EN Official Journal of the European Communities 27.6.

2000 L 154/36
COMMISSION RECOMMENDATION
of 23 June 2000
concerning disclosure of information on financial instruments and other items complementing
the disclosure required according to Council Directive 86/635/EEC on the annual accounts and
consolidated accounts of banks and other financial institutions
(notified under document number C(2000) 1372)
(2000/408/EC)
THE COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES,
Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European
Community, and in particular Article 211 thereof,
Whereas:
(1) On the wider international level, banks and other under-
takings are increasingly called upon to provide enhanced
disclosure of their activities in financial instruments and
other similar instruments.
(2) This international development towards enhanced
disclosure was echoed in the European Parliament's
Resolution A4-0207/95 of 22 September 1995 on
financial derivative instruments (
1
).
(3) Due to banks' and other financial institutions' pivotal
role in financial markets and in the overall monetary
and economic system, enhanced disclosure of informa-
tion on activities relating to financial instruments and
other similar instruments appears to be particularly
desirable for these institutions.
(4) Due to the enormous increase in these institutions' activ-
ities relating to such instruments, regarding notably
derivative instruments, since the time of the adoption of
Council Directive 86/635/EEC (
2
), disclosure of addi-
tional information complementing the limited disclosure
required under that Directive is considered necessary.
(5) Disclosure of such information allows investors and
market participants to take well-informed decisions, thus
fostering market transparency and market discipline as a
most valuable complement to prudential supervision.
(6) To this effect, meaningful and comparable qualitative
and quantitative information on institutions' activities
relating to financial instruments and information on the
objectives and methods of risk measurement and
management systems is necessary.
(7) Notwithstanding the obligation to disclose all material
information, the potential usefulness of particular disclo-
sures should be balanced against the need not to over-
burden financial statements with excessive disclosure
and the likely cost of providing such information. The
obligation to disclose information does not impose an
obligation to disclose confidential or proprietary infor-
mation.
(8) Given the ongoing international discussions on the
methods for disclosing such information a formal
amendment of Directive 86/635/EEC introducing
mandatory disclosure requirements appears to be prema-
ture.
(9) It is necessary for the smoth functioning of the internal
market that the accounting information published by
banks and other financial institutions remains suffi-
ciently comparable. The Commission will therefore
closely follow the effect of this recommendation on
current practice in the Member States and will later, if
necessary, propose further actions to ensure sufficient
harmonisation in this field,
HEREBY RECOMMENDS:
1. For accounting periods commencing within 12 months
from the date of this Recommendation and for all future
accounting periods, information in accordance with the
Annex should be disclosed by banks and financial institu-
tions in the notes on the annual and consolidated accounts
and/or in the annual report, as appropriate.
2. The Member States should take the appropriate measures to
promote the application of this Recommendation, having
due regard to the nature and size of particular institutions
and the consequent usefulness to the market of the informa-
tion provided in their accounts.
3. The Member States should notify the Commission of meas-
ures taken in compliance with this Recommendation.
Done at Brussels, 23 June 2000.
For the Commission
Frederik BOLKESTEIN
Member of the Commission
(
1
) OJ C 269, 16.10.1995, p. 217.
(
2
) OJ L 372, 31.12.1986, p. 1.
EN Official Journal of the European Communities 27.6.2000 L 154/37
ANNEX
1. Scope and definitions
1.1. Information on financial instruments, commodities and commodity-related derivative instruments (hereinafter:
instruments) according to this recommendation should be disclosed by banks and financial institutions (hereinafter:
institutions) which are subject ot Council Directive 86/635/EEC in the notes on the annual and consolidated
accounts and/or in the annual report, as appropriate.
The Appendices to this Annex set out illustrative examples of how this information might be disclosed to meet the
objectives of this recommendation. These illustrative examples are not exhaustive. Other forms of disclosure, such as
those based on in-house models, may also be used provided information on the basis of the models, including the
reliability of information that stems from those models and whether they are recognised by the competent
authorities for the purpose of calculating prudential capital requirements, is also disclosed.
1.2. A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to both a financial asset of one party and a financial liability or
equity instrument of another party. Financial instruments include both
primary financial instruments such as receivables, payables and equity securities and
derivative financial instruments such as options, futures, forwards, interest rate swaps and currency swaps, the
value of which is derived from the price of an underlying financial instrument or a rate or an index or the price
of an underlying other item.
1.3. A financial asset is any asset that is:
(a) cash;
(b) a contractual right to receive cash or another financial asset from another party;
(c) a contractual right to exchange instruments with another party under conditions that are potentially favourable;
or
(d) an equity instrument of another party.
1.4. A financial liability is any liability that is a contractual obligation:
(a) to deliver cash or another financial asset to another party; or
(b) to exchange instruments with another party under conditions that are potentially unfavourable.
1.5. An equity instrument is any contract that evidences a residual interest in the assets of a party after deducting all of its
liabilities.
1.6. Trading is the buying and selling of instruments with a view:
to take advantage from variations or short term changes in market rates, indices or prices,
to facilitate customer transactions,
to hedge related trading positions.
Other activities are non-trading.
1.7. Fair value is the amount at which an asset could be exchanged or a liability settled in a current transaction entered
into under normal terms and conditions between independent, informed and willing parties, other than in a forced
or liquidation sale.
1.8. Information according to this recommendation need not concern:
(a) interests in subsidiaries;
(b) interests in associates;
(c) interests in joint ventures;
(d) employers' plans and obligations for post-employment benefits of all types, including retirement benefits;
(e) employers' obligations under employee stock option and stock purchase plans;
(f) obligations arising under insurance contracts;
(g) operating leases; take or pay contracts;
(h) own equity, own warrants and options on own shares.
EN Official Journal of the European Communities 27.6.2000 L 154/38
2. Materiality principle
The recommendation's provisions need not be applied to immaterial items. In deciding whether instruments (either
individually or in aggregate) are material, both the amount and the nature of the instruments should be taken into
account.
Notwithstanding the obligation to disclose all material information, the potential usefulness of particular disclosures
should be balanced against the need not to overburden financial statements with excessive disclosure and the likely
cost of providing such information.
The level of detail to be disclosed should reflect the relative significance of activities, results and/or risks within the
institution's overall business.
3. Qualitative disclosure
3.1. Qualitative information necessary for understanding the annual and consolidated accounts should be included in the
notes to the accounts; other qualitative information should be included in either the notes to the accounts or
elsewhere in the annual report.
3.2. Information should be disclosed in the annual report on the institution's risk management objectives and strategies
reflecting its use of instruments within the context of its overall business objectives.
3.3. Information should be disclosed in the annual report on the policies and practice of managing the risks associated
with trading and non-trading activities addressing the specific nature of the institution's exposure to, and its
management of, credit risk, market risk (i.e. foreign exchange risk, interest rate risk, other price risks), liquidity risk
and other risks of significance.
3.4. Information should be disclosed in the notes to the annual and consolidated accounts on all significant accounting
policies relating to instruments.
4. Quantitative disclosure principles and general information
4.1. Quantitative information necessary for the understanding of annual and consolidated accounts should be disclosed in
institutions' notes to the annual and consolidated accounts. Other quantitative information should be included
elsewhere in the annual report. Furthermore, the fair values of instruments held for trading, both on and off the
balance sheet, should be disclosed where they differ materially from the amounts at which they are included in the
accounts.
4.2. Where disclosure of quantitative information draws on institutions' internal risk management systems and the
methods used within those systems (e.g. sensitivity analysis, VAR models) it is not necessary for the disclosure to be
such as to disseminate information relating to those systems and methods that could be seriously prejudicial to the
institution.
4.3. Appropriate analysis should be provided of trading and non-trading instruments, including information on the level
of activity in the institution with respect to those instruments. The analysis should reflect in particular significant
terms and conditions that may affect the amount, timing and certainty of future cash flows.
5. Quantitative disclosure information on credit risk
5.1. Information on credit risk should be disclosed on the basis of the amount that best represents the maximum credit
risk exposure at the balance sheet date (net of any netting agreements that are legally enforceable by the institution)
without taking account of any collateral. Information on the maximum credit risk exposure should be comple-
mented by information on the potential credit risk exposure taking into account collateral and other netting
agreements.
If the carrying amount of an instrument represents the maximum credit risk exposure, disclosure of additional
information, for the purposes of this paragraph, is not necessary.
5.2. Information should be disclosed on significant concentrations of credit risk from on- and off-balance-sheet exposures
by economic sector and geographic location, for example, by different industry sectors, individual countries or
groups of countries.
6. Quantitative disclosure information on market risk
6.1. Information on market risk should be disclosed on the basis of value-at-risk, sensitivity analysis or other market price
risk measure.
6.2. The different methods should be used alternatively or in combination in such a way as to provide a comprehensive
picture of the institution's exposure to market risks inherent in its positions in trading and non-trading instruments.
Where practicable, separate disclosures should be provided for each type of market risk.
EN Official Journal of the European Communities 27.6.2000 L 154/39
Appendix 1
(This Appendix is purely illustrative and does not form part of the recommendation)
Information in relation to qualitative disclosure
(a) The basic features of management of risks including in particular the assessment and measurement of risk; if
applicable, the internal limit system and the avoidance of undue concentrations of risk.
(b) The activities in instruments used for trading purposes.
(c) The activities in instruments used for non-trading purposes, reflecting in particular hedging policies.
(d) The activities in high-risk instruments or complex instruments such as leveraged derivative instruments.
(e) The use of collateral.
(f) The use of netting agreements.
Appendix 2
(This Appendix is purely illustrative and does not form part of the recommendation)
Disclosure of information in relation to accounting principles adopted
(a) Information on the method of applying these principles to:
trading and non-trading instruments and their eventual reclassification,
specific relationships between different instruments (e.g. synthetic instruments, hedging, termination of hedges,
hedging by internal transactions, hedging of anticipated transactions),
specific types of instruments or related transactions (e.g. disclosure may be necessary in particular for securitisa-
tions; repurchase and reverse repurchase agreements; in-substance defeasance), and
primary instruments with embedded financial derivatives.
(b) The information disclosed might also include:
(i) the criteria applied for recognition and derecognition of instruments in the balance sheet;
(ii) the basis for valuation of the different types or classes of instruments at inception and subsequently;
(iii) the methods used for determining fair value of instruments (e.g. on the basis of quoted market prices, use of
bid/ask/mid prices, discounted cash flow analysis, estimation techniques or some other appropriate method)
including the significant assumptions made in applying these methods;
(iv) in cases where determination of fair value is based on quoted market prices the nature of the adjustments made
to these prices, if any;
(v) the methods used for including in the profit and loss account gains and losses, interest and other items of income
and expense associated with trading and non-trading instruments addressing in particular the recognition of
income;
(vi) policies adopted in cases of hedging and terminaition of hedging relationships.
EN Official Journal of the European Communities 27.6.2000 L 154/40
Appendix 3
(This Appendix is purely illustrative and does not form part of the recommendation)
Disclosure of complementary information to aid better understanding of quantitative information
Provision of complementary information on the terminology and the presentation forms used, on risk measurement
methods, related assumptions and, as appropriate, other parameters can assist readers of financial statements better to
understand the quantitative information supplied.
Where average values are disclosed the intervals used to arrive at those averages can also assist readers of financial
statements better to understand the information supplied. If the year end figure is not representative of average values,
average values can further assist understanding.
Appendix 4
(This Appendix is purely illustrative and does not form part of the recommendation)
Disclosure of quantitative information
1. Quantitative information may be disclosed in tabular form including in particular:
A. As an indication, inter alia, of the level of activity, with respect to primary instruments on the carrying amount:
(i) broken down on the vertical axis into the different classes of instruments distinguishing between assets and
liabilities, and
(ii) broken down on the horizontal axis into residual maturities,
with additional indication of fair value of trading totals.
B. As an indication, inter alia, of the level of activity with respect to derivative instruments, on the notional amount:
(i) broken down on the vertical axis into the different classes of derivative instruments (e.g. interest rate, foreign
exchange and gold, equities, precious metals except gold, other commodities, other), further subdivided into:
OTC derivative instruments (with subcategories e.g. forwards, swaps, options purchased/written), and
exchange traded derivative instruments (with as sub-categories e.g. futures long/short, options purchased/
written); and
(ii) broken down on the horizontal axis into residual maturities
with additional indication of fair value of trading totals.
C. Time bands that are relevant for the information disclosed may be used, for example:
(i) not more than three months;
(ii) more than three but not more than six months;
(iii) more than six months but not more than one year;
(iv) more than one year but not more than five years;
(v) more than five years.
Subject to materiality, the time bands specified may be further broken down (e.g. one month; > one three
months) or merged to larger time bands (e.g. one year; > one and five years; > five years) as appropriate.
D. As an indication, inter alia, of the level of activity in terms of fair value as opposed to the carrying amount,
information may be disclosed in tabular form distinguishing between assets and liabilities
on carrying amounts and fair values of classes of trading instruments, and
for trading instruments, on average-of-period fair values, and:
if the determination of fair value is not possible, practicable or reliable, additional information on the principal
characteristics of the instrument that may affect its fair value.
2. The above information could also be disclosed in tabular form combining the tabular formats set out above.
EN Official Journal of the European Communities 27.6.2000 L 154/41
Appendix 5
(This Appendix is purely illustrative and does not form part of the recommendation)
Credit risk disclosure
With respect to the credit risk exposure from OTC derivative instruments, information may be disclosed in tabular form:
broken down on the vertical axis into different degrees of credit worthiness of counterparties assessed on the basis of
internal or external ratings; and
broken down on the horizontal axis into
gross replacement costs,
net replacement costs if enforceable netting agreements exist,
potential future credit exposure.
Undertakings that calculate the credit risk of OTC derivative instruments on the basis of the original risk method may
disclose only the information that is obtained by applying the said method.
Information on the potential future credit exposures may be complemented by a discussion of the related estimation
techniques.
Appendix 6
(This Appendix is purely illustrative and does not form part of the recommendation)
Market risk disclosure
Information on market risk arising on instruments may be given on any of the following basis.
A. Value at risk information.
B. The potential effect on future earnings of selected hypothetical changes in market prices and rates. The hypothetical
changes used should be reasonably possible during the 12 months following the date on which the annual or
consolidated accounts are approved. One of these hypothetical changes might usefully include an adverse change of at
least 10 % in the year-end market prices or rates (unless such a change may be demonstrated not to be reasonably
possible).
C. A market price measure, other than those covered by A and B provided that:
(i) the institution's management uses the model from which the measure has been derived for the purpose of
managing the market price risk arising from the use of trading instruments; and
(ii) the model has been recognised for the purpose of providing capital adequacy returns to the prudential regulator.
D. An analysis of the aggregate fair values by major categories of financial assets and financial liabilities arising from
trading instruments and, within those categories, by time bands according to the earlier of the period to the next
interest rate repricing or the maturity date.
Time bands that are relevant for the information disclosed may be used, for example:
(i) not more than three months;
(ii) more than three but not more than six months;
(iii) more than six months but not more than one year;
(iv) more than one year but not more than five years;
(v) more than five years.
If the value at risk, sensitivity analysis or other market price risk measure figures disclosed are not typical of the
figures during the financial year, then additional figures provided to put the figures at the balance sheet date in context
can assist readers of financial statements to better understand the information supplied. These additional figures might
be either the average values or the highest and lowest.