CH 5-1 5-2 Cell Cycle

Mitosis and Cytokinesis
B-2.6 Summarize the characteristics of the cell

cycle: interphase (called G1, S, G2); the phases of
mitosis (called prophase, metaphase, anaphase,
and telophase); and plant and animal cytokinesis.
The cell cycle is a repeated pattern of growth and

division that occurs in eukaryotic cells.
This cycle consists of three phases: G1, S, G2
The first phase represents cell growth while the last
two phases represent cell division.

KEY CONCEPT
Cells have distinct phases of growth, reproduction,
and normal functions.

The cell cycle has four main stages.
The cell cycle is a regular pattern of growth, DNA
replication, and cell division.

The main stages of the cell cycle are gap 1, synthesis, gap
2, and mitosis.
Gap 1 (G1): cell growth and
normal functions
DNA synthesis (S): copies
DNA
Gap 2 (G2): additional
growth
Mitosis (M): includes
division of the cell nucleus
(mitosis) and division of the
cell cytoplasm (cytokinesis)
Mitosis occurs only if the cell is large enough and the DNA
undamaged.
Interphase
Cells spend the majority of their cell cycle in

interphase.
The purpose of interphase is for cell growth.
By the end of interphase a cell has two full sets of
DNA (chromosomes) and is large enough to begin the
division process.
Interphase is divided into three phases. Each

phase is characterized by specific processes
involving different structures.
During the G1 (gap 1) phase, the cell grows and
synthesizes proteins.
During the S (synthesis) phase, chromosomes
replicate and divide to form identical sister chromatids
held together by a centromere.
During the G2 (gap 2) phase, cells continue to grow
and produce the proteins necessary for cell division.
Mitosis
The purpose of mitosis is cell division: making two
cells out of one.
Each cell has to have its own cytoplasm and DNA.
The DNA is replicated in Interphase when two
chromosome strands became four strands (two strands
per chromatid).
In mitosis the four strands (two sister chromatids)

have to break apart so that each new cell only has one
double-stranded chromosome.
Mitosis is divided into four phases. Each phase is

characterized by specific processes involving
different structures.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Prophase is characterized by four events:

1. Chromosomes condense and are more
visible.
2. The nuclear membrane (envelope)
disappears.
3. Centrioles have separated and taken
positions on the opposite poles of the cell.
4. Spindle fibers form and radiate toward the
center of the cell.

Chromosomes condense at the start of mitosis.
DNA wraps around proteins (histones) that condense it.
DNA double
helix
DNA and
histones
Chromatin
Supercoiled
DNA

Mitosis divides the cells nucleus in four phases.
During prophase, chromosomes condense and
spindle fibers form.
Metaphase (the shortest phase of mitosis) is

characterized by two events:
1. Chromosomes line up across the middle of the
cell.
2. Spindle fibers connect the centromere of each
sister chromatid to the poles of the cell.

During metaphase, chromosomes line up in the
middle of the cell.
Anaphase is characterized by three events:
1. Centromeres that join the sister chromatids split.

2. Sister chromatids separate becoming individual
chromosomes.
3. Separated chromatids move to opposite poles of
the cell.

During anaphase, sister chromatids separate to
opposite sides of the cell.
Telophase (the last phase of mitosis) consists of four

events:
1. Chromosomes (each consisting of a single
chromatid) uncoil.
2. A nuclear envelope forms around the
chromosomes at each pole of the cell.
3. Spindle fibers break down and dissolve.
4. Cytokinesis begins.

During telophase, the new nuclei form and
chromosomes begin to uncoil.
Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm into two

individual cells.
The process of cytokinesis differs somewhat in plant
and animal cells.
In animal cells the cell membrane forms a cleavage
furrow that eventually pinches the cell into two nearly
equal parts, each part containing its own nucleus and
cytoplasmic organelles.

Animal Cell Telophase/Cytokinesis

Cytokinesis differs in animal and plant cells.
In animal cells, the
membrane pinches
closed.
In plant cells, a
cell plate forms.
In plant cells a structure known as a cell plate

forms midway between the divided nuclei, which
gradually develops into a separating membrane.
The cell wall forms in the cell plate.

Plant Cell Telophase/Cytokinesis

Cells divide at different rates.
The rate of cell division varies with the need for those
types of cells.
Some cells are unlikely to divide (G0).

Cell size is limited.
Volume increases faster than surface area.

Surface area must allow for adequate
exchange of materials.
Cell growth is coordinated with
division.
Cells that must be large have
unique shapes.

DNA plus proteins is called chromatin.
chromatid
One half of a duplicated

chromosome is a chromatid.
Sister chromatids are held
together at the centromere.
Telomeres protect DNA and do
not include genes.
telomere
centromere
telomere
Condensed, duplicated chromosome

Mitosis and cytokinesis produce two genetically identical
daughter cells.
Parent cell
Interphase prepares
the cell to divide.
During interphase,
the DNA is
duplicated.
centrioles
spindle fibers
centrosome
nucleus with
DNA

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Mitosis and Cytokinesis

B-2.6 Summarize the characteristics of the cell

The cell cycle is a repeated pattern of growth and

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Cells spend the majority of their cell cycle in

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Interphase is divided into three phases. Each

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

In mitosis the four strands (two sister chromatids)

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Mitosis is divided into four phases. Each phase is

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Prophase is characterized by four events:

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Metaphase (the shortest phase of mitosis) is

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Anaphase is characterized by three events:

1. Centromeres that join the sister chromatids split.

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Telophase (the last phase of mitosis) consists of four

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm into two

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

In plant cells a structure known as a cell plate

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Some cells are unlikely to divide (G0).

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

One half of a duplicated

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

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