philippine studies

Ateneo de Manila University Loyola Heights, Quezon City 1108 Philippines

Ibalon: An Ancient Bicol Epic

Jose Calleja-Reyes
Philippine Studies vol. 16, no. 2 (1968): 318347
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Texts and Documents

Zbal6n: An Ancient Bicol Epic
In the year 1896, there appeared in the Amhiuo del Biblwfilo Filipino, Volume I, by Wenceslao E. Retana, an account
of the ancient Bicolanos, their origin, superstitions, and beliefs.
The account was entitled Breve Notick acerca del origin, religion, creenck y supersticbnes de los antiguos Indios del
Bicol.' It was expressly written for the "Archivo" by fray
JosC Castaiio, a Franciscan, then Rector of the Colegio de
Misioneros de Almagro in Spain.
The chronicles in the Catdlogo Biogrcifico de 10s Religiosos
Franciscams de la Provtncia de San Gregorio Magno de Filipinas reveal that Father Castafio spent a year of missionary
work in the town of Carnalig, Province of Albay, in the year
1871 and in the same year was appointed parish priest of
the town of Lupi, Province of Camarines Sur, where he remained up to 1880.2

' pp.

1-57.
Fr. Eusebio Gomez Platero. Catalogo Biografico de los Religiosos
Fmnciscams de la Prouincia de Sun Gregorw Magno de Filipinas. Imprenta del Real Colegio de Santo Tomas, Manila. 1880, p. 795. W.E.
Retana in hie Apamto Bibliograjico de la Historia General de Filipinas,
Volumen Segundo, comments. "Escasea ya este apreciable libro de ruya
genesis dejamos dicho algum cosa bajo el num. 873. En punto a datm
bibliogmjicos, acojanee Qlgunos con cautelo, porque no eon enterarnente
2

REYES: IBALON

319

It was presumably during this missionary work in Bicol

that Fr. Jose CastaAo wars able to compile the material for
his work about the ancient indios of the Bikol area.
While reading Fr. Castafio's "Breve Noticia", the writer's
interest was struck not by his lavish words in praise of the
beauty of Bicolandia, nor by his intemting account of
the early religion and beliefs of the ancient Bicolanos, but by
the closing statement of his work wherein he mentioned "a
fragment of a certain manuscript in verse" which he kept as
a souvenir of his sojourn in Bicolandia and which he translated
into Spanish quatrains. He said that the fragment showed
clearly certain customs and beliefs of the ancient Bicolanos.
Reading the text of the Spanish translation, however,
does not bear out the observations of Fr. Castafio.
For
the fragment as translated into 60 stanzaic quatrains spoke
not of customs and beliefs, but of kings, of ferocious animals
and monsters, of mortal combat between man and beast, of
erupting volcanoes and a great flood, of a kingdom in the
primeval land of the Bicolanos, of the invention of household
utensils and an alphabet.
Could it be that Fr. Castaiio's fragment was an epic of
the ancient Bicolanos?
Some writers say it is. Jose Villa Panganiban and Consuelo T. Panganiban have written that Fr. Castafio's ragment is a "Bicol epic recounted in verse by a wandering minstrel called Cadugnung" and that "this is practically the only
epic, aside from Biag ni Lamung, credited with an author, if
only in re~ounting."~ These writers portray the characters
and events in Fr. Castaiio's fragment in narrative trilogy,
centered on Baltog, the legendary first man and king of the
Bicolanos and his two mighty warriors, Handiong and Bantong.+
3 A Survey of the Literature of the Filipinos, pp. 29-32. Fr. Castaiio recorded an important fragment of a true pre-Spanish Bikol epic.
Beyer and D e Veyra, Philippine Saga, Published by the Evening News,
1947, p. 111.

Zb2.

320

PHILIPPINE STUDIES

It is noted, however, that this narrative version has

marked variations in another work of the same writems In
both, the narrative account of Fr. Castaiio's fragment was the
result of the writers' free interpretation.
The narrative account of the Panganibans has been given
the title "IbizMn": perhaps to lend it a touch of antiquity
since it was by this name that the Bicol peninsula was known
and mentioned in the earliest written accounts of the Spanish
conquistadores. The original Spanish translation appearing
in the "Archive" bears no title.
The fragment is also mentioned in another work, and just
like the Panganibans' narrative interpretation, it comes in the
form of a narrative trilogy entitled "lbabn".'
A research publication of a local college also mentions
Fr. Castaiio's fragment as a "Bicol epic" and calls it ''Ha?&y~ng."~

Teodoro M. Kalaw, although not directly referring to

the fragment, mentions the two legendary characters of the
fragment in this manner:
Las tradiciones bicolanas nos hablan del rey Baltog, del guerrero
Nundimag y de otros tantos heroes que salieron victoriosas en mil
cornbates y que mostraron arrojo y osadia.9
"Tradition of the bicolanos tell us of the king Baltog, the warrior
Nandiong and other heroes who 'emerged victorious in a thousand
battles and demonstrated great courage and valor."
A Surrjey of the Literature of the Filipinos (Aliy & Sons, Inc.,
n.d.), p. 24.
6 Dr. Trinidad Pardo de Tavera in his Etirnologia de 10s Nombres
de n u a s F i l i p i m , p. 10 says-"Casi todos nombres compuestos con el
afijo "I" pertenecen a tribus montaiiesas, la mayor parte del Norts
de Luzon y son; Ibabilon, Ibilaw, Ifugaw, etc., que habitaban las Ilanuras;
y 10s IBALON,en el sur de Luzon, y 10s naw en Paragua."
7 Philippine Litemtwe from Ancient Times to the Present, del
Castillo & Medina (Bureau of Printing, Manila, 1966), pp. 32-44.
SResearch Journal. Legaspi College, Val. I, p. 44.
*Teodoro M. Kalaw, Cinco Reglas de Nuestra Moral Antigun
(Bureau of Printing. Manila. 1935), p. 17.

REYES: I B A W N

32 1

Except for the narrative versions mentioned above. it

is strange that this Bikol epic, which is in fact a versified
poem ("en verso de la p o k t i . en que astd escrito," as Fr.
Castaiio describes it) should never before have been translated
back into the Bikol language and published. Nor has a fulllength English translation of the fragment been published, except for the Panganibans' free translation of the first four
stanzaic quatrains of Fr. CasW o ' s tran~lation.'~
In offering a full length translation in English and in
Bikol of Fr. Castafio's fra,gment, the present writer lays no
claim to special critical insight nor does he care to deal a t
all with vexed questions, but is content to restore as faithfully as possible the pristine context of that fragment of
ancient Bikol literature. For this Bikol epic thus comes to
have, in addition to its interest as the possibly earliest imaginative and poetical account of the ancient Bikol, a special
value for the light it throws on their pre-historic culture and
way of life.
The exploits narrated in the epic, the thousand battles
waged against beast and monster are legendary, not historic.
But they are clear evidence of the large extent to which the
marvels of popular tradition had attached themselves to figurea whose historical identity had already become shadowy.
The structural context of the fragment i s divided into
two parts. The first part is a supplication of Yling, a legendary
Bikol name of a woman representing a group of listeners seated
under the shadow of a doad," to the poet Cadug'mg, imploring the latter to sing of the heroic events in the beautifd
country of H d i o n g which is the Bicol region. This is the:
burden of the first six quatrains of the fragment.
The second part is the song of Cadug'nung which narrates
in poetical verse the eventa of long ago in a trilogy centered

on Baltog, legendary first man and king of the Bicolanos and

--

-- 10 Litemture

of the Filipinos, (supra).

A very big tree which yield edible fruit. Marcos de Lisboa,
Vwabulario de la Lengw Bicol (Manila, Est. Tip. del Colegio de Santo
Tomas, 1865), p. 118. First ed. 1754, Second ed. 1863, Third ed. 1865.

322

PHILIPPINE STUDIES

his two mighty warriors, Handiong and Bantong. The sixtieth

and last quatrain which should end the epic, but does not,
mys:
Aqui suspendi6 Caduhung
su primera narracibn,
dejando para otm dCa

de continuarla d 6 n .
Here Kadunung etopped
the first part of hi narration,
leaving its continuation
for another day.

This distinctly structural form of Fr. Castaiio's fragment

shows that the epic's material is sung, not read, just like the
heroic folk-son@ of the Teutonic people in which minstrels
were accustomed to celebrate the deeds of their kings and
warriors. The invariable conclusion we can deduce from this
setting is that the early Bicolanos loved to sing and to hear
in poetical tones of the heroic valor, the intrepidity of their
forebears, and the beauty of their land in a manner which
is highly developed. This can only be rooted in a culture
and a manner of self-expression uniquely and distinctly their
own before the advent of Spain into these islands. The
"puzawagan" or "punambitan" of the Bicolanos, which is to
sing with amorous feeling sweet words and praise, are even now
reminiscent of the song of Kadunung to Iling.
A great number of these songs of the ancient Bicolanas,
communicated as they were orally, have never been written
down. That is why Fr. Castaiio's fragment is important as
possibly the only written account of this cultural tradition
of the ancient Bicolanos.
The fragment tells us that the epic is sung to the accompaniment of a lyre. Evidently, the lyre is not an indigenous musical instrument. Perhaps, the proper term is the
Bikol barirnbau or baringbau which Fedor Jagor describes as
"a kind of lute consisting of a dry shaft of the scitarnina
stretched in the form of a bow by means of a thin tendril
instead of gut; a half coco shell is fixed in the middle of the
bow, which, when playing is placed against the abdomen, and
serves as the sounding board; and the string when struck

REYES: IBALON

323

with a short wand, gave out a pleasing humming sound, realizing the idea of the harp and plectrum in their simplest
foI'Ul~.""
Another striking fact that can be deduced from the fragment is the use of the names "Yling" and "Cadufjnung".
Iling is also a Bikol name for a species of bird with a bald
head, with charcoal gray feathers, which if domesticated and
trained can repeat words like a parrot. It can also be trained to chirp a tune. Could it be that the name of this bird
haa been adopted to represent the maiden asking for a song
from Kadunung? On the other hand, Kadunung is akin
to the Bikol word d u n o n g , meaning wise. The anciext Filipinos had always great admiration and respect for wisdom
or learning (karunungan in Tagalog and kadunungan in Bikol). They knew that wisdom could be acquired from personal
experience and that this experience made men wise. Could it
be that the name of the poet Kadunung was derived from
this concept of wisdom?
The fragment also gives an interesting account of the
dwellings of the ancient Bicolanos when it mentions the muog
which is a house constructed by the natives on a tree-top to
protect themselves from wild animals. This form of house
construction is defined in Fr. Lisboa's Vocabuhrio de h Lenguwt
Bicol (1865) and undoubtedly gives verisimilitude to the epic's
account of the early dwellings of the Bicolanos.ls
Some other interesting aspects of the culture of the ancient Bikols may be discerned from the fragment. It mentions the promulgation of laws on life and honor to which all
1zFedor Jagor, Travels in the Philippines, reprinted by the Filipi-

niana Book Guild (Manila, 1965), p. 154.

13 Casa alta como torre o campanario haciala antiguamente encima
de loe arboles altos, p. 147. Fray Marcos de Lisboa was elected Definidor y Mbistro of the town of Nabuu (now in the Province of Camarines Sur) on September 8, 1602; administered in the town of Oas
(now in the Province of A l h y ) in 1605; elected Viearb Provincial on
March 16, 1609 and served up to October 29, 1611; founded the towns
Iguey, Calaguimi, San Diego de Ibalon and Casiguran de Camrirines,
now non-existent, except the town of Casiguran (now in the Province of
Sorsogon). Eusebio Gomez Platero, Zbid., p. 53.

324

PHILIPPINE STUDIES

were subject without distinction; the invention cf the baroto14,

without rudder and sail; the invention of household utensils
like the oro on^^, c&n 18, paso 17, and gorgoreta 18; the invention of agricultural implements like the pagobnl" the use
of the a-abolan or weaving loom; the use of units of measure
like the ganta; and most important the invention of an alphabet inscribed in Libon stone so by the learned " S ~ r a l " . ~ ~

Of the alphabet, tradition persists up to the present

that the ancient syllabary of the Bicolanos devised by "Sural"
antedated the system of writing of the Tagalogs. The Bikol
word to write is surat which is said to be derived from Surd.
In Tagalog, to write is subt which is of course akin to the
word surat.
The fragment also mentions geographical landmarks which
are identifiable to this day, like the volcanoes of " H a n t i ~ " ~ ~
"C~lasi"~~,
"Ma~araga"~',"I~arog"~~,
lake bat^"^ and the ri14A river boat without outriggers, rudder or sail.
l5An earthen or d a y pot used as a utensil for cooking.
I* An earthen stove.
1 7 A small earthen or clay receptacle used as a container for salt
or fish paste.
18 An earthen or clay receptacle used as a water container.
l*An agriculturaI implement made of spiked wooden rollers used
in the preparation of rice paddies.
20 A hard marble-like stone found abundantly in the vicinity of the
town of Libon in Albay Province. Libon, otherwise known as ViIla
Santiago de Libon, was the first Spanish settlement in the Bicol region
founded by Juan Salcedo in 1573.
21Tradition is that Sural invented the Bikol syllabary.
zz A mountain peak in the vicinity of the town of Libmanan, province of Camarines Sur, Island of Luzon. Also known as Hantu or
Amtik. (Lat. 13-17.8N, Long. 123-37.8E [Source Map T-91,Gazetteer
of the Philippine Islands, p. 11).
28 A volcanic peak in Camarines Norte, Island of Luzon, near the
coast of San Miguel Bay. Also known as Culasi Peak, (Lat. 13-53.8N,
Long. 12805. 2E [Source Map 42231, Ibid., p. 105).
z4A mountain peak in Albay, Ialand of Luzon, near the Mayon
Volcano. (Lat. 13-18. 6 N, Long. 123-35. 9 E [Source Map T-47161,
P. 209).
z6 A mountain peak in Camarines Sur, Island of Luzoa (Lat. 13-

REYES: IBALON

325

ver I n a ~ i h a n The
. ~ ~ first two volcanic mountain ranges and the
river Inarihan, although not indicated in the more recent maps
of the region, are clearly delineated in Fr. Algu6's Aths of
the Philippines (1899), which, incidentally, was the first series
of maps of the Philippines officially recognized and adopted by
the Government of the United States a t the t u n of the present
century.
Fedor Jagor, the German naturalist who visited the Bicol
region in the mid-nineteenth century, describes the volcano
Hamtic (Hantic) as the site of one of the most gorgeous
stalactite caves in the world, containing a series of royal
chambers and a cathedral with columns, pulpits and altars.28
A vivid account of his ascent of Mount Masaraga 29 and
Mount Isarogso also provides an interesting description of
these Bicol volcanoes mentioned in the fragment.
Strangely enough, Mayon Volcano, the most conspicuous
geographical landmark in the region, is not mentioned in
the fragment. Instead, the fragment mentions Lignion, said
to be the lair of a fabled monster that heaves forth tongues
of fire and which the natives fearfully call Tandaya. Could
it be that Lignion was the ancient name of Mayon since tradition and legend say that Mayon is but a corruption of the
Bikol word magayon meaning beautiful, as a remembrance of
the beautiful daughter of Handiong who, one day, simply
vanished from her father's house? Coincident with her disflppearance, so the legend continues, was the appearance on
39. 3 N Long. 123-35. 9 E [Source Map T-91.
Zbid., p. 145).
28 A fregh water lake in the province of Camarines Sur, Island of
Luzon. (Lat. 13-19. 5 N, Long. 123-21. 5 E [Source Map 42181, Zbtd.,
p. 42).
27 A tributary of the Bicol river that empties into San Miguel Bay.
(Map No. 11, Jose Algue, S.J., Atlas de Pilipinas, Washington, Government Printing Office, 1900).
ze Fedor Jagor, Travels in the Philippines, reprinted b y the Filipiniana Book Guild (1965), pp. 127-128.
29 Zbid., pp. 162163.
90 Zbid., p. 149.

326

PHILIPPINE STUDIES

the land of that beautiful volcanic cone, now known as Mayon ~ 0 1 ~ ~ 1 1 1 0 . ~ ~

One item of the flora of the region mentioned in the
epic is the tacays2 which is a lotus-like flower that blooms
plentifully in Bicol lakes and is a beauty to behold. The
ancient Bicolanos, as well as the Spaniards, had endless words
of appreciation for the poetic sentiments this native flower
had always enkindled in their hearts.
In the interest of literary continuity and harmony ,the
writer has chosen to keep the title IbaMn for his English
and Eikol retranslation of Fr. Castafio's fragment. The use of
this title ia further justified because it is by this name that
the land of the ancient Bicolanos was first known in the early
dawn of our recorded his to^-y.3s
In this respect, let us put into focus the words of that
affable and learned Jesuit, Father Miguel Bernad, who, commenting on the present state of Philippine literature, aptly
said:
In the Philippinen, though we have not yet produced a great literature, we a h have had a triple heroic age of which such literatux+!
could be written. One was the Pre-Spanish Pre-Christian era, when
good and evil fought fiercely for the souls of these islands., when
malignant epirita hid in every rock and tree; when every brave was
a "Ma,?ukus" and every maiden a "Magan&'. This was an age of
invasions, when Malayan settlers came in their barangays from Borneo
and elswvhere to settle in the various islands, pushing the darkskinned aborigines back to the hills. It was also the age of the Mohammedan invasion and later of the Spanish conquest, the age of Magellan and Legazpi, of Lapu-lapu and Soliman. That heroic age was the
subject of our primitive epics and legends.34
3 1 Mariam Goyena del Prado, Zbalon, Monografia Historica de la
Region Bicolana (General Printing Press, Manila, 1940), pp. 248-249.
32 Fr. Marcos Lisboa defines it as 'una yerva que nace dentro de
el agua de unas hojas anchas y redondas de mod0 de linsas, queda
una fruta comistible". Vocabulario de la L e n g w Bicol, I&%, p. 566;
Juan Alvarez Guerra describes it as "hermosa flor ninfacea de sus
lagos". Viujes Por Filipinas, De Manila a Albay, Imprgnta de Fortanet, Madrid, 1887, p. 101.
33Blair and Robertson, The Philippine Islands, Vol. 111, p. 171.
34 Miguel A. Bernad, S.J., "The Heroic Age in Philippine Literature," Philippine Studies, 14 (1966), 300.

REYES: ZBAL.ON

327

The author shares the literary idealism of this learned

Jesuit that "such a heroic age need not actually have existed,
it could be merely imagined, like the legendary age of Siegfried and the Valkyrie; but it should be an age which must
be truly heroic, a time of great stress when all the qualities
of a person are tested, bringing out the best and the worst in
man."86
The present writer acknowledges with appreciation Father

Frank Lynch's suggestions and help in the final preparation

of the Bikol retranslation of Fr. Castafio's fragment. The
orthography used by the writer in this retranslation follows
the Bikol orthography devised and used by Father Lynch in
his solid contribution to Philippine cultural research, "Social
Class in a Bicol Town", 1959, pp. 141-42.

s5

Zbid, 290.

An Epic Song of the Ancient Bikols

Iling

Yling
Cuenta, Cadubung, la historia
de 10s tiempos de Handiong
con esa lira de plata
duke encanto del A s h .
Que e610 cantar hi puedes
tanta belleza y primor.
tantos ocultos misterios
como encierra esta region.

Canta, y dinos de eus reyea

la prosapia y el valor,
la guerra, que sostuvieron
hasta vencer d la Orwl.

Tell us Badunung
the history of the times of
Handwng
with that d v e r lyre
sing the sweet song of Asldn.1
You alone can sing
5
beautifully with feeling
the various mysterious happenings
that surround this region.
Sing and tell ue of the kings
of lineage and courage
and the war that took place
until the defeat of Oriol.2

Iling
Usipi kami, Kadunung
si kaidt6ng panah6n ni Handy6ng
gamit saimong barimMw
awiton awit na mahamis ni Asl6n.

I k l s a d minaawit
na magay6n asin mabansii
si kaidt6ng mga usipdn
na libot an satuyang r d .

Mga ha& awiton

isog nind6 pinahiling
iriwal na uminagi
sagk6d nada6g si Ury61
Name of a Legendary Bicol bard.
2Blumentritt's "Diccionario Mitologico de Filipinas" states that
another name for Oriol is Irago, Retana, Archwo del Biblwfilo Filipino,
Volume 11, p. 425. Marcos de Lisboa, on the other hand, defines Irago
as "Serpiente grande y muy pintada", Vocabularw de le Lengua Bicol
Manila, Est. Tip. del Colegio de Santo Tomas, 1865 (Espaiiol-Bicol
Text) p. 92. (See notes 11 and 13, Introduction).

PHILIPPINE STUDIES
13

Give us also your knowledge 13

of the history of old Asog.3
of the youthful Masaraga'
and of ancient Zsarog.5

Que
fuiste el titi~lovate, 17
el d s dulce y seductor
de cuantos vieron el lano
que B la Tacay sepulto.

You are the affable poet

17
the sweetest and seductive
many times you have seen the
lake
where ?'may6 is blooming.

Din- tambibn por tu vida

la historia del viejo Asog,
la del joven Masaraga,
la del vetusto Zsarog.

Canta, pues, que atentos todoe 21

narration.
sentados aqui nos tienes
t i la sombra de un daod.
B tu hermosa

Sing, then,we are attentive 21

to your beautiful narration
while we are here seated
under the shadow of a ohnf.'

Agi-agi mo isabi
usip6n kan gur6ng na A d g
an aki na MasaragA
an anuyon na Isar6g.

13

Marhhy na parasaydy
mahamis na pararanga
danaw saimong nahiling
durn& si Tak6y buswak na.
Nagdadangog kami
saimong magayon na awit
ngunyhn tukaw naman kami
sa limp6y kaining d a a .

% mountain range comprising Mt. Iriga in Camaries Sur. Island

of Luzon (Lat. 13-24. 8 N, Long. 123-24. 5 E [Source Map 47151,
Gazetteer of the Philippine Islands, U.S.Department of Commerce and
Coast Geodetic Survey, Washington D.C., 1945, p. 144) and extending
to Mt. Malinao in the province of Albay, Luzon (Lat. 13-24 8 NI
Long. 123-35. E [Source Map 42211. Ibid.. p. 196).
4 See note 24 Introduction.
5 See note 25 Introduction.
6 See note 32 Introduction.
7 See note 11 Introduction.

REYES: IBALON

CaduFnung

Kadunung

Oid, pues, hijos del Bicol,

dijo Cadugnung veloz
los hechoa d d viejo euelo
patria hermosa de Hadiong.

Hear, then, children of Bikol,

said the agile Kadunung
about the eventa of the old
beautiful country of Handiong.

Ilana, feraz, de aluvi6n,

del mundo la m& hermosa,
la m L rica en produccidn.

Bikol is a land
5
plain and fertile by alluvion,
the most beautiful in the world
plentiful in production.

Fue Baltog el primer hombre 9

que en esta tierra habit6,
oriundo de B o t c r m ,
de la raza de Lipod.

It was Baltog, the first man

who lived in this land,
born in Botauara
of the race of L i p d .

E s el Bicol una tierra

A1 Bicol lleg6 siguiendo

un jabali muy feroz,

que e w sembrados de Ziwa
una noche deatruy6.

13

To Bikol he came
pursuing
13
a fierce wild boar,
which by nighttime
destroyed his lirzzas plantation.

Kadunung
Danguga aki nin Bikol
ulay ni Kadunung
mga inot na agi-agi digdi
dagk na magaydn ni Handy6ng.
An Bikol sar6ng lantad
patag asin tubitng nin inunusan
ea kina-& gay6n daing arog
mani-gumon an anihon.
Si Baltbg taong kain6t-inoti
sa run& ini nag-irok
namundhg sa Butabara
an ginikanan si Lip6d
Sa Bikol siyL uminab6t
susog sar6ng maringis na updn
na kun banggi rinara6t
an l i n d na saiyang tan6m.
a Colocasia esculenta, in English usually called taro, Department
of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Technical Bulletin No. 10,

PHILIPPINE STUDIES
Cuando le tuvo acosado
a1 suelo tir6 el lanzh,
y con sus brazos h e d e o s
las quijadas le parti6.

17

Cada quijada tenia

una vara de largor
y 10s colmillos dos tercios
del asta de su lanz6n.

21

A1 volver 4 sus Est ados

las dos quijadas colgd
de un talisay gigantesco
en su c a m de Tondol.

25

A 10s viejos cazadores

causaron admiraci6n
estos trofeos gloriosos
de su rey el gran Baltog.

29

Having caught up with it

17
on the ground he pinned the
animal with his lance
and with herculean strength
parled its jaws.
Each jaw was
one arm in length
anrl its tusks two thirds
the spearhead of hie lance.

21

IJpon returning to his abode 25

he hanged the gigantic jawbone
in a big talisay tree
in his house in Tondol.

Among the old game hunters 29

great admiration was caused
by these glorious trophies
of their king the great Baltog.

Kan si up6n saiyang madak6p

sa dag6 niy4 tinapok
kus6g sank nin saiyang kambt
pinagduwh an dakulang ng&.

17

An pang4 kan dakulang up6n

sarbng dupL an l a w
an tingb haros na an lam
kan tarbm nin saiyang gar6d.

21

Pagpuli niy4 sa saiyang pagrugaring 25

binitay niy4 an duwlng pang4
sa dakulang talisay
d u d n sa hardng niyL sa Tund61.
Mga gurLng na paraayam
dakull an kaugmahan
kaidt6ng mga sarnnong kaisugan
kan saindang hadi na si Balt6g.

'Useful Plants of the Philippines', by William H. Brown, Manila, Bureau of Printing, 1951, Vol. I, p. 328; Son unas raices y son ordinaria
comida de estos, que tienen unas hojas anchas y redondas. Marcos de
Lisboa, Zbid., p. 226.

REYES: IBALON
Fueron d verloa las tribus
de Panicua~on y Asog;
y dijeron que, en sue d i s ,
no hubo jabali mayor.

33

The tribes of Panicuason and

Asogs
33
Came to see them,
and they said in their days
there was no wild boar so big.

37

They called it Tundayalo

because it was exactly like
the monstrow animal
found in the mountains of
Lignion.11

Le llamaron el Tandaya
de los montes de Lignidn,

por su exacto parecido

con el monst.ruo Behemot.
Despu6s de &te vino a1 Bicol 41
can BUS guerreros Handwng,

quien de monstruos la comarca

en poco tiempo limpi6.
Batallas para extinguirlos
mil y mil el ermpeii6,
de todas siempre ealiendo
con aires de vencedor.

333

45

After this to Bikol came

41
Handiong and his warriors
and in a short while he
destroyed the monsters that
~rdubitedthe region.

Battles to exterminate them 45

thousands upon thousand he
initiated
and he always emerged
with the spirit of lhe victor.

Nagarungi itong mga tao

na taga Panikwas6n asin As6g
nagsarabi dai pa nakahiling
uin up6n na dakulaon.

33

37
Nginaranan na Tandaya
ta si up6n arog nangghd
kaidt6ng maringis na hayop
na nag-iirok sa b u l u kan Lingy6n.

Pagkatapos kaini uminab6t sa Bikol 41

ei Handy6ng kairiba an saiyang tauhan
hayupan nakakatakot
tulos-tulos sainding linabanan.
Paglaban sa mga hayupan
rib-ribong inatubang
sa gaMs na buruukan
kagda6g sinda minaluwhs.
9 Villages

45

of the ancient Bikols.

de Lisboa terms it Tandayag-una culebra muy grande,
que dicen se iba a la mar, y se volvia alla ballena, (Zbid., p. 380-281):.
1 l A mountain said to be the habitat of ferocious monsters. (Juan
10 Marcos

PHILIPPINE STUDIES
L a mondculos trifauces
que habitaban en Pon6n,
en diez lunas sin descanso
por completo destruy6.

49

The one-eyed cyclops

that lnhabit Ponon,
in ten moons without rest
he completely destroyed.

Lva alados tiburones

y el blifalo cimarrdn
que por 10s montes volaba
en menos tiempo amansb

63

The winged tiburones12

53
and the wild buffalo
that in the mountains roamed
in a short time he tamed.

Los buayas colosaies,

como los babtoe de hoy.
y los fieros mrimba
a1 C o h i deaterr6.

57

The great crocodiles

57
as big as the bancaa of yore,
and the fierce ~ a r i m a o s ~ ~
to Colasi he exiled.

49

49
Hayop na an math sar6
na sa Pun611 nag-iirok
sampulong bulanon na daing pahingalb
anas nindh pinagra6t.

Si banugon sa dagat
aain si damulag na layas
na sa bukid nakakalakop
madali na panah6n napagaro.

53

Mga darakulang bwaya

hams dakulh pa sa baruta
si mga maringis na sarim6w
duman sa Kulasi tinapok.
Alvarez Guerra. Viajes Por Fitipinas, De Manila a Albay, Madrid
Imprenta de Fortanet, 1887, p. 101.)
12 Pez marino del orden de 10s salicios, de seis a ocho metros de
largo, cuerpo fusiforme, rollizo, cabeza gruesa y chata boca enorme
armado de seis flas de dientes triangulares y pie1 negruzca. Es voracisimo, nada con extraordinario velocidad. D. Jose Alemany y Bolufer,
Diccionario ,de in Lengua Espariola, Second Edition, Provenza 93 a
97, Barcelona, edited and published by Ramon Sopeiia, p. 1581. The
Bikol term for tiburon is banogon. (Marcos de Lisboa, Zbid., EspaiiolBicol Text, p. 55).
':]Animal muy fiero y rnuy dafiimo que repentinamente se presentaba ante el culpable y a quien, sin compasion desgarraba con sus
afiladas unas. Mariano Goyena del Prado, "Ibalon". Monografia Histroca de la Region Bicolana, General Printing press, Manila 1940, p. 50.
Un animal fiero, que segun dicen 10s viejos, d e b ser tigre, lo mismo
llaman a1 colmillo de este animal. (Marcos de Lisboa, Zbid., p. 240).

REYES: ZBALON

335

336

PHILIPPINE STUDIES

Las serpientes, que tenicn

cual de sirena la voz,
del Hantic en la caverna
para siempre sepult6.

61

Those serpents that have

siren-like voice,l*
he forever buried
in the cavern of Hantic.15

61

Pero no pudo vencer,

por m6s mafia que se di6,
B la culebra sagaz
conocida por la Oriol.

65

But he could not defeat

for all the days that passed
the wily serpent
known as Oriol.

65

Esta culebra sabia

lnhs que el famoso Handiong
y B sus ojos fascinaba
con afable seducci6n.

69

This serpent knew more

than the famous Hadwng
and its eyes fascinated
with affable seduction.

69

Mil lazos Handiong le puso 73

y de todos se burl6.
10s nudoe desenredando
con sagacidad mayor .

A thousand lines Handwng

placed
73
but all got snarled,
by the great sagacity with which
the serpent extricated itself.

Mga halas na igwa

nin tingog arog kan mangindad
dumhn sa lungfb kan Hantik
nind6 awot pam6n linubbng.

61

An dai nindci nadada6g

m i d n aruald6w susog
sar6ng halas na sutilon
pinagaap6d na Ury61.

65

Halas na madunungon
madunong pa da6 ki Handy6np
an mat6 nagsisilyhb
kan saiyang pagkasumbikal.

69

Sanribong bitik pinaon

alagad gab6s nagkahuruMd
ta an halas marayon
gakot kan si6d rninaliktiy.

73

14Siren, which Marcos de Lisboa terms as magnindarac"sirenas

o peces de figura de hombre, que viven debajo del agua en la mar,"
(Zbid., p. 240).
15The cavern of Hantic is popularly known as Colapnitan caves.
(Fedor Jagor, Travels in the Philippines, reprinted by the Filipiniana
Book Guild, 1965, p. 127).

REYES: IBALON
Con palabras seductoras
muchas veces le engafi6,
que en eso de fingimientos
era gran maestra Oriol.

77

With seductive words

many times she enticed him
for in the act of feigning
Orb1 was a great teacher.

Cufintas veces por el bosque 81

sin descanso la sigui6,
creyendo de la sirena
en la seductora a nn.

Many times through the

forests
he pursued her without rest
enticed by the airen song
of her seductive voice.

Los trabajos del gran

HBrcules,
las conquistas que gan6,
todo hubiera fracasado
por la influencia de Orwl.

77

81

85

His herculean works

85
the conquests that he won
all would have been naught
because of the influence of Orwl.

Pero, como era inconstante, 89

ella misma le ayud6
para vencer B 10s monetruos
que infestaban la regi6n.

But, because she was

inconstant
89
she herself aided Handiolrg
to defeat the great monsters
that infested the region.

Mga tataramon na sumbikal

daktil an sinabi
ta gibong pageagin-sagin
si Ury61 marayon nanggfid.

77

Magkhpira sa kadlagb
halas sinusog ni Handy6ng
ta mangindad da6 minaiba
an tingog nakakabihag.

81

Saiyang dakulang nagibo

si ginana n i y h g mga iriwal
gab6s sanfi daing nangyari
sa pagbihag saiya ni Ury61,

85

Nin huli ta ining halas paburuba-go

siya man sanB tuminabang
ma pagda6g kaidt6ng mga hayop
na naglalakop sa Kabikulan.

89

PHILIPPINE S T U D I E S
Luchaba con loe buayas
brazo d brazo, y vencedor
de comhtea tan tremendoe
sin m. noscabo salid

93

Los pongo8 y omngutanes

le miraban con horror,
porque las aguas del bicol
con su aangre colorb.

97

He fought with the

crocodiles
93
hand in hand and he emerged the
victor
of those great combats
not leaving until they were
destroyed.

Eran monos pendencieroe

de conocido valor,
pero el gigante 10s hizo
retirarse a1 Zmrog.

101

The monkeys and

orangutanea
91
watched with honor
because the waters of Bikol
was colored red with their blood.

Y libre ya de aliiaiiaa
quedando asi la regi6n.
en dar leyea d su pueblo
con sumo inter& pena6.

105

They were quarrelsome

monkeys of known valor
but the giant16 forced them
to retreat to Zearog.

101

The region having been freed 106

from wild animals,
to give laws to the town
with great interest he thought.

Linabanan niyP ang mga bwaya

kam6t niyl sanl an gamit
dai nanggld minabutb
sagk6d it6ng hayop da6g.

93

Si rnga uk6y a s h kabalang nagmaraid

97

r
m irarom nin dakulang takot
ta si tubig kan Bikol

tugma nin pull kan dug&

Si mga kabalang mairiwal6n
bant6g saindhng i d g
al4gad napritan kan higanti
dumullg pasiring sa Isar6g.

101

Kan par& na si mga hayop

digdf sa satuyang run&
an pagtugdas nin rnga tugon
saiyang napaghuna-hunl.

105

l6It could be the monster called Laque by the ancient Bicolanos.

Marcos de Lisboa describes it as "un animal o montsruo que vevia
antiguamente en los montes, que tenia 10s pies y pelos de cabra y el
rostro de hombre." Ibid., p. 218.

REYES: IBALON
Handiong y sus compaiieroe 109
plantaron en un bolod
linzas, que dieron sus frutos
tan grandes como un paneol.

Handwng and his

companions
planted in a mountain
linza which gave fruit
as big as the pansol.17

Tambien en un sitio bajo

113
sembraron el rico arroz
que de Handiong largos siglos
el sobrenombre llev6.

Also in a lower place

113
they planted the delicious rice
that because d Handiong for
centuries after
by that name was known.

Hizo la primer canoa

que por el Bicol surc6;
menos el timm y vela
que fueron por Guinantong.

He made the first banca

117
that through Bicol surged.
without rudder and sail
which were made by Ginantong.

117

Si Handy6ng a s h saiyang tauhan

sa buM nagtaran6m
nin li& na minaunbd
dakulh pa sa pans61.

D u m b sa kalu-na&n
sind6 nagtan6m nin paroy
na pag-agi nin hal6y na paneh6n
ngaran na iyhn inaapbd.

113

An inot na baruto
na sa salog nin Bikol nagsakly
na daing sarik asin layag
t u g a s iy4n ni Ginant6ng.

117

109

109

17 Unos truncw de arboles huecos, que .Gwen de brocales de pozo

de la alquitura para hacer vino. Marcos de Lisboa, Zbid., p. 276.

PH,ILIPPINE STUDIES
este invent6 10s arados,
el peine y el pagol6n;
la gcrnta y otres medidae,
el m a l , bolo y landd.

121

Ginantong invented the

plow,
121
the peirte,l& the pagolong,'"
the ganta20 and other measures,
the aakal,21 bolo and landok.22

L a telares y argadilloe
fueron obra de H a b l h ,
quien con asombro de todos
un dia a1 rey presenM.

125

The weaving loom23 and the 125

lever
were the works of Hablom
who to the great surprise of all
one day presented them to the king.

Si Ginant6ng tinugas man an pangtandm

an surod asin an pagul6ng
an ganta d n iM pang sukol
an saldl, sundlng asin land6k.

An pinagaabolb
tugdzis ni Habl6m
na sa kangalasan nin g a b
sar6ng aldlw sa hadl idinulot.

121

125

l a An agricultural implement like a harrow made up of pointed

cylindrical pieces of wood arranged in a vertical row used to till the
rice paddies.
'9 See note 19, Introduction.
20 Another Bikol term for ganta is b o b .
(Marcos de Lisboa, Zbid.,
P. 63)
A wooden arched yoke placed atop the carabao's neck, a line
of rope tied to each end and the two lines hitched to an implement or
a carriage which ia pulled.
Pala de hiero con que cavan la tierra y limpian la yerba. Marcas
de Lisboa, Zbid., p. 215.
In Bikol, the loom stand is called tanagri and the perforated
wooden bar which compresses the thread into the wwen cloth is called
angcob. A cylindrical wooden bar over which the woven cloth is rolled
and keeps the threads stretched is attached to the loom stand. It is
operated by means of a lwer mechanism at one end of the bar. This
part of the loom is probably what Fr. Castaiio called argadillos. The
Bicolanos are famous for their weaving of the ginams, cloth made of
abaca fiber.

REYES: ZBAUlN
Invent6 la gorgoreta
coron, calm y pas6
y otros varios utensilioe
d pigmeo Dimhon.

129

The gorgoreta24
129
&oron?=kalan26 and paso,e7
and many other utensils
were invented by the pygmy
Dinahon.

El alfabeto fu8 SGral,

quien curioso combin6,
graMndolo en piedra Libon
que pulimentd Gapbn.

133

The alphabet28 was Surars 133

who curiously composed it
inscribing it on Libon stone29
which was polished to high lustre
by Gapon.

Hiciemn ciudad y casas

137
n' desigual proporcidn,
en las rarnas suspendiendolas
dal b a d y camag6n.

They made houses

137
in unequal proportion
atop the suspended branches
of banasi,30 and kamagon.31

An dulAy,
kuron, kalhn asin pas6
ibti pang garamit6n sa har6ng
tugdb kan agking si Dinahdn.

129

An baybayin tugd4s ni Surtil 133

na pinagiriba-iba asin
isinurat sa gap6 nin Libon
pagkatapos lininig asin pinakintirb ni Gapbn.
Sin& man nagharcing
na bak6ng tanos an sukol
b i t a y sa sang&
kan banasi a s h kamag6n.g.

" See

137

note 18 Introduction.
See note 15 Introduction.
'6See note 16 Introduction Un modo de brazero o hormillo de
harro, Marcoe de Lisboa, Zbid., p. 89.
27 See note 17 Introduction.
28 At least ten ancient syllabaries were in use in different parts of
the Philippines in Pre-Spanish times--of which copiee of only seven
still survive. The Bikol syllabary seems to be completely lost Beyer
& de Veyra, Philippine Saga, Published by the Evening News, 1946,
P. 32.
See note 20 Introduction.
80 A mecies of a tree.
31 ebAo (Hay bosque enteros de ebonos en las islas, que se diferencian entre se en ser mas or menos negros y en la figura o color de
la vetas.) ZuAiga, Estadiemo de lap lslas Filipinas, p. 456.
26

"

PHILIPPINE STUDIES
eran tantos 10s
insectoa,
tan excesivo d calm,
que d I o en el miwg podian
pasar el rigor del sol.
Que

Y leyes mand6 muy justas

sobre la vida y honor
5 los que todos sujetos
eataban sin distincioa.

141

145

So many were the imects,

the heat so excessive
that only in the
could they suffer the heat of
the sun.

141

The laws he decreed

most just
146
with reaped to life and honor
and to them all were subject
without distinction.

Todw su puesto guardaban, 149

el esclavo y el seiior

All ohsewed their position 149

the slave and the master
respecting the rights
of family lineage and succession.

respetando loa derechos

de porsupia y szicesi6n.
Hubo entonces un diluvio
promovido por M,
que el mpecto de esta tierra
por completo trastorn6.

153

And then came the flood

brought about by O n b ~ Q s
that everything on land
was completely transformed.

153

Balakid pa si mga lay6g-lay6g 141

mainit si panah6n
na d h n sanl sa mu6g
sindl napalimp6y sa init kan aldlw
Si mga tugon matanuson
145
manununga sa buhay aein kamahalan
gab65 man ta tao sakop
na daing pagurog-urog.
Balang ear6 rimp6s saiyang katungdln

149

ei duluhan asin si uripon

ginagalang an kntanusan
kan kasuni, sa hardng asin ginikanan.
Uminab6t a n dakulang bahl
na d a d kan pag-unos
na si g a b b na dagti
nag-iba an kamugtakan.

153

8zSee note 13 Introduction. Asi era Ilamado el lugar donde se

guardaban 10s idolos o anitoa Mariano Goyena del Prado, Zbid., p.
48.
33Tempestad o torvellino. M a m de Lisboa, Zbid., p. 261.

REYES: I B A W N
Reventaron los volcanee
Hnntic, Coloei, Zaarog,
y a1 miamo tiempo sinti6se
un espantoao temblor.

157

The volcanoes erupted,

157
Hantic, Colasi, Iscmg
and at the same time was felt
a great earthquake.

Fuk tanta la mcudida,

que el mar en seco dej6
el istmo de Pasacao,
del modo que se ve hoy.

161

So great was the catastrophe 161

that the sea left dry
the isthmus of Paeareo34
in the state it is today.

Separ6 del continente

la ialeta de Malbagdn
donde moran ]as sibilas
lhrnadas H i b , Lariong.

165

From the continent was

separated
We island of Mcrlbogon
where died the sybils
called Hilan, Lariong,

Nagtuga si mga bulkdn

Hantik, Kulasi, Isark2
kairiba kaini
an makusogon na linog.

165

157

Dakulsl na mardy si ra6t

161
ei dagat nagmar6
durnan sa hayakpit na dagii kan Pasacdo
na siring ngunyhn nin.6 nahihiling.
BuminutAs sa kadakulaan kaining dagh 165
an pur6 kan Malbog6n
na dumb nagkagaradhn
si mga balyana na i m a m Hiltin. Lary6ng.

S4A coastal town west of Camarines Sur along the Ragay Gulf,
Island of Luzon. (Lat. 13-30. 9 N, Long. 123-02. 6 E [Source Map
42183, Gazetteer of the Philippine Islands, p. 248.

PHILIPPINE STUDIES
El caudal080 I l w i h a n
su curso a1 Eete tarci6,
pues, antes del catrrcliem6,
desaguaba por Ponbn.

The great wabm of

169

Zmrihan35
189
its course to the East changed
which before the cataclysm
had emptied into Pon6n.36

En Bato se hundio un gran

173
monte
y en su sitio apareci6
el lago, que hoy alimenta
cwn su peaca ii Ibo16n.

In Batd7 was submerged a

great mountain
173
and in its place appeared
the lake, which now nourishes
lbaldn38 with its fish.

Del golfo de CahbaQruur

despareci6 Dagatndn,
de donde eran loe durn@
que habitaron en C o t d n .

From the gulf of

Calabainan39
disappeared Dagatndn,
the place of the dumagatdo
who inhabited Cotm6.n.

177

An rninasul6g na Inarihan
sa sirangan nag-iM an agos

177

169

na ba-g6 kaining hampzik

minabulos sa Pun6n.
Sa Bath dakulang bul6d nag-irarom

173

aein dumhn luminuwas

sar6ng danaw na ngunyan nagtiitao
nin sir; sa Ibal6n.
Sa kadagatan kan Calabangzin
n a d si Dagatn6n
run& kan mga dumagat
na nag-iirok sa Kutm6n.

177

See note 27 Introduction.

A village along the Bikol river in the province of Camarines
Sur (Map No. 11, Jose Algue, S.J., Atlas de Filipinas, Washington
Government Printing Office, 1900).
37 A fresh water lake in the province of Carnarines Sur, described
by Fedor Jagor in his Travels in the Philippines, reprinted by the
Filipiniana Book Guild, 1965, p. 162.
3s Ancient name of the land of the Bikols which is said to be
derived from the word ivald, or ( i b a h ) meaning, on the other side
of the river or sea. (Alvarez Guerra, Ibid., p. 44). Others say Zbalon
is derived from the name Zbal, a powerful native chieftain that ruled
in the area. Mariano Goyena del Prado, Ibid., p. 96.
3QProbably the town of Calabanga in the province of Camarines
35

86

REYES: ZBAWN
PUBeste reino podemso
en los tiemptm de Bantong,
compaiiero iuseparable
del aguertido Hmrdion

Le mand6 alli con mil

hombres
185
para matar d Rabot,
medio hombre y medio fiera,
hechicero embaucador.
Tocloa loe que alli abordaron 198
antes de esta expedici6n
en piedras se convirtieron
a1 encanto de Rabot.

Bantang eupo que eete mago 193

era un grande dormil6n,
hacikndolo asi de dia
sin ningurrsl precauci6n.

This kingdom wae pcrwezful

in the days of Bantong,
the inseparable companion
of the warrior H&ng.
He had been sent there with one
thousand men
185
to kill Rabot
half man and- half be&
filled with black magic.
All those who sailed there 189
before this expedition
into stones were turned
by the enchantment of Rabot.
Bantong believed that this
monster
193
wan a great deeper
sleeping by daytime
without any precaution.

Makusugon ining kahadian

kaidtong panah6n ni Bant6ng
lub6s na katuod
kan kawal na si Handy6ng. .
Sinubul an saribong tauhan
tanganing gadandn si RaMt
kabangi tao, kabangg hayop
marayon magsabing pabuy6.

Gab& na isinubol d u d n
ba-g6 kaining laksw na i d
gap6 sindang gab68 nagin
sa wtak ni RaMt.
Si Bantbng naglalaom

181

185

189

193

si Rab6t sar6ng maturugn6n

sa al&w turog na mahamison
pagtibaad dai lamang.

Sur, Island of Luzon. (Lat. 13-42. 3 N. Long. 123-12. 0 E [Source

Map 47151,Gazetteer of the Philippine Islands, p. 72).
40 Hombre, que vive en la mar de ordinario o en islitas, y anda
siempre embarcado pescando. Marcos de Lidma, Zbid., p. 129.

PHILIPPINE STUDIES
Alk llev6 sus soldado8

197

To the monster's lair

197
on a rainy day he took his warriors
and before Rabot was
awakened
he split it with a stroke.

201

The monster heaved a loud

cry
201
with such reverberating sound
that people heard it in the
mangroves
of B6gnad and kamagcm.

Le llevaron l L i b m a n
205
d6 fu6 B verle el gran Handiong
y ante su vista asustado
por largo tiempo qued6.

They brought Rabot to

Libmnnan41
205
for the great Handiong to see
and by its sight he was
frightened
for a long time.

Pues jamls 61 hubo visto

un viviente tan a t m
de figura tan horrible
ni de mds tremenda voz.

Never before had he seen 209

a living thing so hideous
and with so homble a figure
with such a tremendous voice.

en un dia de aluvibn,

y antes que 61 despertara

de un tajo lo dividi6.

Aei y todo d a b gritcen tan estent6rea voz

que lo oyeron de loe mangles

de bognad y camagbn.

209

M
n dinar6 si saiyhng tauhan 197
ser6ng aldlw na tiguranon
bag6 si RaMt napukawan
tinag& asin pinagduwk.

Dakulli a n kurahaw ni Rab6t 201

an tingog makusugon
tangani nadang6g
sagk6d sa manip& kan Bugmid asin kamag6ng.
Dinara si Rab6t sa Libmanan
tanganing mhhiling ni Handy6ng
kan mhhiling d a k a saiyang takot
hal6y sa saiyang girumd6m.

205

Ta dai pa siyk nakahiling

209
nin sar6ng hawak na marauton
kagiram-girarn hiling6n
asin labi-labi kadakulh an tingog.
A town in the province of Camarines Sur, Island of Luzon,
north of the City of Naga, (Lat. 13-14. 8 N, Long. 123-03. 7 E
[Source Map 42231, Gazetteer of the Philippine Islands, p. 171).

REYES: I B A W N
Aqui suspendi6 Caduiijnung 213
su primera narraci6n.

dejando para otro dia

de continuarla ocasi6n.

347

Here Kadunung stopped

213
the fir& part of his narration
leaving its continuation
to another day.

Digdi uminontbk si Kadunung 213

an inot na kaput61 kan saiyang pagsaysay
mga nuarin na ipadagos
an kadugt6ng na tataramon.