es is to r 1 6 5 to b a s e
. Of a tr a ns is to r 1 6 6 . Th e em itter o f th e tr a ns is to r 1 6 6 is
c o nnec ted to c a th o de o f th e dio de 1 6 7 , w h il e th e c o l l ec
to r o f th e tr a ns is to r 1 6 6 is g r o u nded. Em itter o f th e
tr a ns is to r 1 7 9 is c o nnec ted v ia a r es is to r 1 8 0 to th e p o s i
tiv e v o l ta g e + 1 2 V l ine. Co l l ec to r o f th e tr a ns is to r 1 7 9
is g r o u nded w h il e b a s e th er eo f is g r o u nded v ia a r es is to r
1 7 8 .
1 8 2 to c a p a c ito r s 1 8 4 , 1 8 7 a nd a r es is to r 1 8 5 w h o s e
o th er ter m ina l is g r o u nded. Th e o th er ter m ina l o f th e
c a p a c ito r 1 8 7 is c o nnec ted to th e o u tp u t ter m ina l 1 8 9
f r o m w h ic h th e LPF+s ig na l is der iv ed. S im il a r l y , em it
ter o f th e tr a ns is to r 1 7 9 is c o nnec ted v ia a c o il 1 8 3 to
c a p a c ito r s 1 8 4 , 1 8 8 a nd a r es is to r 1 8 6 w h o s e o th er ter
m ina l is g r o u nded. Th e o th er ter m ina l o f th e c a p a c ito r
1 8 8 is c o nnec ted to th e o u tp u t ter m ina l 1 9 0 f r o m w h ic h
th e LPF~ s ig na l is der iv ed.
Em itter o f th e tr a ns is to r 1 7 4 is c o nnec ted v ia a c o il
2 0
2 5
3 0
3 5
4 5
5 0
5 5
6 0
6 5
1 4
FIGS . 7 B a nd 7 C s h o w tw o eq u iv a l ent c ir c u its o f a
p a r t o f th e l o w p a s s ?l ter 1 9 s h o w n in FIG. 7 A . Th e
c ir c u it o f FIG. 7 B c o r r es p o nds to a p a r t o f th e l o w p a s s
?l ter 1 9 u s ed f o r no r m a l dens ity , w h il e th e c ir c u it o f
FIG. 7 C c o r r es p o nds to th e s a m e u s ed f o r h ig h dens ity .
Th e eq u iv a l ent c ir c u its o f FIGS . 7 B a nd 7 C r es p ec
tiv el y c o r r es p o nd to a p o r tio n b etw een inp u t ter m ina l s
1 5 8 a nd b a s e el ec tr o des o f th e tr a ns is to r s 1 7 4 a nd 1 7 9 .
A s w il l b e u nder s to o d f r o m FIG. 7 B, th e c a p a c ito r s 1 7 2
a nd 1 7 7 a r e c o nnec ted in s er ies , a nd th e r es is to r s 1 7 3
a nd 1 7 8 a r e c o nnec ted in s er ies . Th es e s er ies c ir c u its a r e
c o nnec ted in p a r a l l el b etw een th e b a s e el ec tr o des o f th e
tr a ns is to r s 1 7 4 a nd 1 7 9 . Th e c ir c u it a r r a ng em ent o f
FIG. 7 B is f o r m ed b ec a u s e th e tr a ns is to r 1 6 1 is m a de
c o ndu c tiv e s o th a t c a th o des o f th e dio des 1 7 0 a nd 1 7 1
a r e g r o u nded in r ec eip t o f th e +LS s ig na l w h ic h a s
s u m es 1 a t th is tim e.
On th e o th er h a nd, in th e c ir c u it o f FIG. 7 C, th e
c a p a c ito r s 1 7 2 a nd 1 7 7 a r e c o nnec ted to th e c o il s 1 6 8
a nd 1 6 9 to f o r m a b r idg e c ir c u it. Oth er s tr u c tu r e is th e
s a m e a s th a t in FIG. 7 B. In th is w a y , th e c u to f f f r e
q u enc y o f th e l o w p a s s ?l ter 1 9 is deter m ined r es p ec
tiv el y f o r no r m a l dens ity m o de a nd h ig h dens ity m o de
b y th e c ir c u it a r r a ng m ents o f FIGS . 7 B a nd 7 C s u c h
th a t th e c u to f f f r eq u enc y is c h a ng ed in r es p o ns e to th e
+LS s ig na l f ed to th e ter m ina l 4 3 .
Th e p r ea m p l i?er 1 8 a nd th e l o w p a s s ?l ter 1 9 o f FIG.
7 A o p er a te a s f o l l o w s . Gener a l l y s p ea k ing , b o th s ides o f
a ?o p p y dis c a r e no t s im u l ta neo u s l y s c a nned f o r r ep r o
du c tio n, a nd th er ef o r e o nl y a s ing l e r ea ding o u t c ir c u it
is r eq u ir ed. Th er ef o r e, r ep r o du c tio n c a n b e ef f ec ted
w ith a s ing l e r ea ding o u t c ir c u it c o m b ining th e ?r s t a nd
s ec o nd m a g netic h ea ds 1 0 0 a nd 1 0 5 into a s ing l e s y s tem .
Inf o r m a tio n r ea d o u t b y w a y o f c o il s 1 0 1 , 1 0 2 , 1 0 6
a nd 1 0 7 is f ed v ia dio des 1 4 6 to 1 4 9 to th e o p er a tio na l
a m p l i?er 1 5 5 o f th e p r ea m p l i?er 1 8 . One o u tp u t REA D
1 a f r o m th e o p er a tio na l a m p l i?er 1 5 5 is f ed v ia a l o w
p a s s ?l ter f o r m ed o f th e c o il 1 6 8 a nd th e c a p a c ito r 1 7 2
to th e tr a ns is to r 1 7 4 . Th e o th er o u tp u t REA D 2 A f r o m
th e o p er a tio na l a m p l i?er 1 5 5 is f ed v ia a l o w p a s s ?l ter
f o r m ed o f th e c o il 1 6 9 a nd th e c a p a c ito r 1 7 7 to th e
tr a ns is to r 1 7 9 .
A s des c r ib ed in th e a b o v e, in th e no r m a l dens ity
m o de s inc e +LS s ig na l is o f l , th e tr a ns is to r 1 6 1 is
r ender ed c o ndu c tiv e. A s a r es u l t, c u r r ent ?o w s f r o m
th e p o s itiv e v o l ta g e + 1 2 V l ine v ia th e r es is to r 1 7 6 , th e
dio de 1 7 0 a nd th e tr a ns is to r 1 6 1 to g r o u nd. S im il a r l y ,
c u r r ent a l s o ?o w s f r o m th e p o s itiv e v o l ta g e +1 2 V l ine
v ia th e r es is to r 1 8 1 , th e dio de 1 7 1 a nd th e tr a ns is to r 1 6 1
to g r o u nd. A t th is tim e, th e dio des 1 6 4 a nd 1 6 7 a nd th e
tr a ns is to r s 1 6 3 a nd 1 6 6 a r e a l l r ev er s e b ia s ed, a nd th er e
f o r e do no t o p er a te. Fo r th is r ea s o n, in th e no r m a l den
s ity m o de th e eq u iv a l ent c ir c u it o f FIG. 7 B is f o r m ed.
On th e o th er h a nd, in th e h ig h dens ity m o de, th e
+LS s ig na l tu r ns 0 r ender ing th e tr a ns is to r 1 6 1 no n
c o ndu etiv e. Ho w ev er , in th e c a s e th a t th e +PC ON
s ig na l f ed to th e ter m ina l 1 5 6 is o f 0 r ep r es enting h ea d
p o s itio n a s tr a c k 0 to tr a c k 4 3 o n a ?o p p y dis c , th e
o u tp u t o f th e b u f f er a m p l i?er 1 5 7 is o f 0 . A s a r es u l t,
th e c ir c u it o f FIG. 7 B c a n b e a p p l ied a s it is . W h en th e
h ea d p o s itio n is b etw een tr a c k 4 4 a nd tr a c k 7 6 o f th e
?o p p y dis c 1 2 b , th e +PC ON s ig na l is o f 1 . Th er e
f o r e, th e c u r r ent f r o m th e p o s itiv e v o l ta g e + 1 2 V l ine
c a nno t p a s s th r o u g h th e dio de 1 7 0 a f ter p a s s ing th r o u g h
th e r es is to r 1 7 6 , a nd th u s p a s s es th r o u g h th e dio de 1 6 4
a nd th e tr a ns is to r 1 6 3 . S im il a r l y , th e c u r r ent f r o m th e
p o s itiv e v o l ta g e + 1 2 V l ine c a nno t p a s s th r o u g h th e
dio de 1 7 1 a f ter p a s s ing th r o u g h th e r es is to r 1 8 1 , a nd
4 , 6 5 6 , 5 3 3
1 5
th u s p a s s es th r o u g h th e dio de 1 6 7 a nd th e tr a ns is to r 1 6 6 .
A s a r es u l t, th e c ir c u it o f FIG. 7 C is f o r m ed in th e c a s e
o f h ig h dens ity .
Co il s 1 8 2 , 1 8 3 , c a p a c ito r 1 8 4 a r e u s ed f o r c o r r ec ting
f r eq u enc y r es p o ns e o f th e l o w p a s s ?l ter 1 9 .
Ref er enc e is no w m a de to FIG. 8 w h ic h s h o w s th e
dif f er entia to r / a m p l i?er 2 0 o f FIG. 6 . In FIG. 8 , th e
r ef er enc e 3 9 is a n inp u t ter m ina l f o r r ec eiv ing th e LS
s ig na l a s s u m ing 0 in th e c a s e o f no r m a l dens is ty a nd
1 in th e c a s e o f h ig h dens ity . Th e r ef er enc es 2 0 1 , 2 0 2
a nd 2 0 4 a r e b ia s r es is to r s f o r a tr a ns is to r 2 0 3 . Th e r ef er
enc e 2 0 5 is a b ia s r es is to r f o r a n FET ( Fiel d Ef f ec t
Tr a ns is to r ) 2 0 6 . A c r o s s th e s o u r c e a nd dr a in o f th e FET
2 0 6 is c o nnec ted a s er ies c ir c u it o f c a p a c ito r s 2 0 7 a nd
2 0 8 . A r es is to r 2 0 9 is c o nnec ted in p a r a l l el to th e c a p a c i
to r 2 0 8 . A s er ies c ir c u it o f a r es is to r 2 1 0 , a s em i-?x ed
r es is to r 2 1 3 a nd a c o il 2 1 1 is a l s o c o nnec ted in p a r a l l el
w ith th e c a p a c ito r 2 0 8 . A m o v a b l e c o nta c t o f th e s em i
?x ed r es is to r 2 1 3 is c o nnec ted v ia a r es is to r 2 1 2 to
g r o u nd. .
Th e LPF+s ig na l f r o m th e l o w p a s s ?l ter 1 9 is f ed v ia
th e ter m ina l 1 8 9 to b a s e o f a tr a ns is to r 1 9 1 , w h il e th e
LPF- s ig na l is f ed v ia th e ter m ina l 1 9 0 to b a s e o f a
tr a ns is to r 1 9 4 . Co l l ec to r s o f th e tr a ns is to r s 1 9 1 a nd 1 9 4
a r e r es p ec tiv el y c o nnec ted to ( tw o inp u t ter m ina l s o f th e
c o m p a r a to r 2 1 , a nd a r e f u r th er c o nnec ted v ia r es p ec tiv e
r es is to r s 1 9 2 a nd 1 9 5 to a p o s itiv e v o l ta g e l ine + 1 2 V.
Eitter s o f th e tr a ns is to r s 1 9 1 a nd 1 9 4 a r e r es p ec tiv el y
c o nnec ted v ia c o ns ta nt-c u r r ent s o u r c es 1 9 3 a nd 1 9 6 to
g r o u nd. Em itter o f th e tr a ns is to r 1 9 1 is c o nnec ted to
o ne ter m ina l o f th e s em i-?x ed r es is to r 2 1 3 , w h iel em itter
o f th e tr a ns is to r 1 9 4 is c o nnec ted to th e o th er ter m ina l
o f th e th e s a m e.
Th e c o m p a r a to r 2 1 a nd th e tim e-do m a in ?l ter 2 2 a l s o
s h o w n in FIG. 8 w il l b e des c r ib ed. In FIG. 8 , LS
s ig na l f ed to th e ter m ina l 3 9 is f ed v ia a b ia s r es is to r 2 2 6
to b a s e o f a tr a ns is to r 2 2 7 w h o s e em itter is g r o u nded.
Co l l ec to r o f th e tr a ns is to r 2 2 7 is c o nnec ted v ia a r es is to r
2 2 8 to b a s e o f a tr a ns is to r 2 2 9 . A b ia s r es is to r 2 3 0 is
c o nnec ted b etw een b a s e a nd em itter o f th e tr a ns is to r
. 2 2 9 , w h il e a s er ies c ir c u it o f r es is to r s 2 3 1 a nd 2 3 2 is
' c o nnec ted b etw een c o l l ec to r a nd em itter o f th e s a m e. A
j u nc tio n b etw een th e r es is to r s 2 3 1 a nd 2 3 2 is c o nnec ted
to a ter m ina l o f a M S M V 2 2 1 . Th e j u nc tio n is a l s o
c o nnec ted v ia a c a p a c ito r 2 3 3 to a no th er ter m ina l o f th e
M S M V 2 2 1 . A p o s itiv e v o l ta g e +1 2 V l ine is c o n
nec ted v ia a r es is to r 2 3 4 to em itter o f th e tr a ns is to r 2 2 9 ,
w h er e th e em itter is a l s o c o nnec ted v ia a z enner dio de
2 3 5 to g r o u nd. Th e em itter o f th e tr a ns is to r 2 2 9 is f u r
th er c o nnec ted v ia a r es is to r 2 3 6 to a ter m ina l o f a n
o th er M S M V 2 2 3 . A c a p a c ito r 2 3 7 is inter p o s ed b e
tw een th e ter m ina l o f th e M S M V 2 2 3 a nd a no th er ter
m ina l o f th e s a m e.
Th e c o m p a r a to r 2 1 is a v o l ta g e c o m p a r a to r s o a s to
p r o du c e a n o u tp u t v o l ta g e a s th e r es u l t o f c o m p a r is o n
b etw een tw o inp u t v o l ta g es . Th e o u tp u t ter m ina l o f th e
c o m p a r a to r 2 1 is c o nnec ted to a n inp u t ter m ina l o f a
p u l s e g ener a to r 2 2 0 a nd to D inp u t ter m ina l o f a D
?ip -?o p 2 2 2 . Th e p u l s e g ener a to r 2 2 0 is r es p o ns iv e to
th e o u tp u t v o l ta g e f r o m th e c o m p a r a to r 2 1 s o a s to
p r o du c e a s ing l e p u l s e o f s h o r t w idth w h en th e p o l a r ity
o f th e c o m p a r a to r o u tp u t c h a ng es . Th e M S M V 2 2 1 is
r es p o ns iv e to th e s h o r t p u l s e f r o m th e p u l s e g ener a to r
2 2 0 s o a s to p r o du c e a s ig na l h a v ing a tim e l eng th deter
m ined b y a tim e c o ns ta nt w h ic h is deter m ined b y th e
v a l u es o f th e c a p a c ito r 2 3 3 a nd th e r es is to r s 2 3 2 a nd
2 3 1 . A n o u tp u t ter m ina l o f th e M S M V 2 2 1 is c o nnec ted
to T inp u t ter m ina l o f th e D ?ip -f l o p 2 2 2 . Ou tp u t Q o f
2 0
2 5
3 5
5 0
6 5
1 6
th e D ?ip -?o p 2 2 2 is inv er ted w h en th e s ig na l a t th e T
inp u t ter m ina l is inv er ted w h en th e s ig na l a t D inp u t
ter m ina l is o f l . Th e o u tp u t Q f r o m th e D ?ip -?o p is
f ed to a no th er M S M V 2 2 3 to c a u s e th e s a m e to p r o du c e
a n o u tp u t s ig na l o f a g iv en tim e l eng th w h en th e o u tp u ts
Q a nd Q a r e inv er ted. Th e tim e l eng th o f th e o u tp u t
s ig na l is deter m ined b y a tim e c o ns ta nt w h ic h is deter
m ined b y th e v a l u es o f th e c a p a c ito r 2 3 7 a nd th e r es is to r
2 3 6 .
A n o u tp u t s ig na l f r o m th e M S M V 2 2 3 is f ed to a n
inp u t ter m ina l o f a NA ND g a te 2 2 4 w h o s e a no th er
inp u t ter m ina l r ec eiv es a +REA D ENA BLE s ig na l
f r o m a ter m ina l 2 2 5 . Th er ef o r e, th e o u tp u t s ig na l f r o m
th e M S M V 2 2 4 is f ed to a n o u tp u t ter m ina l 2 2 6 a s
REA D DA TA w h en +REA D ENA BLE s ig na l is o f
6 1 , .
Th e dif f er entia to r / a m p l i?er 2 0 , c o m p a r a to r 2 1 a nd
tim e-do m a in ?l ter 2 2 o f FIG. 8 o p er a te a s f o l l o w s . Th e
o u tp u t s ig na l s LPF+ a nd LPF- f r o m th e l o w p a s s
?l ter 1 9 o f FIG. 7 A a r e f ed v ia ter m ina l s 1 8 9 a nd 1 9 0 to
tr a ns is to r s 1 9 1 a nd 1 9 4 r es p ec tiv el y . In th e c a s e o f h ig h
dens ity , th es e s ig na l s f ed to th e tr a ns is to r s 1 9 1 a nd 1 9 4
a r e dif f er entia ted b y w a y o f th e c o il 2 1 1 a nd th e c a p a c i
to r 2 0 7 o r 2 0 8 ( s ee s ig na l f in FIG. 2 ) .
In th e c a s e o f no r m a l dens ity , s inc e th e LS s ig na l is
o f 0 , th e tr a ns is to r 2 0 3 is m a de no nc o ndu c tiv e c a u s
ing th e FET 2 0 6 to b e c o ndu c tiv e. A s a r es u l t, a dif f er
entia to r is f o r m ed o f a p a r a l l el c ir c u it o f th e c a p a c ito r s
2 0 7 a nd 2 0 8 , a nd th e c o il 2 1 1 . A r es o na nt f r eq u enc y o f
a n LC c ir c u it f o r m ed o f th e p a r a l l el c a p a c ito r s 2 0 7 a nd
2 0 8 , a nd th e c o il 2 1 1 in th e c a s e o f no r m a l dens ity is
l o w er th a n th e a r es o na nt f r eq u enc y o f a n LC c ir c u it
f o r m ed o f th e c a p a c ito r 2 0 8 a nd th e c o il 2 1 1 b ec a u s e a
r es o na nc e f r eq u enc y f is g iv en b y th e f o l l o w ing eq u a
tio n, a nd b ec a u s e th e v a l u e o f c a p a c ita nc e in h ig h den
s ity is g r ea ter th a n th a t in no r m a l dens ity :
1
2 1 r LC
w h er ein L a nd C r es p ec tiv el y indic a te indu c ta nc e a nd
c a p a c ita nc e.
Dif f er entia ted s ig na l s a r e th en f ed to th e c o m p a r a to r
2 1 to b e c o m p a r ed w ith ea c h o th er s o th a t a n o u tp u t
s ig na l f r o m th e c o m p a r a to r 2 1 is inv er ted w h en th e
p o l a r ity o f th e tw o inp u t s ig na l s is inv er ted ( s ee w a v e
f o r m t in FIG. 2 ) .
Th e o u tp u t s ig na l f r o m th e c o m p a r a to r 2 1 is f ed v ia
th e p u l s e g ener a to r 2 2 0 , M S M V 2 2 1 , D ?ip -?o p 2 2 2 to
a no th er M S M V 2 2 3 . Th is c ir c u it a r r a ng em ent o f th e
p u l s e g ener a to r 2 2 0 , M S M V 2 2 1 , a nd D ?ip -?o p 2 2 2 is
p r o v ided f o r p r ev enting c enter s a g p o r tio ns f 1 , f 2 , f 3 o f
th e o u tp u t s ig na l f r o m th e dif f er entia to r / a m p l i?er 2 0
( s ee w a v ef o r m f in FIG. 2 ) f r o m b ec o m ing a c a u s e o f
m a l f u nc tio n du e to no is e a s f o l l o w s .
Th e c o m p a r a to r o u tp u t is ?r s t f ed to th e p u l s e g ener
a to r 2 2 0 s o th a t a s h o r t p u l s e is p r o du c ed w h en th e
p o l a r ity o f th e o u tp u t s ig na l f r o m th e c o m p a r a to r 2 1 is
c h a ng ed. Th e M S M V 2 2 1 is tr ig g er d b y th e s h o r t p u l s e
f r o m th e p u l s e g ener a to r 2 2 0 w h er e th e o u tp u t s ig na l
f r o m th e M S M V 2 2 1 is o f dif f er ent tim e l eng th f o r
no r m a l dens ity a nd h ig h dens ity .
In th e c a s e o f no r m a l dens ity , LS s ig na l a t th e
ter m ina l 3 9 is o f 0 r ender ing th e tr a ns is to r 2 2 9 no n
c o ndu c tiv e, a nd th er ef o r e, th e tim e c o ns ta nt f o r th e
M S M V 2 2 1 is deter m ined b y th e c a p a c ito r 2 3 3 a nd th e
r es is to r 2 3 2 . On th e o th er h a nd, in th e c a s e o f h ig h
4 , 6 5 6 , 5 3 3
1 7
dens ity , s inc e LS s ig na l is o f l r ender ing th e tr a n
s is to r 2 2 9 c o ndu c tiv e, th e tim e c o ns ta nt is deter m ined
b y th e c a p a c ito r 2 2 3 a nd a c o m b ined r es is ta nc e o f th e
r es is to r s 2 3 2 a nd 2 3 1 .
Th e D ?ip -?o p 2 2 3 is a r r a ng ed to b e tr ig g er ed a t its
T inp u t a t th e end o f p u l s e f r o m th e M S M V 2 2 1 . Th er e
f o r e, ev en if no is e is m ix ed w ith th e c enter s a g p o r tio ns
( s ee f , f 2 , f 3 in w a v ef o r m f in FIG. 2 ) o f th e o u tp u t
s ig na l f r o m th e dif f er entia to r / a m p l i?er 2 0 , th e D ?ip
?o p is p r ev ented f r o m m a l f u nc tio ning s inc e s u c h no is e
inter f er enc e is m a s k ed a nd ig no r ed b y th e w idth o f th e
o u tp u t p u l s e f r o m th e M S M V 2 2 1 .
Th e o u tp u t s ig na l f r o m th e D ?ip -?o p 2 2 2 is w a v e
f o r m s h a p ed b y th e M S M V 2 2 3 , a nd in th e c a s e o f
r ea da b l e s ta te, th e REA D ENA BLE s ig na l is o f 1 s o
th a t th e o u tp u t s ig na l f r o m th e M S M V is o u tp u tted a s
REA D DA TA v ia th e o u tp u t ter m ina l 2 2 6 .
FIG. 9 s h o w s th e m o to r dr iv e c ir c u it 1 3 0 il l u s tr a ted
a s a b l o c k in FIG. 3 . Th e m o to r dr iv e c ir c u it 1 3 a is
a r r a ng ed to dr iv e th e m o to r 1 3 w h ic h is a dir ec t dr iv e
ty p e, a nd w h ic h c o m p r is es a r o ta tio na l s p eed c o ntr o l
integ r a ted c ir c u it ( IC) 2 4 0 , a m o to r dr iv e integ r a ted
c ir c u it ( IC) 2 4 1 , a nd p er ip h er a l c ir c u its a nd el em ents .
A s th e IC 2 4 0 m a y b e u s ed o ne k no w n a s p . PC4 3 l 0 4 3 C
o r a n eq u iv a l ent, w h il e a s th e IC 2 4 1 m a y b e u s ed o ne
k no w n a s TA -7 2 4 5 A P o r a n eq u iv a l ent. Th e r ef er enc e
2 4 2 is a n inp u t ter m ina l f o r r ec eiv ing DDM s ig na l
w h ic h a s s u m es 0 o n no r m a l dens ity a nd 1 o n h ig h
dens ity . Th e r ef er enc e 2 4 3 is a n inp u t ter m ina l f o r r e
c eiv ing a M OTOR ON s ig na l w h ic h b ec o m es 1 w h en
dr iv ing th e m o to r 1 3 . Th e r ef er enc e 2 4 4 is a ter m ina l f o r
r ec eiv ing a p o s itiv e v o l ta g e +1 2 V. Th e r ef er enc e 2 4 5
is a f r eq u enc y g ener a to r F. G. o r a ta c h o g ener a to r a s s o
c ia ted w ith th e m o to r 1 3 . In deta il , th e f r eq u enc y g ener
a to r 2 4 5 c o m p r is es a p er m a nent m a g net a r r a ng ed to
r o ta te to g eth er w ith th e m o to r s h a f t, a nd a c o m b -l ik e
p r inted c o ndu c to r p a tter n w h ic h g ener a tes a v o l ta g e a s
th e p er m a nent m a g net p a s s es th er eb y . Th e r ef er enc e
2 4 6 is a p r ea m p l i?er b u il t in th e IC 2 4 0 , a nd th is p r ea m
p l i?er 2 4 6 is r es p o ns iv e to a n o u tp u t s ig na l f r o m th e
f r eq u enc y g ener a to r 2 4 5 a t its no ninv er ting inp u t ( +) .
Th e o u tp u t ter m ina l o f th e p r ea m p l i?er 2 4 6 is c o n
nec ted v ia a r es is to r 2 5 0 to its inv er ting inp u t ter m ina l
( ) w h ic h is c o nnec ted v ia a s er ies c ir c u it o f a r es is to r
2 4 9 a nd a c a p a c ito r 2 4 8 to th e o th er ter m ina l o f th e
f r eq u enc y g ener a to r 2 4 5 . Th e o th er ter m ina l o f th e
f r eq u enc y g ener a to r 2 4 5 is c o nnec ted v ia a c a p a c ito r
2 4 7 to g r o u nd.
A s er ies c ir c u it o f a c a p a c ito r 2 5 1 a nd a r es is to r 2 5 2 is
c o nnec ted in p a r a l l el w ith th e r es is to r 2 5 0 . Th e o u tp u t
ter m ina l o f th e p r ea m p l i?er 2 4 6 is c o nnec ted v ia a c a
p a c ito r 2 5 3 to a n inv er ting inp u t ter m ina l ( ) o f a
s c h m itt tr ig g er c ir c u it 2 5 4 w h ic h is a l s o b u il t in th e IC
2 4 0 . A n o u tp u t s ig na l f r o m th e s c h m itt tr ig g er c ir c u it
2 5 4 is f ed b a c k v ia a r es is to r 2 5 5 to a no ninv er ting inp u t
ter m ina l ( +) th er eo f . Th is s c h m itt tr ig g er c ir c u it 2 5 4 is
u s ed f o r w a v ef o r m s h a p ing th e inp u t s ig na l a t a p r ede
ter m ined th r es h o l d, a nd a n o u tp u t s ig na l th er eo f is f ed
v ia a c a p a c ito r 2 5 6 to a n inp u t ter m ina l o f a dif f er enti
a to r 2 5 7 a l s o b u il t in th e IC 2 4 0 . A dif f er entia ted s ig na l
is th en f ed to a tim ing c ir c u it 2 5 8 w h ic h de?nes a f a l l
tim e o f th e dif f er entia ted s ig na l b y w a y o f a tim e c o n
s ta nt w h ic h is deter m ined b y a r es is to r 2 6 4 a nd a c a p a c i
to r 2 6 5 .
A n o u tp u t s ig na l f r o m th e tim ing c ir c u it is f ed to a
s a m p l e-a nd~ h o l d c ir c u it 2 5 9 w h ic h p r o du c es a s a w
to o th w a v e s ig na l . Th e s a w to o th w a v e s ig na l h a s a
J , s l o l w er m ined b y f th e tim e c o ns ta nt. de?ned b y a
2 0
2 5
3 5
4 0
4 5
5 5
6 5
1 8
c a p a c ito r 2 7 0 , a r es is to r 2 7 1 a nd a s em i-?x ed r es is to r
2 7 2 in th e c a s e o f no r m a l dens ity . On th e o th er h a nd, in
th e c a s e o f h ig h dens ity , th e s l o p e is deter m ined b y th es e
el em ents 2 7 0 , 2 7 1 a nd 2 7 2 a nd b y a r es is to r 2 7 3 a nd a
s em i-?x ed r es is to r 2 7 4 .
Th is s l o p e c h a ng ing b etw een no r m a l dens ity m o de
a nd h ig h dens ity m o de is ef f ec ted u s ing DDM s ig na l
f r o m th e ter m ina l 2 4 2 . M o r e s p ec i?c a l l y , in th e no r m a l
dens ity m o de, s inc e DDM is o f 0 , a l o w v o l ta g e is
a p p l ied v ia a r es is to r 2 7 6 to b a s e o f a tr a ns is to r 2 7 5
r ender ing th e s a m e no nc o ndu c tiv e. A s a r es u l t, th e
r es is to r 2 7 3 a nd th e s em i-?x ed r es is to r 2 7 4 do no t a f f ec t
th e tim e c o ns ta nt. On th e o th er h a nd, in th e h ig h dens ity
m o de, DDM s ig na l is o f l to r ender th e tr a ns is to r
2 7 5 c o ndu c tiv e. A s a r es u l t, th e s em i-?x ed r es is to r 2 7 4 is
g r o u nded a t its o ne end. Th er ef o r e, a c o m b ined r es is
ta nc e o f th e s er ies c ir c u it o f th e r es is to r s 2 7 1 a nd th e 2 7 2
a nd th e o th er s er ies c ir u it o f th e r es is to r s 2 7 3 a nd 2 7 4
deter m ines th e tim e c o ns ta nt to g eth er w ith th e c a p a c i
to r 2 7 0 . In th is w a y th e s l o p e o f th e s a w to o th w a v e is
c h a ng ed. A c a p a c ito r 2 7 8 is c o nnec ted to th e s a m p l e
a nd-h o l d c ir c u it 2 5 9 f o r r em o v ing no is e. A r ef er enc e
v o l ta g e w h ic h is h a l f th e v o l ta g e f r o m a p o w er s o u r c e
2 6 1 is a p p l ied to a ter m ina l o f th e s a m p l e-a nd-h o l d c ir
c u it 2 5 9 , to w h ic h ter m ina l th e c a p a c ito r 2 7 8 is c o n
nec ted, v ia a n u ns h o w n c ir c u it b u il t in th e IC 2 4 0 . W ith
th is a r r a ng em ent th e c a p a c ito r 2 7 8 r em o v es no is e.
Th e r ef er enc e 2 6 0 is a c o m p a r a to r / dc . a m p l i?er f o r
p r o du c ing a n o u tp u t m o to r c o ntr o l c u r r ent b y c o m p a r
ing th e s a w to o th w a v e s ig na l f r o m th e s a m p l e-a nd-h o l d
c ir c u it 2 5 9 w ith a r ef er enc e v o l ta g e. Th e m o to r c o ntr o l
c u r r ent p r o du c ed b y th e c o m p a r a to r / dc . a m p l i?er 2 6 0
is b a c k v ia a a p a r a l l el c ir c u it o f a c a p a c ito r 2 8 1 a nd a
s er ies c ir c u it o f a c a p a c ito r 2 7 9 a nd a r es is to r 2 8 0 , to th e
c o m p a r a to r / dc . a m p l i?er 2 6 0 f o r p h a s e c o r r ec tio n.
Th e p o w er s o u r c e c ir c u it 2 6 1 r ec eiv es a p o s itiv e
v o l ta g e +1 2 V v ia a c o il 2 6 2 s o a s to s u p p l y a r eg u l a ted
v o l ta g e to a c a p a c ito r 2 7 0 , a nd r es is to r s 2 6 9 a nd 2 6 4 a s
w el l a s to o th er c ir c u its v ia u ns h o w n l ines .
Th e M OTOR ON s ig na l f ed to th e ter m ina l 2 4 3 a s
s u m es 1 w h en it is intended to dr iv e th e m o to r 1 3 . In
r ec eip t o f s u c h 1 M OTOR ON s ig na l , th e tr a ns is to r
2 6 8 is r ender ed c o ndu c tiv e. Th e r ef er enc es 2 6 7 a nd 2 6 9
a r e b ia s r es is to r s f o r th e tr a ns is to r 2 6 8 . A s th e tr a ns is to r
2 6 8 tu r ns c o ndu c tiv e, a 0 s ig na l is f ed to th e c o m
p a r a to r / dc . a m p l i?er 2 6 0 s o a s to s to p th e m o to r 1 3 .
Th e p o s itiv e v o l ta g e +1 2 V f ed f r o m th e ter m ina l
2 4 4 is p a s s ed th r o u g h a ?l ter f o r m ed o f th e c o il 2 6 2 a nd
a c a p a c ito r 2 6 3 s o a s to r em o v e no is e inc l u ded in th e
p o s itiv e v o l ta g e, a nd is th en f ed to r es is to r s 2 8 2 , 2 7 7 , a
c a p a c ito r 2 9 2 , a nd th e p o w er s o u r c e c ir c u it 2 6 1 . Th e
p o s itiv e v o l ta g e +1 2 V f ed to th e r es is to r 2 8 2 is f ed v ia
Ha l l g ener a to r s 2 8 3 , 2 8 4 , 2 8 5 a nd a r es is to r 2 8 6 to
g r o u nd.
Tw o detec tio n ter m ina l s o f th e Ha l l g ener a to r 2 8 3 a r e
c o nnec ted a c r o s s a c a p a c ito r 2 8 7 , a nd r es p ec tiv el y c o n
nec ted to ter m ina l s @ a nd ( 4 ) o f th e IC 2 4 1 . S im il a r l y ,
tw o detec tio n ter m ina l s o f th e Ha l l g ener a to r 2 8 4 a r e
c o nnec ted a c r o s s a c a a c ito r 2 8 8 , a nd r es p ec tiv el y c o n
nec ted to ter m ina l s a nd @ o f th e IC 2 4 1 . S im i
l a r l y , tw o detec tio n ter m ina l s o f th e Ha l l g ener a to r 2 8 5
a r e c o nnec ted a c r o s s a c a p a c ito r 2 8 9 , a nd r es p ec tiv el y
c o nnec ted to th e ter m ina l s ( D a nd @ o f th e IC 2 4 1 .
Th es e Ha l l g ener a to r s 2 8 3 , 2 8 4 a nd 2 8 5 a r e l o c a ted
a r o u nd c o il s 3 0 0 to 3 0 5 o f th e m o to r 1 3 s o a s to detec t
a ng u l a r p o s itio n o f N a nd S p o l es o f p er m a nent m a g nets
b u il t in th e m o to r 1 3 .
4 , 6 5 6 , 5 3 3
1 9
Ter m ina l s 1 1 @, @, @ o f th e IC 2 4 1 a r e u s ed f o r
s u p p l y ing a th r ee-p h a s e a . c . v o l ta g e to th e c o il s 3 0 0 to
3 0 5 o f th e m o to r 1 3 . Th e r ef er enc e 3 0 6 is a c a p a c ito r
c o nnec ted b etw een ter m ina l s @ a nd ( Q ; th e r ef er enc e
3 0 7 , a c a p a c ito r c o nnec ted b etw een ter m ina l s a nd
( 7 ) ; th e r ef er enc e 3 0 8 , a c a p a c ito r c o nnec ted b etw een
ter m ina l s Q ) a nd , a nd th es e c a p a c ito r s 3 0 6 to 3 0 8
a r e u s ed f o r c o r r ec tin p h a s e o f th e th r ee-p h a s e a . c .
v o l ta g e. A ter m ina l 6 is a g r o u nd ter m ina l , a nd a
ter m ina l @ is a +1 2 V ter m ina l w h ic h is c o nnec ted v ia
a c a p a c ito r to g r o u nd f o r r em o v ing no is e.
A ter m ina l @ o f th e IC 2 4 1 is u s ed f o r r ec eiv ing th e
o u tp u t v o l ta g e f r o m th e p o w er s o u r c e c ir c u it 2 6 1 o f th e
IC 2 4 0 v ia a r es is to r 2 9 0 , w h ic h v o l ta g e is u s ed a s a
r ef er enc e v o l ta g e. Th e r ef er enc e v o l ta g e a t th e ter m ina l
@ is f ed v ia a z ener dio de 2 9 1 to a ter m ina l @ w h ic h
is a n o v er -c u r r ent p r ev enting ter m ina l . Th is o v er -c u r
r ent p r ev enting ter m ina l ( 5 ) is p r o v ided to dev el o p a
h ig h er v o l ta g e w h en a n o v er c u r r ent is f ed to th e m o to r
1 3 . Th e h ig h er v o l ta g e a t th e ter m ina l Q ) is f ed v ia a
r es is to r 2 9 4 to a tr a ns is to r 2 9 5 to r ender th e s a m e c o n
du c tiv e s o a s to s et th e o u tp u t v o l ta g e f r o m c o m
p a r a to r / dc . a m p l i?er 2 6 0 eq u a l to z er o v o l t. Th e r ef er
enc e 2 9 3 is a b ia s r es is to r c o nnec ted b etw een th e ter m i
na l @ a nd g r o u nd, a nd th e r ef er enc e 2 9 6 is a c a p a c ito r
u s ed f o r r em o v ing no is e f r o m th e o u tp u t s ig na l f r o m th e
c o m p a r a to r / dc . a m p l i?er 2 6 0 . '
Th e m o to r dr iv e c ir c u it 1 3 a o p er a tes a s f o l l o w s . In
I o r der to s ta r t th e m o to r 1 3 , th e M OTOR ON s ig na l is
s et to 1 . Th en th e tr a ns is to r 2 6 8 b ec o m es c o ndu c tiv e
to c a u s e th e c o m p a r a to r / dc . a m p l i?er 2 6 0 to p r o du c e
0 o u tp u t w h ic h is f ed to a ter m ina l ( @ o f th e IC 2 4 1
a s a s ta r t-r o ta tio n s ig na l . In r es p o ns e to th is s ta r t-r o ta
tio n s ig na l , th e IC 2 4 1 s ends th r ee-p h a s e a . c . v o l ta g e
f r o m ter m ina l s ( 6 ) , a nd @ to th e c o il s a 0 0 to 3 0 5
> o f th e m o to r 1 3 . A s a r es u l t, a r o to r ( no t s h o w n) h a v ing
p er m a nent m a g nets r ec eiv e r ep u l s iv e f o r c es f r o m s o m e
7 o f th e c o il s 3 0 0 to 3 0 5 to s ta r t r o ta ting . Th e p h a s e a nd
' f r eq u enc y o f th e th r ee-p h a s e a . c . v o l ta g e is a dj u s ted b y
"1 w a y o f th e Ha l l g ener a to r s 2 8 3 to 2 8 5 w h ic h detec t
1 a ng u l a r p o s itio n o f th e p er m a nent m a g nets .
A s th e m o to r 1 3 s ta r ts r o ta ting in th is w a y , th e f r e
q u enc y g ener a to r 2 4 5 p r o du c es a n indu c ed v o l ta g e
detec ting th e r o ta tio n o f th e p er m a nent m a g nets . Th e
indu c ed v o l ta g e is a m p l i?ed b y th e p r ea m p l i?er 2 5 6 ,
a nd its w a v ef o r m is s h a p ed b y th e s c h m itt tr ig g er c ir
c u it 2 5 4 s o a s to f o r m a r ec ta ng u l a r p u l s e s ig na l w h ic h
is dif f er entia ted b y th e dif f er entia to r 2 5 7 in tu r n. A n
o u tp u t s ig na l f r o m th e dif f er entia to r 2 5 7 is p r o c es s ed b y
th e tim ing c ir c u it 2 5 8 s o a s to c o r r ec t f a l l tim e c h a r a c
ter is tic u s ing a tim e c o ns ta nt deter m ined b y th e r es is to r
2 6 4 a nd th e c a p a c ito r 2 6 5 . Th en th e o u tp u t s ig na l f r o m
th e tim ing c ir c u it 2 5 8 is f ed to th e s a m p l e-a nd-h o l d
c ir c u it 2 5 9 .
Th e' s a m p l e-a nd-h o l d c ir c u it 2 5 9 p r o du c es a s a w
to o th w a v e s ig na l w h o s e s l o p e is c h a ng ea b l e b etw een
tw o v a l u es dep ending o n a s el ec ted m o de ( no r m a l den
s ity m o de o r h ig h dens ity m o de) a s des c r ib ed h er ein
a b o v e.
Th e c o m p a r a to r / dc a m p l i?er 2 6 0 is r es p o ns iv e to th e
s a w -to o th w a v e s ig na l f r o m th e s a m p l e-a nd-= h o l d c ir c u it
2 5 9 s o a s to c o m p a r e th e s a m e w ith a r ef er enc e v o l ta g e
w h ic h c o r r es p o nds to h a l f o f th e v o l ta g e f r o m th e v o l t
a g e s o u r c e 2 6 1 . S u c h a h a l f v o l ta g e is p r o du c ed w ith in
a n u ns h o w n c ir c u it b u il t in th e IC 2 4 0 . Th e c o m
p a r a to r / dc . a m p l i?er 2 6 0 p r o du c es th e m o to r c o ntr o l
c u r r ent s o th a t th e r o ta tio na l s p eed o f th e m o to r eith er
inc r ea s es o r dec r ea s es in a c c o r da nc e w ith th e detec ted
/
/
/
2 0
2 5
5 5
6 0
6 5
2 0
r o ta tio na l s p eed. Th e o u tp u t s ig na l f r o m th e c o m
p a r a to r / dc . a m p l i?er 2 6 0 is f ed to th e ter m ina l 1 2 o f th e
m o to r dr iv e IC 2 4 1 s o th a t th e th r ee-p h a s e a . c . v o l ta g e
f ed to th e m o to r 1 3 is c o ntr o l l ed.
Th e r o ta tio na l s p eed o f th e m o to r 1 3 is ?nel y a dj u ted
b y th e s em i-?x ed r es is to r 2 7 4 in th e c a s e o f h ig h dens ity
a nd b y th e s em i-?x ed r es is to r 2 7 2 in th e c a s e o f no r m a l
dens ity .
Th e a b o v e-des c r ib ed em b o dim ent is j u s t a n ex a m p l e
o f th e p r es ent inv entio n, a nd th er ef o r e, it w il l b e a p p a r
ent f o r th o s e s k il l ed in th e a r t th a t m a ny m o di?c a tio ns
a nd v a r ia tio ns m a y b e m a de w ith o u t dep a r ting f r o m th e
s c o p e o f th e p r es ent inv entio n.
W h a t is c l a im ed is :
1 . A ?o p p y dis c dis c dr iv e u nit w ith a m o to r h a v ing
a b u il t-in f r eq u enc y g ener a to r f o r r o ta ting a ?o p p y dis c
a nd a m a g netic h ea d a s s em b l y f o r w r iting r ea ding inf o r
m a tio n o n o f f s a id ?o p p y dis c , c o m p r is ing :
( a ) s w itc h ing s ig na l g ener a ting m ea ns f o r g ener a ting
a s w itc h ing s ig na l indic a tiv e o f a s el ec ted m o de
r el a ting to a m a g netic r ec o r ding c h a r a c ter is tic o f a
?o p p y dis c to b e u s ed;
( b ) m o to r dr iv e m ea ns r es p o ns iv e to s a id s w itc h ing
s ig na l f o r c a u s ing s a id m o to r to r o ta te a t dif f er ent
s p eeds in a c c o r da nc e w ith s a id s el ec ted m o de, s a id
m o to r dr iv e m ea ns c o m p r is ing :
( i) s a m p l e~ a nd= h o l d m ea ns , r es p o ns iv e to a n o u tp u t
s ig na l f r o m s a id f r eq u enc y g ener a to r b u il t in s a id
m o to r , f o r c o nv er ting s a id o u tp u t s ig na l to a
s a w -to o th w a v e s ig na l ,
( ii) v a r ia b l e tim e c o ns ta nt m ea ns , c o u p l ed to s a id
s a m p l e a nd h o l d m ea ns a nd r es p o ns iv e to s a id
s w itc h ing s ig na l , f o r c h a ng ing a tim e c o ns ta nt,
th er eb y c h a ng ing th e s l o p e o f s a id s a w -to o th
w a v e s ig na l der iv ed f r o m s a id s a m p l e-a nd-h o l d
m ea ns dep ending o n a s el ec ted m o de; a nd
( iii) c o m p a r a to r m ea ns , r es p o ns iv e to s a id s a w
to o th w a v e s ig na l f r o m s a id s a m p l e-a nd-h o l d
m ea ns a nd to a r ef er enc e v o l ta g e, f o r p r o du c ing
a m o to r s p eed c o ntr o l s ig na l w ith th e a m p l itu de
o f s a id-to o th w a v e s ig na l w h ic h is c o m p a r ed
w ith s a id r ef er enc e v o l ta g e s o th a t s a id ?o p p y
dis c is r o ta ted a t a des ir ed r o ta tio na l s p eed s u it
a b l e f o r a s el ec ted m o de; a nd
( c ) a w r ite/ r ea d m ea ns , c o u p l ed to s a id m a g netic
h ea d a s s em b l y , inc l u ding : ( 1 ) m ea ns f o r g ener a ting
a w r ite c u r r ent f ed to s a id m a g netic h ea d a s s em b l y
f o r w r iting inf o r m a tio n, ( 2 ) m ea ns r es p o ns iv e to
s a id s w itc h ing s ig na l f o r c o ntr o l l ing a w r ite c u u
r ent f ed to s a id m a g netic h ea d a s s em b l y s o a s to
w r ite inf o r m a tio n w ith a w r ite c u r r ent s u ita b l e f o r
s a id s el ec ted m o de, ( 3 ) m ea ns , r es p o ns iv e to a r ea d
o u t s ig na l f r o m s a id m a g netic h ea d a s s em b l y f o r
p r o du c ing a r ep r o du c ed s ig na l , a nd ( 4 ) m ea ns r e
s p o ns iv e to s a id s w itc h ing s ig na l to p r o c es s s a id
r ea d o u t s ig na l w ith a c h a r a c ter is tic s u ita b l e f o r
s a id s el ec ted m o de.
2 . A ?o p p y dis c dr iv e u nit a s c l a im ed in c l a im 1 ,
w h er ein s a id s w itc h ing s ig na l g ner a ting m ea ns c o m
p r is es o ne o f a m a nu a l s w itc h a nd a s w itc h r es p o ns iv e to
a c o m m a nd s ig na l f ed f r o m a n ex ter na l c ir c u it, s a id
s w itc h ing s ig na l g ener a ting m ea ns h a v ing m ea ns f o r
p r o du c ing a ?r s t dc . v o l ta g e w h ic h a s s u m es a h ig h
l ev el a nd a l o w l ev el dep ending o n a s el ec ted m o de, a
s ec o nd dc . v o l ta g e o f a l a r g e c u r r ent w h ic h a s s u m es a
h ig h l ev el a nd a l o w l ev el dep ending o n a s el ec ted
m o de, s a id ?r s t v o l ta g e b eing f ed to s a id w r ite r ea d