ISBN-10: 0615925367

ISBN-13: 978-0-615-92536-3
The Danny Roddy Weblog LLC
HAIR LIKE A FOX is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution-
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BOOK INFO
i
The information provided in this book should not be construed as personal medical
advice or instruction. No action should be taken based solely on the contents of this
guide. Readers should consult appropriate health professionals on any matter
relating to their health and well-being. The information and opinions provided here
are believed to be accurate and sound, based on the best judgment available to the
author, but readers who fail to consult appropriate health authorities assume the
risk of any injuries. Use of the suggestions and other information contained in this
book is at the sole choice and risk of the reader.
Your health is in your own hands.
DISCLAIMER
ii
First and foremost, I would like to thank Andrew Kim and Evan Winchester for the
monumental task of editing this book. Among my friends whose help has made a real
difference, I would like to mention: Rob Turner, Phil, Cliff McCrary and Nick
Warcholak. From a foundational perspective, I warmly acknowledge the profound
influence of Raymond Peat, PhD.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
iii
If you need help incorporating the ideas in this book, please visit:
dannyroddy.com/coaching
COACHING
iv
Without self knowledge, without understanding the working and functions of his
machine, man cannot be free, he cannot govern himself and he will always remain a
slave.
G. I. Gurdjieff
Listen, your doctor doesnt care about you.
And you know what your doctor really doesnt care about? Your hair.
If youre feeling blue about the clog you found in your shower drain this morn-
ing, your doctor will be happy to write you a prescription for an antidepressant, but
dont expect it to do anything for your impending baldness. For that, youll need an
FDA-approved drug with the potential side effect of permanent chemical castration.
Ladies, you will have the additional option of taking birth control, increasing the likeli-
hood of miscarriage, stroke, osteoporosis and tissue degeneration (i.e., rapid aging).
My physician friends will no doubt take issue with the above, and although Im
being slightly hyperbolic, Im being mostly sincere. Reversing pattern baldness re-
quires a radically different context for viewing health problems than most physicians
are capable of accepting.
Acknowledging the information in this book as accurate would mean that doctors
are contributing to illness by performing X-rays, increasing the risk of cancer, stroke,
osteoporosis, and heart attack in women by prescribing birth control, or committing
acts of criminal negligence by handing out serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) like
Tic Tacs.
The booming market of alternative physicians is not much better. While they
are usually hip to the problems with birth control (thanks Suzanne Somers), they sub-
scribe to the same fundamental errors in medicine that make MDs so dangerous. In-
stead of using birth control, they use phytoestrogens and estrogen-replacement ther-
apy. Instead of prescribing SSRIs, they use supplements containing 5-HTP and trypto-
phan. Same shit, more price gouging.
INTRODUCTION, OR: WHY YOUR DOCTOR
DOESNT CARE ABOUT YOU
CHAPTER 1
5
Over the last decade, I have searched for a simple physiological solution for re-
versing male-pattern baldness. I have reviewed the work of Peat, Selye, Szent-
Gyrgyi, Warburg, Barnes, Williams, and many others who have revolutionized biol-
ogy and helped shape a realistic view of the organism. Their work allowed me to shed
several preconceived ideas about baldness (i.e., that it is caused by bad genes and
male hormones) and set a new context for why pattern baldness occurs and simple,
yet effective methods for reversing it.
Its time to take your health into your own hands and become your own expert.
Think for yourself and question authority. Do whatever it takes to find the best infor-
mation available. No one will figure this out for you, but this book will give you a head
start.
6
I start with trying to make a context clear, because everyones context is different,
and meanings change when they are learned. Ideally, things should make no sense
until they make the right sense.
Ray Peat, PhD
This is where I begin my story; a story that I never thought I would be sharing with the
public, and definitely not in a book I would be writing about pattern baldness.
I had a much different life planned out for myself. While most of my friends were
academics, I was never a good student because I could never wrap my head around
the concept of homework. However, while I wasnt serious about my education, I
was as serious as a heart attack about my musical endeavors.
I learned to play the bass guitar in my early teens, which led to playing in a series
of rock bands with friends. Naturally, because I wasnt that great at anything else, I
thought I would become a successful musician. Much to my amazement that actually
happened, and I eventually found myself touring around the world with four of my
best friends on Island Def Jams tab. But Im getting ahead of myself. Before we navi-
gate through the course of events that led me to writing this book, I should probably
start from the very beginning.
The Wonder Years
As a young child, I remember fearing baldness. I know, that sounds nutty but its
true. And I can remember two instances that made me feel that way.
The first event happened when I was a teenager on a weeknight while hunting
my cat, Sniffles, with a Nerf gun. My dad came home that evening and I vividly remem-
ber him explaining to my Mom his distaste for a bald idiot that he worked with. It
was rare for my Dad to talk ill of anyone, so Im guessing that this made quite an im-
pression on me, as I aligned my sights on Sniffles in the hallway.
WHO AM I? WHAT AM I DOING HERE?
CHAPTER 2
7
The second event, around the same time, happened when my sisters and I found
a picture of my deceased Grandpa, which revealed that he was completely bald. My sis-
ters both commented on how that meant that I had the bald gene and that I, too,
would lose my hair.
These two events instilled hair-fear in me at an age when all I wanted to do was
watch Batman and listen to Prince. Would I become the bald idiot that my father
spoke of? Would anyone ever love me if I lost my beautiful brown locks? These ques-
tions festered in the back of my mind. But luckily, I was able to suppress them to the
darkest nether regions of my psyche; that is, until high school.
Besides rejecting the idea of homework, I attribute my dismal high school per-
formance to testing anxiety. No matter how well I thought I knew the material, I
would crumble into a fine micronized powder on test day under the pressure.
This was especially apparent during final exams during my senior year of high
school. While taking a test on a book I hadnt even read, I remember rubbing my scalp
to try to stimulate some brain activity. While the method had no effect on my test
score, it did produce a near endless amount of dandruff and falling hair. The adoles-
cent feelings about baldness that I had buried in the deepest recesses of my mind had
abruptly reemerged, like a bat out of hell. After high school, at the young age of 19, I
was already thinking about ways in which I could stop my inevitable hair loss.
Dont Mind My Watery Semen
Initially, I tried generic supplements from my local grocery store. Though I felt
proactive, I really wasnt sure if the supplements were doing anything, as any kind of
stress would continue to cause my dandruff and hair loss to get worse.
While my struggle with how to go about treating my hair loss became more com-
plex, my career as a musician was burgeoning. During my first year of community col-
lege, my buddy contacted me to ask if I wanted to leave my current band to join an-
other band that not only was already signed to an independent label, but also had a
van that was ready for touring and a lead vocalist that I thought was amazing. I cant
do justice to how excited I felt about this opportunity so suffice it to say here, I
dropped to my knees overwhelmed with joy.
This, of course, caused me to become even more serious about my hair loss,
which is actually a theme to the narrative of my life. I soon ditched whatever supple-
ment I was taking at the time and went straight for the big gun: Propecia.
I made an appointment for the nearest endocrinologist who performed blood
work for testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), whereupon obtaining the re-
8
sults, officially diagnosed me with what I already knew: I was losing hair from the
front and top of my scalp in the typical male pattern baldness fashion. He wrote me
a prescription for Propecia, and I immediately drove to the pharmacy to fill it. When I
returned home from the doctors office I felt a temporary sense of serenity. I had done
it; I had secured my right as an American to keep my hair through the use of a high-
powered pharmaceutical drug.
However, after a few months of taking Propecia, something happened. The spon-
taneous erections I had everyday since I was a young rapscallion disappeared. To add
to the paranormal activity, ejaculating during intercourse became near impossible,
causing me to have to explain to attractive women why I was going limp inside them.
When I was able to ejaculate, my semen quality was visibly different, taking on a
water-like consistency.
If someone had told me that impotence was the price I had to pay to keep my
hair for the rest of my life, I probably would have accepted those terms; but this was
unfortunately not the case. My hair was not doing well. I was still a victim to stressful
situations that worsened my hair loss and dandruff. And to make matters even worse,
my scalp began to physically hurt.
Im not sure if it was the drug, my lack of ability to have relations with women, or
the fact that my hair loss seemed to go into overdrive, but all of the events that had
transpired up until this point had culminated into an overwhelming sense of doom. I
began experiencing mini-panic attacks, fearing for my future aesthetically as a musi-
cian.
Upon eventually regaining my composure, I once again became proactive and
turned to the Internet to see whether other people were experiencing the side effects I
was on Propecia. Thirty minutes of perusing propeciasideeffects.com revealed that not
only were all the side effects I was experiencing common, but also that some men expe-
rienced those side effects for life even after stopping Propecia. My heart sank. I took
my stash of Propecia and dropped it in the trash. I prayed that the drugs effects were
reversible. Lucky for me, after a few months my libido and semen quality returned to
normal.
Feeling horrible and not knowing what I was going to do next, it was back to the
drawing board.
The Natural Route
My Propecia experience shook me to my core. Like many others in my situation
who have had poor experiences with pharmaceutical drugs, I was sure that there had
9
to be more effective natural alternatives for my problem. My suspicions were con-
firmed when I uncovered the community over at regrowth.com. Like any online fo-
rum, there were a few members that had very strong opinions about how to go about
treating pattern hair loss naturally. The member with the strongest opinions, or
rather the most well thought out opinions, was a gentleman named Brian Simonis who
went by the handle, Immortalhair.
Brian was very active on the forum, but also ran a non-profit website that kept
everyone up to date on his hair loss research. His main message was that pattern hair
loss was more complex than the pharmaceutical companies were suggesting, and that
hair loss was a systemic problem not merely a compartmentalized one.
Brians information and knowledge on the topic blew my mind. While I didnt un-
derstand everything Brian was saying, I became obsessed with his regimen, taking
notes along the way and soaking up as much information as I could.
While his regimen originally contained a few core supplements and a dozen or
so ancillary supplements, I adopted the entire regimen literally overnight. I methodi-
cally filled pill baggies with exactly enough supplements to get me through the day,
and became somewhat fanatical about it. Often, I would refuse to eat if I had forgotten
my supplements.
Looking back, I cant say why my fanaticism over this regimen lasted for as long
as it did because at no point did I have noticeable improvements in the hair depart-
ment. As with Propecia, I still had dandruff and I still experienced hair loss when I
was under stress.
After a year of heavy-duty supplementation, I had an epiphany. If the supple-
ments I was taking were supporting an internal environment for hair growth, couldnt
a good diet accomplish the same thing? The answer, as I methodically discovered, was
invariably yes. But what was the diet that best supported hair growth?
The Hair Destroying Diet
After a few weeks of exploring what the best diet would be, I decided to adopt
what I believed to be the healthiest of diets; and that diet was veganism. My days con-
sisted of green smoothies, rice noodles, garbanzo beans, tempeh, and seitan. I limited
fruit and processed sugar and consumed a wide array of exotic vegetables (e.g., kale,
bok choy, mustard greens). Adhering to this restrictive diet was easy for me to do as
long as I thought it was going to regrow my hair.
Several months passed and my lean 150 lb. body wasted away to an emaciated
110 lbs. I was sick, on edge, couldnt sleep, and my libido was nonexistent.
10
Although my friends and family were terribly worried, none of them could under-
stand (or know) why I was doing what I was doing. How would I explain to them how
much my hair meant to me? Even more troubling, how would I express my conviction
that only the perfect diet would resolve my untimely hair loss?
Luckily, I decided to employ these wacky dietary changes when stress from the
band was at its peak. Takota, my band, was being courted by every major label in the
music industry and we were playing showcases every weekend for record executives in-
terested in signing the band. At one point we even played for Jay-Z.
After our second self-funded tour to Europe, we decided to sign with Island Def
Jam and the first step was to record a new record. While most bands would stop play-
ing shows to focus on recording, our management actively started booking shows
throughout the west coast. This unrelenting regimen of recording and touring took its
toll on the entire band and practically killed me. Living on McDonald's side salads and
apples, I was more malnourished then I had ever been. Upon arriving in San Francisco
for an important show, my fragility became apparent to everyone, including myself.
During the load-in, the rhythm guitar player and I split the responsibility of car-
rying my bass speaker one of the heaviest pieces of gear we owned. Normally, the
bass cabinet was easy to move with a bandmates help. However, I struggled, as my
withered 110 lb. frame wasnt exactly operating like a high-performance machine. As
we lugged the speaker down a flight of stairs, I fell backwards, dropping the cabinet in
front of everyone.
I was weak, emotionally and physically. When we arrived home from the tour,
much to the surprise of everyone, I gave up veganism and went back to the drawing
board, again.
The 110 lb. Bodybuilder
As I searched for a new solution to my problem, I stumbled upon an online fo-
rum filled with physiology-obsessed bodybuilders. Instead of relying on the medias
idea of what it meant to be healthy, the majority of the content on the site encouraged
self-experimentation and lab testing.
While the conversation ranged from hormones and diet, to self-reported cases of
getting jacked using experimental pharmaceutical approaches, the back and forth was
mostly about the serious problems these guys were havingthe kinds of problems that
make your most hardcore Paleo friend look like a low-post noob. One forum member
got in a fight with his girlfriend, punched her in the face, and then came online to tell
everyone he was about to pull a Weekend at Bernies on us.
11
Besides the occasional attempted-suicide, being a part of the forum was reward-
ing, especially when members would post their lab work for the entire forum to evalu-
ate. And because these guys were seasoned veterans at this, their labs included multi-
ple blood and urine panels for the same markers to avoid lab inaccuracies. Over time,
an obvious trend emerged: despite these Adonis-physiqued bodybuilders' most heroic
efforts to support their adrenals, become essential fatty acid replete, and overcome
various stressors with herbal anti-stress adaptogens, nothing got these guys to
where they wanted to be.
At a certain point, it became obvious that the hormones these gentlemen found
to be anomalous in lab work (e.g., estrogen, prolactin, etc.) were the same hormones
Brian Simonis had mentioned were involved in the pathology of pattern baldness. This
realization motivated me to employ extensive changes to my regimen.
I employed lab testing on myself, utilized hormonal replacement therapy, experi-
mented with more exotic supplements, and even flew out to Michigan to see a special-
ist. My regimen went from simple to extremely complex, requiring me to carry multi-
ple baggies full of pills, gels, and creams on tour, for example. I learned an incredible
amount about myself in a short period of time, but like the other gentlemen on the fo-
rum, after a lengthy period of time, and an extreme amount of effort, I wasnt where I
wanted to be.
I gave up most of my supplements and medications and redirected my attention
on a compelling argument that kept creeping up on the forum; the idea that insulin re-
sistance caused most hormone imbalances, and that excessive carbohydrate consump-
tion caused insulin resistance.
I began exploring the depths of the low-carb world, and eventually came to be-
lieve that the overconsumption of carbohydrates was central in most all disease states,
including baldness, which was associated with insulin resistance.
I decided to experiment with carbohydrate restriction, which worked well. I felt
calmer, slept better, and felt less hunger. I interpreted all these signs as positive, and
further tinkered with the amounts of fat and carbohydrate in my diet in order to find
my optimal ratio.
Soon after, I was introduced to the concept of evolutionary (e.g., Paleo, cave-
man, primal) nutrition. This concept, which as far as I can tell started with the publica-
tion of Ray Audettes Neanderthin, was based on the idea of mimicking the internal
metabolic conditions under which our ancestors had supposedly evolved.
This evolutionary approach to eating dovetailed nicely with the current success
I was having with carbohydrate restriction. The difference was the exclusion of Neo-
12
lithic foods, such as dairy and grains, in favor of meat, vegetables, and, in some cases,
fruit and starchy tubers.
Although I found the evolutionary approach to eating to be extremely compel-
ling, I knew that low-carbohydrate diets didnt reverse pattern baldness in most cases.
However, because of my context that carbohydrates raise insulin, and that the expo-
sure to insulin causes nearly all the diseases of civilization I came to the conclusion
that people with pattern hair loss had to be consuming excessive amounts of carbohy-
drates, disregarding what I knew from my own experience and observations.
Later on, confirmation bias reared its ugly head as I acquiescently read a snippet
from a book by the famous Arctic explorer Vilhjalmur Stefansson called Not By Bread
Alone, in which he described the hair-supporting effects of an all-meat diet. Stefans-
son had convinced The American Meat Institute to fund a yearlong all-meat diet study
supervised by a panel of prestigious doctors. When Stefansson and his partner, Kar-
sten Andersen, embarked on the diet, they were closely monitored while they stayed at
Bellevue hospital in New York.
Their diets contained modest amounts of fat with smaller portions of lean meat
in quantities sufficient to bring about satiety. Stefansson averaged about 2,650 calo-
ries a day, consisting of 2,100 calories of fat and 550 of protein; Andersen averaged
about 2,620 calories a day, consisting of 2,110 calories of fat and 510 of protein.
At the end of the Bellevue study the only surprising element was how anticlimac-
tic the results were. Stefansson had lost ten pounds, despite the fact that he was lean
to begin with. Neither Karsten nor Stefansson developed scurvy, and Karsten reported
that his digestive problems had disappeared, his immune system had improved, and
that his hair had stopped falling out.
This was all I needed to hear. I began consuming an all meat and water diet the
next day, in what became an experiment that lasted for nearly two years.
The All-Meat Years
You would think that consuming a diet of meat and water would be all bad, and
mostly it was, but I immediately noticed several health improvements. Initially, I no-
ticed that my hair benefitted. Inflammation of scalp decreased, dandruff disappeared,
and my hair just felt resilient.
The weird part was that I actually liked eating just one thing. I enjoyed telling
people that I ate only meat and water, and enjoyed explaining it even more. Meat was
easy to get on tour and, believe it or not, I never got sick of eating ribeyes.
13
To keep my mind off the stress of record politics, which had become completely
draining at that point, I intermittently weblogged about my experience. Along with
Charles Washington, who should probably take credit for advancing the zero-carb
movement, I experienced a considerable amount of online traffic from those inter-
ested in my experiences eating only meat.
While the first year went pretty well, the second year began my rapid decent into
degeneration. I began experiencing some new (and old) symptoms a dramatic lack
of libido, extreme fatigue, the return of my cold intolerance, un-restful sleep and, in
general, a sour disposition.
The second year is also when I became somewhat serious with a former girl-
friend. My self-experimentation not only affected me, but her as well. For instance,
she planned a trip to a museum on a Sunday I had off from work and band practice. I
remember being so physically exhausted (from being alive) that I could barely walk up
the steps to enter the museum. She later told me that she wanted to have sport sex in
an abandoned area in the museum, but knew that I wouldnt have been able to be-
cause of how frail I had become.
Besides missing out on sport sex, I probably developed scurvy, too. I remember
waking up one morning and finding my legs covered in petechiae, which are small red
pustules. While aesthetically disgusting, the real bummer was that it affected my abil-
ity to walk. I worked at a retail store at the time, and I remember my boss being dis-
turbed at how physically ill I had become.
For one reason or another I simply dealt with these symptoms for a matter of
weeks before I came to the realization that I was extremely malnourished. Luckily, eat-
ing more food seemed to make the problems go away.
You would have thought that a mild case of the ol scurvy would have ended my
all-meat adventure, but you would be wrong. The clincher was actually the implosion
of my relationship that forced me to view my dietary habits from another angle.
To add to the stress of breaking up with my girlfriend, it was about this time that
the long-time guitarist of the band decided to bail. This was a thermonuclear event,
and caused me to question my desire to play music as well as my capacity to be a musi-
cian. Immediately after my bandmate's departure, our distraught singer asked every-
one in the room to assure him that they were never going to leave. He looked at me
and I instantly broke down. I told him that I couldnt reassure him and that I had men-
tally checked out a while ago. My passion for nutrition and genuine disinterest in the
music industry had come to a tipping point. I cared more about solving the riddle of
14
pattern baldness than the years of my life I devoted to promoting, playing shows, writ-
ing music, recording, and touring.
At this point, I was girlfriend-less, band-less, and my bulletproof idea of eating
meat and water for two years left me in pretty terrible shape. Even worse was that I
had nothing in the pipeline. I wasnt sure of what to do next.
After a few months of moping around and a dash of self-loathing, I picked myself
up off the floor and began studying the work of Raymond Peat, PhD. Peat was consid-
ered to be quite the quack in the evolutionary circle I ran with, which only served to
increase my curiosity and desire to read his work that much more.

When Danny Met Ray
Over the course of three years, I found Dr. Peats comprehensive view of the or-
ganism to be nothing short of visionary. For example, someone could spend the rest of
their life reading PubMed and not paint a meaningful picture of how the body works.
The bioenergetic context Dr. Peat has been elucidating over the last four decades, con-
necting the work of Otto Warburg, Albert Szent-Gyrgyi, Gilbert Ling and others in an
elegant easy-to-understand way is simply awe-inspiring.
Dr. Peats work helped me set a new context for engaging in self-experimentation
and allowed me to reach a point where I was satisfied with my health. For the first
time in what felt like a decade, my hands and feet became warm, my libido increased
to that of my teens, and my hair loss completely arrested.
Dr. Peats work surrounds his thesis, which states that energy and structure are
interdependent at every level. While I deemed statements like these to be esoteric in
the beginning, as my knowledge and understanding of Dr. Peats work evolved, they
later became empowering, and an indispensable template for understanding health,
disease, nutrition and hair loss.
The Moral: Trust No One, Including Me
If my near-decade long journey taught me anything, it was to question every-
thing and trust no one. In fact, this is the same phrase that currently sits at the footer
of my website and has sat there since its conception.
While I was incredibly nave when I began my journey, I quickly came to the reali-
zation that no one was going to fix my health for me. What allowed me to overcome
my health problems were self-experimentation and seeking out what I deemed to be
the best information available.
15
This sentiment is at odds with many of my peers, however, as most of them
would prefer to adhere to their doctors' orders and not involve themselves in technical
matters. Normally, I wouldnt have a problem with this, but unfortunately, in the case
of pattern baldness, following advice from your doctor may result in permanent erec-
tile dysfunction, gynecomastia (male breast growth), or suicide. And while these side
effects are horrific, they are just part of the system that sustains itself through incom-
petence, negligence, and the real world fiction that the food and drug administration
(FDA) has the publics best interest at heart.
16
"Castration at early ages affords a reliable form of therapy, but one in which the
cure is worse than the disease."
Dr. James B. Hamilton
In 1942 Dr. James B. Hamilton changed the course of hair loss research with his
groundbreaking study in a group of 104 men who failed to mature sexually (i.e.,
eunuchs or eunachoids).
1
Both young and old, the men were unified by testicular insuf-
ficiency, which Dr. Hamilton found to give rise to three anomalies:
1. A lack of balding and retention of all scalp hair.
2. Less sebaceous gland activity, compared to normal men of comparable age,
that resulted in a reduced oiliness of the face, hair, and scalp and a complete lack of
acne.
3. Dandruff that was either absent or present in such small amounts such that
only a few white flakes could be brushed off from the scalp. In stark contrast, ma-
ture young men of the same age had copious amounts of dandruff.
Faced with the obvious correlation between castration and hair retention, Dr.
Hamilton administered "male" hormone injections (i.e., testosterone propionate) to
men who were not bald. Upon receiving these injections, those with a family history of
baldness experienced a pronounced loss of hair; however, halting the treatment
ceased all further hair loss. In castrates who received the same injections without inter-
ruption, not only was hair loss induced, but it also continued unabated.
A discrepancy that arose from these experiments as to the role of testosterone in
hair loss was that the amount of testosterone that was required to induce baldness in
the castrates did not exceed the amounts secreted by the testes of the average young,
healthy male with hair.
No matter how strong the inherited physiological state, hair loss would not result
if "inciting agents," which Hamilton believed to be male androgens, were missing.
THE ANDROGEN HYPOTHESIS
CHAPTER 3
17
This was evidenced by old eunuchs who were castrated prior to sexual maturation that
retained their prepubertal hairlines and luxuriant scalp hair.
Thirty-two years after Dr. Hamilton's experiments with the eunuchs came a dis-
covery that not only led to a set of cultural stereotypes about baldness, but also to a
drug that for some men would alter the course of their lives forever.
The DHT Connection
In 1974, Dr. Julianne Imperato-McGinley, an endocrinologist at Cornell, trav-
elled to the Dominican Republic to observe a remote mountain village with a popula-
tion of male pseudohermaphrodites called the Guevedoces (penis at 12 years).
2
Ap-
pearing sexually ambiguous at birth, the Guevedoces were raised as girls. But during
puberty, they developed external genitalia, increased muscle mass, and deep voices.
Similar to Dr. Hamiltons eunuchs, the Guevedoces were conspicuously free of pattern
baldness and acne.
The affected males were found to have normal plasma testosterone concentra-
tions, but were deficient in dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a derivative of testosterone.
Upon further research, Dr. Imperato-McGinelys group ended up discovering the first
inherited disorder of steroid hormone metabolism, a deficiency of the 5-alpha reduc-
tase enzyme (5-AR) that converts testosterone into DHT. Because the Guevedoces had
normal levels of testosterone in their blood, Dr. Imperato-McGinelys group surmised
that DHT, rather than testosterone, had to be responsible for bringing about baldness.
Regardless of the implications of Imperato-McGinley's research, it wouldn't have
mattered much in the grand scheme of things. Normally, gathering data and forming
intelligent hypotheses would lead to various tests, which would eventually eliminate
mistaken ones. However, in the case of pattern baldness, the virtue of science was
shortchanged when the pharmaceutical companies stepped in.
Becoming The Castrate
In 1974, a monograph of a conference Dr. Imperato McGinley spoke at landed on
the desk of Merck pharmaceuticals research chief, Dr. Vagelos. Vagelos was intrigued
by Imperato-McGinleys research and more specifically by her notation that the pros-
tate glands of those with inherited 5-AR deficiency remained small throughout life.
Dr. Vagelos thought that if Merck could mimic the Guevedoces 5-AR deficiency with a
drug, it might have a product for the market of 15 million American men suffering
from enlarged prostate glands (benign prostate hyperplasia or BPH), an embarrassing
18
and often painful condition that can block urine flow, interrupt sleep and predispose
to serious infections.
Merck spearheaded the concept, eventually producing Finasteride (marketed as
Proscar), a type-II 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor that reduces, quite significantly, the
concentrations of DHT in the body. Finasteride, as a side effect, also regrew hair.
Merck lowered the dose of Proscar from 5mg to 1mg, and, in 1997, introduced the
world to Propecia the first FDA-approved drug for male-pattern baldness to imme-
diate popularity. Despite this, Finasteride has been continuously steeped in contro-
versy due to its unconscionable side effects.
Some of the most serious side effects that have been attributed to the use of Fi-
nasteride include, but are not limited to, the following:
Gynecomastia
3
Depression
4

Suicide
5

Finasteride is potent in that the typical 1 mg dose prescribed to patients by physi-
cians for male pattern baldness can reduce DHT levels by about 70% within 24 hours.
6

DHT is anywhere from 4 to 10 times as potent as testosterone, and normally main-
tains male secondary sex characteristics, as well as the ability to become sexually
aroused.
While all these symptoms are obviously disturbing, the side effect that most men
find to be particularly egregious and horrifying is permanent erectile dysfunction. Vis-
iting websites such as propeciasideeffects.com or propeciahelp.com will reveal many
anecdotes of men who are now unable to recover their ability to obtain an erection af-
ter using the drug for only a short period of time. After years of allegations, Merck fi-
nally responded by updating the package insert that accompanies Finasteride, stating
therein that Finasteride could cause "sexual dysfunction that continued after discon-
tinuation of treatment, including erectile dysfunction, decreased libido and ejacula-
tion disorders (e.g. reduced ejaculate volume).
7
Independent research on the side effects of Finasteride found that in a small
study of 72 participants, 94% developed low libido, 92% developed erectile dysfunc-
tion, 92% developed decreased arousal, and 69% developed problems with orgasm.
8

These problems would maybe be tolerable, if only the use of Finasteride was guar-
anteed in all cases to restore hair growth; or at least to slow the progression of hair
loss. But thats unfortunately not the case. When compared to Hamiltons eunuchs
19
and Dr. Imperato-McGinleys pseudohermaphrodites, all of whom were protected
from baldness 100 percent of the time, Finasteride is effective for only about 40 per-
cent of those who take it, suggesting that there are other factors at play in pattern bald-
ness.
The Androgen Paradox?
Nearly a decade after his original discovery, Hamilton cast doubt on his own find-
ings, invoking the word "paradox" to explain the role of "male" hormones in baldness.
Hamilton's paradox came in the form of an observation that baldness increased in se-
verity and frequency with age, whereas the stimulating agents (i.e., "male" androgens)
very often decreased with age.
9

This paradox is further supported by the fact that the androgens are known to
produce long, thick, pigmented scalp hairs in youth, yet produce baldness later in life.
How could the androgens be responsible for vigorously growing hair during adoles-
cence and later for terminating hair growth in adulthood when the concentrations of
the androgens decrease?
To preface the answer to that question, it should be noted that the word "para-
dox" is usually employed when things become unimaginable in medical culture. For in-
stance, when it is found that a population that consumes what is deemed to be in our
society excessive amounts of cholesterol and saturated fat is virtually free of heart dis-
ease (e.g., Inuit); or when it is found that restricting dietary salt has a negligible (clini-
cally insignificant) effect on a persons blood pressure; or when it is found that high in-
takes of calcium does not increase the risk for errant calcification processes (e.g.,
Masai), but rather protects against it. What seems paradoxical, in reality, reveals basic
errors in the understanding of physiology propagated by medical dogmatists.
In the case of the "androgen paradox", the theory is reconciled with a bit of post
hoc reasoning and physiological gymnastics: balding men aren't necessarily producing
more androgens; they're simply more sensitive to them because of an inherited ge-
netic defect.
When scrutiny is applied, this "sensitivity" argument becomes a stretch. Al-
though there are no precise statistics, the incidence of pattern baldness in whites is of-
ten quoted as approaching 100 percent;
10
less grandiose estimates suggest that half of
all men and women above 40 experience pattern hair loss.
11
Wouldnt these kinds of
statistics require an impossibly high rate of gene mutation?
Moreover, balding is increasingly becoming a metabolic marker for future and
current health problems, including metabolic syndrome,
12
insulin resistance,
13,14
hyper-
20
tension,
15,16
polycystic ovarian syndrome,
17,18
heart disease,
19
and cancer.
20
How does
an enhanced sensitivity to androgens in the scalp help to explain the association be-
tween hair loss and these health problems?
Finally, while heavily relied upon to explain the genesis of balding in men, this
theory is completely jettisoned in other cases of male-pattern baldness. For instance
male-pattern hair loss is observed in females (female androgenic alopecia),
21
in new-
borns during the first year of life,
22
women taking oral contraceptives,
23
postpartum
mothers,
24
post-menopausal women,
25
and senescent alopecia (hair loss in those over
50 years of age).
26
These situations are believed to be age-related or androgen-
independent or both. A genetic sensitivity to androgens in the scalp isnt usually in-
voked. Why is the aging male subjected to the androgen hypothesis, while children,
women and the elderly are subject to a completely different theory? These errors in
reasoning obviously represent a broader problem in our medical culture a culture
that discounts the entirety of an individual in favor of fragmentation and reduction-
ism.
Androgens or Aging?
There is a strong commitment to the androgen hypothesis in the research on
balding that never fails to mention the pioneering work of Dr. Hamilton. While I think
Dr. Hamiltons work was incomplete, and essentially perverted to establish a doctrine
of pattern hair loss, even he suspected that factors may supersede the role of andro-
gens in baldness:
The suspicion arises that androgens are not the 'directly causative' agent
in baldness, but only one memberalbeit a frequently effective oneof a
family of remote causes that affect local areas capable of reacting in a spe-
cial manner.
27
Seven decades later, its safe to say that androgens are not the directly causa-
tive agents in baldness. Rather, like other multicellular tissues, the function and lon-
gevity of the hair follicle is dependent on the energetic state of the cells that make up
its structure. Pattern baldness in both sexes is characterized by a shift from efficient
to inefficient cellular energy metabolism, evidenced by an increase in the adaptive
stress substances. Over time, these adaptive stress substances cause pathological
changes in the scalp, including the accumulation of mucopolysaccharides, deranged
calcification processes, reduced follicular blood flow, hypoxia, oxidative stress, and mi-
21
tochondrial dysfunction, all of which predispose to temporary or permanent baldness.
These changes just so happen to be the same changes seen in the tissues of aging or-
ganisms; we now have a rational starting point for a new paradigm.
References
1. Hamilton, J.B. Male hormone stimulation is prerequisite and an incitant in common baldness. Am J
Anat 71:451-480 1942
2. Imperato-McGinley, J. et al. Steroid 5alpha-reductase deficiency in man: an inherited form of male
pseudohermaphroditism. Science. 1974 Dec 27;186(4170):1213-5.
3. Ramot, Y. et al. Finasteride induced Gynecomastia: Case report and Review of the Literature. Int J Tri-
chology. 2009 Jan-Jun; 1(1): 2729.
4. Rahimi-Ardabili, B. et al. Finasteride induced depression: a prospective study. BMC Clin Pharmacol.
2006 Oct 7;6:7.
5. Irwig, M.S. Depressive symptoms and suicidal thoughts among former users of finasteride with persis-
tent sexual side effects. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012 Sep;73(9):1220-3.
6. Vermeulen, A., et al. Hormonal effects of a 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor (finasteride) on hormonal lev-
els in normal men and in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Eur Urol. 1991;20 Suppl
1:82-6.
7. http://bit.ly/IrgFYl (PDF)
8. Irwig, MS., Kolukula, S. Persistent sexual side effects of finasteride for male pattern hair loss. J Sex
Med. 2011 Jun;8(6):1747-53.
9. Hamilton, J.B. Effect of castration in adolescent and young adult males upon further changes in the
proportions of bare and hairy scalp. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1960 Oct;20:1309-18.
10. Dawber, R.P.P., et al. Disorders of hair. In: Champion RH, Burton JL, Durns DA (eds) Rook/
Wilkinson/Ebling textbook of dermatology, 6th edn. Blackwell Science, Oxford, pp 28692973
1998
11. Olsen, E.A., et al. Androgenetic alopecia. In: Olsen EA (ed) Disorders of hair growth, diagnosis and
treatment. McGraw- Hill, New York, pp 257283 1994
12. Su, L.H. & Chen, T.H. Association of androgenetic alopecia with metabolic syndrome in men: a
community-based survey. Br J Dermatol. 2010 Aug;163(2):371-7
13. Gonzlez-Gonzlez, J.G., et al. Androgenetic alopecia and insulin resistance in young men. Clin Endo-
crinol (Oxf). 2009 Oct;71(4):494-9.
14. Arias-Santiago, S., et al. Sex hormone-binding globulin and risk of hyperglycemia in patients with an-
drogenetic alopecia. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011 Jul;65(1):48-53.
15. Ahouansou, S., et al. Association of androgenetic alopecia and hypertension. Eur J Dermatol. 2007
May-Jun;17(3):220-2. Epub 2007 May 4.
16. Arias-Santiago, S., et al. [Male androgenetic alopecia and cardiovascular risk factors: A case-control
study]. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2010 Apr;101(3):248-56.
17. Cela, E., et al. Prevalence of polycystic ovaries in women with androgenic alopecia. Eur J Endocrinol.
2003 Nov;149(5):439-42.
18. Starka, L., et al. Premature androgenic alopecia and insulin resistance. Male equivalent of polycystic
ovary syndrome? Endocr Regul. 2005 Dec;39(4):127-31.
22
19. Lotufo, P.A., et al. Male pattern baldness and coronary heart disease: the Physicians' Health Study.
Arch Intern Med. 2000 Jan 24;160(2):165-71.
20. Yassa, M., et al. Male pattern baldness and the risk of prostate cancer. Ann Oncol. 2011
Aug;22(8):1824-7
21. Birch, M.P., et al. Female pattern hair loss. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2002 Jul;27(5):383-88.
22. Hamilton, J.B. Effect of castration in adolescent and young adult males upon further changes in the
proportions of bare and hairy scalp. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1960 Oct;20:1309-18.
23. Greenwald, A.E. [Oral contraceptives and alopecia]. Dermatol Iber Lat Am. 1970;12:29-36.
24. Lynfield, Y.L. Effect of pregnancy on the human hair cycle. J Invest Dermatol. 1960 Dec;35:323-7.
25. Venning, V.A., Dawber, R.P. Patterned androgenic alopecia in women. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1988
May;18(5 Pt 1):1073-7.
26. Price, V.H., et al. Histology and hormonal activity in senescent thinning in males. J Invest Dermatol.
2001;117:434.
27. Hamilton, J.B. Effect of castration in adolescent and young adult males upon further changes in the
proportions of bare and hairy scalp. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1960 Oct;20:1309-18.
23
The cells in hair follicles produce hair when they are furnished with everything they
need. But in the scalp of a balding man, they do not get everything they need and as
a result, the hair-producing cells gradually die off. Here we have an example of a
mild disease which is caused by cellular malnutrition.
Nobel laureate Dr. Roger J. Williams (Nutrition Against Disease, 1971)
In the last chapter I cast doubt on the two predominant theories of pattern baldness:
bad genes and male hormones. Dr. Hamiltons research with eunuchs demon-
strated that while one may be susceptible to balding due to his or her inherited physio-
logical state, hair loss would not manifest in the absence of environmental influences
mainly, according to Hamilton, exposure to testosterone. Three decades later, Dr.
Julianne Imperato-McGinley discovered that members of a group of pseudohermaph-
rodites were immune to baldness and had normal levels of testosterone, seemingly at
odds with Hamiltons theory that had implicated testosterone. The pseudohermaphro-
dites were, however, deficient in the enzyme that converts testosterone into dihydro-
testosterone (DHT), 5-alpha reductase. This discovery was thought to provide a more
specific mechanism for baldness and helped to create the first FDA-approved drug for
treating "male-pattern baldness" called Finasteride.
The findings of Dr. Hamilton and Dr. Imperato-McGinley, along with the partial
effectiveness of Finasteride, helped form what is believed to be the strongest evidence
for the cause of "androgenic alopecia", or "male-pattern baldness": "male" androgen
hormones. However, because levels of the "male" hormones vary from person to per-
son in pattern baldness, the theory needed a post hoc modification in order to recon-
cile this inconsistency; this modification came in the form of an inherited genetic sensi-
tivity. While heavily relied upon to explain the mechanism of hair loss in young and
middle-aged men, this inherited genetic sensitivity is completely jettisoned in other
"types" of male-pattern baldness, including female androgenic alopecia, newborn
hair loss, postpartum hair loss, menopausal hair loss and senescent alopecia, all of
which are conveniently explained away as androgen-independent or age-related condi-
A SHIFT IN PARADIGM
CHAPTER 4
24
tions. Additionally, some estimates suggest that androgenic alopecia affects 50 to 100
percent of White men and women, and to lesser degree minorities, an estimate that
would require an improbably high rate of gene mutation.
Setting the androgen hypothesis aside, we find that baldness is incontrovertibly
associated with aging, with research actually suggesting that premature baldness is a
sign of premature aging.
1
An understanding of the mechanisms behind degeneration
and regeneration would not only help to form a more coherent picture of pattern hair
loss, but would also help to establish a context for devising effective and rational thera-
pies for reversing it. The new context would need to reconcile the following observa-
tions: why balding occurs in both men and women, why balding is associated with ag-
ing, why castrates and pseudohermaphrodites are immune to baldness, and why drugs
like Finasteride are effective for roughly half of those who use them.
The conclusions drawn in this book are unconventional, so before we go any fur-
ther I urge you, the reader, to look back and reflect on whether I may have led you
along a garden path. The remainder of this book is a radical departure from the cur-
rent view of baldness and mechanistic physiology in general. While resources for those
interested in pattern baldness are few and far between, Ralph M. Treb and Desmond
Tobins 2010 book, Aging Hair, provides, in my opinion, a relevant counter point to
the ideas presented in this book. However, the future doesnt appear to be bright, as
the two state:
Mainly because the pathogenesis mechanisms of androgenic alopecia are
not fully understood, the treatments available are limited and vary in ef-
fectiveness. Over the centuries a wide range of remedies have been sug-
gested for androgenic alopecia and currently treatments include wigs
and hairpieces, surgery, hormone action modifiers, and non-hormonal
therapy. Several of these are based on our understanding of the mecha-
nisms of androgen action within the follicle.
Hair Loss & Aging
The dominant theory of aging coursing through the veins of the medical world is
the early 20th century biologist Raymond Pearls rate of living theory of aging,
which states that an organisms lifespan is inversely related to its basal metabolic rate,
initially based on a previous observation that Drosophila melanogaster, a type of fly,
lived longer when kept at a lower temperature than at a higher temperature.
2
Some
25
have compared the body to a machine based on our everyday experience with them;
that is, the more vigorously we use them, the faster they tend to wear out and malfunc-
tion. And if the body were indeed like a machine, it might seem reasonable to view a
low pulse rate, low blood pressure, and a low body temperature as being "protective"
or suggestive of longevity. Various nutritional and lifestyle "therapies" such as bathing
in ice, fasting, and trying not to burn too much glucose (i.e., ketosis) are outgrowths
of this thinking, and seem sensible as interventions in this context.
This concept runs counter to experiments done by the father of modern biochem-
istry, Nobel laureate Albert Szent-Gyrgyi, who demonstrated that tissue renewal was
dependent on the energetic state of the organism. In his classic 1972 book, The Living
State, Szent-Gyrgyi described a simple experiment in which the normal apparatus of
excitation in a frog's heart was eliminated, making it solely dependent on electrical
stimulation. When the electrical stimulation ceased, the experimenter expected to find
a stronger heartbeat because of the resting period. Instead he found the opposite: the
first beat after the pause was weaker, and became increasingly weaker as the pause got
longer. The second beat, however, was stronger, as was each successive beat. Szent-
Gyrgyi called this phenomenon "the staircase," explaining that function generates
function, motion generates motion, while inactivity begets inactivity and makes mo-
tion and life fade away.
A real world example of Szent-Gyrgyis staircase is evident in the
incredible regenerative abilities of youth. In the 1998 book, The Body Electric,
author Robert Beck describes how the high-energy, high-metabolic state of the youth
is capable of repairing the most common childhood injury, the amputation of the fin-
gertip. The standard medical treatment for a fingertip amputation entails smoothing
out exposed bone and stitching the skin closed. If the digit has been cleanly cut, micro-
surgery is needed to reattach the fingertip. Despite these advanced methods, nails are
deformed, fingers are too short and often the injury becomes a chronic source of pain.
In the 1970s a child with such an injury benefitted from a hospital mix-up. While the
physician dressed the wound, a referral to a surgical physician to close the wound was
never made. Cynthia Illingworth caught the error a few days later, and to her amaze-
ment, the young rapscallion's fingertip was regenerating. Illingworth began treating
other children with 'natural replacement' and by 1974 had documented several hun-
dred regrown fingertips, all in children eleven years old or younger. Other clinical stud-
ies had confirmed that young childrens fingers cleanly sheared off beyond the outer-
most crease of the outermost joint would invariably regrow perfectly in about three
months.
3
When a probe was moved across the surface of the wounds of 10 children
26
who had finger tip amputations, the currents recorded were remarkably similar to
those obtained by Borgens et al. (1977) on salamanders, rising to a peak average cur-
rent density of 22 mu A cm-2 after an average of 8 days.
4

Given the extraordinary regenerative abilities demonstrated in children, why has
more research not been devoted to optimizing the metabolic rate as a means to repli-
cate this regenerative potential in adulthood? Perhaps mirroring the metabolism of a
ten-year-old child would provide the same regenerative abilities that are common at
that age.
The Stress of Aging
In 1947, Hungarian physiologist Hans Selye, who pioneered the stress concept of
aging and disease, noted that prolonged or excessive exposure to a stressor would tran-
siently lead to physiological imbalance, to which the body would mount an adaptive re-
sponse so as to restore balance. However, the more numerous and severe the stressors
became, the greater the physiological imbalance would result, and the likelihood of
mounting an effective adaptive response would become progressively less likely.
5
This mismatch between the magnitude of the stressor and the adaptive re-
sponse would then lead to only a partial restoration of balance and excessive strain
on the adaptive mechanisms. As these adaptive mechanisms began to fail, Selye saw a
characteristic pattern of signs manifest that included hemorrhaging, shrinkage of the
thymolymphatic tissue, inflammation and bleeding of the gastrointestinal tract, and
enlargement of the adrenal cortex.
Although details of the science of stress is more speculative than concrete at this
point, Selye made clear that the stressors encountered by an individual in his lifetime
not only accelerate the aging process, but also damage the mechanisms that respond
to those stressors. When subsequent stressors are encountered, the stress hormones
are released in larger amounts and persist in the blood longer than they did in youth.
The stress hormone cortisol was the focus of Selyes research, so I will use it as an ex-
ample here to demonstrate my point. Normally, when a stressor is encountered, corti-
sol is secreted and shortly after cleared from the blood, operating on the principle of
negative feedback, executed at the hypothalamus. But in old age, this negative feed-
back mechanism becomes less effective, and allows cortisol to persist in the blood
longer, presumably by damaging the cortisol receptors in the hypothalamus. Moreo-
ver, cortisol is secreted in larger amounts, pointing to the fact that the body has lost
the ability to measure the amount of cortisol needed to deal with stressors, or that cor-
tisol is acting less efficiently on its target tissues. Cortisol in excess is a destructive hor-
27
mone, causing conditions as diverse as skin aging and muscle wasting to diabetes and
cancer. Part of the way cortisol does this is by interfering with the proper delivery, use,
and storage of glucose.
Selye (incorrectly) believed that every organism had a finite amount of physiologi-
cal reserve, or adaptive energy, to mount an effective response to counteract the
physiological disturbances caused by stressors of any kind. Whats more likely happen-
ing is that the stress hormones an individual is exposed to in his lifetime cumulatively
damage the mechanisms whereby the body responds to stressors, resulting in, fore-
most, an inefficiency of energy generation, as well as chronically elevated levels of the
stress hormones. This not only accelerates the aging process, but contributes further
to the malfunctioning of the bodys stress response mechanisms. In an effort to keep
us alive, these mechanisms are sustained at the expense of the whole body until bal-
ance, the main concern, is reestablished. But when we are no longer able to reestablish
that balance, fragility and death are the inevitable outcomes.
The process of regeneration and the ability to avoid the ravages of
stress correspond to the degree of metabolic intensity, and therefore the
ability to sufficiently deliver glucose and oxygen to cells. Youth is associ-
ated with an uncanny ability to regenerate and a resiliency to stressors,
whereas adulthood is deemed a declining state of imperfect repair and as-
sociated with an impaired ability to bounce back from those same stres-
sors. The average rate of energy expenditure as a function of age can be represented
as a U-shaped curve. The first few decades of life are characterized by high rates of en-
ergy expenditure, eventually hitting a plateau in middle age, and declining 1 to 2 per-
cent per decade thereafter.
6

The Energy-Stress Tug-o-War
In his 2001 book, Life at the Cell and Below-Cell Level, Dr. Gilbert Ling said,
Smiling, laughing and other normal physiological activities tell us that a baby is well.
This is just a short way of saying that the trillions of cells making up the baby are well.
Similarly, when the baby is sick, it is a short way of saying that some or all of the
babys cells are sick. While this might sound esoteric, Albert Szent-Gyrgyi (who
called Ling one of the most inventive biochemists he had ever met) wrote that a
healthy cell needs energy not only for all of its functions, but to maintain its structure.
In other words, the energy "flowing" through the cell (i.e., redox reactions and the cy-
28
clic "flow" of electrons) reinforces the cell's structure. When energy isn't being gener-
ated vigorously, the structure collapses.
Anything that interferes with the ability to generate sufficient quantities of en-
ergy necessarily interferes with the repair and renewal processes of cells, eventually
leading to atrophy, infirmity, and complete loss of functioning of tissues and organs.
In other words, a lack of energy has a ripple-effect throughout the entire organism,
as cells form tissues, tissues form organs, and organs form whole organisms.
A complex mini-organ, the hair follicles in people with pattern baldness show
signs of maladaptation and stress just like other aging organs do. Accordingly, refo-
cusing attention on the interaction among stress, energy, and aging should help us to
better understand the pathology underlying pattern baldness.
This leads to a Kubrick-esque mystery of what causes aging. While medical cul-
ture sees the organism a ridged piece of non-renewable machinery preprogrammed
with an inherited genetic destiny, Albert Szent-Gyrgyi, Hans Selye, Gilbert Ling, Ray
Peat and others have described a very different energetic view of life where an organ-
isms structural resilience and ability to regenerate is based on its respiratory intensity
influenced predominantly by the environment. Focusing on the energetic state of
the smallest unit of life, the cell, will lead us to discover an unexplored realm of sci-
ence, the flow of energy through an organism (i.e., bioenergetics) and the mecha-
nisms underlying the growth of hair, forming a heretical bioenergetic view of pattern
hair loss.
References
1. Treb, R.M. Pharmacologic interventions in aging hair. Clin Interv Aging. 2006 June; 1(2): 121129.
2. Loeb, J., and Northrop, J.H. Is There a Temperature Coefficient for the Duration of Life? Proc Natl
Acad Sci U S A. 1916 Aug;2(8):456-7.
3. Illingworth, C.M. Trapped fingers and amputated finger tips in children. J Pediatr Surg. 1974
Dec;9(6):853-58.
4. Illingworth and Barker. Measurement of electrical currents emerging during the regeneration of ampu-
tated finger tips in children. 1980 Clin. Phys. Physiol. Meas. 1 87
5. H, S., et al. The legacy of Hans Selye and the origins of stress research: a retrospective 75 years after
his landmark brief "letter" to the editor# of nature. Stress. 2012 Sep;15(5):472-8.
6. Speakman, J.R., et al. Living fast, dying when? The link between aging and energetics. J Nutr. 2002
Jun;132(6 Suppl 2):1583S-97S.
29
He was started on thyroid therapy with the suggestion that after a time this should
make him feel better, but there was little hope of recovering his hair. Two months
later, when I saw him again, his depression had lifted, his blood pressure was down
to normal, he was energetic, interested in life, and, to my own as well as his
astonishment, hair was growing all over his head.
Dr. Broda Barnes (Hypothyroidism: The Unsuspected Illness, 1976)
In the last chapter, we showed that stress and deficient cellular energy are directly
linked to both aging and baldness. We also learned that energy production becomes
less efficient with age and that the adaptive stress hormones and signaling sub-
stances make up for this lost energy, with some people even suggesting that aging is
caused by a maladaptation to stress. The provision of glucose and oxygen to cells deter-
mines our ability to generate energy and therefore our ability to tolerate the ravages of
the stressors we encounter all day long. Because protein, and fat can be converted to
glucose, oxygen is the ultimate bottleneck in the ability to meet energy requirements
by way of glucose oxidation.
In his 1957 book Bioenergetics, Nobel laureate Albert Szent-Gyrgyi wrote that if
an organisms oxygen supply is periodically interfered with, the organism will slowly
deteriorate, beginning with the loss of the ability to generate "efficient" or "youth-like"
energy through the mitochondria. The interdependence of energy and structure, de-
scribed by Albert Szent-Gyrgyi (and later by Raymond Peat, PhD) is seen in the effi-
ciency by which energy is generated, with oxygen, in the mitochondria (technically
called oxidative phosphorylation or mitochondrial respiration or oxidative metabo-
lism). This process occurs in two phases: the anaerobic phase and the aerobic phase.
In the anaerobic phase (without oxygen), glucose (6 carbon atoms) is broken
down into two pyruvate molecules (2 carbon atoms each) in the cells cytoplasm. In
the aerobic phase (with oxygen), the two pyruvate molecules generated in the anaero-
bic phase are decarboxylated (carbon dioxide removed) and have lipoic acid molecules
attached to them yielding two molecules of acetyl-CoA. The acetyl-CoA molecules then
A BIOENERGETIC VIEW OF PATTERN
HAIR LOSS
CHAPTER 5
30
enter the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria, producing small amounts of energy before
realizing the complete oxidation of glucose in the electron transport chain, where al-
most all the energy that could possibly be derived from glucose is derived.
Cells without oxygen convert pyruvate to lactate, rather than acetyl-CoA, generat-
ing small amounts of energy in the process and allowing glycolysis to continue to run
in the absence of oxygen. This inefficient process, called glycolysis (or fermentation),
not only generates many times less energy than oxidative metabolism does, but is also
inflammatory. Lactate activates many mediators of inflammation, which are also inci-
dentally involved in the genesis of baldness; in stark contrast, lactate does not accumu-
late during mitochondrial respiration but is instead removed from the blood.
1
Mito-
chondrial respiration is approximately 93 percent more efficient than fermentation
2
as
far as energy is concerned; however, the advantage of the former process hinges
largely on the waste product carbon dioxide.
Carbon dioxide allows cells, tissues, and organs to better absorb oxygen, essen-
tially breathing oxygen into us. The Danish physician Christian Bohr is credited for
elucidating the details of this finding, showing in 1903 that carbon dioxide, produced
by properly respiring cells, caused hemoglobin molecules (the proteins on which red
blood cells bind and transport molecular oxygen) to release their oxygen atoms, in-
creasing the availability of oxygen to cells (i.e., the Bohr effect). In this respect, carbon
dioxide and lactate share an inverse relationship, evidenced by the fact that lactate lev-
els are no higher during bouts of exertion as a person acclimates to a higher altitude,
where oxygen levels are lower than they are at sea level. This phenomenon is called
the lactate paradox. It indicates that at high altitude some sort of acclimatization oc-
curs in which more carbon dioxide is retained in the tissues than is normal, such that
the delivery of oxygen to tissues keeps up with demand, despite the fact that oxygen
concentrations in the atmosphere are markedly reduced. If energy is generated with-
out producing sufficient amounts of carbon dioxide, a situation similar to hyperventila-
tion occurs, where large amounts of carbon dioxide are blown off through the lungs,
which, in turn, leads to cellular hypoxia, despite the fact that normal amounts of oxy-
gen are being carried by the blood.
This cyclical process hinges on the availability of active thyroid hormone or triio-
dothyronine (T3), which is predominantly synthesized in the liver from the pro-
hormone thyroxine (T4). For the genesis of baldness, we are concerned with the ac-
tive thyroid hormones dual role as the hormone of respirationstimulating
oxygen consumption through the efficient breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, and pro-
teins into carbon dioxideand as a cofactor (along with cholesterol and vitamin A)
31
in the production of the youth-associated steroid hormones (e.g., pregnenolone, pro-
gesterone and DHEA). Changes in hair growth, color and texture are famously associ-
ated with low thyroid function, which coincides with the age-associated decline in the
production, transport, and activation of the thyroid hormones. Without the active thy-
roid hormone, and the corresponding respiratory efficiency that it provides, tissues
would not function properly, leading to a laundry list of symptoms including weak-
ness, dry skin, lethargy, slow speech, edema, sensation of cold, decreased sweating,
thick tongue, pallor of skin, impaired memory, constipation, and mitochondrial dys-
function.
Oxygen, carbon dioxide, active thyroid hormone, and the vitality of the mitochon-
dria form the foundation of our bioenergetic view of pattern baldness. Since cells
form tissues, tissues form organs, and organs form whole organisms, it follows as a
matter of course that energy generated by cells, either "inefficiently" or "efficiently",
has a "ripple effect" throughout the entire organism.
The hair follicle itself is a complicated mini-organ that stands to be negatively af-
fected by even subtle shifts in the efficiency with which energy is generated. In fact, be-
cause of the already inherent inefficiency of metabolism present therein, the hair folli-
cle is one of the most sensitive among all the organs to these shifts.
The Mini-Organ
Hair follicles are aggregates of cellular structures that produce hair in a highly
energy-consuming process. However, when compared to a muscle cell, the energy me-
tabolism in hair follicles can be characterized as "inefficient", converting proportion-
ately more glucose to lactic acid,
3
which may explain why changes in hair growth and
appearance manifest as quickly as they do during times of stress and malnutrition.
The vitality of the hair follicles is dependent on the health of the mitochondria,
which require oxygen and glucose to produce sufficient energy in order to support this
mitochondrial health. In 2013, Vidali et al. showed that hair follicle aging (graying,
hair loss, etc.) correlated with declining mitochondrial function,
4
and by logical exten-
sion, lower energy levels. Dysfunctional mitochondria are not only thought to be a
problem in hair loss, but practically all major illnesses including, but not limited to,
Alzheimer's disease,
5
atherosclerosis,
6
autism,
7
cancer,
8
chronic fatigue,
9
fibromyal-
gia,
10
heart failure,
11
epilepsy,
12
hypertension,
13
hypoglycemia,
14
insulin resistance,
15
de-
pression,
16
infertility,
17
migraine,
18
non-alcoholic liver disease,
19
obesity,
20
sleep ap-
nea,
21
and type II diabetes.
22
While an allopathic doctor may be tempted to view each
32
of these conditions differently, in 2007 Rodriguez, et al. noted that there were com-
monalities among all mitochondrial-based disorders:
1. Lower cellular ATP
2. Proportionately more reliance on fermentative energy (i.e., glucose to lactic
acid)
3. Greater production of reactive oxygen species (ROS)
23
Unfavorable changes in mitochondrial function can be traced back to the interfer-
ence in either the production of thyroid hormone, transport of thyroid hormone, acti-
vation of thyroid hormone, or by any combination of these three processes. Thyroid
hormone greatly affects mitochondrial health by stimulating the production of ATP,
regulating oxygen consumption via carbon dioxide, and by reducing the production of
reactive oxygen species.
Mechanisms of Pattern Hair Loss
Various adaptive stress substances that suppress thyroid function may explain
the pathological changes seen in pattern baldness. For example, a characteristic of low
thyroid is the accumulation of mucopolysaccharides combinations of proteins and
sugars that deposit in the area between cells called the extracellular space.
24
Evidence
suggests that mucopolysaccharides, a hallmark of low thyroid, accumulate in the
scalps of those men with pattern baldness and can act as a matrix for calcification.
25

First published in 1942 in the prestigious Journal of the American Medical Asso-
ciation, the concept of increased scalp calcification in those with baldness is not new.
In the publication, Dr. Frederick Hoelzel introduced his "ivory dome" theory of bald-
ness based on observations he made in 1916 to 1917 while serving as a technician in
gross anatomy at the College of Medicine of the University of Illinois. During that time
he removed the brains of about 80 cadavers and discovered a correlation between the
blood vessel supply to the scalp and the quantity of hair present. In the cadavers with
baldness, blood vessels that nourished hair had been "pinched" off by excessive calcifi-
cation in the cavities (foramen) of the skull bones through which these blood vessels
passed, thereby impairing circulation to the scalp. Dr. Hoelzel concluded that "hair
tonics" or vitamins were not likely to restore blood circulation, through blood vessels
that had practically become impeded by solid ivory.
26
Dr. Hoelzel's theory has been met with extreme skepticism over the years, but
there is ancillary evidence supporting the notion that pattern baldness is associated
33
with reduced follicular blood flow. For example, when researchers compared balding
vs. non-balding scalps, they found that balding scalps produced finer, less pigmented
hairs that were much less obviously vascularized. However, when they exposed bald-
ing scalp cultures to a supplemental blood supply, the growth rate of the balding scalp
cultures increased by about 80 to 90 percent.
27
In another study, biopsies of balding
regions of scalp were accompanied by vascular thrombosis, the formation of a blood
clot inside a blood vessel that obstructs the flow of blood and nutrients to the hair folli-
cle. In the final stages of pattern baldness the tissue surrounding the hair follicle
gradually lost their capillaries until the skin appeared to be almost deprived of blood
vessels.
28
Similarly, reduced scalp oxygenation was noted by Goldman et al. in 1996,
whose group stated that there was vascular insufficiency in regions of the scalp that
lose hair during male pattern baldness.
29
Later on, Freund and Schwartz (2010) dem-
onstrated that injections of botulinum toxin (i.e., botox) resulted in increased oxygen
delivery to the frontal areas of the scalp, resulting in reduced hair loss and new hair
growth among men with pattern baldness.
30
In addition to the local changes seen in the scalps of those with pattern baldness,
there are systemic changes that support Dr. Hoelzel's "ivory dome" theory of baldness.
For example, it was found that bald men had reduced bone mineral density when com-
pared to men with hair
31
and that balding was associated with several hormones that
are not only uniquely detrimental to bones, but also to optimal thyroid function. By
stimulating the production of carbon dioxide, the active thyroid hormone supports
bone health. In point of fact, those with osteopetrosis or marble-bone disease have a
deficiency of an enzyme that degrades carbon dioxide (carbonic anhydrase) and there-
fore have higher tissue levels of carbon dioxide. This leads to extremely strong mar-
ble bones, as carbon dioxide is a co-factor that directs calcium into teeth and bones
and away from soft tissue.
32,33
At the cell level, inefficient respiration (i.e., glucose to lactate) provides a viable
mechanism for the higher functioning of adaptive "stress" hormones, poor bone min-
eral density, reduced follicular blood supply, scalp hypoxia, increased oxidative stress,
and other unfavorable changes seen in pattern baldness. While these problems are tra-
ditionally viewed in a compartmentalized fashion, our bioenergetic view of the organ-
ism redirects our main focus to the mitochondria. The mitochondria need glucose and
oxygen to produce energy, with oxygen being the ultimate bottleneck in efficient
mitochondrial energy production. Regulating the availability of oxygen is the so-called
waste product carbon dioxide, a product of oxidative metabolism, whose formation
is empowered by the active thyroid hormone T3.
34
The following chapters provide evidence that several factors normally thought to
be protective of hair actually contribute to baldness: estrogen, serotonin, and the es-
sential fatty acids. These chapters will build on the bioenergetic context established
in this chapter and the previous chapters. However, before we get too far, we need to
re-review the work of Dr. Hamilton and Dr. Imperato-McGinley as well as the mecha-
nism of action of Finasteride to explain why 100 percent of castrates and pseudoher-
maphrodites and roughly 40 percent of Finasteride users are immune to baldness.
References
1. Warburg, O., et al. Metabolism of Tumors in the Body. J Gen Physiol. 1927 March 7; 8(6): 519530.
2. Lehninger, A. Bioenergetics: The Molecular Basis of Biological Energy Transformations. 1973
3. Adachi, K., et al. Human Hair Follicles: Metabolism and Control Mechanisms. J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem.,
21, 901-924 (Dec. 9, 1970).
4. Vidali, S., et al. Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis Hormones Stimulate Mitochondrial Function
and Biogenesis in Human Hair Follicles. J Invest Dermatol. 2013 Jun 27.
5. Lucia, P., et al. Amyloid-Beta Interaction with Mitochondria. Int J Alzheimers Dis. 2011; 2011:
925050.
6. Nageswara, R., et al. Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Atherosclerosis. Circulation Research. 2007; 100:
460-473
7. Weissman, J.R., et al. Mitochondrial disease in autism spectrum disorder patients: a cohort analysis.
PLoS One. 2008;3(11):e3815.
8. Balliet, R.M., et al. Mitochondrial oxidative stress in cancer-associated fibroblasts drives lactate pro-
duction, promoting breast cancer tumor growth: understanding the aging and cancer connection.
Cell Cycle. 2011 Dec 1;10(23):4065-73.
9. Myhill, S., et al. Chronic fatigue syndrome and mitochondrial dysfunction. Int J Clin Exp Med.
2009;2(1):1-16. Epub 2009 Jan 15.
10. Cordero, M.D., et al. Mitochondrial dysfunction and mitophagy activation in blood mononuclear cells
of fibromyalgia patients: implications in the pathogenesis of the disease. Arthritis Res Ther.
2010;12(1):R17.
11. Huss J.M., and Kelly, D.P. Mitochondrial energy metabolism in heart failure: a question of balance. J
Clin Invest. 2005 Mar;115(3):547-55.
12. Simon Waldbaum and Manisha Patel. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress: a contributing
link to acquired epilepsy? J Bioenerg Biomembr. 2010 December; 42(6): 449455.
13. Puddu, P., et al. The putative role of mitochondrial dysfunction in hypertension. Clin Exp Hypertens.
2007 Oct;29(7):427-34.
14. Spiekerkoetter, U., and Wood, P.A. Mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation disorders: pathophysiological
studies in mouse models. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2010 Oct;33(5):539-46.
15. Vial, G., et al. Liver mitochondria and insulin resistance. Acta Biochim Pol. 2010;57(4):389-92. Epub
2010 Nov 16.
16. Rezin, G.T., et al. Mitochondrial dysfunction and psychiatric disorders. Neurochem Res. 2009
Jun;34(6):1021-9.
35
17. Ramalho-Santos, J., et al. Mitochondrial functionality in reproduction: from gonads and gametes to
embryos and embryonic stem cells. Hum Reprod Update. 2009 Sep-Oct;15(5):553-72.
18. Bigal, M.E., et al. New migraine preventive options: an update with pathophysiological considera-
tions. Rev Hosp Clin Fac Med Sao Paulo. 2002 Nov-Dec;57(6):293-8. Epub 2003 Feb 17.
19. Wei, Y., et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and mitochondrial dysfunction. World J Gastroenterol.
2008 Jan 14;14(2):193-9.
20. Bournat, J.C., and Brown, C.W. Mitochondrial dysfunction in obesity. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabe-
tes Obes. 2010 Oct;17(5):446-52
21. Wang, Y., et al. Reactive oxygen species and the brain in sleep apnea. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2010
Dec 31;174(3):307-16.
22. Zhongmin, A.M., et al. Mitochondrial Dysfunction and !-Cell Failure in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
Exp Diabetes Res. 2012; 2012: 703538.
23. Rodriguez, M.C., et al. Beneficial effects of creatine, CoQ10, and lipoic acid in mitochondrial disor-
ders. Muscle Nerve. 2007 Feb;35(2):235-42.
24. Crovato, F., et al. Histochemistry of Dermis and Blood Vessels in Male Pattern Alopecia. Biopathol-
ogy of Pattern alopecia, pp. 191-199. Karger, Basel/New York 1968.
25. Johnson, W.C., and Helwig E.B. Histochemistry of the acid mucopolysaccharides of skin in normal
and in certain pathologic conditions. Am J Clin Pathol. 1963 Aug;40:123-31.
26. Hoelzel, F. Baldness and Calcification of The "Ivory Dome". JAMA. 1942;119(12):968.
27. Randall, V.A., et al. A comparison of the culture and growth of dermal papilla cells from hair follicles
from non-balding and balding (androgenetic alopecia) scalp. Br J Dermatol. 1996
Mar;134(3):437-44.
28. Crovato, F., et al. Histochemistry of Dermis and Blood Vessels in Male Pattern Alopecia. Biopathol-
ogy of Pattern alopecia, pp. 191-199. Karger, Basel/New York 1968.
29. Goldman, B.E., et al. Transcutaneous PO2 of the scalp in male pattern baldness: a new piece to the
puzzle. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1996 May;97(6):1109-16; discussion 1117.
30. Freund, B.J., and Schwartz, M. Treatment of male pattern baldness with botulinum toxin: a pilot
study. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2010 Nov;126(5):246e-248e.
31. Morton, D.J., et al. Premature graying, balding, and low bone mineral density in older women and
men: the Rancho Bernardo study. J Aging Health. 2007 Apr;19(2):275-85.
32. Bushinsky, D.A., et al. Metabolic, but not respiratory, acidosis increases bone PGE(2) levels and cal-
cium release. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2001 Dec;281(6):F1058-66.
33. Canzanello, V.J., et al. Effect of chronic respiratory acidosis on calcium metabolism in the rat. J Lab
Clin Med. 1995 Jul;126(1):81-7.
36
"Several explanations for the beneficial effects of estrogens have been offered, but
there are problems with most of them."
Constance R. Martin (Endocrine Physiology, 1985)
The last chapter solidified our bioenergetic concept of pattern baldness, noting that ag-
ing typically coincides with reduced energy expenditure and increases the reliance on
the adaptive "stress" hormones that interfere with thyroid hormone production to pro-
mote "inefficient" cellular respiration. Over time, this leads to unfavorable changes in
energy metabolism within hair follicles, degrading its structure. It also leads to patho-
logical changes in the scalp tissue that can temporarily, or permanently, inhibit hair
growth (e.g., inflammation, calcification, reduced follicular blood flow, hypoxia, oxida-
tive stress).
However, this bioenergetic context doesn't directly address the evidence origi-
nally presented by Dr. Hamilton and Dr. Imperato-McGinley, who demonstrated that
castrates and pseudohermaphrodites were immune to baldness in every single case
studied. Similarly, the only FDA-approved treatmentwith the possible side effect of
permanent chemical castrationFinasteride, effective in roughly half of those indi-
viduals who take it, supposedly works by reducing the concentration of "male" hor-
mones.
The idea of "gender" hormones (i.e., testosterone is the "male" hormone and es-
trogen is the "female" hormone) extends to other diseases including polycystic ovarian
syndrome, prostate cancer, menopause and, most recently, the so-called andropause.
However, when adopting a whole organism view of physiology, hormone gender
specificity becomes untenable. For example, testosterone can be converted to estrogen
by an enzyme whose activity increases during stress, aging and malnutrition. Estrogen
can also act on the adrenal glands, causing them to secrete an androgen responsible
for causing whisker growth and chest hair.
1
While the concept of male hormone and
female hormone makes it easier to sell drugs like Propecia, it makes little sense
physiologically.
A BIOENERGETIC VIEW OF ESTROGEN
CHAPTER 6
37
Perhaps the largest casualty of this medical reductionism is the physiological role
of estrogen. Commonly believed only to support everything feminine, estrogen's nega-
tive influence on energy metabolism speaks to an alternative view of estrogen as an
agent of stress, aging, and pattern baldness.
Estrogen: The Shock Hormone?
In 1947, pioneering endocrinologist Hans Selye discovered that estrogen mim-
icked the most severe state stress, shock. Rather than producing estrus, (i.e., the fe-
male readiness to mate), administering estrogens to animals interrupted estrus and
were actually anti-estrogenic. Rejecting the name, Selye preferred to call estrogen
adipin, because of its production in the fat tissue (adipocytes), or folliculin, be-
cause of the ovarian follicle's significant role in its production.
2
Today, however, estro-
gen has shed its identity as the "shock hormone", and has been ingrained into the cul-
tural zeitgeist as the "female hormone" through a bizarre course of events.
In her 2005 essay, The Rise and Fall of Estrogen Therapy: The History of HRT,
Carla Rothenberg explains that over several decades, estrogen acquired a reputation
as an antidote for many of the illnesses associated with aging, and even as a preventa-
tive drug for such diseases as osteoporosis, benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), heart
disease, and Alzheimers disease. As part of a billion dollar business, estrogen "replace-
ment" of 15 times the amount a young woman would produce normally has been em-
braced by doctors, drug manufacturers, and advertising agencies in a supposed effort
to support femininity into old age. What could go wrong? After all, estrogen is the fe-
male hormone and scores of observational and case studies have supported an over-
whelmingly positive view of replacing lost estrogen.
In 1991, the National Institutes of Health announced The Women's Health Initia-
tive, a large clinical trial designed to test the effectiveness of various hormones and
supplements compared to placebos. The largest study ever conducted of its kind, the
trial involved a total of 161,808 healthy postmenopausal women. The morning of July
9, 2002, however, things went really wrong. A safety-monitoring board suddenly
halted a part of the study involving 16,608 women because those women who were tak-
ing estrogen had more breast cancer, heart attacks, strokes, pulmonary embolisms,
and blood clots than the women who were taking placebos. This was surprising to
many physicians who were prescribing estrogen for the very illnesses estrogen was ap-
parently causing; but if they had been aware of the effect of estrogen on cellular respi-
ration, and if they had implemented a bioenergetic framework in the provision of care
in their medical practice, it wouldn't have been.
38
Estrogen, Progesterone & Hair Growth
In women, estrogen is normally produced in monthly surges during ovulation or
pregnancy, inducing a temporary loss of coherence within the organism. The monthly
estrogen surge inhibits "efficient" oxidative mitochondrial metabolism and stimulates
cell division.
3
In good health, this intense but brief stimulation is useful in situations
that require rapid growth (i.e., for growing the uterus, breasts, and pituitary or for tis-
sue repair following injury), but in other situations, can become degenerative if unop-
posed by large amounts of progesterone.
Progesterone acts as an anti-estrogen,
4,5
supporting oxidative mitochondrial res-
piration and resolving the temporary growth-state induced by estrogen. However, if
the factors needed to produce progesterone such as thyroid hormone and vitamin A
are deficient, as they typically are in advanced age, estrogen can accumulate in the
tissues to lower the metabolic rate and the efficiency by which energy is generated.
The anti-respiratory, pro-inflammatory nature of estrogen, a systemic problem, has
many anti-hair qualities.
One of the clearest examples of how estrogen and progesterone affect hair
growth is during pregnancy, when there is an increase in hair growth rate, hair diame-
ter, and ratio of growing hairs to resting hairs
6,7
all of which result in a lush head of
hair.
8
In fact, in some cases pregnancy reverses male-pattern baldness in women.
9

In contrast to the beneficial effects of pregnancy on hair growth, postpartum women
routinely experience dramatic hair loss.
10
But after giving birth, when progesterone lev-
els fall sharply and estrogen and prolactin (the "lactation" or "molting hormone") lev-
els increase,
11
the lush head of hair that had developed during pregnancy when pro-
gesterone levels were soaring disappears.
In stark contrast to the hair-supportive conditions of pregnancy, menopausal con-
ditions favor the development of male-pattern baldness.
12
While professionals often
proclaim menopause as an estrogen deficiencyas if there were no doubt about it
it is very clear, instead, that an elevated ratio of estrogen to progesterone is involved.
Estrogen concentrations in tissues correlate positively with aging
13,14,15
and with body
fat levels.
16,17
Because there is much misunderstanding, it is worth stating here that
blood levels of estrogen do not necessarily reflect tissue concentrations of
estrogen.
18,19,20,21
Increased by estrogen,
22,23
prolactin often becomes excessive around
menopause,
24
slows the metabolic rate,
25
and inhibits the production of
progesterone.
26
However, there is no denying that supplemental estrogen is sometimes helpful
during menopause, but this may be due estrogens suppression of the pituitary meno-
39
pausal gonadotropins, which in excess can cause many problems associated with
menopause. In fact, P.W. Wise found that regulatory nerves in the brain responsible
for releasing these menopausal hormones were "desensitized" in relation to their ex-
posure to estrogen.
27,28
Estrogen and prolactin tend to cause hair loss in animals too. In one study, ad-
ministering estrogen to rodents caused hair loss, while an antiestrogen drug renewed
hair growth.
29
In another experiment, dogs treated with large doses of estrogens lost
their coats, which persisted even after the experiment ended.
30
Similarly, prolactin
treated rodents experience hair loss,
31
and both estrogen and prolactin work together
to initiate molting in birds.
32
The influence of pregnancy, post-pregnancy and menopause on hair growth has
now been elucidated by the bioenergetic properties of estrogen, prolactin and proges-
terone: Estrogen and prolactin both suppress thyroid function
33
and interfere with the
"efficient" production of energy,
34,35
while progesterone opposes both hormones
36
and
supports respiration.
37
Not surprisingly, estrogen and prolactin were increased in
those with pattern baldness.
38,39
Estrogen, Prolactin & Osteoporosis
Estrogen's "anti-hair" "anti-respiratory" qualities are further supported by what
is considered its greatest strength: its effect on bone health. Estrogen is said to help
prevent osteoporosis by decreasing the production of cells that destroy bone called os-
teoclasts. While estrogen does slow osteoclast production, it also decreases the rate of
bone renewal and promotes the deposition of calcium in soft tissue.
Perhaps the most striking anti-bone quality of estrogen is that it stimulates the
secretion of the pituitary hormone prolactin.
40,41
A well-known function of prolactin is
to break down bone to provide calcium for milk production during lactation. Unsur-
prisingly, lactating mothers are at very high risk for osteoporosis,
42
as well as other ail-
ments that include depression and hair loss. A hormone that tends to increase with
prolactin (and vice versa) and also removes calcium from the bones is parathyroid hor-
mone (PTH).
43
While the increased secretion of parathyroid hormone is adaptive in
the short-term (normalizing blood calcium levels when they fall below normal), low
levels of parathyroid hormone are essential for maintaining bone health.
44
Consistent
with its role in causing errant calcification processes, parathyroid hormone has also
been shown to influence hair growth in animal experiments.
45
Estrogen, prolactin, and parathyroid hormone tend to suppress thyroid function,
reducing the concentration of carbon dioxide, promoting "inefficient" respiratory en-
40
ergy, the production of lactic acid, all of which lead to an increased reliance on the clas-
sical stress hormone cortisol. Cortisol, secreted from the adrenal glands during stress,
degrades the bodys proteins before turning them into glucose so as to quickly provide
large amounts of glucose to cells to deal with the stressors. When energy metabolism
is inhibited, as it is in diabetes,
46
cortisol rises despite high blood glucose levels. Be-
cause the exposure to cortisol is increased in age-related bone loss
47
and in pattern-
baldness,
48
cortisol is thought to at least contribute to those conditions.
Progesterone's opposition towards estrogen, prolactin, cortisol, and parathyroid
hormone helps clarify the complex relationships among the endocrine factors involved
in bone loss. This same biochemical web, in context, also allows for a reevaluation of
the original research presented by Dr. Hamilton and Dr. Imperato-McGinley, explain-
ing why castration and pseudohermaphrodites were immune to baldness all of the
time, without exception. And finally, this context offers an alternative hypothesis for
how the popular anti-androgen drug Finasteride works.
Revisiting The Androgen Hypothesis
Let's revisit Dr. Hamilton's 1942 research, focusing on the three anomalies found
in those with testicular insufficiency:
1. Absence of balding
2. A marked reduction in sebaceous gland activity, resulting in reduced oiliness
of the face, hair, and scalp, as well as an absence of acne
3. Dandruff that was either present in very small amounts or absent altogether.
Acne, dandruff, and general oiliness of the skin are thought to be, at least in part,
caused by increased sebaceous gland activity. Because we know that castrates do not
produce testosterone (with the exception of small amounts of testosterone and other
weaker androgens from the adrenal glands), it might seem reasonable to treat these
problems with anti-androgens; in practice, however, this approach has produced
mixed results.
49
When analyzing the hormones of a castrate, we find that, in addition to the ab-
sence of testosterone, castrates are also deficient in estrogen
50
and prolactin.
51
These
hormones influence sebaceous glands;
52
in particular, prolactin activates the forma-
tion of sebum (oil) by the skin. Lo and behold, the anti-prolactin drug Bromocriptine
has been successfully used to treat acne.
53
Vitamin A opposes the action of estrogen
and is commonly used to treat acne.
54
Aspirin not only reduces estrogen,
55
but, like the
41
other inhibitors of eicosanoid synthesis (e.g., zileuton), is also useful in situations in-
volving acne.
A hormonal anomaly unifying Hamilton's castrates
56
and Dr. Imperato McGin-
ley's pseudohermaphrodites
57
is the higher functioning of the pituitary gonado-
tropin, luteinizing hormone (LH), which stimulates the ovaries to secrete progester-
one in women, the testes to secrete testosterone in men, and the adrenal glands to se-
crete androgens in both men and women. While progesterone levels were not meas-
ured in either case, the castrates and pseudohermaphrodites exhibited feminized char-
acteristics (e.g., reduced beard growth, higher pitched voices, and reduced pubic hair
growth), all but confirming the notion that the groups had either higher than normal
levels of progesterone, an anti-androgen, or unusually low levels of estrogen in rela-
tion to the adrenal androgens and progesterone, as the estrogens can be
masculinizing.
58
(The castrates were probably deficient in the enzymes that convert
the adrenal androgens and progesterone to testosterone and estrogen.)
Similarly, Finasteride may have progesterone-like qualities. Chemically similar
to progesterone, Finasteride is helpful for the types of hair loss that are arbitrarily
deemed to be androgen independent. For instance, in a study of eight females with
normal levels of androgens, Finasteride arrested the progression of hair loss for half of
the women who used it.
59
Another piece of evidence showing that Finasteride has
progesterone-like qualities came in the form of an observation that younger men re-
spond better to Finasteride than older men do.
60
Because estrogen tends to accumu-
late with aging at the same time testosterone, an anti-estrogen, declines,
61
the es-
trogenized aging male may have more difficulty experiencing the full force of Finaste-
rides feminizing effects, provided Finasteride did, in fact, have progesterone-like
qualities. According to its most recent package insert, Finasteride is so potently femin-
izing in some males that it has been shown to induce breast development, reduce
beard growth, and eliminate libido
62
all confirming Finasterides progestogenic quali-
ties.
Anything but the female hormone, estrogen is involved in the genesis of stress,
aging, and pattern baldness. Its effects on hair growth are most clearly seen in preg-
nancy and menopause. During pregnancy progesterone, which opposes estrogen, in-
creases roughly 100 times more than normal, often resulting in a lush head of hair
and reversing so-called female androgenic alopecia. During lactation, when progester-
one levels fall, and prolactin, estrogen, and cortisol increase, postpartum mothers no-
toriously experience hair loss that is often considered excessive. Similarly, during
42
menopausealso an estrogen dominant statewomen often experience male-pattern
baldness. Changes in hair growth during pregnancy and menopause are further eluci-
dated by these hormones influence on energy metabolism. For example, estrogen and
prolactin promote the energetically inefficient non-oxidative metabolism, while pro-
gesterone supports the creation of thyroid hormones and, therefore, the energetically
efficient oxidative metabolism. So, its all but fair to suppose that because an interfer-
ence in energy metabolism induces temporary hair loss, when estrogen and prolactin
are activated chronically, pathological changes in the scalp develop, ultimately leading
to permanent pattern baldness by way of hypoxia, soft tissue calcification, poor blood
flow, nutrient loss, oxidative stress, and so forth.
References
1. Ditkoff, E.C., et al. The impact of estrogen on adrenal androgen sensitivity and secretion in polycystic
ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995 Feb;80(2):603-7.
2. Selye, H. The Textbook of Endocrinology. 1947. "Similarly, in many animal species, the so-called "es-
trogens" do not in themselves cause estrus or heat without simultaneous progesterone treatment,
hence the later hormone could be called estrogenic with almost equal justification. Furthermore,
folliculoids interrupt the estrous cycle in the intact rodent so that they are actually anti-
estrogenic under ordinary circumstances of bioassay."
3. Gross, M. Biochemical changes in the reproductive cycle. Fertil Steril. 1961 May-Jun;12:245-62.
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29. Oh H.S., and Smart R.C. An estrogen receptor pathway regulates the telogen-anagen hair follicle tran-
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29;93(22):12525-30.
30. Gardner, W.U., and DeVita, J. Inhibition of Hair Growth in Dogs Receiving Estrogens. Yale J Biol
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31. Langan, E.A., et al. Mind the (gender) gap: does prolactin exert gender and/or site-specific effects on
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32. General Endocrinology. Saunders 1966.
33. Strizhkov, V.V. [Metabolism of thyroid gland cells as affected by prolactin and emotional-physical
stress]. Probl Endokrinol (Mosk). 1991 Sep-Oct;37(5):54-8.
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stress]. Probl Endokrinol (Mosk). 1991 Sep-Oct;37(5):54-8.
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pha- and 5alpha-dihydroprogesterone in the MCF-7aro breast cancer cell line. Anticancer Res.
2008 Jul-Aug;28(4B):2129-33.
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37. Gonzalez Deniselle, M.C., et al. Basis of progesterone protection in spinal cord neurodegeneration. J
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41. Nicoletti, I., et al. Testosterone-induced hyperprolactinaemia in a patient with a disturbance of
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42. Kovacs, C.S. Calcium and bone metabolism during pregnancy and lactation. J Mammary Gland Biol
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Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1982 Dec;55(6):1222-5.
44. Martin, C. Endocrine Physiology. 1985.
45. Safer, J.D., et al. A topical parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor an-
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51. Bronson, F. Mammalian Reproductive Biology. 1991;63 "As expected then, castration is followed by a
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52. Zouboulis, C.C. Acne and sebaceous gland function. Clin Dermatol. 2004 Sep-Oct;22(5):360-6.
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62. http://bit.ly/1hh8nRY (PDF)
46
A theory that is wrong is considered preferable to admitting our ignorance.
Elliot Vallenstein, Ph.D.
A recent health article discussed the negative side effects of a short-lived pharmaceuti-
cal drug for irritable bowel syndrome called Zelnorm. Taking Zelnorm resulted in a ri-
diculous amount of side effects, including abdominal pain, chest pain, flushing, facial
edema, hypertension, hypotension, angina pectoris, syncope, arrhythmia, anxiety, ver-
tigo, ovarian cyst, miscarriage, menorrhagia, cholecystitis, appendicitis, bilirubinemia,
gastroenteritis, increased creatine phosphokinase, back pain, cramps, breast cancer,
attempted suicide, impaired concentration, increased appetite, sleep disorder, depres-
sion, anxiety, asthma, increased sweating, renal pain, polyuria, heart attacks, and in-
testinal ischemia/necrosis. The author explained that the mechanism of the drug was
that it acted like serotonin, concluded that it had some serious problems, and should
be avoided at all costs. Instead, he preferred to use tryptophan or 5-HTP (i.e., sero-
tonin precursors) in patients with poor intestinal health.
This clear-cut case of cognitive dissonance supports the strong cultural stereo-
type of serotonin as the happy chemical that can do no wrong. However, in our bio-
energetic, context, serotonin sheds its cultural identity and shows itself for what it
truly is: a chemical involved in the genesis of stress, aging and pattern baldness.
Depression, Stress & Energy
Although it is stated with great confidence that depression involves low levels of
serotonin, its never been definitively proven in humans that a deficiency of serotonin
causes depression.
1
Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), which prolong the effects
of serotonin in the brain, among other places, are about as effective as a placebo.
2
Ac-
cumulating cases of children, teens, and young adults (ages 18 to 24) committing sui-
cide and developing suicidal thinking patterns have even led the FDA to force drug
manufacturers to add a black box warning the most serious of all warnings to all
A BIOENERGETIC VIEW OF SEROTONIN
CHAPTER 7
47
the drugs in the SSRI class, warning prescribers, pharmacists, and patients of this very
serious risk.
3
However, some people find great relief with these antidepressants, but
that may have nothing to do with serotonin per se, as serotonin increases the adaptive
stress hormone, cortisol
4,5,6
that can result in a sense of extraordinary wellbeing
and buoyancy followed by mood swings and suicidal tendencies.
7,8

I propose that a higher functioning of serotonin is probably involved in the pa-
thology of depression. Depression is the result of energy problems, the ones Ive been
describing, exacerbated by all the things that interfere with energy generation, includ-
ing an excessive exposure to serotonin. Thyroid hormone and aspirin (salicylic acid)
stimulate uncoupling of the mitochondria, thereby increasing oxygen consumption,
carbon dioxide production,
9
and heat generation. In short, all the things associated
with efficient oxidative metabolism. Is it then any wonder that the supplementation of
thyroid hormone and aspirin has been shown to help alleviate depression?
10,11,12
Lo
and behold, drugs that lower serotonin, serotonin-reuptake enhancers (SSREs), are ef-
fective agents for depression.
13,14
Studies have helped to elucidate and confirm the anti-metabolic effects of sero-
tonin. One study found that serotonin induced swelling in the mitochondria, and that
adenosine triphosphate (ATP) reversed that swelling demonstrating that serotonin
and ATP act in opposing directions in the cell.
15
Another study found that serotonin in-
terrupts oxidative mitochondrial respiration, promoting non-oxidative metabolism, in-
creasing the formation of (the proinflammatory) lactic acid.
16
In agreement with the
implications that could be logically drawn from these two studies, serotonin was
shown to reduce ATP levels in the cell.
In animals, serotonin appears to be crucially involved in the transition to the hi-
bernation state.
17
Serotonin slows the respiratory rate by increasing the activity of the
enzyme (carbonic anhydrase) that degrades carbon dioxide.
18
On the other hand, ad-
ministering thyroid hormone to hibernating animals wakes them up.
19

Serotonin & Hair Growth
Serotonins inhibition of efficient energy metabolism has adverse effects on the
mini-organ known as the hair follicle. Like all tissues, the hair follicle is composed of
collection of cells and depends on the flow of energy to function. Thyroid hormones
regulate this process, controlling hair follicle energy metabolism as well as mitochon-
drial function. As we saw in the hibernating animals, serotonin shares an inverse rela-
tionship with the thyroid hormones. For example, individuals with low thyroid tend to
have higher levels of serotonin.
20,21,22
Carbon dioxide, produced under the direction of
48
the thyroid hormones, stabilizes circulating mast cells, preventing them from releas-
ing their serotonin into the blood.
23
In addition to its inverse relationship with the thyroid hormones, serotonin in-
creases and synergizes with a variety of hormones associated with baldness. It, for in-
stance, increases estrogen
24,25,26
(and estrogen, in turn, increases serotonin).
27
It, like
estrogen, also increases prolactin.
28
And, it inhibits the formation of the pro-hair hor-
mone progesterone.
29

Increased prolactin is a typical side effect of SSRIs
30
and serotonin precursor sup-
plements (such as 5-HTP and tryptophan), sometimes inducing gynecomastia (i.e.,
male breast growth) in men. Like estrogen and prolactin, serotonin causes bone loss
and inhibits bone formation;
31
on this basis, anti-serotonin drugs have been used to in-
hibit bone loss.
32,33
Bone health is of particular interest given that the factors in bone
health usually intersect with the factors in hair health (e.g., carbon dioxide, thyroid, es-
trogen, prolactin, parathyroid hormone, etc.).
Serotonin & Bacterial Endotoxin
A factor in stress, aging, and pattern hair loss that has yet to be mentioned is en-
dotoxin, or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is a toxic, outer-cell wall component of cer-
tain bacteria that, like estrogen, produces shock and interferes with cells use of
oxygen.
34
This hair loss factor is normally produced by common colonic bacteria and
released into the surrounding area upon their destruction or death. In stress, de-
energized intestinal cells (enterocytes) become more promiscuous in the substances
that they allow to enter the body, including endotoxin, which, upon slipping past this
intestinal firewall, gets into the general circulation, through which it does almost all of
its damage to the host.
Endotoxin synergizes with and increases many of the bioenergetic factors contrib-
uting to pattern baldness, especially serotonin. While often referred to as a brain neu-
rotransmitter, the intestines produce about 95 percent of the bodys serotonin,
35

whose basic function is to produce intestinal contractions. (This is probably why the
producers of Zelnorm believed that it was a rational treatment of irritable bowel syn-
drome). Endotoxin causes the release of serotonin.
36
Serotonin, in turn, causes inflam-
mation in the intestines
37
and appears in excess in inflammatory bowel diseases, such
as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), celiac disease, and Crohns disease.
38
Endotoxin also interacts with two other factors in baldness, cortisol and estro-
gen. Cortisol increases blood levels of endotoxin in a dose-dependent fashion,
39
and
endotoxin activates the enzyme that synthesizes new estrogen.
40
In a vicious cycle, es-
49
trogen increases cortisol
41
and causes intestinal cells to become permeable.
42
Constipa-
tion, which was one of the earliest signs of stress noticed by Hans Selye,
43
increases es-
trogen, too.
44,45

In context, serotoninin its role as an inhibitor of the metabolic rateseems to
be a contributor to the pathology of pattern baldness. Serotonins synergy with estro-
gen, prolactin, cortisol and endotoxin further elucidates its mechanism in the advent
of hair loss. The evidence provided suggests a rethinking of a substance that is subject
to as much bias and misinformation as the topic of our previous chapter, estrogen.
Our bioenergetic view of estrogen and serotonin establishes a foundation for re-
viewing what is perhaps the largest factor in our bioenergetic view of pattern baldness:
the types of fat we consume. While dietary fat has been a focal point in nutrition re-
search for the last several decades, the so-called deleterious fat, saturated fat, as part
of the 'diet-heart-hypothesis', has been vindicated by the forward thinking pioneers
like Dr. Chris Masterjohn, Uffe Ravnskov and others. Solving the riddle of pattern
baldness may require a similar pioneering attitude towards the role of fatty acids in
stress, aging and pattern hair loss. More specifically, the case will be made that the cur-
rent darling of the nutrition industry, the polyunsaturated fats (including omega-3s)
are uniquely harmful for hair growth, and may even be a prerequisite for pattern bald-
ness.
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"Everyone should have the privilege of playing Russian Roulette if it is desired, but it
is only fair to have the warning that with the use of polyunsaturated fats the gun
probably contains live ammunition."
Dr. Broda Barnes
Recently, it was found that men with "androgenic alopecia" had higher levels of the
polyunsaturated fatty acid breakdown product, prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) in their
scalps.
1
Naturally, this created a tidal wave in the hair loss community, lighting vari-
ous forums ablaze with thread titles such as, "Hope for us all - Source of baldness dis-
covered: Prostaglandin D2", "How can I reduce prostaglandin D2 to save my hair?"
and "Prostaglandin inhibitor to cure baldness in two years!
While the hair-loss-o-sphere was confused and excited at the same time, elevated
levels of PGD2 in the scalps of balding men is to be expected given our bioenergetic
context of hair loss. However, the current doctrine of the essentiality of certain fats
has muddied the waters of baldness research, effectively handicapping progressive
thought on the subject. Therefore, the role of the various types of dietary fats in hu-
man health, and by extension balding, demands a reimagining; a reimagining that
turns the current ideas on the topic, including the current darling of the nutritional
world the polyunsaturated fats on its head.
Dietary Fats 101
Although all fats and oils, whether of vegetable or plant origin, contain a mixture
of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fats, they differ in the propor-
tions of each of these fats; that is to say, the main difference is a matter of degree, not
kind. Highly unsaturated fats (polyunsaturated fats, or PUFA) have more carbon dou-
ble bonds and are more susceptible to spontaneous oxidation, while saturated fats
have fewer double bonds and more hydrogen atoms, making them less susceptible to
errant oxidation processes. While oxidation in the context of mitochondrial oxidative
A BIOENERGETIC VIEW OF THE ESSENTIAL
FATTY ACIDS
CHAPTER 8
54
metabolism is beneficial and desired, unsaturated fats that react with oxygen-derived
free radicals lead to oxidative stress to produce the conditions that favor the genera-
tion of the previously mentioned PUFA breakdown products, the prostaglandins, that,
in one way or another, irreversibly damage the mitochondria.
In nature, we find that PUFA is appropriate for animals preparing for hiberna-
tion or living in cold climates, such as sardines in the ice-cold waters of the arctic. If
we were to exchange the high concentration of PUFA in the tissue of sardines for an
equally high concentration of saturated fatty acids, as is found in warm-blooded ani-
mals, those sardines would become stiff and unable to maneuver in the cold water.
Likewise, a higher concentration of PUFA in warm-blooded animals would increase
the fats likelihood of oxidizing because of the higher temperatures, as well as the
higher oxygen concentrations, present therein. Plants, nuts and seeds are the most
concentrated sources of PUFA, whose degree of saturation depends on the climate in
which the plants are grown. For instance, soybeans grown in tropical climates have
the same degree of saturation that coconuts do.
2
Humans have a high rate of metabolism and a body that operates optimally at a
temperature around 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit, suggesting that saturated fats which
are stable against relatively high concentrations of oxygen and used exclusively to gen-
erate heat are more appropriate for humans than unsaturated fats are.
However, the 1970s birthed the poorly substantiated "lipid hypothesis" and a
medical doctrine which put forth the idea that saturated fats were responsible for
heart disease, polluting lipid research for the next several decades. The cultural re-
sponse to the lipid hypothesis was to minimize the consumption of saturated fats in fa-
vor of the cheap "heart healthy" refined oils (e.g., soybean oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil,
vegetable oil, rapeseed oil, peanut oil, sesame oil, canola oil, etc.). In particular, it was
estimated that the consumption of soybean oil has gone up 1000% in the last decade.
3

Rather than preventing heart disease, the increased consumption of unsaturated fats
has coincided with the rapid decline of U.S. health, some even hypothesizing that the
promotion of unsaturated fats have been partially responsible for the obesity
epidemic.
4
While the topic continues to baffle the mainstream, Uffe Ravnskov, Dr.
Chris Masterjohn and others have thoroughly picked apart the flaws in the "the lipid
hypothesis," vindicating saturated fats in the process (for many of the same reasons
that are discussed in this chapter).
Even more controversial than the role of unsaturated and saturated fats in hu-
man physiology is the role of the so-called "essential fatty acids," or EFAs, which in-
clude
55
Omega-6 linoleic acid (LA)
Omega-6 arachidonic acid (AA)
Omega-3 alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)
Omega-3 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
Omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
Found predominantly in oily fish such as salmon, halibut, and sardines, and in
dietary supplements derived therefrom (e.g., fish oil, cod liver oil, salmon oil, krill oil),
these fats, now universally believed to be beneficial, have been elevated to the status of
vitamins. Especially when viewed in our bioenergetic context, however, the early re-
search that deemed certain polyunsaturated fatty acids as essential seems, in my esti-
mation, to have been presumptuous.
A Brief History of EFAs
The idea that some fats were essential began in 1929 when George and Mildred
Burr published a paper claiming that a variety of diseases including dandruff, dermati-
tis, slowed growth, sterility, and fatal kidney degeneration were cured when their ro-
dents were supplied with adequate linoleic acid (LA).
5
The experimental diet used to
support this finding consisted of purified casein (a milk protein) and purified sucrose,
aligned with supplemental vitamins and minerals. Besides being deficient in several
nutrients that hadnt been discovered yet (e.g., zinc, copper, manganese, molybde-
num, and selenium) the fat-deficient high-sucrose diet caused the rats to consume oxy-
gen at an extremely high rate (i.e., increase their metabolic rates). Some wondered if
rather than a deficiency of LA, the rats nutritional requirements were simply higher
due to their higher rates of metabolism. The suspicions of these few skeptical individu-
als were proven to be justified when the purported essential fatty acids deficiency was
cured with the addition of vitamin B6,
6
suggesting that rather than curing a deficiency,
the addition of LA was simply decreasing the rate of metabolism and therefore the nu-
tritional requirements.
Interestingly, inducing an EFA deficiency in humans is rather difficult to do, as
the Burr's discovered when their coworker William Brown agreed to adhere to an
EFA-deficient diet for six months.
7
Browns diet was limited to skimmed milk,
skimmed cottage cheese, sucrose, potato starch, orange juice, baking powder, salt, and
a few dietary supplements. Rather than fat-free, the diet was extremely low fat, with
most of the fat coming from the skimmed milk. The results of the six-month experi-
56
ment found Brown in good health, indicated by the elimination of his weekly mi-
graines and a reduced sense of fatigue after a day's work. The diet also reduced
Browns blood pressure, serum phosphorous levels, and weight, and increased his res-
piratory quotient (i.e., the oxidation of carbohydrate to carbon dioxide in relation to
fat and protein). Additionally, Browns blood cholesterol levels dropped from 298 to
206 mg/dL, while his serum triglycerides, the form in which fatty acids are safely traf-
ficked throughout the body, increased.
In all, Brown's health actually improved dramatically on an EFA-deficient diet.
These results coincide with other experiments that later demonstrated the anti-
inflammatory and anti-stress effects brought about by an EFA deficiency. One mecha-
nism that could explain the benefits of becoming EFA deficient is the synthesis of a
polyunsaturated omega-9 fatty acid called mead acid, which a person produces in
amounts proportional to the severity of his or her EFA deficiency.
8
Unlike other un-
saturated fats, mead acid is anti-inflammatory,
9,10
supports mitochondrial respira-
tion,
11,12
and protects against shock,
13
energy loss, and endotoxin.
14
Insulin Resistance & Baldness
In September 2000, researchers raised the question of whether insulin resis-
tance was a mechanism or promoting factor in early pattern baldness.
15
Early on, insu-
lin resistance is characterized by high blood levels of insulin, a compensation for the
resistance to insulin that develops in the body. Later on, when insulin secretion begins
to fall off, high blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) develops, and a diagnosis of type
II diabetes is made.
Excess carbohydrate consumption is often thought to cause or greatly exacerbate
these issues, and some have suggested that limiting our overall intake of carbohy-
drates, especially of sugar, would greatly ameliorate these problems.
Rather than excess carbohydrate, however, the preponderance of evidence sug-
gests that excess fat, by elevating free fatty acids (non-esterified fatty acids or NEFA),
causes insulin resistance.
16
The accumulation of free fatty acids in the blood can be
thought of as a condition brought about by stress (any kind), executed by way of the
adaptive stress hormones.
17
These stress hormones are all lipolyticmeaning that
they liberate fatty acids into the blood. Adrenaline, cortisol, estrogen, growth hor-
mone, and aldosterone (among others), inhibit the use of glucose in various tissues in
order to spare that glucose for certain areas of the brain and the muscles as means to
supply energy to power short bursts of explosive activity. While burning fat has be-
come synonymous with meaningless diet jargon, Wolfe and his colleagues noted that
57
the enhanced mobilization and oxidation of fat is a fundamental response to stress,
and that there was little doubt that there are signals for the increased mobilization of
fat [present] in shock, trauma, and sepsis.
18

Free fatty acids interfere with energy metabolism in both the short-term and the
long-term. In the short-term fatty acid metabolism inhibits the uptake and oxidation
of glucose, as the British biochemist Sir Phillip Randles hypothesis states.
19
In the
long-term, free fatty acids have been referred to as a toxic candidate for the insulin-
secreting pancreatic beta cells.
20
In fact, it was found that chronic exposure to even
moderate amounts of fatty acids dysregulates and impairs the functioning of the beta
cells, even destroying them in severe cases.
21
In contrast to the beta cell destroying ef-
fect of fatty acids, glucose has been shown to initiate the regeneration of beta cells,
thereby restoring the physiological proportion of insulin secretion to glucagon secre-
tion by the pancreas. For example, experiments with animals showed that infusions of
glucose increased the mass of beta cells by 250 percent over the course of 4 days.
22
By
reducing the cells exposure to free fatty acids, glucose, by way of insulin, actually pro-
tects the mitochondria from harm.
Unsaturated fatty acids are specifically detrimental to energy production by inter-
fering with oxygen use. Raymond Peat, PhD has brought attention to cardiolipin, a
unique (double) phospholipid found exclusively in the mitochondria. In physical prox-
imity, cardiolipin supports the activity of cytochrome c oxidase, an enzyme that occu-
pies the last crucial step in the process of energy generation by way of oxidative phos-
phorylation. The fatty acid composition of cardiolipin changes with aging, specifically
[by] an increase in highly unsaturated fatty acids,
23
and these changes decrease the
activity of cytochrome c oxidase.
Perhaps the largest contribution of free fatty acids to the genesis of pattern bald-
ness is their degradation into hormone-like inflammatory substances called prosta-
glandins. While the common belief is that there are both "good" and "bad"
prostaglandins, in the context of baldness they seem to be exclusively bad.
In stress, the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes are activated, metabolizing the essen-
tial fat arachidonic acid into prostaglandins. One of these prostaglandins, prostaglan-
din E2, activates aromatase,
24
increasing estrogen, which is associated with pattern
baldness.
25
In a vicious cycle, estrogen activates the fat-liberating enzyme (phospholi-
pase A2) that releases arachidonic from cells allowing prostaglandins to form.
26,27
Al-
though correlational data cannot be magically turned into proof of cause and effect,
balding men were found to have accumulated higher levels of prostaglandin D2 in
58
their scalps, an observation that supports the body of evidence and mechanisms impli-
cating COX, arachidonic acid, and prostaglandins in pattern baldness. Estro-
gen,
28,29,30,31
arachidonic acid,
32
and prostaglandins all stimulate the synthesis of pro-
lactin, which is also associated with pattern baldness.
33
In addition to inhibiting glucose metabolism, the efficiency of which is central to
hair growth, elevated levels of free fatty acids have two well-defined negative effects
on hormonal metabolism. The first is that free fatty acids, especially when unsatu-
rated, facilitate the entry of estrogen into cells, possibly by lowering levels of sex hor-
mone binding globulin (SHBG),
34,35
whose function is to bind and keep estrogen out of
cells and in the blood. Lower levels of SHBG are associated with pattern
baldness.
36,37,38
The second is that free fatty acids increase the activity of the rate-
limiting enzyme (tryptophan hydroxylase) of the pathway that converts tryptophan to
serotonin.
39
While this is considered to be beneficial by the rest of the world, as de-
scribed in the last chapter, serotonin is a factor in pattern baldness that should be
tightly regulated.
Before closing this chapter, it is important to bear in mind that overeating that
leads to weight gain represents a stressor that can lead to chronically elevated levels of
the free fatty acids. When energy intake exceeds energy requirements, over time, adi-
pose tissue becomes overstuffed with fat and as a result, fatty acids leak out from the
adipose tissue and into the blood, thereby raising the levels of free fatty acids. At the
same time, the overstuffed adipose tissues increase the body's overall inflammatory
burden, which, in a positive feedback loop, liberate even more fatty acids from the adi-
pose tissue.
Although all free fatty acids, saturated or unsaturated, are harmful in excess,
when they are saturated, the positive feedback loop just described would short circuit
itself, as saturated fatty acids suppress the body's adaptive responses to stressors
40

and are quickly burnt to counteract the hypercaloric imbalance. But when the liber-
ated fatty acids are unsaturated, as is undoubtedly now the case in those who eat the
standard American, PUFA-laden diet, there is no such off switch as there is for satu-
rated fatty acids, as unsaturated fatty acids interfere with the creation, release, trans-
port, and activation of the thyroid hormone. Unsaturated fatty acids also irreversibly
damage the mitochondria, increase estrogen and prolactin, and perpetuate the body's
inflammatory state.
References
59
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8. Cleland, L.G., et al. Dietary (n-9) eicosatrienoic acid from a cultured fungus inhibits leukotriene B4
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Jun;126(6):1534-40.
11. Burr, G.O., and Beber, A.J. Metabolism Studies With Eats Suffering From Fat Deficiency. Exp Biol
Med May 1934 vol. 31 no. 8 911-912
12. Kunkel, H., and Williams, J. The effects of fat deficiency upon enzyme activity in the rat. J Biol Chem.
1951 Apr;189(2):755-61.
13. Cook, J.A., et al. Essential fatty acid deficient rats: a new model for evaluating arachidonate metabo-
lism in shock. Adv Shock Res. 1981;6:93-105.
14. Li, E.J., et al. Resistance of essential fatty acid-deficient rats to endotoxin-induced increases in vascu-
lar permeability. Circ Shock. 1990 Jun;31(2):159-70.
15. Matilainen, V., et al. Early androgenetic alopecia as a marker of insulin resistance. Lancet. 2000 Sep
30;356(9236):1165-6.
16. M Roden, T.B., et al. Mechanism of free fatty acid-induced insulin resistance in humans. J Clin In-
vest. 1996 June 15; 97(12): 28592865.
17. Frayn, K.N., et al. Are increased plasma non-esterified fatty acid concentrations a risk marker for
coronary heart disease and other chronic diseases? Clin Sci (Lond). 1996 Apr;90(4):243-53.
18. Wolfe, R.R., et al. Energy metabolism in trauma and sepsis: the role of fat. Prog Clin Biol Res.
1983;111:89-109.
19. Hue, L., and Taegtmeyer, H. The Randle cycle revisited: a new head for an old hat. Am J Physiol En-
docrinol Metab. 2009 Sep;297(3):E578-91.
20. Li N, Frigerio F, Maechler P. The sensitivity of pancreatic beta-cells to mitochondrial injuries trig-
gered by lipotoxicity and oxidative stress. Biochem Soc Trans. 2008 Oct;36(Pt 5):930-4.
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21. Piro, S., et al. Chronic exposure to free fatty acids or high glucose induces apoptosis in rat pancreatic
islets: possible role of oxidative stress. Metabolism. 2002 Oct;51(10):1340-7.
22. Jetton, T.L., et al. Enhanced beta-cell mass without increased proliferation following chronic mild
glucose infusion. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Apr;294(4):E679-87.
23. Lee, H.J., et al. Selective remodeling of cardiolipin fatty acids in the aged rat heart. Lipids Health Dis.
2006 Jan 23;5:2.
24. Bulun, S.E., et al. Estrogen biosynthesis in endometriosis: molecular basis and clinical relevance. J
Mol Endocrinol. 2000 Aug;25(1):35-42.
25. Schmidt, J.B., et al. Hormonal parameters in androgenetic hair loss in the male. Dermatologica.
1991;182(4):214-7.
26. Thomas, W., et al. Estrogen induces phospholipase A2 activation through ERK1/2 to mobilize intra-
cellular calcium in MCF-7 cells. Steroids. 2006 Mar;71(3):256-65. Epub 2005 Dec 22.
27. Periwal, S.B., et al. Effect of hormones and antihormones on phospholipase A2 activity in human en-
dometrial stromal cells. Prostaglandins. 1996 Mar;51(3):191-201.
28. D'Agata, R., et al. Hydrotestolactone lowers serum oestradiol and PRL levels in normal men: evi-
dence of a role of oestradiol in prl secretion. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1982 Nov;17(5):495-9.
29. Nicoletti, I., et al. Testosterone-induced hyperprolactinaemia in a patient with a disturbance of
hypothalamo-pituitary regulation. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1984 Feb;105(2):167-72.
30. Horner, K.C., et al. Experimental estrogen-induced hyperprolactinemia results in bone-related hear-
ing loss in the guinea pig. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 293: E1224E1232, 2007.
31. Matsuda, M., and Mori, T. Effect of estrogen on hyperprolactinemia-induced glucose intolerance in
SHN mice. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1996 Jul;212(3):243-7.
32. Kolesnick, R.N., et al. Arachidonic acid mobilizes calcium and stimulates prolactin secretion from
GH3 cells. Am J Physiol. 1984 May;246(5 Pt 1):E458-62.
33. Schmidt, J.B., et al.[Hyperprolactinemia and hypophyseal hypothyroidism as cofactors in hirsutism
and androgen-induced alopecia in women]. Hautarzt. 1991 Mar;42(3):168-72.
34. Reed, M.J., et al. Free fatty acids: a possible regulator of the available oestradiol fractions in plasma.
J Steroid Biochem 1986 Feb;24(2):657-659.
35. Bruning, P.F., and Bonfrr, J.M. Free fatty acid concentrations correlated with the available fraction
of estradiol in human plasma. Cancer Res. 1986 May;46(5):2606-9.
36. Arias-Santiago, S., et al. Sex hormone-binding globulin and risk of hyperglycemia in patients with an-
drogenetic alopecia. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011 Apr 19.
37. Starka, L., et al. [Hormonal profile in men with premature androgenic alopecia]. Sb Lek.
2000;101(1):17-22.
38. Cipriani, R., Sex hormone-binding globulin and saliva testosterone levels in men with androgenetic
alopecia. Br J Dermatol. 1983 Sep;109(3):249-52.
39. McNamara, R.K, et al. Omega-3 fatty acid deficiency during perinatal development increases sero-
tonin turnover in the prefrontal cortex and decreases midbrain tryptophan hydroxylase-2 expres-
sion in adult female rats: dissociation from estrogenic effects. J Psychiatr Res. 2009
Mar;43(6):656-63. Epub 2008 Nov 4.
40. Katoh, K., et al. Saturated fatty acids suppress adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) release from rat
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Feb;137(2):357-64.
61
Its refreshing to see people beginning to think clearly and rationally and move
away from gimmicky diets that have little basis in fact, reality, or objectivity, and to
ones that are firmly seated in all aspects of human physiology and science. After all,
this is why most of us choose to eat a certain way, that is to be as healthy as we can
be, both physically and mentally . . . not to, say, replicate how our caveman
ancestors supposedly ate and lived. Its due to this line of reasoning that
carbohydrates, and especially sugar and fructose, have fallen by the wayside of late,
driven by an irrational fear, bordering on obsessiveness, thats evolved to where
sugar is now conceived of as a toxic poison and blamed for causing diabetes, cancer,
obesity, gout, etc. (Thank you Dr. Lustig.)
Andrew Kim
Pattern baldness is an energy problem that begins in the cell. Solving that energy prob-
lem involves limiting our exposure to adaptive "stress" substances such as cortisol, es-
trogen, prolactin, serotonin, endotoxin, parathyroid hormone and aldosterone. Our
ability to defend against these adaptive "stress" substances depends on our ability to
sufficiently deliver oxygen and glucose to our cells. Because carbohydrate, protein,
and fat can provide glucose, oxygen is the ultimate bottleneck in the efficient produc-
tion of energy through the mitochondria. Oxygen is regulated in large by thyroid hor-
mones, and more specifically, active thyroid hormone, triiodothyronine (T3), which is
produced predominantly in the liver from the pro-hormone thyroxine (T4).
Thyroid hormones regulate the rate of oxygen consumption in two ways; by
stimulating the production of carbon dioxide and acting as a cofactor in the synthesis
of various "youth-associated" hormones (e.g., pregnenolone, progesterone, DHEA).
Thus, a lifestyle that supports hair growth can also be thought of as an "anti-stress" or
"pro-thyroid" lifestyle. While it may sound far-fetched to influence how our cells pro-
duce energy, there are many environmental factors that affect the creation, transport,
and activation of the thyroid hormones.
STEPS TOWARDS A LOGICAL PRO-HAIR
LIFESTYLE
CHAPTER 9
62
The Importance of Self-Diagnostics
Before we get into the dietary and lifestyle suggestions, its imperative that you,
the reader, be aware of self-diagnostics that should be employed during any dietary
and lifestyle endeavor. Adopting an arbitrary list of dietary recommendations without
collecting objective data is a waste of time. In my estimation, the two most revealing
objective data that could be obtained are body temperature and pulse rate.
The body temperature, for all intents, reflects the intensity of the metabolic rate,
which, in turn, governs the amount of heat that is generated. Anything but merely a
sign of excess food intake, the production of heat is needed to maintain the tempera-
tures for the continued optimal functioning of all the enzymes in the body, and thus,
processes such as tissue renewal and repair. After all, nearly all the food we eat is ulti-
mately converted to heat, in one way or another. An intense metabolic rate also en-
sures a continuous supply of energy (while limiting the storage of the food we eat as
fat), which is essential for the organization and functioning of all living cells.
The idea of maintaining a higher body temperature is controversial given Ray-
mond Pearl's "rate of living" theory (discussed in chapter 3), which, if you recall, re-
flects a mechanical and unrealistic conception of organisms. In point of fact, condi-
tions as diverse as obesity, diabetes, and senescence are associated with lower-than-
normal diet-induced thermogenesis.
1
The intolerance to cold is often disregarded, yet seems to be highly common
among people, especially among women. From my own research and observations,
cold intolerance in the hands, feet, genitals, and nose is among the most intoler-
able symptoms Ive ever encountered. Keeping track of your body temperature (I rec-
ommend the axillary [armpit] temperature) every morning, afternoon (after lunch),
and evening (before bed) for about a month will help to reveal your temperature
rhythms, and therefore your state of health and metabolism. The famous thyroidolo-
gist Dr. Broda Barnes found that those temperature readings should hover around
97.8 to 98.6 degrees,
2
rising to a peak in the afternoon.
It is important to bear in mind that although the body temperature is a relatively
accurate means of assessing your metabolism and state of health, it can be misleading
because the stress hormones can also elevate the body temperature to apparently opti-
mal levels especially during times of intense stress. However, you can easily deter-
mine whether the stress hormones are keeping your body temperature up: If after eat-
ing breakfast your body temperature rapidly declines, then the stress hormones are at
play, and you have some work to do.
63
The pulse rate, another self-diagnostic tool that complements the body tempera-
ture, reflects the rate at which the heart is pumping blood, oxygen, and nutrients to
cells throughout the body. While many physicians subscribe to idea that lower is bet-
ter, they tend to justify this theory using athletes as shining examples. Besides the
fact that it is not uncommon for athletes to spontaneously drop dead, a lower pulse
rate is suggestive of reduced blood flow, which, in effect, limits the rate at which cells
can generate energy. Similar to the body temperature, there are some caveats to a
higher pulse rate. In stress, the pulse rate can be maintained by adrenaline, sometimes
elevating the pulse rate to over 100 beats per minute (BPM). Instead of feeling pleas-
ant, elevated adrenaline causes anxiety and poor sleep. In all, a pulse rate of about 85
BPM and body temperature of about 98.6 degrees are suggestive of high rates of effi-
cient energy production, rather than a metabolism maintained by the stress hor-
mones.
Suggestion #1: Adequate Protein
In 1985, the World Health Organization proposed a standard dietary protein re-
quirement of 0.625 grams per kilogram of body weight per day, and a "safe" level of
0.75 g/kg BW/d. In 1983, this recommendation was revised by researchers at MIT to
0.8 g/kg BW/d, which is the current recommendation. However, Army researchers
concerned with the unique demands placed on soldiers in combat, including muscle
mass and strength, response to injury, infection, environmental stress, and cognitive
performance found the World Health Organizations standard recommendation of 0.8
g/kg BW/d to be inadequate for preventing nitrogen loss and undesirable changes in
testosterone, IGF-1 and active thyroid hormone, triiodothyronine (T3). Improving
upon the standard recommendation considerably, researchers found that 1.5 g/kg
BW/d ameliorated various problems "stressed" soldiers were having with the standard
recommendation.
3

The general slowing of the metabolism seen in soldiers on low protein diets is
analogous to many of the changes found in those with pattern baldness. A deficient
protein intake commonly leads to hair loss, slowed growth and depigmentation (gray-
ing). Unsurprisingly, pattern baldness also seems to be associated with inadequate pro-
tein consumption to some degree.
4
However, the types of protein you choose is as im-
portant as the amount, in that if the proteins amino acid profile is unbalanced, or if
the protein comes with excessive amounts of iron and polyunsaturated fats, it can actu-
ally contribute to pattern baldness.
64
Iron is found in a variety of proteins, including beef, bison, lamb and goat. Simi-
lar to polyunsaturated fats,
5,6
excess iron tends to accumulate in the tissues of both
men and women throughout a lifetime. Iron continually damages cells by interfering
with respiration and by oxidative stress. Like the polyunsaturated fats,
7
iron increases
the need for antioxidants and depletes the vitamin E.
8
Rather than avoiding ruminant
muscle meats altogether, because they provide high-quality protein, are low in PUFA
and are easy to obtain, foods such as coffee and milk (for the calcium) can be used to
inhibit iron absorption during or shortly after a meal containing these foods.
Another problem with fulfilling your protein requirements from muscle meats is
their poor ratio of calcium to phosphate. The adaptive "stress" hormone, parathyroid
hormone (PTH) is especially sensitive to this balance of minerals. Constance R. Mar-
tin, author of Endocrine Physiology (1985) stated, "...it is important to point out that
low levels of PTH are essential for maintaining healthy bone structure and normal
remodeling."
9
Naturally, calcium-rich proteins such as milk and cheese are ideal for
balancing the ratio of calcium to phosphate, however, for some, these foods tend to be
very allergenic.
While often considered a genetic-inherited-condition, there are several explana-
tions for dairy allergy. For example, additives in milk and cheese (e.g., vitamins, en-
zymes, vegetable rennet) can be allergenic in themselves. Experimenting with milk de-
ficient in added vitamins and cheeses with no additives (e.g., only salt, animal rennet
and milk) might make a considerable difference in the allergenicity of these foods.
Low thyroid, by causing an overgrowth of bacteria in the small intestines,
10
can con-
tribute to the loss of the lactase enzyme.
11
If dairy remains to be intolerable, home-
made calcium from eggshells is a safe supplement for increasing the ratio of calcium
to phosphate and lowering PTH and prolactin.
12,13
In addition to their iron content and poor calcium to phosphate ratio, the amino
acid profile of ruminant muscle meats is of somewhat of a concern. An excess of the es-
sential amino acids methionine, cysteine and tryptophan tend to have a few anti-
metabolic inflammatory effects. For instance, tryptophan is the precursor to sero-
tonin, which promotes many stress substances involved in the pathogenesis of balding
(e.g., estrogen, cortisol, prolactin). Tryptophan is associated with aging hair, and accu-
mulates more so than other amino acid in graying hair.
14
In contrast, protein sources
that provide gelatin (e.g., oxtail, shanks, broth) are deficient in these problematic
amino acids, and contain unusually large amounts of glycine and proline, which re-
duce several of the inflammatory markers associated with pattern baldness.
15,16
65
To round out the protein from milk, cheese, and gelatinous cuts of meat, the diet
should include various low-fat shellfish (especially oysters), liver (ruminant), and
eggs. These foods provide significant amounts of the hard-to-get micronutrients such
as zinc, selenium, vitamin A and copper, all of which are important for hair growth
and likely deficient, to varying extents, in those with pattern baldness. (It is important
to note that the requirement for all nutrients increase in proportion to the metabolic
rate, as indicated by the pulse rate and body temperature).
Suggestion #2: Adequate Carbohydrate
In early 2000, researchers raised the question of whether insulin resistance was
a mechanism or promoting factor in early pattern baldness.
17
Baldness is associated
with a few hormones that interfere with glucose metabolism and insulin signaling. Es-
trogen is associated with balding
18
and interferes with glucose metabolism.
19
Another
hormone, prolactin, which is increased by estrogen, has been referred to as a "diabe-
togenic hormone."
20
Both estrogen and prolactin increase the pituitary's release of ad-
renocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), which invariably leads to cortisol production.
Cortisol independently induces insulin resistance
21
and was found to be significantly
higher in both men and women with pattern hair loss.
22
Estrogen, prolactin, and corti-
sol are known to cause loss of sodium from the extracellular fluid increasing the "salt
retaining" hormone, aldosterone. Aldosterone was found to be elevated in both men
and women with premature hair loss
23
and induces insulin resistance in healthy
people.
24
Using a bioenergetic model of pattern baldness we find that a "higher function-
ing" of various adaptive "stress" substances is preceded by "inefficient" cellular energy
metabolism. While the mainstream medical culture claims "sugar causes diabetes," su-
crose, and more specifically, fructose (sucrose is half fructose half glucose) is the most
effective carbohydrate for supporting oxidative mitochondrial metabolism. For in-
stance, fructose, more so than glucose, increases the production of carbon dioxide.
25

Fructose also helps when carbohydrate metabolism has been interfered with by bypass-
ing a step in glucose metabolism that is inhibited by free fatty acids for continued oxi-
dative metabolism. Researchers recently found that fructose was "cytoprotective"
against cyanide, which is toxic to cells.
26
Similarly, in another experiment, fructose
was able to protect liver cells in a low oxygen environment by opposing various shifts
that appear during stress.
27
The universally negative view of fructose appears to be an outgrowth of the draco-
nian view of cholesterol put forth by Ancel Keys and John Yudkin in the early 1970s.
66
In John Yudkins book, Pure, White & Deadly, he stated, Fructose seems to be the
part of sucrose that produces most of the ill-effects of sucrose and believed that the
overconsumption of sucrose produced unfavorable changes in blood lipids that led to
heart disease (i.e., the lipid hypothesis). Uffe Ravnskov, Dr. Chris Masterjohn, and oth-
ers have refuted the lipid hypothesis in finding that theres no connection between
saturated fat, cholesterol, and heart disease. However, elevated cholesterol is closely
related with low thyroid
28
and along with vitamin A the three substances are used to
synthesize the "youth-associated" steroid-precursor, pregnenolone. In an adaptive
process, cholesterol increases during stress to provide the raw material for steroid syn-
thesis. For example, in an experiment with college students, cholesterol levels went up
before exams, and returned to normal shortly after the exam.
29
If cholesterol levels
were too low, common among violent criminals and those with depression and suici-
dal tendencies, the most efficient way to normalize cholesterol levels would be to con-
sume more fructose, the most lipogenic carbohydrate.
The most common criticism launched at fructose is that fructose is shunted di-
rectly to the liver where it is converted to fat, setting the stage for fatty liver disease
(NAFLD), diabetes and obesity. While it is true that the liver rapidly uses fructose, it
does so primarily to refill the liver's sugar supply in the form of glycogen. In one study,
an infusion of fructose resulted in about 360 percent more hepatic glycogen than a glu-
cose infusion.
30
The liver's glycogen storage capacity is very large. One study sug-
gested that de novo lipogenesis [DNL] is not an important pathway in humans and
that chronic overfeeding on carbohydrates increased glycogen stores of about 500
grams before DNL became significant.
31
To clarify, only with chronic overfeeding and
saturated glycogen stores does the conversion of carbohydrate to fat become signifi-
cant. While usually mentioned in the context of athleticism, hepatic glycogen is an im-
portant health factor for everyone. Adequately "stocking" the liver's reserve of glyco-
gen is central in resisting maladaptation to long-term adaptive "stress" hormones like
adrenaline, glucagon, and cortisol. For instance, cortisol levels in wild monkeys who
consume a diet of primarily fruit, increase when their diets contain less sugar.
32
Simi-
larly, sugar lowers the main pituitary hormone, ACTH, which signals the production
of cortisol.
33
In contrast to the beneficial effects of fruits, starchy carbohydrates (e.g., grains,
breads, pastas and legumes) are a problematic carbohydrate source. On average, glu-
cose and fructose are found together in the form of sucrose, which seem to compli-
ment each other. However, glucose alone, as found predominantly in starch, appears
to be inflammatory. In a study comparing the effects of glucose and fructose, fructose
67
more so than glucose increased dietary thermogenesis, which is impaired in obesity,
diabetes and old age.
34
In another study, it was demonstrated that when compared to
fructose and alcohol, glucose increased the generation of reactive oxygen species
(ROS) and the inflammatory marker NF-"B in healthy volunteers.
35
Increased genera-
tion of ROS is associated with baldness
36
and NF-"B inhibits the production of testos-
terone
37
and progesterone.
38
Equally, a couple of years later the same group showed
that glucose ingestion in humans raised levels of TNF-# another inflammatory
marker associated with baldness.
39,40
Starches tend to increase inflammatory parathy-
roid hormone (PTH), while fruit suppresses it. In addition to having a favorable cal-
cium to phosphate ratio, fructose lowers serum phosphate
41
and decreases its absorp-
tion from the intestine.
42
Fructose also seems to enhance the retention of the minerals
involved in restraining the synthesis of PTH, including magnesium and copper.
43
Some have progressed the idea of "safe starches" suggesting that potatoes, sweet
potatoes, taro, and other tubers are "optimal" sources of carbohydrate. Indeed, when
cooked generously and peeled, potatoes are a nutrient-dense food containing high
quality protein. However, they still provide enough starch to cause problems in sensi-
tive individuals. Starchregardless of the sourcetends to cause problems with bacte-
rial endotoxin.
44
On the other hand, the fruit in sugar is rapidly digested and absorbed
equally as rapidly in the upper small intestines, where endotoxin is not a concern.
Due to their unfavorable calcium to phosphate ratio, relatively high iron content,
and negative effects on bacterial endotoxin, starches, from grains, breads, pastas and
legumes, should be avoided. In contrast, sugar, found in fruits, fruit juices, honey and
dairy, are relatively deficient in iron and unsaturated fats; they also have a favorable
calcium to phosphate ratio and the protective and supportive fructose. In my estima-
tion, fruit is the ideal carbohydrate source.
Suggestion #3: Become Deficient in The "Essential Fatty Acids"
When a healthy cell is stimulated, the mitochondria become more active, and
may require more energy than is immediately available from free glucose, glycogen, or
the creatinine-phosphocreatine system.
As a "backup fuel," free fatty acids are liberated from adipose tissue into the
blood by the stress hormones. These free fatty acids can be formed into triglycerides,
converted into ketone bodies, or remain as free fatty acids in the blood. While the for-
mation of ketone bodies has some protective effects, they are produced in a state of
metabolic stress. Wolfe, et al. noted that "the enhanced mobilization and oxidation of
fat is one of the fundamental responses to stress" and that there was "little doubt that
68
there are signals for the increased mobilization of fat [present] in shock, trauma, and
sepsis."
45
An increased concentration of free fatty acids in the blood, especially the un-
saturated variety, interferes with the metabolism of glucose and the mitochondrial con-
sumption of oxygen in the short- and long-term.
The immediate function of free fatty acids is to interfere with the uptake and oxi-
dation of glucose. This observation was first made by British biochemist Sir Phillip
Randle in the early 1960s and is sometimes called the "Randle cycle".
46
In the long-
term, free fatty acids have been referred to as a toxic candidate for the insulin-
secreting pancreatic beta cells.
47
In fact, it was found that chronic exposure to even
moderate amounts of fatty acids dysregulates and impairs the functioning of the beta
cells, even destroying them in severe cases.
48
Another long-term negative effect of ele-
vated free fatty acids is their tendency to interfere with the production, transport, and
activation of thyroid hormones
49
which regulate oxidative metabolism. Unsaturated
fats cause pathological changes in the mitochondria, too. Raymond Peat, PhD has
brought attention to cardiolipin, a saturated (double) phospholipid found exclusively
in the mitochondria. In physical proximity, cardiolipin supports the activity of the cyto-
chrome c oxidase, an enzyme that occupies the last crucial step in the process of "effi-
cient" oxidative energy metabolism. It was found that this enzyme's activity changes,
"specifically [by] an increase in highly unsaturated fatty acids."
50
The largest contribution of dietary fats to the genesis of pattern baldness is proba-
bly their degradation into hormone-like inflammatory substances called prosta-
glandins. While prostaglandins are often said to be both "good" and "bad," in a bio-
energetic view of baldness they seem to be exclusively bad. Prostaglandins interfere di-
rectly with oxidative mitochondrial metabolism,
51
reducing concentrations of carbon
dioxide and increasing lactic acid. The prostaglandins tend to increase concentrations
of estrogen and prolactin,
52,53
which are both associated with pattern hair loss.
54,55
Re-
cently, it was found that balding men had increased levels of prostaglandin D2 in their
scalps;
56
reinforcing the general view of baldness as an inflammatory disorder. Fish oil
is often considered "anti-inflammatory" owing to the interference of prostaglandin syn-
thesis by eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). However, these fats are so unstable that they
spontaneously decompose (if they havent decomposed already) in the body, and their
breakdown products, in themselves, are highly and directly toxic, especially with re-
gard to the interest of pattern baldness.
By comparison, saturated fats are a safer source of calories by simply containing
less of the unsaturated fats, but they also have various pro-metabolic effects, too. For
instance, medium-chain triglycerides (concentrated in coconut fats) are more easily
69
oxidized for energy than long chain fatty acids providing energy when glucose metabo-
lism has been interfered with. Similarly, saturated fats support the pyruvate dehydro-
genase enzyme (PDH) that links glycolysis to the Krebs cycle.
57
In contrast, PDH is in-
hibited by the polyunsaturated fats.
58
Saturated fats appear to protect against the detri-
mental effects of bacterial endotoxin, fortifying the intestinal barrier.
59
Fats such as co-
conut oil, butter, and ruminant animal fat and cocoa are all highly saturated and safe
sources of calories. It should be noted that most all restaurants cook with cheap
PUFA-laced oils. When eating out, a small amount of vitamin E (topically or orally)
may provide a minimal amount of protection from these fats.
Supplements
Salt - Stressed, deenergized cells accumulate intracellular sodium and rapidly
lose extracellular sodium. This hypotonic (i.e., sodium deficient) state in the blood in-
creases the secretion of aldosterone by the adrenal glands and the fat cells. While life-
saving in the short-term, aldosterone is inflammatory in excess and has been found to
be elevated in those with pattern baldness.
60
Consuming less salt than what your appe-
tite calls for provokes the release of aldosterone, too, and releases the brake on the se-
cretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline, raising the levels of these two stress hor-
mones in parallel with aldosterone.
Aldosterone, adrenaline, and noradrenaline worsen insulin sensitivity
61
(even in
healthy subjects) and increase various factors associated with baldness. Adequate die-
tary salt, by suppressing aldosterone, adrenalin, and noradrenalin, helps to dampen
the stress response. Aldosterone appears to increase when salt intake drops below 1.5
teaspoons per day.
62
Although boutique salts have become popular of late, the more in-
expensive canning and pickling salts, which lack iron, are probably the safest of all the
options.
Coffee - Coffee is often referred to as an addictive drug akin to a narcotic. This
point of view is irrational and irrelevant as coffee parallels thyroid and progesterone in
supporting "efficient" respiratory energy. For instance, coffee provides hard-to-get en-
ergy co-factors, including riboflavin, niacin and magnesium. Magnesium is of particu-
lar interest as it works together with T3 to generate and retain ATP in the cell. Caffeine
itself is beneficial, protecting against cancer
63
and liver injury,
64
and reducing
prolactin.
65
In addition, coffee can be used to inhibit iron absorption during a meal, or
up to an hour after the meal.
66
70
Vitamin D - A common nutrient deficiency,
67
Vitamin D is an important factor
for regulating hair follicle cycling.
68
Vitamin D has antiestrogenic qualities,
69
and pro-
lactin, which is increased by estrogen, decreases rapidly during vitamin D therapy.
70
Vitamins A, E and K work synergistically with D and are also antiestrogenic.
71,72,73

When sufficient amounts of vitamin D are present, renin, and therefore the stress hor-
mone aldosterone, is suppressed.
74
The main source of vitamin D is sun exposure. De-
pending on location this can be difficult, which is why vitamin D supplementation
may be necessary. In a recent study it was found that serum levels of at least 40 ng/dL
were needed to limit PTH secretion.
75
The correct blood test for assessing vitamin D
status is 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, or 25-hydroxyvitamin D.
Review
In no particular order here is a review of the recommendations mentioned
above. Cronometer.com is a useful tool for figuring out some of the more nuanced sug-
gestions (i.e., calcium to phosphate ratio).
Adequate Protein A modifier of 1.5 grams of protein per kilogram of body
weight can be used to experiment with protein intake. Depending on activity and
stress level, some may need more. Given that protein is insulinogenic, consuming
more protein during the day and less at night seems reasonable. Sources of protein in-
clude, milk, cheese and gelatinous cuts of meat. Supplemental proteins include rumi-
nant liver, shellfish (especially oysters), and eggs (specifically the yolks).
Adequate Carbohydrate Due to the insulinogenic nature of protein, carbohy-
drate intake should exceed protein intake. Meat and carbohydrate can be balanced in
a 1:1 ratio, while dairy warrants a ratio of 2-3:1 due to its greater stimulation of insu-
lin. Ripe fruits such as oranges, tangerines, watermelon, grapes, lemons, limes, cher-
ries, sapotas, guavas, lychees, papayas, and other citrus and tropical fruits provide
enough glucose and fructose for general stress resistance. In addition, these fruits
tend to contain low levels of serotonin, which can be problematic in sensitive individu-
als.. Fruit supports respiration, contains low levels of iron and polyunsaturated fats,
and contains a favorable calcium to phosphate ratio. Starches such as grains, breads,
and beans contain enough iron and phosphate to greatly limit their consumption or
eliminate them all together. Additionally, fruit is digested in the upper part of the intes-
71
tine avoiding complications with bacterial endotoxin, while starches tend to promote
the absorption of endotoxin into the blood.
Become Deficient in The Essential Fatty Acids A diet based on nutrient-
dense proteins and fruits tends to automatically limit the amount of polyunsaturated
fats in the diet. Coconut oil, butter, animal fats and cocoa are all highly saturated and
safe to consume. Olive oil contains enough unsaturated fat to warrant limiting its con-
sumption. Vegetable and seed oils should be avoided completely. Similarly, the highly
unsaturated fats found in fish and flax oils (i.e., the so-called essential fatty acids)
are not recommended.
Supplements A majority of dietary supplements are not recommended due to
their allergenicity and poor manufacturing quality. Food supplements such as salt (to
taste), ruminant liver, oysters, and eggs are highly recommended. Vitamin D is an im-
portant regulator of hair health and exposing as much of the body to sunlight without
burning as possible is desirable. Cycles of light and darkness seem to have a dramatic
effect on hair growth. For example, 90% of hair follicles shift from the resting to grow-
ing phase during springtime only to fall out in winter months.
76
This phenomenon
may be explained by light exposure, which as many have suspected, is biologically ac-
tive. Low-level laser therapy makes use of red light initiating regrowth of hair in some
individuals.
77
A physiological mechanism for light's effect on hair growth may have to
do with its inhibition of the "molting" hormone, prolactin, which is sensitive to light
and increased in darkness.
78
For those that cannot spend a significant amount of time
in the sun supplementing with vitamin D (if less than ~40 ng/dL) and utilizing red
light (600-850nm) around ones workspace may be warranted.
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Aged? But he does not appear aged, just look, his hair has remained young!
Marcel Proust (In Search of Lost Time, 1913-27)
During the five years I worked as a technician for a youth-centered computer com-
pany, I noticed that my peers were balding at an alarming rate. In fact, early baldness
was so common among the 20-something employee base (and the clientele) that cus-
tomers would bring it up regularly while I worked on their computers.
In addition to spending my shifts observing peoples hairlines, my identity as
the hair guy allowed me to engage in unprovoked conversations with coworkers con-
cerned with their hair. Often, the loss of hair coincided with revelations of depression,
anxiety, constipation and low libido. Because I had experienced similar problems,
these interactions cemented pattern baldness as a systemic issue rather than a com-
partmentalized problem.
The most revealing of these interactions happened during a year I worked very
closely with a fellow who was becoming a woman. Aesthetically, he had nice features,
but his hair was on another level. His thick, long blonde hair could only be described
as radiant. However, this changed, quickly, when he adopted hormone replacement
therapy (HRT). Large doses of estrogen along with smaller amounts of synthetic pro-
gesterone caused his luxurious hair to dim. During the course of six months, his hair
became course, dull and began to noticeably thin. His disposition, however, was unaf-
fected, as his transformation into a woman brought him great jubilation.
Events such as these helped shape my current understanding of pattern hair loss.
Discussions about whether a persons hair loss is androgenic, androgen-independent,
or age-related have neglected the possibility that pattern hair loss does not begin in ad-
vanced age or when a genetic code is triggered. Rather, pattern hair lossof any
kindis the result of a life-long development process involving stress, energy and ag-
ing.
THE FUTURE
CHAPTER 10
77
Danny Roddy is an independent health researcher based in San Francisco,
California. You can find all of his work on dannyroddy.com
If you need help incorporating the ideas in this book, please visit:
dannyroddy.com/coaching

ABOUT THE AUTHOR
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