GitTutorialTour

JonLoeliger

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GitTutorialTourOutline

RepositoryManagement
GitRepositoryConcepts
InterRepositoryDataFlow
Branches
Merges
LocalUseCases
PullUpdates
GeneratingPatches
Examples
SupplementalSlides
Slide2
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GitConcepts:Repositories

Gitrepositoryisselfcontained,localandcomplete
Doesn'trequireexternalcontent
Nocentralizedrepository
Includescompletehistoryofeveryfileandchangelog

Gitrepositoryisnotdistributed

No:parthere,partthere,partoverthere...

Nogitrepositoryisinherentlyauthoritative

Onlyauthoritativebyconventionandagreement

Slide3
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GitConcepts:DistributedDevelopment

Developmentcanbedistributed

Multiplerepositoriescancreatedifferenthistoriesandchanges

Eveniftheyoriginatedfromacommonancestor

Multiplerepositorieswithdifferentdevelopmentcanbecombined

Developmentcanbeshared

Multipledeveloperscanuseandupdateacommonrepository

Nomatteriftherepositoryislocalorremote

Developmentcanbeprivate

RevisioncontrolyourAddressListathome

Slide4
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RepositoryNetwork
torvalds
someos-2.6

jgarzik
netdev

paulus
sometree

perex
alsa
herbert
crypto
Susan

Bob

galak
85xx

Chris

Eric
Kim

Anne
Brandi
Fnord
A

Slide5
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B is cloned from A

RepositoryDataFlow
Downstream

Upstream

Colors indicate
action instigator

Linus
someos-2.6

pull

push

pull

pull

patches
push

pull

patches
push

Mackerras
sometree

push

pull

Susan

Slide6
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patches
push

GitConcepts:Branchesingit

Cheap,fastandeasy
Topic/DevelopmentBranches

Stable,development,bugfix,testingbranches
Smalldevelopmentlines,perfeature,perdeveloper,etc
Collect,reorderororganizechanges
Cherrypickparticularpatches

TrackingBranches

Followupstreamchangesinlocalrepository
Don'tcommittotrackingbranches
IdentifiedasRHSofPull:refspecs

BranchnamesrefertothecurrentbranchHEADrevision
Branchesdon'thaveabeginningperse
$ git merge-base <original-branch> <branch-name>

Slide7
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Branches:Cloning

ClonefromupstreamURL

Original Repository

$ git clone
git://www.jdl.com/software/dtc.git

master

Copiescompleteupstreamrepositoryinto
alocalrepository

git clone

Createsorigintrackingbranch

Tracksupstreammasterbranch

ClonedRepository

Introducesmasterdevelopmentbranch
Initiallythesameplaceasorigin
Foryourdevelopment
Slide8
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origin

master

Branches:CommitOntoBranches

Masterbranchinyourrepoisforyourdevelopment!
$ git checkout master
# Edit a file.
$ git commit -a -m "Add copyright.

Fix 80-column line."

Introduceyourowntopicdevelopmentbranchestoo
$ git checkout -b jdl
# Edit a file.
$ git commit -a -m "Remove dead code."

Gotcha:Commitsrequireanauthor!

Environmentvariables:GIT_AUTHOR_NAME,GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL
Configfile:$ git repo-config user.name 'Eric S. Raymond'
Gecosvalue:/etc/passwd

Slide9
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Branches:VisualizingBranches
$ git show-branch
! [jdl] Remove dead code.
* [master] Add copyright. Fix 80-column line.
! [origin] dtc: add setting of physical boot cpu
--* [master] Add copyright. Fix 80-column line.
+
[jdl] Remove dead code.
+*+ [origin] dtc: add setting of physical boot cpu

Branch Timeline
1
2

jdl
master
origin

time
Slide10
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2
1

GitConcepts:Merges

Merge:Combinedirectoryandfilecontentsfromseparatesourcestoyield
onecombinedresult.

Sourcesformergesarelocalbranches
Mergesalwaysoccurinthecurrent,checkedoutbranch
Acompletemergeendswithanewcommit

Mergeresolutionisinherentlyambiguous
Gitusesseveralmergeheuristics:

Severalmergestrategies:resolve,recursive,octopus,ours
Techniques:fastforward,threeway

Somemergeconflictsmayneedtoberesolvedbythedeveloper
Slide11
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MergejdlbranchTomaster
Branch Timeline

Mergejdlbranchintomaster
$ git checkout master
$ git pull . jdl

1
0

ResultingBranchHistory
$ git show-branch

jdl
3

origin
time

! [jdl] Remove dead code.

* [master] Merge branch 'jdl'
! [origin] dtc: add setting of physical boot cpu
--- [master] Merge branch 'jdl'
+* [jdl] Remove dead code.
* [master^] Add copyright. Fix 80-column line.
+*+ [origin] dtc: add setting of physical boot cpu
Slide12
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master

Outline:UseCases

RepositoryManagement
LocalUseCases

PullingUpdates
MakingPatches
FindingaCommit
CherryPicking
RevertingaCommit
ResolvingMerges
RebasingLocalChanges

SupplementalSlides
Slide13
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PullingUpdates
Original Repository

Thedefaultoriginremotesfile

master

$ cat .git/remotes/origin
URL: git://www.jdl.com/software/dtc.git
Pull: refs/heads/master:refs/heads/origin

Getupdatesfromremoterepository

git pull
Cloned Repository

$ git checkout master

$ git pull origin

Pullisafetchthenmerge

origin

Placesfetchedupdatesin
ref/heads/origin
Mergesoriginintothecurrent,
checkedoutbranch,master

Slide14
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merge

master

Pull:FetchandMergeBranchTimeline
Before

After
Public Repository

Public Repository

master

master

1- fetch

2- fast-forward
origin
master

Your Repository

origin

3 - merge
master
Your Repository
time

time

Slide15
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Pull:WhatElse?

Pullisafetchfollowedbyamerge

Mergesshouldstartwithsomecommonbase,though

Canfetch/pullanybranchfromanyrepository

SupplyURLoncommandlinedirectly
MaybeaddnewremotesfilewithURLandPull:line
Eventhisrepository:git pull . <branch>

Couldjustgit

fetchanupstreambranchtoo
Abletothencherry-pickcommitsratherthanfullmerge
Abletousegit diff,git log,etc.

Slide16
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Pull:When?

Whenyouwantto!
Whenitisconvenient,stable,Wednesday...
Whentheupstreamtreeisstable
Whenyourworkingdirectoryisstable

...andyouhavetherightbranchcheckedout
Yourworkingdirectoryshouldprobablybeclean

git difforgit statusshouldbeempty

Technicallynotnecessary,but...

Slide17
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SendingChangesUpstream

Generateandsendpatchesviaemail

Mostdeveloperssendpatchestoamaintainerorlist
Highlyvisiblepublicreviewofpatchesonmaillist

Maintainerpullsupdatesfromadownstreamdeveloper

Maintainercandirectlypullfromyourpublishedrepository
Initiatedbyupstreammaintainer

Developerpushesupdatestoanupstreammaintainer

Somedevelopershavewritepermissionsonanupstreamrepository
Initiatedbydownstreamdeveloper

Slide18
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Patches:GenerateaPatch

Usegit

format-patchcommand

$ git format-patch --signoff origin..jdl

From: Jon Loeliger <jdl@jdl.com>
Date: Sat, 24 Jun 2006 15:42:51 -0500
Subject: [PATCH] Remove dead code.
Signed-off-by: Jon Loeliger <jdl@jdl.com>
--data.c |
18 -----------------1 files changed, 0 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)
diff --git a/data.c b/data.c
index 911b271..d3b55f9 100644
--- a/data.c
+++ b/data.c
@@ -20,24 +20,6 @@

Slide19
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Patches:ASideNote

ReadtheREADME
Followthecodingstandards
Compileandtestyourcode
Fixthewhitespaceissues
Knowwhotheupstreammaintaineris
Understandanysignoffpolicy

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Patches:FormattingandSendingMail

SendplainASCII,notHTML
Sendpatchesinline
Don'tuseattachments

Sendonlyyourchanges
Onelinecommitsummaryfirst
Becarefulofcutnpastesolutions

Usefilebrowseandinsertifpossible

Maybemovepreformattedpatches

toyourMUAdraftfolder
Sendgitformatpatchoutputdirectly
$ git send-email --to
maintainer@example.com my.patch

Slide21
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FindingaCommit

SHA1hashnamesareconstant
Symboliccommitnameslikemaster~4changeovertime!
TheyarerelativetothecurrentHEAD

Waystodeterminethenameofacommityouwant

git show-branch =>paul~38^2~10^2

Pawaroundingitk =>9ad494f62444ee37209e85173377c67612e66ef1
Usegit log -- <some/file/path>
Usegitweb

Note:
$ git rev-parse paul~38^2~10^2
9ad494f62444ee37209e85173377c67612e66ef1
Slide22
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CherryPickingExample

Youwantoneormoreparticularcommitsfromsomeotherbranch
appliedtoyourcurrentbranch

Bugfixfromsomeotherbranch
Transferpartialfunctionalityfromdevelopmentbranch

Getthatcommitintoyourrepository

Alreadypresentonadifferentbranch
Perhapsusinggit fetchfromanotherrepository

Cherrypickitintoappropriatebranch
$ git checkout master
$ git cherry-pick 9ad494

Slide23
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CherryPicking:BeforeandAfter

BranchTimelinePicture

4'isadifferentcommitwiththesamecontentas4
Before

mpc86xx
master

After

mpc86xx
master

time

4'

Slide24
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RevertExample

Situation:

Somecommitburiedinthepastneedstobeundone
...andithasalreadybeenmergedtomastertoo!
$ git show-branch --more=10 master mpc86xx
*
!
-*+
*+
*+
*+
*+
*+
*+

[master] Merge branch 'mpc86xx'

[mpc86xx] Remove obsolete #include <someos/config.h>.
[master] Merge branch 'mpc86xx'
[mpc86xx] Remove obsolete #include <someos/config.h>.
[mpc86xx^] Remove redundant STD_MMU selection.
[mpc86xx~2] Move I8259 selection under MPC8641HPCN board.
[mpc86xx~3] Remove redundant PPC_86XX check.
[mpc86xx~4] Reworked the IRQ mapping. Now reading IRQ and ... <======ARGH!
[mpc86xx~5] Make 86xx secondary CPU start be more generic.
[mpc86xx~6] Updated 86xx defcnofig after merge with Paul

Thisisajobforgit

revert

Slide25
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Revert:BeforeandAfter

Commit4isreverted,creatingcommit0inyellow
Commit0ismergedtomasterascommit0'
Before
6

mpc86xx
master

After

0
mpc86xx
master

0'
time
Slide26
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Revert:Commands

Revertappliesanewinversepatchforagivencommit
Revertworkswithoutrewritingthecommithistory
Canrevertmultiplecommitsatthesametime
Revertcommitonmpc86xxtopicbranch:
$ git checkout mpc86xx
$ git revert mpc86xx~4

Reflectitontomasterbranchaswell:
$ git checkout master
$ git pull . mpc86xx

Slide27
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Revert:BranchHistoryAfter
$ git show-branch --more=10 master mpc86xx
*
!
-*+
*+
*+
*+
*+
*+
*+
*+

[master] Merge branch 'mpc86xx'

[mpc86xx] Revert "Reworked the IRQ mapping. Now reading IRQ and ..."
[master] Merge branch 'mpc86xx'
[mpc86xx] Revert "Reworked the IRQ mapping. Now reading IRQ and ..."
[mpc86xx^] Remove obsolete #include <someos/config.h>.
[mpc86xx~2] Remove redundant STD_MMU selection.
[mpc86xx~3] Move I8259 selection under MPC8641HPCN board.
[mpc86xx~4] Remove redundant PPC_86XX check.
[mpc86xx~5] Reworked the IRQ mapping. Now reading IRQ and ...
[mpc86xx~6] Make 86xx secondary CPU start be more generic.
[mpc86xx~7] Updated 86xx defcnofig after merge with Paul

Slide28
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RevertversusResetversusCheckout

ResetversusRevert:Tryingtoundothelastcommit?

Ask:Doessomeoneelsehavethisversionoftherepositoryhistory?

Yes:Usegit revertanddonotchangehistory
No:Couldusegit resetorgit commit --amendperhaps

ResetversusCheckout

Resetdoesn'tchangeyourcurrentbranch
Checkoutestablishesyourcurrentbranch
Thesecanbesimilarunlessnamingadifferentbranch:
git reset --hard topic
git checkout -f topic

# still on original branch,

#
but it now looks like topic!
# topic branch checked out now

Slide29
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MergeResolutionHell...er,Examples

Pullingupdatesfromupstreamcangowrongforanumberofreasons!
Conflictingfilecontents
Newormodifiedfilesinyourworkingtree
Differentfilemodes
Possibleforyourupstreamchangestocomebackdifferently

Alteredupstreambymaintainer?
Weretheypulledorpatchedupstream?
Samefilecontent,butdifferentcommits?

Mergeisaheuristic!

Slide30
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MergeResolutionStrategies

Beforedoingthepullormerge

Checkoutthecorrectmergeintobranch,likelymaster
Ensureacleanworkingdirectoryfirst
git ls-files --others
git status

Afterfailedpull/mergerequest:
git ls-files -u
git diff

# Show unmerged files remaining

# Clean if it matches one of the variants!

Makeprogressresolvingconflicts:
git update-index

# Tell git when a conflict has been resolved

Bedone:

Fullyresolved:git commit
Abandonmerge:git reset --hard

ORIG_HEAD

Slide31
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FailedMerge:UntrackedWorkingTreeFile

Gitsays:
git-read-tree: fatal: Untracked working tree file
'Documentation/ABI/README' would be overwritten by merge.

Huh?Idon'thavethatfile...

Maybeyoudohavethatfileandshouldcheck!
Butmaybeitisleftoverfromapreviousmergeeffort?
Areyouontherightbranch?
git branch
git show-branch

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FailedMerge:UntrackedFileResolution

Yourkey:
git ls-files --others
git status
git clean -d

# Look for untracked files

# Check for unexpected files
# Remove cruft

Resettheworkingdirectory:

Maybeabandonthismerge?
Lookforotherfiles
Cleanouttheoldfiles
Dothemergeagain!

$
$
$
$

git
git
git
git

reset --hard ORIG_HEAD

ls-files --others
clean -d
status
# Ah! Nice-n-tidy

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FailedMerge:CONFLICTContent

Gitmessage:
CONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in drivers/net/phy/Makefile

Semitraditional"<<<<====>>>>"stylefilecontentdifferences.
$ git diff drivers/net/phy/Makefile
@@@ -8,4 -8,5 +8,9 @@@
obj-$(CONFIG_CICADA_PHY)
+= cicada.o
obj-$(CONFIG_LXT_PHY)
+= lxt.o
obj-$(CONFIG_QSEMI_PHY)
+= qsemi.o
++<<<<<<< HEAD/drivers/net/phy/Makefile
+obj-$(CONFIG_VITESSE_PHY)
+= vitesse.o
++=======
+ obj-$(CONFIG_SMSC_PHY)
+= smsc.o
+ obj-$(CONFIG_VITESSE_PHY)
+= vitesse.o
++>>>>>>>
501b7c77de3e90519e95fd99e923bf9a29cd120d/drivers/net/phy/Makefile

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FailedMerge:ResolveContentConflict

Yourkey:
git diff
git ls-files -s arch/somearch/Kconfig

# Various stage versions

Editandfix
Useyourfavoriteeditor,emacs
Makeprogress
git update-index arch/somearch/Kconfig

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FailedMerge:CONFLICTadd/add

Gitsayseither:

Added file3 in both, but differently. ERROR: Merge conflict in file3

CONFLICT (add/add):
File arch/somearch/platforms/86xx/mpc86xx_hpcn.c
added non-identically in both branches.
Adding as arch/somearch/platforms/86xx/mpc86xx_hpcn.c~HEAD
and arch/somearch/platforms/86xx/mpc86xx_hpcn.c~501b7c instead.

Twobranchesaddedthesamefile,butdifferently.

TheversionfrommymasterHEADisleftwith~HEADsuffix.
Theversionfromincomingoriginisleftwith~501b7csuffix.

Resolution:

Picktherightoneormergethem
Usegit addtoadditbackwiththerightname(drop~suffix)
Removetheother
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FailedMerge:CONFLICTrename/add

Gitsays:
CONFLICT (rename/add): Rename
arch/{mips/configs/ddb5476_defconfig =>
somearch/configs/mpc8641_hpcn_defconfig} in 501b7c...
arch/somearch/configs/mpc8641_hpcn_defconfig added in HEAD

Maybeitlies!

Renamedetectionisn't100%precise.Itisaheuristic!

ddb5476_defconfigjusthappenstoberemoved
mpc8641_hpcn_defconfigreallyadded!

Resolution:

Additback!Holycow!
Makesureindexhascorrect,addedfileandeither:
git update-index arch/somearch/configs/mpc8641_hpcn_defconfig
git add arch/somearch/configs/mpc8641_hpcn_defconfig
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RebaseLocalChangesExample

Situation:

Youhavedonedevelopmentworkonyourtopicbranch
Youpullinupstreamoriginandmergeittomaster
Youdon'twanttomergemasterintoyourtopicbranch
Youdon'twanttomergeyourtopicintothemasterbranch
Nooneelsehasclonedyourtopicbranch!

Why?Don'trewritehistory

Butyouwanttosendyourtopicbranchpatchesupstream!

Thisisajobforgit

rebase

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Rebase:BeforeandAfter

Rebasecommits04oftopicontomasterbranchatAas0'4'
Before

2
C

1
B

topic

After

master
origin

4'
C

3' 2'

time
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1'

0'

topic
master
origin

Rebase:Commands

RebaseCommands
$ git checkout topic
$ git rebase master

Createsaseriesofpatchesfromtopictobeappliedtomaster
Mayhavetoresolveconflictsateachstepduetomergeoperation
git rebase --continue
git rebase --skip
git rebase --abort

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GitResources

SourcesandDocumentation:

Gitsources,documentationandmanyrepositories:kernel.org/git
TheGitWiki:git.or.cz/gitwiki

FrontendsandViewers:

Cogito:kernel.org/pub/software/scm/cogito
StackedGit:www.procode.org/stgit
PatchyGit:www.spearce.org/category/projects/scm/pg
QTGuiviewer:sourceforge.net/project/qgit

MailList:git@vger.kernel.org
IRC:freenode.net#git
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Outline:Supplemental

RepositoryManagement
LocalUseCases
SupplementalSlides

SendingChangesUpstreamUsingPullandPush
ScreenCaptureofgitk

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SendChangesUpstreamUsinggitpull

Upstreammaintainertrustsyouandyourwork
Youhavetheabilitytopublishapublicrepository
Youhavealotofchanges,morethanafewpatches
Advertiseyourrepositoryandbranch
Waitforupstreammaintainertopullit

$ git pull git://www.your-site.org/path/to/repo.git

Profit.

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thepropertyoftheirrespectiveowners.FreescaleSemiconductor,Inc.2005.

UsingPull:DataFlowPicture
Public Repository

Maintainer's Repository
Instigator

from_jdl

master

git push

merge

Your Development
Repository

git pull

master

Slide44
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FreescaleandtheFreescalelogoare trademarks ofFreescaleSemiconductor,Inc.Allotherproductorservicenamesare

thepropertyoftheirrespectiveowners.FreescaleSemiconductor,Inc.2005.

master

SendingChangesUpstreamUsinggitpush

Directpushintoremoterepository

Sendsobjects,packs,branchestoremoterepository

Pushtoarepositoryfromwhichyouhavefetched
Canonlypushtoabranchthatisapropersubset
Shouldresultina"fastforward"ontheremoteend
Technicallyyoucanpushelsewhere,but...

Requireswriteaccessontheremoteend
Likelyviassh

Slide45
TM

FreescaleandtheFreescalelogoare trademarks ofFreescaleSemiconductor,Inc.Allotherproductorservicenamesare

thepropertyoftheirrespectiveowners.FreescaleSemiconductor,Inc.2005.

UsingPush:SetupRemotesFile

Createaremotesfile

StateupstreamrepositoryURL
Statebranchestobepushedupstream

Canpushmultiplebranches,asneeded

JustaddaPush:refspeclineforeachbranch

Canpushtodifferentremotebranchnames
Push: master:incoming
$ cat .git/remotes/publish
URL: ssh://www.jdl.com/software/dtc.git
Push: master:master
Push: jdl:jdl

Slide46
TM

FreescaleandtheFreescalelogoare trademarks ofFreescaleSemiconductor,Inc.Allotherproductorservicenamesare

thepropertyoftheirrespectiveowners.FreescaleSemiconductor,Inc.2005.

UsingPush:gitpush
$ git push publish
Password:
updating 'refs/heads/master'
from 38e8f8fd88dae07ef8ada9d6baa41b06a4d9ac9f
to
a73b7d43d4f60e76d82018fb9a4d137b089a1325
Generating pack...
Done counting 11 objects.
Result has 8 objects.
Deltifying 8 objects.
100% (8/8) done
Total 8, written 8 (delta 5), reused 0 (delta 0)
Unpacking 8 objects
refs/heads/master: 38e8f8 -> a73b7d

Slide47
TM

FreescaleandtheFreescalelogoare trademarks ofFreescaleSemiconductor,Inc.Allotherproductorservicenamesare

thepropertyoftheirrespectiveowners.FreescaleSemiconductor,Inc.2005.

UsingPush:DataFlowPicture
Public
Repository

master
jdl

git push

Your Development
Repository

push
instigator

jdl

master

Slide48
TM

FreescaleandtheFreescalelogoare trademarks ofFreescaleSemiconductor,Inc.Allotherproductorservicenamesare

thepropertyoftheirrespectiveowners.FreescaleSemiconductor,Inc.2005.

gitkExample

Slide49
TM

FreescaleandtheFreescalelogoare trademarks ofFreescaleSemiconductor,Inc.Allotherproductorservicenamesare

thepropertyoftheirrespectiveowners.FreescaleSemiconductor,Inc.2005.