1 DIALEXH

SUNHJEIS DIAFORIKES EXISWSEIS

Kˆje sqèsh pou sundèei th metablht  x, thn ˆgnwsth sunˆrthsh y(x) kai tic parag¸gouc
thc lègetai sun jhc diaforik  exÐswsh. H genik  morf  miac diaforik c exÐswshc eÐnai h
à !
dy d2 y
(1.1) F x, y, , 2 , . . . = 0,
dx dx
dy
ìpou h sunˆrthsh F (x, y, z, w, . . .) eÐnai dedomènh sunˆrthsh twn metablht¸n x, y , z = dx
,
d2 y
w= dx2
, . . .. Gia na lÔsoume mia tètoia exÐswsh ja prèpei na broÔme mia sunˆrthsh y(x) h
opoÐa ikanopoieÐ thn (1.1) gia kˆje x.
Taxinìmhsh twn diaforik¸n exis¸sewn:
(i) Katˆ thn tˆxh thc an¸terhc parag¸gou pou emfanÐzetai sthn exÐswsh.
Genik  morf  miac exÐswshc pr¸thc tˆxhc
à !
dy
F x, y, = 0,
dx

miac exÐswshc deÔterhc tˆxhc à !

dy d2 y
F x, y, , 2 = 0.
dx dx
(ii) Grammikèc kai mh grammikèc diaforikèc exis¸seic.
ParadeÐgmata grammik¸n exis¸sewn

y 0 − x2 y + sinx = 0, y 0 − 2y = 0.

ParadeÐgmata mh grammik¸n exis¸sewn

(y 00 )2 − xy = 0, y 00 − yy 0 + 1 = 0.

EmeÐc ja asqolhjoÔme me tic diaforikèc exis¸seic pou eÐnai lumènec wc proc thn an¸terh
parˆgwgo, opìte oi exis¸seic ja grˆfontai se morf 

y 0 = f (x, y), y 00 = f (x, y, y 0 ), y (n) = f (x, y, y 0 , · · · , y (n−1) ).

PARADEIGMA. JewroÔme thn exÐswsh y 00 = 1. EÐnai profanèc ìti gia na lÔsoume thn
exÐswsh aut  ja prèpei duo forèc na thn oloklhr¸soume. Dhlad ,

00 0 x2
y = 1 =⇒ y = x + C1 =⇒ y = + C1 x + C2 .
2
H prˆxh olokl rwshc pˆnta sunodeÔetai apì mia stajerˆ. Oloklhr¸nontac duo forèc
paÐrnoume duo stajerèc.
H sunˆrthsh pou dÐnei thn lÔsh miac diaforik c exÐswshc kai perièqei tìsec aujaÐretec s-
tajerèc ìsh eÐnai h tˆxh thc exÐswshc onomˆzetai genik  lÔsh thc exÐswshc. H sunˆrthsh
aut  mac dÐnei to sÔnolo ìlwn twn lÔsewn thc exÐswshc. H sunˆrthsh aut  onomˆzetai
genik  lÔsh thc exÐswshc. Dhlad , genik  lÔsh miac prwtotˆxiac exÐswshc dÐnetai apì mia
monoparametrik  oikogèneia sunart sewn. H genik  lÔsh miac deuterotˆxiac exÐswshc dÐne-
tai apì mia diparametrik  oikogèneia sunart sewn. Gia na broÔme mia kai monadik  lÔsh
miac diaforik c exÐswshc qreiˆzetai na epibˆlloume sumplhrwmatikèc sunj kec. Autèc tic
sunj kec tic qreiazìmaste gia na prosdiorÐsoume tic stajerèc thc genik c lÔshc. O arijmìc
twn sunjhk¸n pou prèpei na epibˆlloume isoÔtai me thn tˆxh thc exÐswshc.
PARADEIGMA. H exÐswsh y 00 + y = 0 se sunduasmì me tic legìmenec arqikèc sunj kec

y(0) = α, y 0 (0) = β

orÐzoun mia kai monadik  lÔsh. Prˆgmati, me noer  periplˆnhsh stic gnwstèc sunart seic
diapist¸noume ìti oi sinx kai cosx eÐnai lÔseic thc en lìgw exÐswshc kai h genik  lÔsh mporeÐ
na grafeÐ se morf  y(x) = C1 cosx + C2 sinx. Apì tic arqikèc sunj kec èqoume

y(0) = C1 cos0 + C2 sin0 = C1 = α, y 0 (0) = −C1 sin0 + C2 cos0 = C2 = β.

Epomènwc h monadik  lÔsh autoÔ tou probl matoc ja eÐnai

y = αcosx + βsinx.

Sth sunèqeia ja parajèsoume arketèc mejìdouc epÐlushc diaforik¸n exis¸sewn. To sÔno-

lo ìmwc twn gnwst¸n mejìdwn epÐlushc kalÔptei èna polÔ mikrì mèroc twn diaforik¸n ex-
is¸sewn. Oi diaforikèc exis¸seic twn opoÐwn oi lÔseic ekfrˆzontai me peperasmèno sunduas-
mì stoiqeiwd¸n kai algebrik¸n sunart sewn kai twn oloklhrwmˆtwn touc lème ìti lÔnontai
me tetragwnismì kai oi lÔseic dÐnontai se kleist  morf . Upˆrqoun aploÔstatec diaforikèc
exis¸seic, ìpwc h
y 0 = y 2 − x,

pou den lÔnontai me tetragwnismì. Stic peript¸seic autèc epiqeiroÔme na tic lÔsoume pros-
eggistikˆ. O klˆdoc thc jewrÐac twn sun jwn diaforik¸n exis¸sewn, pou asqoleÐtai me thn
eÔresh twn lÔsewn   proseggistik¸n lÔsewn diaforik¸n exis¸sewn onomˆzetai posotik 
jewrÐa. 'Otan h epÐlush miac diaforik c exÐswshc den eÐnai euqer c, tìte anakÔptoun ˆlla
probl mata, ta opoÐa sun jwc sqetÐzontai me to prìblhma arqik¸n (  sunoriak¸n tim¸n)

(1.2) y (n) = f (x, y, y 0 , . . . , y (n−1) ),

y(x0 ) = y0 , y 0 (x0 ) = y1 , ... y (n−1) (x0 ) = yn−1 ,

kai eÐnai:
1. Probl mata upˆrxewc miac lÔsewc thc (1.2).
2. Probl mata monadikìthtac thc lÔsewc thc (1.2).
3. Prìblhma eustˆjeiac miac lÔsewc thc (1.2).

'Otan èna prìblhma èqei mia kai monadik  lÔsh kai eÐnai eustajèc, tìte lème ìti to prìblh-
ma eÐnai kalˆ topojethmèno. Sth perÐptwsh ìtan h lÔsh miac diaforik c exÐswshc den mporeÐ
na brejeÐ se kleist  morf  tÐjetai jèma thc melèthc thc poiotik c sumperiforˆc thc lÔshc,
ìpwc h eÔresh twn oriak¸n tim¸n thc sto ˆpeiro, to pl joc kai h katanom  twn shmeÐwn mh-
denismoÔ thc klp. O klˆdoc thc jewrÐac twn sun jwn diaforik¸n exis¸sewn, pou asqoleÐtai
me ta proanaferìmena probl mata onomˆzetai poiotik  jewrÐa.
DIAQWRISIMES EXISWSEIS

H diaqwrÐsimec exis¸seic eÐnai exis¸seic thc morf c

dy
(1.3) = f (x, y) = A(x)B(y).
dx

H onomasÐa aut c thc kathgorÐac exis¸sewn prokÔptei apì thn mèjodo epÐlushc pou sunÐs-
tatai ston diaqwrismì twn metablht¸n x kai y .
Eidikèc peript¸seic thc (1.3) apoteloÔn oi exis¸seic

y 0 = f (x), y 0 = g(y), y 0 = f (x)y.

Mèjodoc epÐlushc:
Kˆnoume allag  anexˆrththc metablht c t = t(x). Opìte h exÐswsh (1.3) paÐrnei th morf 

dy dy dt
(1.4) = = A(x)B(y).
dx dt dx

Blèpoume ìti an h sunˆrthsh t(x) ja eklegeÐ ètsi ¸ste

Z
dt
= A(x), t= A(x)dx,
dx
tìte h (1.4) anˆgetai sthn
dy
(1.5) = B(y).
dt
H exÐswsh (1.5) lÔnetai me enallag  twn rìlwn exarthmènhc kai anexˆrththc metablht¸n.
dy 1
EÐnai gnwstì ìti dt
= dt , epomènwc
dy

Z
dt 1 dy
(1.6) = , t= .
dy B(y) B(y)

Opìte h lÔsh dÐnetai se peplegmènh morf 

Z Z
dy
= A(x)dx.
B(y)

Me poio qalarì qeirismì twn diaforik¸n dx kai dy h diaqwrÐsimh exÐswsh (1.3) grˆfetai
amèswc se morf 
dy
= A(x)dx.
B(y)
'Etsi den èqoume parˆ na oloklhr¸soume aut  th sqèsh kai katal goume sthn
Z Z
dy
= A(x)dx.
B(y)

PARADEIGMA. Na brejeÐ h genik  lÔsh thc exÐswshc

dy
= xy.
dx

LUSH. Grˆfoume thn exÐswsh se diaqwrismènh morf :

dy dy
= xy =⇒ = xdx.
dx y

Oloklhr¸noume kai ta duo mèrh thc teleutaÐac isìthtac kai paÐrnoume

x2 x2 x2 x2
ln|y| = + c =⇒ |y| = e 2 +c = ec e 2 = c1 e 2 , c1 > 0.
2

Upojètontac t¸ra ìti h stajerˆ c1 mporeÐ na paÐrnei kai arnhtikèc timèc, paraleÐpoume thn
apìluth tim  tou y kai èqoume

x2
y = c1 e 2 , −∞ < c1 < ∞.

PARADEIGMA. Na brejeÐ h genik  lÔsh thc exÐswshc

dy
= −y 2 .
dx
LUSH. Grˆfoume thn exÐswsh se diaqwrismènh morf :

dy dy
= −y 2 =⇒ 2 = −dx.
dx y
Oloklhr¸noume kai ta duo mèrh thc teleutaÐac isìthtac kai paÐrnoume

1 1
= x + c =⇒ y = .
y x+c
Blèpoume ìti wc apotèlesma p rame mia monoparametrik  oikogèneia sunart sewn kai autì
sumfwneÐ me to gegonìc ìti h exÐswsh eÐnai prwtotˆxia. ParathroÔme tautìqrona ìti y = 0
eÐnai epÐshc lÔsh thc exÐswshc. 'Omwc aut  h lÔsh den sumperilambˆnetai sthn genik  lÔsh.
Tètoiec lÔseic onomˆzontai idiˆzousec. Se aut  th perÐptwsh h idiˆzousa lÔsh mporeÐ na
parastajeÐ san mèloc thc genik c lÔshc ìtan c → ∞. Allˆ sun jwc h idiˆzousa lÔsh eÐnai
teleÐwc xèqwrh apì thn genik  lÔsh. 'Omwc upˆrqei mia sqèsh h opoÐa eÐnai pˆnta swst 
anˆmesa sthn idiˆzousa lÔsh kai thn genik  lÔsh. H idiˆzousa lÔsh eÐnai h peribˆllousa
thc genik c lÔshc. Dhlad , h kampÔlh pou paristˆnei thn idiˆzousa lÔsh efˆptetai me ìla
ta mèlh thc genik c lÔshc.
EXISWSEIS POU ANAGONTAI SE DIAQWRISIMES

Se diaqwrÐsimec exis¸seic anˆgontai oi legìmenec omogeneÐc exis¸seic. Genik  morf  twn

omogen¸n exis¸sewn:
µ ¶
dy y
(1.7) =f .
dx x
Mèjodoc epÐlushc:
Kˆnoume allag  exarthmènhc metablht c u = xy . Opìte

dy du
y = ux =⇒ =u+x .
dx dx
Epomènwc h exÐswsh (1.7) pˆrei th morf 

du du 1
u+x = f (u) =⇒ = (f (u) − u).
dx dx x
kai ètsi katal goume pˆli se mia diaqwrÐsimh exÐswsh.
PARADEIGMA. Na brejeÐ h genik  lÔsh thc exÐswshc

dy y x2
= + 2.
dx x y
y
LUSH. Kˆnontac thn allag  u = x
katal goume sthn

du 1 du 1
u+x = u + 2 =⇒ x = 2.
dx u dx u
'Ara
dx u3
u2 du = =⇒ = ln|x| + c.
x 3
Epomènwc
1 1
u3 = 3ln|x| + c =⇒ u = (3ln|x| + c) 3 =⇒ y = x(3ln|x| + c) 3 .

PARADEIGMA. Na brejeÐ h genik  lÔsh thc exÐswshc

µ ¶
dy y y
= + cos2 .
dx x x
y
LUSH. Kˆnontac thn allag  u = x
katal goume sthn

du du
u+x = u + cos2 u =⇒ x = cos2 u.
dx dx

'Ara
du dx
2
= =⇒ tan u = ln|x| + c.
cos u x
Epomènwc
u = arctan(ln|x| + c) =⇒ y = x arctan(ln|x| + c).

2 DIALEXH
EXISWSEIS POU ANAGONTAI SE DIAQWRISIMES. SUNEQEIA

JewroÔme tic exis¸seic thc morf c

dy
(2.1) = f (αx + βy),
dx

ìpou α, β eÐnai stajerèc. Kˆnoume allag  exarthmènhc metablht c z = αx + βy kai èqoume

dz dy dz
=α+β , = α + βf (z),
dx dx dx

  alli¸c se diaqwrismènh morf 

dz
= dx.
α + βf (z)
Oloklhr¸nontac paÐrnoume
Z
dz
x= + c.
α + βf (z)
PARADEIGMA. Na brejeÐ h genik  lÔsh thc exÐswshc

dy
= 2x + y.
dx
Jètoume z = 2x + y , epomènwc
dy dz dz
= − 2, − 2 = z.
dx dx dx
QwrÐzontac tic metablhtèc ja pˆroume
dz
= dx =⇒ ln|z + 2| = x + lnc =⇒ z = −2 + cex
z+2
=⇒ 2x + y = −2 + cex =⇒ y = cex − 2x − 2.

JewroÔme tic exis¸seic thc morf c

à !
dy α 1 x + β 1 y + γ1
(2.2) =f .
dx α 2 x + β 2 y + γ2
Tètoiou eÐdouc exis¸seic anˆgontai se omogeneÐc me metaforˆ thc arq c twn axìnwn sto
shmeÐo tom c twn eujei¸n

α1 x + β1 y + γ1 = 0, α2 x + β2 y + γ2 = 0.

O eleÔjeroc suntelest c kai stic duo exis¸seic twn eujei¸n ja mhdenisteÐ kai oi suntelestèc
dy dY
twn x kai y ja meÐnoun ametˆblhtoi. EpÐshc ja èqoume dx
= dX
, ìpou X kai Y eÐnai kainoÔriec
metablhtèc. 'Ara h (2.2) ja metatrapeÐ se
à !
dY α1 X + β1 Y
=f ,
dX α2 X + β2 Y
  alli¸c à !
Y µ ¶
dY α1 + β1 X Y
=f Y =ϕ ,
dX α2 + β2 X X
ìpou h teleutaÐa exÐswsh eÐnai mia omogeneÐc exÐswsh. Metˆ proqwroÔme sthn anagwg  thc
omogenoÔc se diaqwrÐsimh.
PARADEIGMA. Na brejeÐ h genik  lÔsh thc exÐswshc
dy x−y+1
= .
dx x+y−3
LÔnoume to sÔsthma exis¸sewn x − y + 1 = 0, x + y − 3 = 0, apì ìpou x1 = 1, y1 = 2.
Jètontac x = X + 1, y = Y + 2 èqoume
dY X −Y
= .
dX X +Y
Y
Kai ètsi katal goume se mia omogen  exÐswsh. Kˆnontac thn allag  z = X
katal goume se
diaqwrÐsimh exÐswsh thc morf c
dz 1−z (1 + z)dz dX
z+X = =⇒ =
dX 1+z 1 − 2z − z 2 X
 1 1
=⇒ − ln|1 − 2z − z 2 | = ln|X| − lnc
2 2
=⇒ (1 − 2z − z 2 )X 2 = c, X 2 − 2XY − Y 2 = c

kai tèloc
x2 − 2xy − y 2 + 2x + 6y = c1 .

PARATHRHSH. H Mèjodoc aut  den mporeÐ na efarmosteÐ mìno ìtan oi eujeÐec α1 x +

β1 y + γ1 = 0, α2 x + β2 y + γ2 = 0 eÐnai parˆllhlec metaxÔ touc. 'Omwc se aut  th perÐptwsh
α2 β2
ja èqoume α1
= β1
= k , ˆra h (2.2) mporeÐ na grafeÐ se morf 
à !
dy α 1 x + β 1 y + γ1
=f = F (α1 x + β1 y),
dx k(α1 x + β1 y) + γ2

ìpou h teleutaÐa exÐswsh anˆgetai se diaqwrÐsimh me thn allag  z = α1 x + β1 y .

EXISWSEIS TELEIOU DIAFORIKOU

JewroÔme tic exis¸seic thc morf c

(2.3) P (x, y)dx + Q(x, y)dy = 0.

Ed¸ den desmeuìmaste wc proc to poia metablht  eÐnai exarthmènh kai poia anexˆrthth.
Anazhtˆme thn lÔsh thc (2.3) se morf  ϕ(x, y) = c, ìpou c eÐnai stajerˆ. To diaforikì thc
ϕ eÐnai
dϕ = ϕx dx + ϕy dy.

ProspajoÔme na broÔme mia ϕ to diaforikì thc opoÐac sumpÐptei me thn arister  pleurˆ thc
(2.3). SugkrÐnontac to diaforikì thc ϕ me thn (2.3) katal goume stic ex c sqèseic

∂ϕ ∂ϕ
(2.4) = P, = Q.
∂x ∂y
∂2ϕ ∂2ϕ
An isqÔei h (2.4), tìte ϕ(x, y) = c eÐnai lÔsh thc (2.3). 'Eqontac upìyh ìti ∂x∂y
= ∂y∂x

èqoume ìti gia na isqÔei h sunj kh (2.4) ja prèpei

∂P ∂Q
(2.5) = .
∂y ∂x

An alhjeÔei h (2.5) tìte h arister  pleurˆ thc (2.3) onomˆzetai tèleio diaforikì kai h
diaforik  exÐswsh (2.3) apokaleÐtai akrib c diaforik  exÐswsh.
PARADEIGMA. Na brejeÐ h genik  lÔsh thc exÐswshc

y 2 dx + 2xydy = 0.
LUSH. 'Eqoume P = y 2 , Q = 2xy . 'Ara

∂Q ∂P
= 2y = .
∂x ∂y

'Ara h arister  pleurˆ thc exÐswshc upì melèth paristˆnei to tèleio diaforikì miac ϕ kai h
diaforik  exÐswsh aut  eÐnai akrib c diaforik  exÐswsh. Gia na broÔme thn ϕ èqoume tic ex c
sqèseic
(2.6) ϕx = y 2 , ϕy = 2xy.

Oloklhr¸nontac thn pr¸th sqèsh paÐrnoume

(2.7) ϕ(x, y) = y 2 x + C(y).

ParagwgÐzontac thn sqèsh (2.7) wc proc y kai sugkrÐnontac to apotèlesma me thn deÔterh
isìthta sthn (2.6) katal goume sthn

dC(y) dC(y)
ϕy (x, y) = 2xy + = 2xy =⇒ = 0.
dy dy

'Ara C(y) eÐnai stajerˆ, opìte h genik  lÔsh dÐnetai apì ton tÔpo

xy 2 = C.

'Estw h (2.5) den isqÔei. Pollaplasiˆzoume thn (2.3) me mia µ(x, y) me skopì na meta-
trèyoume thn (2.3) se akrib  diaforik  exÐswsh

(2.8) µP (x, y)dx + µQ(x, y)dy = 0.

H µ(x, y) onomˆzetai oloklhrwtikìc parˆgontac. Apì thn (2.5) prokÔptei ìti prèpei na isqÔei
h sunj kh
∂(µP ) ∂(µQ)
=
∂y ∂x
gia na eÐnai h (2.8) akrib . Poio analutikˆ
à !
∂µ ∂µ ∂Q ∂P
(2.9) Q −P + − µ = 0.
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y

H (2.9) mporeÐ na lujeÐ mìno se eidikèc peript¸seic. Se autèc tic peript¸seic jewroÔme ìti
h µ(x, y) eÐnai sunˆrthsh enìc sunduasmoÔ twn x kai y   eÐnai sunˆrthsh mìno tou x   mìno
tou y . Apì autèc tic proôpojèseic prokÔptoun orismènec sunj kec. An h sunj kec autèc
isqÔoun tìte h exÐswsh (2.9) aplopoieÐtai kai mporeÐ na brejeÐ mia lÔsh.
 'Estw µ eÐnai sunˆrthsh mìno tou x. Apì thn (2.9) prokÔptei
à !
dµ ∂Q ∂P
(2.10) Q + − µ = 0,
dx ∂x ∂y

ìpìte
dµ ∂P ∂Q
dx ∂y
− ∂x
(2.11) = .
µ Q
Epomènwc o oloklhrwtikìc parˆgontac µ(x) pou metatrèpei thn arqik  exÐswsh se mia akrib 
exÐswsh upˆrqei an kai mìno an to dexiì mèloc thc (2.11) eÐnai sunˆrthsh mìno tou x. Gia na
upˆrqei oloklhrwtikìc parˆgontac pou exartˆtai mìno apì to y ja prèpei
∂Q ∂P
∂x
− ∂y
P

na eÐnai sunˆrthsh mìno tou y . Me parìmoio trìpo mporoÔn na brejoÔn oi sunj kec upì
tic opoÐec upˆrqei ènac oloklhrwtikìc parˆgontac pou exartˆtai apì kˆpoio ξ = ξ(x, y).
Prˆgmati, sthn perÐptwsh ìpou µ = µ(ξ(x, y)) h exÐswsh (2.9) paÐrnei thn morf 
à !
∂Q ∂P
(2.12) Qµξ ξx − P µξ ξy + − µ = 0,
∂x ∂y

epomènwc
µξ Py − Qx
(2.13) = .
µ Qξx − P ξy
Epomènwc o oloklhrwtikìc parˆgontac µ(ξ) pou metatrèpei thn arqik  exÐswsh se mia akrib 
exÐswsh upˆrqei an kai mìno an to dexiì mèloc thc (2.13) eÐnai sunˆrthsh mìno tou ξ .
PARADEIGMA. Na brejeÐ h genik  lÔsh thc exÐswshc

(x + y 2 )dx + xydy = 0.

LUSH. 'Eqoume P = x + y 2 , Q = xy . 'Ara

∂Q ∂P
= y 6= 2y = ,
∂x ∂y

opìte yˆqnoume na broÔme katˆllhlo oloklhrwtikì parˆgonta gia na metatrèyoume thn

dojeÐsa exÐswsh se akrib . Gia na broÔme thn metablht  apì thn opoÐa ja exartˆtai o
oloklhrwtikìc parˆgontac sqhmatÐzoume tic sqèseic
∂P ∂Q ∂Q ∂P
∂y
− ∂x ∂x
− ∂y
, .
Q P

'Eqoume
∂P ∂Q
∂y
− ∂x 1
= ,
Q x
ˆra
dµ
dx 1
= =⇒ µ = x.
µ x
Metˆ ton pollaplasiasmì thc exÐswshc epÐ µ = x èqoume

P1 = µP = x2 + xy 2 , Q1 = µQ = x2 y,

ìpou
∂Q1 ∂P1
= .
∂x ∂y
Gia na broÔme thn ϕ èqoume tic ex c sqèseic

(2.14) ϕx = x2 + xy 2 , ϕy = x2 y.

Oloklhr¸nontac thn pr¸th sqèsh paÐrnoume

1 1
(2.15) ϕ(x, y) = x3 + x2 y 2 + C(y).
3 2

ParagwgÐzontac thn sqèsh (2.15) wc proc y kai sugkrÐnontac to apotèlesma me thn deÔterh
isìthta sthn (2.14) katal goume sthn

dC(y) dC(y)
ϕy (x, y) = x2 y + = x2 y =⇒ = 0.
dy dy

'Ara C(y) eÐnai stajerˆ, opìte h genik  lÔsh dÐnetai apì ton tÔpo

1 3 1 2 2
x + x y = C.
3 2

PARADEIGMA. Na brejeÐ h genik  lÔsh thc exÐswshc

(x − y)dx + (x + y)dy = 0.

(Upìdeixh. ApodeÐxte ìti o oloklhrwtikìc parˆgontac èqei th morf  µ = µ(x2 + y 2 )).

LUSH. 'Eqoume P = x − y , Q = x + y . 'Ara

∂Q ∂P
= 1 6= −1 = ,
∂x ∂y

opìte yˆqnoume na broÔme katˆllhlo oloklhrwtikì parˆgonta gia na metatrèyoume thn

dojeÐsa exÐswsh se akrib . Gia na apodeÐxoume ìti upˆrqei o oloklhrwtikìc parˆgontac
thc morf c µ = µ(x2 + y 2 ) ja qrhsimopoi soume ton tÔpo (2.13). AfoÔ upotÐjetai ìti
µ = µ(x2 + y 2 ), èqoume

ξ = x2 + y 2 , ξx = 2x, ξy = 2y, Py = −1, Qx = 1.

Antikajist¸ntac autoÔc touc tÔpouc sthn (2.13) paÐrnoume
µξ P y − Qx −1 1
= = 2 2
=− .
µ Qξx − P ξy x +y ξ
'Ara upˆrqei oloklhrwtikìc parˆgontac thc morf c µ = µ(x2 + y 2 ). H teleutaÐa exÐswsh me
anexˆrthth metablht  ξ = x2 + y 2 eÐnai mia diaqwrÐsimh exÐswsh h lÔsh thc opoÐac eÐnai h
1 1
µ= = 2
ξ x + y2
1
Pollaplasiˆzontac thn arqik  exÐswsh me µ = x2 +y 2
thn anagˆgoume sth

xdx + ydy xdy − ydx

+ =0
x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2
  ³ ´
y
1
d(x2 + y 2 ) d x
2
+ ³ ´2 = 0
x2 + y 2 1+ y
x

kai ˆra
1 y
dln(x2 + y 2 ) + darctan = 0.
2 x
Oloklhr¸nontac paÐrnoume
q y
ln x2 + y 2 = −arctan + lnc
x
 
q y
x2 + y 2 = ce−arctan x

EpÐshc mporoÔsame na anazht soume thn lÔsh se morf  ϕ = c, ìpou gia thn eÔresh thc ϕ
èqoume tic ex c sqèseic
x−y x+y
ϕx = , ϕy =
x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2
PARADEIGMA. Na brejeÐ to sq ma tou fakoÔ, o opoÐoc antanaklˆ parˆllhla se mia
dedomènh kateÔjunsh ìlec tic aktÐnec oi opoÐec exèrqontai apì èna dedomèno shmeÐo.
LUSH. Ja topojet soume thn arq  ton axìnwn sto dedomèno shmeÐo kai ja jewr soume
ìti h dedomènh dieÔjunsh sumpÐptei me ton x-ˆxona. 'Estw h aktÐna pèftei ston fakì s-
to shmeÐo M (x, y). JewroÔme thn tom  tou fakoÔ me to (x, y) epÐpedo. SqhmatÐzoume thn
eujeÐa M N h opoÐa efˆptetai sthn tom  tou fakoÔ me to epÐpedo (x, y). Epeid  h prospÐp-
tousa gwnÐa isoÔtai me thn anakl¸menh gwnÐa èqoume ìti to trÐgwno M N O eÐnai isoskelèc.
Epomènwc

y
tanM N O = y 0 = √ 2 ,
x + x + y2
ìpou h gwnÐa M N O eÐnai h gwnÐa pou sqhmatÐzoun h efaptomènh kai o x-ˆxonac. H exÐswsh
aut  mporeÐ na lujeÐ me thn antikatˆstash xy . 'Enac ˆlloc trìpoc epÐlushc eÐnai na grˆyoume
thn exÐswsh se morf 
q
xdx + ydy = x2 + y 2 dx.
√
Diair¸ntac thn exÐswsh dia x2 + y 2 ja pˆroume
xdx + ydy q
√ 2 = dx =⇒ x2 + y 2 = x + c =⇒ y 2 = 2cx + c2
x + y2
Dhlad  to sq ma tou fakoÔ eÐnai parabolikì.

3 DIALEXH
GRAMMIKES EXISWSEIS PRWTHS TAXHS

H genik  morf  twn grammik¸n exis¸sewn eÐnai h

dy
(3.1) + P (x)y = R(x),
dx
ìpou P (x) kai R(x) eÐnai suneqeÐc sunart seic tou x. H exÐswsh (3.1) onomˆzetai mh omogen c
ìtan R(x) den eÐnai mhdenik  sunˆrthsh, alli¸c onomˆzetai omogen c.
Ja xekin soume apì thn omogen 

dy
(3.2) + P (x)y = 0
dx
h opoÐa eÐnai tou qwrizìmenou tÔpou, opìte èqoume

dy dy
= −P (x)y =⇒ = −P (x)dx.
dx y
Oloklhr¸nontac thn teleutaÐa sqèsh paÐrnoume
Z R
ln|y| + c = − P (x)dx =⇒ ec |y| = e− P (x)dx
.

Jewr¸ntac ìti h pollaplasiastik  stajerˆ mporeÐ na paÐrnei kai arnhtikèc timèc mporoÔme
na paraleÐyoume thn apìluth tim  tou y kai isodÔnama na grˆyoume
R
(3.3) y(x) = ce− P (x)dx
.

Gia na lÔsoume thn mh omogen  exÐswsh (3.1) ja qrhsimopoi soume thn allag  exarthmènhc
metablht c thc morf c
(3.4) y(x) = g(x)v(x),
ìpou v(x) eÐnai nèa exarthmènh metablht  kai g(x) proc to par¸n aujaÐreth sunˆrthsh thn
opoÐa ja prosdiorÐsoume sthn poreÐa. H v(x) ikanopoieÐ thn
à !
dv dg dv dg
(3.5) g(x) + v + P gv = R =⇒ g(x) + + Pg v = R
dx dx dx dx

'Estw h g(x) ikanopoieÐ thn

dg
+ P g = 0,
dx
tìte h v(x) ja eÐnai lÔsh thc
Z
dv dv R R
g(x) = R =⇒ = =⇒ v = dx.
dx dx g g

'Ara gia thn arqik  y(x) ja pˆroume

Z
R
(3.6) y=g dx,
g

ìpou parathroÔme ìti h g eÐnai lÔsh thc omogenoÔc exÐswshc (3.2).

PARADEIGMA. Na brejeÐ h genik  lÔsh thc exÐswshc

dy
− y = ex .
dx

LUSH. 'Eqoume P (x) = −1, R(x) = ex . Xekinˆme pr¸ta apì thn omogen  exÐswsh

dy dy
− y = 0 =⇒ =y
dx dx
dy
= dx =⇒ ln|y| = x + c =⇒ y = Aex .
y
Ed¸ A mia aujaÐreth stajerˆ pou mporeÐ na eÐnai kai arnhtik . Jètoume g = Aex , epomènwc
apì thn (3.4) èqoume
Z Z
R ex
y=g dx =⇒ y = Aex dx
g Aex
ˆra
Z
x
y=e dx = ex (x + c) = ex x + cex

Parˆ thn Ôparxh duo aìristwn oloklhrwmˆtwn h telik  apˆnthsh perièqei mìno mia aujaÐreth
stajerˆ, epeid  h pr¸th stajerˆ A apaleÐfetai afoÔ h g emfanÐzetai kai ston arijmht  kai
ston paranomast .

Mèjodoc tou oloklhrwtikoÔ parˆgonta.

H mèjodoc aut  sunÐstatai sthn anaz thsh miac katˆllhlhc sunˆrthshc µ(x), tètoiac ¸ste
o pollaplasiasmìc kai twn duo mel¸n thc
 dy
(3.7) + P (x)y = R(x)
dx
me µ(x) na metatrèpei to aristerì mèloc thc (3.7) se parˆgwgo enìc katˆllhlou ginomènou.
Pollaplasiˆzontac me µ(x) paÐrnoume

dy
(3.8) µ + µP (x)y = µR(x).
dx
Jèloume to pr¸to mèloc thc (3.8) na mporeÐ na parastajeÐ wc parˆgwgoc tou ginomènou µy .
ParagwgÐzoume to µy
d(µy) dµ dy
= y+µ .
dx dx dx
Eklègoume thn µ(x) ètsi ¸ste
dµ
(3.9) = µP (x),
dx
opìte h (3.7) ja grafeÐ se morf 

d(µy)
(3.10) = µR(x).
dx
Apì thn (3.9) paÐrnoume
R
P (x)dx
(3.11) µ=e .

Oloklhr¸nontac thn (3.10) èqoume

Z
1Z
(3.12) µy = µR(x)dx =⇒ y = µRdx.
µ
Apì thn (3.11) parathroÔme ìti h µ(x) eÐnai to antÐstrofo thc lÔshc thc omogenoÔc exÐswshc
(3.7).
PARAGEIGMA. Na brejeÐ h genik  lÔsh thc exÐswshc

dy 1
+ y = x.
dx x
LUSH. Apì thn (3.11) amèswc paÐrnoume
R 1
dx
µ(x) = e x = |x|.

ParaleÐpontac thn apìluth tim , pollaplasiˆzoume kai ta duo mèlh thc exÐswshc me x

dy d(xy) dy
x + y = x2 =⇒ = x + y = x2 .
dx dx dx
Apì thn (3.12) paÐrnoume à !
1Z 2 1 x3
y= x dx = +c .
x x 3
4 DIALEXH
EXISWSEIS Bernoulli kai Ricatti

H genik  morf  thc exÐswshc Bernoulli eÐnai h

dy
(4.1) = a(x)y + b(x)y ν ,
dx

ìpou ν eÐnai stajerˆ. H exÐswsh Bernoulli eÐnai mia mh grammik  exÐswsh. O skopìc mac
eÐnai na thn metatrèyoume se mia grammik . Ja qrhsimopoi soume mia mh grammik  allag 
exarthmènhc metablht c thc morf c
(4.2) y = uµ ,

ìpou µ eÐnai stajerˆ. AntikajistoÔme thn (4.2) sthn (4.1) kai paÐrnoume

du
µuµ−1 = a(x)uµ + b(x)uµν
dx

  isodÔnama
du a(x) b(x) µν−µ+1
(4.3) = u+ u .
dx µ µ
1
Dialègoume to µ ètsi ¸ste µν − µ + 1 = 0, ˆra µ = 1−ν
. Epomènwc me thn allag 

1
y = u 1−ν

katal goume sthn
du
= (1 − ν)a(x)u + (1 − ν)b(x),
dx
pou eÐnai mia grammik  exÐswsh.
EpÐshc mporoÔme na qrhsimopoi soume mia grammik  allag  exarthmènhc metablht c kai
na perˆsoume apì thn Bernoulli se mia mh grammik  ìmwc diaqwrÐsimh exÐswsh. Kˆnoume thn
allag  y = gv kai h (4.1) metatrèpetai se

dv dg
(4.4) g +v = agv + bg ν v ν .
dx dx

'Estw h g ikanopoieÐ thn

dg R
= ag =⇒ g = e a(x)dx ,
dx
opìte apì thn (4.4) pernˆme se
dv
(4.5) = bg ν−1 v ν ,
dx
pou eÐnai mia diaqwrÐsimh exÐswsh.
PARAGEIGMA. Na brejeÐ h genik  lÔsh thc exÐswshc

dy y x
= + 3.
dx 4x y

LUSH. H exÐswsh aut  eÐnai mia exÐswsh Bernoulli me ν = −3. QrhsimopoioÔme thn allag 
1 1
y = u 1−ν = u 4 . Antikajist¸ntac sthn exÐswsh paÐrnoume
1
1 − 3 du u4 3
u 4 == + xu− 4 .
4 dx 4x
3
Pollaplasiˆzontac epÐ 4u 4 kai ta duo mèlh thc exÐswshc katal goume sthn

du 1
= u + 4x.
dx x

EÐnai mia grammik  mh omogen c exÐswsh. LÔnoume pr¸ta thn omogen 

du0 1 R 1
= u0 =⇒ u0 = e x = |x|.
dx x

ParaleÐpontac thn apìluth tim  paÐrnoume thn genik  lÔsh thc mh omogenoÔc sÔmfwna me
ton tÔpo (3.6)
Z Z Z
4x 4x
u = u0 dx = x dx = x 4dx = x(4x + c).
u0 x
Opìte gia thn y èqoume
1
y = (x(4x + c)) 4 .

Qrhsimopoi¸ntac thn grammik  allag  exarthmènhc metablht c y = gv paÐrnoume

dv dg g x
(4.6) g +v = v + 3 3.
dx dx 4x g v

ApaleÐfoume ton grammikì ìro

dg 1 R 1 1
dx
= g =⇒ g = e 4x = cx 4 .
dx 4x
1
PaÐrnontac c = 1 gia lìgouc aplìthtac kai antikajist¸ntac thn g = x 4 sthn exÐswsh (4.6)
paÐrnoume
dv x 1 dv x
g
= 3 3 =⇒ x 4 = 3
dx g v dx x 4 v3
dv 1 v4 1
= 3 =⇒ = x + c =⇒ v = (4x + c) 4 .
dx v 4
'Ara
1 1 1
y = x 4 (4x + c) 4 = (x(4x + c)) 4 .
 JewroÔme t¸ra thn exÐswsh Ricatti

dy
(4.7) = a(x)y 2 + b(x)y + c(x).
dx

Gia na broÔme thn genik  lÔsh thc (4.7) qrhsimopoioÔme thn allag 

(4.8) y = gv + h,

ìpou y kai v paliˆ kai nèa exarthmènh metablht  antÐstoiqa kai g , h aujaÐretec sunart seic
tou x. Antikajist¸ntac thn (4.8) sthn (4.7) paÐrnoume
dg
dv − dh + a(x)h2 + b(x)h + c(x)
(4.9) = a(x)g(x)v 2 + (b(x) + 2a(x)h(x) − dx )v + dx ,
dx g(x) g(x)

poÔ eÐnai pˆli mia exÐswsh tÔpou Ricatti. Allˆ sthn (4.9) èqoume duo eleÔjerec sunart seic
tic h kai g . Epomènwc mporoÔme na tic dialèxoume ètsi ¸ste na aplopoihjeÐ h (4.9). 'Estw

dh
(4.10) = a(x)h2 + b(x)h + c(x),
dx
dg
(4.11) = b(x)g(x) + 2a(x)h(x)g(x)
dx
Apì thn (4.11) prokÔptei ìti
R
(b(x)+2a(x)h0 (x))dx
(4.12) g=e ,

ìpou h h0 eÐnai mia merik  lÔsh thc (4.10), dhlad  mia lÔsh thc arqik c exÐswshc Ricatti.
Me autèc tic eklogèc h (4.9) katal gei se mia diaqwrÐsimh exÐswsh

dv 1
= agv 2 =⇒ v = − R .
dx agdx

Dhlad  gia na broÔme thn genik  lÔsh thc (4.7) prèpei na broÔme mia merik  lÔsh h0 aut c
thc exÐswshc. Kai h genik  lÔsh thc exÐswshc Ricatti ja pˆrei thn morf 

g
(4.13) y = −R + h0 .
agdx

PARAGEIGMA. Na brejeÐ h genik  lÔsh thc exÐswshc

dy
= y 2 − (2x + 1)y + (x2 + x + 1).
dx

LUSH. Gia na broÔme thn genik  lÔsh thc exÐswshc sÔmfwna me thn (4.13) ja prèpei na
broÔme mia merik  lÔsh thc en lìgw exÐswshc, ìpou en gènei to prìbl ma autì eÐnai arketˆ
dÔskolo. Stic peript¸seic ìtan oi suntelestèc thc exÐswshc eÐnai polu¸numa mporoÔme na
prospaj soume na broÔme mia merik  lÔsh se klˆsh poluwnÔmwn. Ac poÔme se morf  miac
dÔnamhc tou x. FaÐnetai ìti h dÔnamh aut  den mporeÐ na xepernˆei to 1 epeid  h dÔnamh
pou ja prokÔyei apì ton ìro y 2 den ja mporeÐ na apaleifjeÐ me kamÐa ˆllh, afoÔ ìlec ja
eÐnai mikrìterèc thc. Anazhtˆme loipìn thn merik  lÔsh thc exÐswshc se morf  y = kx.
AntikajistoÔme thn upoy fia lÔsh sthn jewroÔmenh exÐswsh kai paÐrnoume

k = k 2 x2 − 2kx2 − kx + x2 + x + 1

ˆra katal goume sto ex c sÔsthma wc proc k

k 2 − 2k + 1 = 0, −k + 1 = 0 =⇒ k = 1.

Opìte h merik  lÔsh eÐnai h yµ = x. Ed¸ mporoÔme na efarmìsoume èna pio aplì grammikì
metasqhmatismì se sqèsh me thn (4.8)

y = v + x.

Kˆnoume thn antikatˆstash kai paÐrnoume

d(v + x)
= (v + x)2 + x2 + x + 1 − (2x + 1)(v + x).
dx

Aplopoi¸ntac paÐrnoume
dv
= v 2 − v.
dx
Dhlad  katal xame se mia exÐswsh Bernoulli h opoÐa eÐnai epÐshc kai diaqwrÐsimh (to opoÐo
en gènei den isqÔei)
Z
dv dv dv
= v 2 − v =⇒ 2 = dx =⇒ x + c = 2
.
dx v −v v −v

UpologÐzontac to olokl rwma paÐrnoume

¯ ¯
¯v − 1¯
¯ ¯ = x + c =⇒
v−1 x e−x
ln ¯ = ce =⇒ v = .
v ¯ v e−x + c

Epomènwc h genik  lÔsh thc exÐswshc ja grafeÐ se morf 

e−x
y =x+ .
e−x + c

5 DIALEXH
JEWRHMATA UPARXHS KAI MONADIKOTHTAS
'Estw èqoume mia diaforik  exÐswsh thc morf c

(5.1) y 0 = f (x, y),

ìpou f (x, y) eÐnai orismènh se kˆpoio qwrÐo G tou (x, y)-epipèdou. H exÐswsh (5.1) se kˆje
shmeÐo tou G orÐzei thn klÐsh pou èqei h efaptomènh sto grˆfhma thc lÔshc thc (5.1). An
se kˆje shmeÐo (x, y) ∈ G ja parast soume me èna diˆnusma thn dieÔjunsh thc efaptomènhc
h opoÐa orÐzetai apì thn tim  thc f (x, y) sto (x, y), tìte wc apotèlesma ja pˆroume to
legìmeno pedÐo dieujÔnsewn pou orÐzetai apì thn (5.1). To prìblhma eÔreshc miac lÔshc
thc (5.1) mporoÔme na jèsoume me ton ex c trìpo: na brejeÐ mia kampÔlh y = φ(x), tètoia
¸ste se kˆje shmeÐo thc èqei mia efaptomènh pou orÐzetai apì thn exÐswsh (5.1). Ja prèpei
na epishmˆnoume ed¸ ìti jètontac me autìn ton trìpo to prìblhma exairoÔme dieujÔnseic oi
opoÐec eÐnai parˆllhlec ston y -ˆxona, afoÔ se aut n thn perÐptwsh ja èqoume f (x, y) = ∞.
Parˆllhla ja prèpei na shmei¸soume ìti jewr¸ntac mìno thc kampÔlec pou eÐnai sunart seic
tou x, exairoÔme tic kampÔlec pou tèmnontai me tic katakìrufec eujeÐec pˆnw apì mia forˆ.
Gia na genikeÔsoume thn prohgoÔmenh topojèthsh tou probl matoc ja deqìmaste sth
sunèqeia ìti to pedÐo dieujÔnsewn mporeÐ se merikˆ shmeÐa na eÐnai parˆllhlo me ton y -ˆxona.
Se autèc tic peript¸seic antÐ gia thn (5.1) ja jewroÔme thn

dx 1
(5.2) = f1 (x, y) = ,
dy f (x, y)

ìpou ja upojètoume ìti se opoiod pote shmeÐo tou G mia apì tic f   f1 eÐnai orismènh. Apì ed¸
prokÔptei h nèa topojèthsh tou probl matoc eÔreshc thc lÔshc thc (5.1): na brejoÔn ìlec oi
kampÔlec sto G oi opoÐec se kˆje shmeÐo tou G èqoun thn dieÔjunsh h opoÐa kajorÐzetai apì
tic exis¸seic (5.1), (5.2). Ed¸ antikajistoÔme thn arqik  exÐswsh (5.1) me thn exÐswsh (5.2)
sta shmeÐa sta opoÐa f (x, y) = ∞. Autèc oi kampÔlec onomˆzontai oloklhrwtikèc grammèc
. Dhlad  jewroÔme ìti to pedÐo dieujÔnsewn eÐnai orismèno se ìla ta shmeÐa sta opoÐa èqei
nìhma mia apì tic sunart seic f   f1 .
PARADEIGMA. JewroÔme thn exÐswsh

dy y
(5.3) = .
dx x

H exÐswsh aut  orÐzei to pedÐo dieujÔnsewn pantoÔ sto epÐpedo (x, y) ektìc apì to shmeÐo
y x
(0, 0), ìpou kai h f = x
kai h f1 = y
den eÐnai orismènec. EÐnai profanèc ìti h sunˆrthsh
y = kx gia opoiod pote k mac dÐnei thn lÔsh aut c thc exÐswshc. Oi oloklhrwtikèc grammèc
orÐzontai apì thn sqèsh ax + by = 0, ìpou a kai b eÐnai aujaÐretoi arijmoÐ oi opoÐoi den
mhdenÐzontai tautìqrona. 'Ara oi oloklhrwtikèc grammèc ed¸ eÐnai oi hmieujeÐec, oi opoÐec
exèrqontai apì to shmeÐo (0, 0). Parìlo pou oi oloklhrwtikèc grammèc den orÐzontai sto
(0, 0), wc lÔseic thc en lìgw exÐswshc mporoÔme na jewroÔme tic eujeÐec y = k1 x   x = k2 y
sumperilambˆnontac kai to shmeÐo (0, 0). H anwmalÐa autoÔ tou shmeÐou arqÐzei na faÐnetai
an ja jèsoume to prìblhma arqik¸n tim¸n gia thn (5.3):

dy y
(5.4) = .
dx x
y(0) = c.

EÐnai profanèc ìti den upˆrqei lÔsh tou probl matoc (5.4) ìtan c 6= 0, epeid  gia opoiad pote
lÔsh thc (5.3) èqoume y(0) = 0.
PARADEIGMA. JewroÔme thn exÐswsh

dy y
(5.5) = − 2.
dx x
H exÐswsh aut  orÐzei to pedÐo dieujÔnsewn pantoÔ sto epÐpedo (x, y) ektìc apì to shmeÐo
2
(0, 0), ìpou kai h f = − xy2 kai h f1 = − xy den orÐzontai. H exÐswsh (5.5) ìpwc kai h (5.3)
an kei sthn kathgorÐa twn diaqwrÐsimwn exis¸sewn kai eÐnai eÔkolo na brejeÐ h genik  thc
1
lÔsh, h opoÐa ja èqei th morf  y = ce x . EpÐshc h (5.5) èqei kai duo idiˆzousec lÔseic y ≡ 0
1
kai x ≡ 0 oi opoÐec mazÐ me thn monoparametrik  oikogèneia y = ce x diamorf¸noun to pedÐo
dieujÔnsewn thc (5.5). Gia thn monoparametrik  oikogèneia lÔsewn to shmeÐo (0, 0) eÐnai
shmeÐo asunèqeiac kai me kanènan trìpo den mporeÐ na sumperilhfjeÐ se autèc.
'Estw èqoume mia diaforik  exÐswsh pr¸thc tˆxhc

(5.6) y 0 = f (x, y),

kai èstw G eÐnai to pedÐo orismoÔ thc f (x, y). EÐnai gnwstì ìti h exÐswsh (5.6) orÐzei sto
G èna pedÐo dieujÔnsewn, to opoÐo prèpei na èqoun oi oloklhrwtikèc grammèc, dhlad  oi
lÔseic thc (5.6), afoÔ sto G h f eÐnai fragmènh. Se kˆje shmeÐo (x0 , y0 ) ∈ G antistoiqeÐ
mia eujeÐa, pou èqei wc klÐsh thn f (x0 , y0 ). Pˆnw se aut n thn eujeÐa ja pˆroume èna
shmeÐo (x1 , y1 ) ∈ G. Ja sqediˆsoume mia eujeÐa pou pernˆei apì to shmeÐo (x1 , y1 ) kai èqei
klÐsh f (x1 , y1 ). Pˆnw se aut n thn eujeÐa ja dialèxoume èna shmeÐo (x2 , y2 ) ∈ G k.o.k.
JewroÔme ìti x0 < x1 < x2 < . . .. H tejlasmènh gramm  pou paÐrnoume me autìn ton
trìpo onomˆzetai tejlasmènh tou Euler. EÐnai fusikì na perimènei kaneÐc ìti h polugwnik 
gramm  pou orÐzetai apì thn parapˆnw kataskeu  ja sugklÐnei proc thn lÔsh thc (5.6)
ìtan o mègistoc krÐkoc thc tejlasmènhc tou Euler teÐnei sto mhdèn. Sthn perÐptwsh ìtan
f (x, y) eÐnai suneq c sunˆrthsh mporoÔme na kataskeuˆsoume tètoia akoloujÐa tejlasmènwn
tou Euler ¸ste aut  ja sugklÐnei sth zhtoÔmenh lÔsh. 'Omwc se aut n thn perÐptwsh den
ja èqoume monadikìthta, dhlad  mporoÔn na upˆrqoun diaforetikèc oloklhrwtikèc grammèc
pou pernoÔn apì to Ðdio shmeÐo (x0 , y0 ). Gia na upˆrqei monadikìthta prèpei na epibˆlloume
prìsjetec sunj kec pˆnw sthn f (x, y) tic opoÐec ja suzht soume sth sunèqeia.
JEWRHMA (Ôparxhc tou P eano). 'Estw h f (x, y) eÐnai fragmènh kai suneq c sto
anoiqtì qwrÐo G. Tìte apì kˆje shmeÐo (x0 , y0 ) ∈ G pernˆei toulˆqiston mia lÔsh thc (5.6).
PARATHRHSH. y(x) eÐnai lÔsh tou probl matoc arqik¸n tim¸n

y 0 = f (x, y),

y(x0 ) = y0

sto diˆsthma [a, b]. Ed¸ to diˆsthma [a, b] eÐnai ousiastikˆ mia arketˆ mikr  perioq  tou
shmeÐou x0 , dhlad  to je¸rhma P eano èqei topikì qarakt ra. Mac endiafèrei h epektasimìth-
ta thc lÔshc y(x) pèran tou diast matoc [a, b]. Gia na epekteÐnoume thn lÔsh y(x) proc dexiˆ
mporoÔme na pˆroume x0 = b kai na kataskeuˆsoume tic tejlasmènec tou Euler ìpwc kˆname
prohgoumènwc. Kai ètsi ja pˆroume thn epèktash thc y(x) se èna diˆsthma [a, b0 ] me b0 > b.
Metˆ mporoÔme pˆli na epanalˆboume thn diadikasÐa kataskeu c twn tejlasmènwn Euler
paÐrnontac wc x0 to shmeÐo x0 = b0 k.o.k. Me tètoion trìpo mporoÔme na ftˆsoume ìso
jèloume kontˆ sto sÔnoro tou G. Dhlad  èqoume tic ex c peript¸seic:
1. b0 = +∞
2. |y(x)| → ∞ ìtan x → b0 − 0
Me ton Ðdio trìpo mporoÔme na exetˆsoume thn epektasimìthta thc lÔshc y = φ(x) pèran tou
diast matoc [a, b] proc aristerˆ.
PARADEIGMA 5.1. JewroÔme to prìblhma arqik¸n tim¸n
1
(5.7) y0 = , y(1) = 0.
x
LÔnoume thn exÐswsh kai paÐrnoume y = ln |x| + C . Apì thn arqik  sunj kh bgaÐnei ìti
1
C = 0. Epomènwc h lÔsh thc (5.7) eÐnai h y = ln |x|. H sunˆrthsh f (x, y) = x
eÐnai suneq c
ektìc apì to x = 0. Blèpoume ìti lim |y(x)| = lim ln |x| = ∞. Kai lème ìti parathreÐtai
x→0 x→0
èkrhxh thc lÔshc enìc probl matoc arqik¸n tim¸n ìtan

(5.8) lim |y(x)| = ∞

x→x∗

ìpou x∗ 6= ±∞. Katˆ kˆpoion trìpo h èkrhxh sthn perÐptwsh (5.7) eÐnai anamenìmenh epeid 
to deÔtero mèroc thc exÐswshc den eÐnai suneq c sunˆrthsh sto shmeÐo x = 0.
 PARADEIGMA 5.2. JewroÔme to prìblhma arqik¸n tim¸n

(5.9) y0 = y2, y(0) = 1.

1
H lÔsh tou probl matoc arqik¸n tim¸n (5.9) èqei th morf  y = 1−x
. Epomènwc
¯ ¯
¯ 1 ¯
(5.10) ¯
lim |y(x)| = lim ¯ ¯ = ∞.
x→1 x→1 1 − x ¯

Dhlad  èqoume èkrhxh thc lÔshc sthn perÐptwsh ìpou to deÔtero mèroc thc exÐswshc den
parousiˆzei kamÐa asunèqeia se ìlo to epÐpedo xy . Aut  h èkrhxh ofeÐletai sthn mh gram-
mikìthta tou probl matoc (5.9). An h sunˆrthsh f (x, y) eÐnai suneq c se ìlo to epÐpedo xy ,
tìte gia na upˆrqei lÔsh qwrÐc èkrhxh gia −∞ < x < +∞ prèpei na isqÔei h sunj kh

(5.11) |f (x, y)| ≤ c(x)y.

H sunèqeia thc f (x, y) den mac exasfalÐzei thn monadikìthta thc lÔshc tou probl matoc
arqik¸n tim¸n . Gia na upˆrqei monadikìthta ja prèpei na epibˆlloume sthn f (x, y) mia
sumplhrwmatik  sunj kh.
JEWRHMA (Osgood). 'Estw h f (x, y) gia opoiad pote shmeÐa (x, y1 ) kai (x, y2 ) sto G
ikanopoieÐ thn sunj kh
(5.12) |f (x, y2 ) − f (x, y1 )| ≤ K|y2 − y1 |

ìpou K > 0 stajerˆ. Tìte mèsw opoioud pote shmeÐou (x0 , y0 ) apì to G pernˆei to polÔ mia
lÔsh thc exÐswshc (5.1).
H sunj kh (5.12) onomˆzetai sunj kh tou Lipschitz . Sthn perÐptwsh ìtan to G eÐnai
kurtì sÔnolo wc proc thn y h sunj kh (5.12) epalhjeÔetai gia tic sunart seic oi opoÐec
èqoun fragmènh thn pr¸th parˆgwgo wc proc y .
PARADEIGMA 5.4. JewroÔme thn exÐswsh
√
(5.13) y0 = y.

H genik  lÔsh thc (5.13) èqei thn morf  y = 14 (x − c)2 . ParathroÔme ìti kai h y ≡ 0 eÐnai
√
epÐshc lÔsh thc (5.13). ParagwgÐzontac to deÔtero mèroc thc (5.13) paÐrnoume ( y)0 = 2√1 y .
1
H sunˆrthsh √
2 y
sto shmeÐo y = 0 den eÐnai fragmènh, ˆra to prìblhma arqik¸n tim¸n
√
(5.14) y0 = y, y(x0 ) = 0

mporeÐ na mhn èqei monadikìthta. Prˆgmati, antikajist¸ntac thn genik  lÔsh sthn arqik 
sunj kh paÐrnoume ìti h y = 14 (x−x0 )2 eÐnai lÔsh tou probl matoc (5.14). 'Omwc tautìqrona
kai h y ≡ 0 eÐnai lÔsh tou probl matoc (5.14). Dhlad  èqoume duo lÔseic kai h monadikìthta
parabiˆzetai.