Works Cited

"13, 14 and 15th Amendment." Weblog post. Yahoo Answers. N.p., n.d. Web.
<https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080128161855AAZuahn>.
"13, 14 and 15th Amendment." Weblog post. Yahoo Answers. N.p., n.d. Web.
<https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080128161855AAZuahn>.
ABC News. March on Washington Martin Luther King. 1963. ABC News. Web. 7 Dec.
2014.
<http://a.abcnews.com/images/Politics/gty_march_on_washington_martin_luther
_king_ll_130819_16x9_992.jpg>. This image of Martin Luther King Jr.
addressing the crowd at Lincoln Memorial during the peaceful March on
Washington was used in our major figures biographical section.
American Academy of Achievement. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Rosa Parks in
Montgomery, Alabama at the Time of the 1955 Bus Boycott. 1955. National
Archives. Academy of Achievement. Web. 7 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/photocredit/achievers/par0-025>. This
image was used under our major figures biography section. Rosa Park was one of
our major figures in African American history, and this image shows her with
Martin Luther King Jr. during the Montgomery Bus Boycott, which was initiated
by her refusal to give her seat up on the segregated public bus.
Brunner, Borgna. "African-American History Timeline." Infoplease. Infoplease, n.d. Web.
30 Nov. 2014. <http://www.infoplease.com/spot/bhmtimeline.html>. This
website shows a chronological timeline of African American history from the

arrival of slaves to present day. It was helpful because besides providing

information, pictures were also listed beside the text.
Brunner, Borgna, and Elissa Haney. "Civil Rights Timeline." Infoplease. Infoplease, n.d.
Web. 30 Nov. 2014.
<http://www.infoplease.com/spot/civilrightstimeline1.html>. The timeline on
this website focuses on the Civil Rights Movement: spanning from 1948 to 2013.
The description for each event thoroughly describes why it was influential or
significant, which aided our group on making the timeline and learning more
about our topic.
The Cosmic Cathedral. Harriet Tubman - 19th Century. N.d. Feminist Fridays: All Saints
Day Has Women Too. Web. 07 Dec. 2014.
<http://thecosmiccathedral.wordpress.com/2013/11/01/feminist-fridays-allsaints-day-has-women-too/>. An image of Harriet Tubman from this page was
used for our major figures biography section. The picture was placed near her
biography and showed viewers what Harriet Tubman looked like.
Cozzens, Lisa. "Plessy v. Ferguson." Welcome to African American History! Lisa Cozzens,
17 Sept. 1999. Web. 09 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.watson.org/~lisa/blackhistory/post-civilwar/plessy.html>. This site
gave a concise summary of the Plessy vs. Ferguson Supreme Court case, which
was useful for initial research to get a gist of the case. More sources were used as
references, but this was a starting point.
Did You See Jackie Robinson Hit That Ball? (1949 Version). Dir. Docsdaname2000. Perf.
Woodrow Buddy Johnson and Count Basie. YouTube. YouTube, 14 July 2009.
Web. 7 Dec. 2014. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r-7Ac2LVVYU>. This

video shows many images of Jackie Robinson playing baseball and the music
track is the song "Did You See Jackie Robinson Hit that Ball?". We included this
video beside Jackie Robinson's biography under the major figures biography
section.
Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web.
<http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/School-educationlearning-1750587-h.jpg>.
Education. Digital image. Wikimedia. N.p., n.d. Web. <Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. .>.
"Harriet Tubman." Bio. A&E Networks Television, n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2014.
<http://www.biography.com/people/harriet-tubman-9511430#synopsis>. While
writing a biography for Harriet Tubman, this website proved to be very useful
and informative, detailing different stages of her life.
History.com Staff. "Jackie Robinson." History.com. A&E Television Networks, 2009.
Web. 05 Dec. 2014. <http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/jackierobinson>. This website specifically focused on Jackie Robinson's legacy as the
first African American major baseball league player. While writing his
biography, this resource was especially helpful and relevant with concise
information.
History.com Staff. "NAACP." History.com. A&E Television Networks, 2009. Web. 02
Dec. 2014. <http://www.history.com/topics/naacp>. This article provided a lot of
information on the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
(NAACP), which is crucial to the history of African Americans. The information
on the NAACP from this source was useful for the entirety of our project.

History.com Staff. "Rosa Parks." History.com. A&E Television Networks, 2009. Web. 30
Nov. 2014. <http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/rosa-parks>. This
informative source provided many details of the life of Rosa Parks and the
effects of her actions (like the Montgomery Bus Boycott), and this helped us to
write her biography as one of our major historical figures in African American
history.
"House Un-American Activities Committee." Infoplease. Pearson Education, n.d. Web. 05
Dec. 2014. <http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/history/house-unamerican-activities-committee.html>. Although not directly related to the history
of African Americans in the United States, this article gave background
information on the House Un-American Activities Committee. This source was
consulted while working on the biography of Jackie Robinson since he testified
before the HUAC on discrimination.
Ilya Gokadze. "Martin Luther King, Jr. I Have A Dream Speech." YouTube. YouTube, 28
Aug. 2013. Web. 09 Dec. 2014.
<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3vDWWy4CMhE>. This video was of
Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech which was given on August
28th, 1963, at the Lincoln Memorial during the March on Washington. This
video was used under the Martin Luther King Jr.'s biography section.
"The Jackie Robinson Foundation." The Jackie Robinson Foundation. The Jackie Robinson
Foundation, n.d. Web. 03 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.jackierobinson.org/about/jackie.php>. This site is the Jackie
Robinson Foundation website, and it addressed his impact of breaking the color
barrier in major league baseball. The information focused on his athletic career

and how he dealt with the racism in baseball, but it also mentioned other aspects
of his life and activism.
Lawnix Free Case Briefs RSS. "Plessy v. Ferguson Case Brief Summary." Lawnix Free
Case Briefs RSS. Lawnix Free Case Briefs RSS, n.d. Web. 07 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.lawnix.com/cases/plessy-ferguson.html>. This site explained the
thirteenth and fourteenth amendments. It also related these two amendments with
the Plessy vs. Ferguson case, explaining the reasoning behind why racial
segregation was ruled constitutional in the eyes of the judges.
"Martin Luther King Jr. - Facts." Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2014, n.d. Web. 05 Dec.
2014. <http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1964/kingfacts.html>. This site summarized Martin Luther King Jr.'s achievements relating
to the Civil Rights Movement and social justice, proving why he deserved the
Nobel Peace Prize from 1964. The information listed here was especially useful
while writing King's short biography as a major figure in African American
history.
"Martin Luther King Jr." Bio.com. A&E Networks Television, n.d. Web. 02 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.biography.com/people/martin-luther-king-jr-9365086#synopsis>.
While writing Martin Luther King Jr.'s biography as a major figure in African
American history, this website was very helpful because it thoroughly detailed
his life. It also focused and emphasized on his achievements and involvement
with the Civil Rights Movement.
Nooga. A Movie about Jackie Robinson's Baseball Career Will Be Filming in Chattanooga
This Summer. N.d. MGNOnline. Nooga. Web. 7 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.nooga.com/154112/major-motion-picture-about-jackie-robinson-

filming-in-chattanooga/>. This picture of Jackie Robinson with his baseball bat

and in his Brooklyn Dodgers uniform was used on our major figures biography
section. Since he was the first African American major league baseball player
and an avid civil rights activist, he's an extremely influential person in American
history.
O'Malley, Michael. "A Blood Red Record: The 1890s and American Apartheid." History
122. History 122, Spring 1999. Web. 09 Dec. 2014.
<https://chnm.gmu.edu/courses/122/empire/1890s.html>. This essay provided
information about the 1890s time period and what it was like for African
Americans. It was relevant while writing the Plessy vs. Ferguson cause and effect
essay because it helped to put the event into historical context.
PBS. "Timeline: Building Democracy (1866 - 1953)." PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2014.
<http://www.pbs.org/wnet/aaworld/timeline/building_01.html>. The events on
this timeline were extremely specific and detailed, which was helpful in the
process of making the timeline. This link is the first page of the "Building
Democracy" timeline.
PBS. "Timeline: Building Democracy (1866 - 1953)." PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2014.
<http://www.pbs.org/wnet/aaworld/timeline/building_02.html>. This link is the
second page of the "Building Democracy" timeline.
PBS. "Timeline: Building Democracy (1866 - 1953)." PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2014.
<http://www.pbs.org/wnet/aaworld/timeline/building_03.html>. This link is the
third page of the "Building Democracy" timeline.

PBS. "Timeline: Building Democracy (1866 - 1953)." PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2014.
<http://www.pbs.org/wnet/aaworld/timeline/building_04.html>. This link is the
fourth page of the "Building Democracy" timeline.
PBS. "Timeline: Civil Rights Era (1954 - 1971)." PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 28 Nov. 2014.
<http://www.pbs.org/wnet/aaworld/timeline/civil_01.html>. This was another
timeline focusing specifically on the Civil Rights Movement period, which
corroborated and added to what we learned from other sources. This link is the
first page of the "Civil Rights Era" timeline.
PBS. "Timeline: Civil Rights Era (1954 - 1971)." PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2014.
<http://www.pbs.org/wnet/aaworld/timeline/civil_02.html>. This link is the
second page of the "Civil Rights Era" timeline.
PBS. "Timeline: Civil Rights Era (1954 - 1971)." PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2014.
<http://www.pbs.org/wnet/aaworld/timeline/civil_03.html>. This link is the third
page of the "Civil Rights Era" timeline.
PBS. "Timeline: Civil Rights Era (1954 - 1971)." PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2014.
<http://www.pbs.org/wnet/aaworld/timeline/civil_04.html>. This link is the
fourth page of the "Civil Rights Era" timeline.
PBS. "Timeline: Early Days and Slavery (1400s - 1865)." PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 29 Nov.
2014. <http://www.pbs.org/wnet/aaworld/timeline/early_01.html>. Even though
this timeline starts centuries ago, this provided the background information we
needed about slavery in the United States. This link is the first page of the "Early
Days and Slavery" timeline.

PBS. "Timeline: Early Days and Slavery (1400s - 1865)." PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 30 Nov.
2014. <http://www.pbs.org/wnet/aaworld/timeline/early_02.html>. This link is
the second page of the "Early Days and Slavery" timeline.
PBS. "Timeline: Early Days and Slavery (1400s - 1865)." PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 30 Nov.
2014. <http://www.pbs.org/wnet/aaworld/timeline/early_03.html>. This link is
the third page of the "Early Days and Slavery" timeline.
PBS. "Timeline: Early Days and Slavery (1400s - 1865)." PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 30 Nov.
2014. <http://www.pbs.org/wnet/aaworld/timeline/early_04.html>. This link is
the fourth page of the "Early Days and Slavery" timeline.
PBS. "Timeline: Modern Times (1972 - Present)." PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2014.
<http://www.pbs.org/wnet/aaworld/timeline/modern_01.html>. This timeline
details modern events (from the 1970s onwards) which put events into
perspective for today's world and situation. This link is the first page of the
"Modern Times" timeline.
PBS. "Timeline: Modern Times (1972 - Present)." PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2014.
<http://www.pbs.org/wnet/aaworld/timeline/modern_02.html>. This link is the
second page of the "Modern Times" timeline.
PBS. "Timeline: Modern Times (1972 - Present)." PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2014.
<http://www.pbs.org/wnet/aaworld/timeline/modern_03.html>. This link is the
third page of the "Modern Times" timeline.
PBS. "Timeline: Modern Times (1972 - Present)." PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2014.
<http://www.pbs.org/wnet/aaworld/timeline/modern_04.html>. This link is the
fourth page of the "Modern Times" timeline.

PBS. "An Unfinished Crusade: An Interview with Jane Elliot." PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 09
Dec. 2014.
<http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/divided/etc/crusade.html>.
This interview article gave information on Jane Elliot and the PBS documentary
"A Class Divided". It was useful for the website overall, and as reference while
writing our ballot initiative.
"Plessy v. Ferguson." Laws.com. Laws.com, n.d. Web. 09 Dec. 2014.
<http://constitution.laws.com/supreme-court-decisions/plessy-v-ferguson>. The
article on this site listed the effects of the outcome of Plessy vs. Ferguson which
was helpful as the cause and effect essay of this event was being written.
"The Reality of Racial Profiling." The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights.
The Leadership Conference, n.d. Web. 07 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.civilrights.org/publications/reports/racial-profiling2011/the-realityof-racial.html>. This article was relevant while writing a perspective persuasive
essay supporting the ballot initiative because it goes in depth about racial
profiling and lists many studies.
"Rosa Louise McCauley Parks." Bio.com. A&E Networks Television, n.d. Web. 03 Dec.
2014. <http://www.biography.com/people/rosa-parks-9433715#synopsis>. This
website thoroughly detailed the life and accomplishments of Rosa Parks. This
source was extremely useful while writing her biography because it described
and focused on December 1st, 1955, when Rosa Parks refused to give up her bus
seat and stood up to the Jim Crow law.
Rosa Parks. Digital image. Wikimedia. Wikimedia, n.d. Web. 9 Dec. 2014.
<http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Barack_Obama_in_the_

Rosa_Parks_bus.jpg>. I chose this photo of Barrack Obama because it shows

where Rosa Parks sat on the bus and refused to move. This means a lot because if
Rosa Parks did not speak up that day, Barrack Obama might not be there as a
president.
Rosa Parks. Digital image. Wikipedia. N.p., n.d. Web.
<http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Barack_Obama_in_the_
Rosa_Parks_bus.jpg>.
Schlup, Leonard, and Stephen H. Paschen. "The 1890s in America: Documenting the
Maturation of a Nation." Mellen Press. Mellen Press, n.d. Web. 9 Dec. 2014.
<https://mellenpress.com/mellenpress.cfm?bookid=6699&pc=9>. This site
provided some brief background on the historical context of 1890s in the United
States. As the cause and effect of the Plessy vs. Ferguson court ruling was being
written, this site provided useful information on the time period.
Smithsonian National Museum of American History. Housing Development with Sign. c.
1950. Southern California Library for Social Studies and Research. Separate Is
Not Equal. Web. 7 Dec. 2014. <http://americanhistory.si.edu/brown/history/1segregated/jim-crow.html>. This image was used in our picture gallery depicting
Jim Crow laws in American society. This was used to provide historical context.
Smithsonian National Museum of American History. "Jim Crow Laws - Separate Is Not
Equal." Jim Crow Laws - Separate Is Not Equal. Smithsonian National Museum
of American History, n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2014.
<http://americanhistory.si.edu/brown/history/1-segregated/jim-crow.html>. This
website had pictorial and textual information about Jim Crow laws. Captions on
the pictures provided background information about the pictures. Examples of

Jim Crow laws in various states were also listed, giving us a better sense of what
the situation was like. The information was helpful throughout the project, but
particularly during the sections associated and related to the Civil Rights
Movement.
Smithsonian National Museum of American History. Sign, colored Served in Rear. N.d.
Separate Is Not Equal. Web. 7 Dec. 2014.
<http://americanhistory.si.edu/brown/history/1-segregated/detail/jim-crowsigns.html#colored>. The second image on this website was used to depict the
presence of Jim Crow laws in American Society. This was used to provide
background information and historical context on our website.
Smithsonian National Museum of American History. Sign, Colored Waiting Room.
1943. Library of Congress, Rome, GA. Separate Is Not Equal. Web. 7 Dec.
2014. <http://americanhistory.si.edu/brown/history/1-segregated/detail/signsaround-country.html#colored>. The first image on this site was used under our
biographical major figures section to provide the background for Jim Crow laws.
Using this image to provide context for the time period, we were able to write a
short biography of Rosa Parks and her achievements in American history.
"The Supreme Court And Racial Profiling." National Motorists Association. National
Motorists Association, n.d. Web. 08 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.motorists.org/other/profiling-court>. This website listed Supreme
Court cases where officers stopping citizens for no reason was deemed
constitutional, condoning racial profiling. The information was useful while
writing a perspective essay to support the ballot initiative.

Tuskegee Airmen. Digital image. Wikipedia. N.p., n.d. Web. Nov.-Dec. 2014.
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuskegee_Airmen#mediaviewer/File:Tuskegee_Ai
rmen_-_Circa_May_1942_to_Aug_1943.jpg>.
The Underground Railroad. N.d. Underground Railroad and American Civil War History.
Web. 10 Dec. 2014.
<http://thomaslegion.net/theundergroundrailroadandamericancivilwarhistory.htm
l>. The image of the Underground Railroad map was used under Harriet
Tubman's biography section. This helped to show the Underground Railroad and
accompanied the written information.
United States. National Park Service. "Jim Crow Laws." National Parks Service. U.S.
Department of the Interior, 24 Nov. 2014. Web. 02 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.nps.gov/malu/forteachers/jim_crow_laws.htm>. This article listed
many examples of Jim Crow laws from the 1880s to the 1960s in the United
States. Knowing about the specifics of Jim Crow laws was helpful and relevant
to our project, but especially in sections relating to the Civil Rights Movement.
U.S. National Archives, and Reuters/Rowland Scherman. Hundreds of Thousands of
Marchers Gather around the Reflecting Pool during the March on Washington
for Jobs and Freedom. 1963. Kings Deferred Dream of Democracy. Web. 10
Dec. 2014. <http://blogs.reuters.com/great-debate/2013/08/27/kings-deferreddream-of-democracy/>. This picture of the March on Washington, which
happened on August 28th, 1963, shows the large crowd gathered at the Lincoln
Memorial. This image was used under Martin Luther King Jr.'s biography section
on our website.

Weatherspoon, Floyd D. "Racial Profiling of African-American Males: Stopped, Searched,

and Stripped of Constitutional Protection." Race, Racism and the Law. Race,
Racism and the Law, n.d. Web. 09 Dec. 2014.
<http://racism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1472:const
itutional-protection&catid=130&Itemid=241&showall=1&limitstart=>. This
article about racial profiling was very useful, especially while writing a
perspective persuasive essay supporting the ballot initiative. The author outlined
times when African Americans males would be racially profiled and also
discussed the implications of racial profiling.
Wesleyan University. For the First Time, Black Passengers Board through the Front of the
Bus and Sit Where They Please. N.d. Wesleyan University. Web. 10 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.wesleyan.edu/mlk/posters/rosaparks.html>. The image on this
website was used under Rosa Park's biography. This showed a public bus in
Montgomery, Alabama, and
Wormser, Richard. "Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)." PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 08 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/stories_events_plessy.html>. While writing
the cause and effect section about the Supreme Court case Plessy vs. Ferguson,
this site was very useful because it outlined the case from start to finish. It also
addressed briefly why this was important to American history and how it affected
African Americans in particular.
Yarbrough, Michael. "The Politics of Racism." The Huffington Post.
TheHuffingtonPost.com, 23 July 2013. Web. 09 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-yarbrough/institutional-racismtrayvon-martin_b_3632907.html>. This article was written by an African

American about modern day racism and discrimination. He included some of his
own experiences of being judged for his appearance. While writing a perspective
persuasive essay supporting the ballot initiative, this author's experiences were
useful in-text citations.