Networking concepts and

hardware

Basic Communications Model

Standards are needed at all Layers
User Layer

Application Layer

Computer (Transport) Layer

Transmission Layer

Subnet Layer
Station B

Station A

2
2

1
1

4
3

Transmission of Messages
1. Within a Single Subnet, or
2. in Point-to-Point Links Between Subnets

Internet Layer
Station B

Station A

1
3

Routing of Messages
Across multiple subnets in an internet

Internetting
Station B

Station A

2
1

4
3

internet: collection of subnets such that any station

on any subnet can communicate with any other
station on any other subnet simply by giving the
internet address of the other station.

Layering in Major Architectures

Basic Model

TCP/IP

IPX/SPX

Application

Application

Application

Computer
(Transport)

Transport:
TCP, etc.

Complex:
SPX, etc.

Internet

Internet

Internet

Subnet
(OSI)

Subnet
(OSI)

Subnet
(OSI)

OSI
Application (7)
Presentation (6)
Session (5)
Transport (4)
Network (3):
Internet &
Subnet
Data Link (2)
Physical (1)

LANs, MANs, & WANs

LAN

Local area network

Single office, building, campus
10 Mbps to 100 Mbps to the desktop common
1 Gbps coming
Will carry most traffic, because most traffic is

local

PC Networking on a small LAN

Each client and server needs a NIC
rather than a modem

Network Interface
Card (NIC)
In each PC

LANs, MANs, & WANs

WAN

Wide area network

Intercity, international
9,600 bps to 1 Mbps common to the desktop
Links with higher speed are usually shared
(multiplexed) by several desktops

Emerged before LANs, due to high cost of long-

distance telephone charges

Microsoft Layered Network

Architecture
7. Application

User Mode

6. Presentation

Kernel Mode
NetBIOS
driver

5. Session
4. Transport
3. Network

Redirectors

Servers

Transport Driver Interface

WinSock driver

Streams

Transport Protocols

2. Data Link
LLC
MAC

1. Physical

NDIS Interface
Streams
Network Adapter Card Drivers
Network Interface Card

Some basic concepts

NDIS Interface: Network Driver Specification Interface, wraps

NIC drivers and allow communication with multiple protocols,
binds a NIC to a protocol.

Streams: multiple channels allowing broader bandwidth for data

transfer, envelop the protocols.

Transport Driver Interface: allows software drivers (server,

redirector, etc) to communicate with protocols.

Redirectors: software in WS that redirect network drives,

printers requests to network I/O requests.

Servers: software that allows a device to accept requests from

other devices.

Standard protocols
NetBEUI - NetBIOS Extended User Interface, native

Windows protocol, not routable.

TCP/IP - implemented through WinSock, routable, supports

SNMP, DHCP, WINS.

NWLink (IPX/SPX) - used to connect to Novell NetWare,

just a protocol, not access.

DLC - Data Link Control, used to connect to IBM

mainframes and HP printers directly connected to a network

(server).

Data Link Layer

OSI
Data Link
Layer
(Layer 2)
OSI
Physical
Layer
(Layer 1)

Logical
LogicalLink
LinkControl
ControlLayer
Layer
Media
MediaAccess
Access Control
Control(MAC)
(MAC)Layer
Layer
802.3
802.3
802.3
802.3
Other
802.3
802.3
Other
10Base-T
10Base-T 10Base-5
10Base-5 Physical
Physical
Layer
Layer

802.5
802.5
Physical
Physical
Layer
Layer
44Mbps
Mbps

802.5
802.5
Physical
Physical
Layer
Layer
16
16Mbps
Mbps

Other
Other
Physical
Physical
Layer
Layer

OSI
OSIData
DataLink
LinkLayer
Layerisissubdivided
subdividedinto
intotwo
twolayers
layers
Media
Mediaaccess
accesscontrol
control
Logical
Logicallink
linkcontrol
control

LAN Using Ethernet 10Base-T

10Base-T Hub (Multiport Repeater)

Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Wiring

(4-Pair Bundle)

PC

NIC

RJ-45
Jack

RJ-45 jacks

10Base-T
UTP Wiring
Bundles:
4 Pairs
EIA
Category
3, 4, or 5
Network
Interface
Card

NICs
Network Interface Cards

Implement Physical Layer

Plug and Electrical Signaling

Implements the Data Link Layer (data packaging,

access control, etc.)
LLC (802.2)
MAC (802.3 MAC)

Wiring
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)

Twisted several times per foot to reduce interference, T in 10Baseand Unshielded

No protection except for plastic coating

Distance limitation: 100 meters (attenuation, distortion, noise and interference, crosstalk)
-- propagation

Categories of UTP Wiring

Category 5: The best. Good for 100 Mbps

Category 3 and 4: lower. May be OK for 100 Mbps
Wiring Plugs: RJ-45 Standard
Similar to home (RJ-11) jacks, but wider

CSMA/CD Media Access Control

CD:

Collision Detection

If two stations transmit at once .

Their signals collide, scrambling one another
Because each sender listens (senses the carrier),
both know that there has been a collision
Both stop and wait a random amount of time.
101010

X
Collision

001110

Ethernet 10Base-T LAN with Multiple

Hubs
Hub 2
Hub 3
Hub 1
UTP
Wire
UTP
Wire

Station
A

Station
B

UTP
Wire

UTP
Wire

Daisy
Daisychain,
chain,
no
noLoops
Loops
allowed!
allowed!
Maximum distance
between farthest Stations is
4 Hubs/5 100 meter segments

Hub 4

Station
C

UTP Wire
Station
D

Switches
With a switch, multiple
stations may transmit
simultaneously: no
congestion as traffic
grows.
Station
A

Station
B

Switch

Station
C

Connection 1
A-C
Connection 1
A-C
Connection 2
B-D

Connection 2
B-D

Station
D

Wireless LAN
Broadcast
Signal

Transceiver
Transmitting

Wireless LAN

Transceiver
Receiving

Antenna

Cluster
Transceiver
Receiving

Hub Controller

Wireless LAN with Access Points

Access Point

Industry
Standard
Coffee
Cup

Antenna
(Fan)

Wireless
Notebook
NIC
PC Card
Connector

To Ethernet
Switch

802.11 Wireless LAN Speeds

802.11

802.11b

802.11a

802.11g

2 Mbps (rare)
2.4 GHz band (limited in bandwidth)
11 Mbps,
2.4 GHz
3 channels/access point
54 Mbps,
5 GHz (> bandwidth than 2.4 GHz)
11 channels/access point
54 Mbps,
2.4 GHz
limited bandwidth

Addresses

Ethernet address (MAC address )

48-bit unique addresses hard wired in NICs (280 trillion)

12 hex numbers, e.g. 00-A0-C9-9F-00-07
first three identify company, Intel in the example
how to see: IPconfig, or System Information

IP address (number)

32-bit value, not hard coded (4 billion), assigned manually or by

DHCP
four dotted quads, each quad a decimal from 0-255,
corresponding to eight bits, e.g. UBMAIL IP address is
198.202.0.25
to convert open Calculator select View, Scientific, decimal and
type dotted quad decimal value, then select binary.

Interneting

Station A wants to send message to station D, but IP number is not in the

same subnet -- no can do!
Sends the message to the default IP router -- default gateway
All stations belonging to the same subnet share the first three dotted
quads.
204.52.128.67 and 204.52.128.147 are in the same subnet, while
198.202.0.25 is not.

A,B and C-Class Networks

A-class networks

B-class networks

first 8 bits fixed, from 0-126 (only 127)

very large companies like IBM, BBN, DEC,HP
can assign 3 dotted quads - up to 16 million hosts
first 16 bits fixed, first quad 128-191 and second 0-255 (16,384)
Medium-sized companies like Microsoft, Exxon
can assign 2 dotted quads - up to 65,535 hosts

C-class networks

first 24 bits fixed, first quad 192-223, second and third 0-255 (2,097,152)
can assign 1 dotted quad - up to 253 hosts, 0 is the subnet address., 1
default router address, 255 broadcast address.

Sockets and WinSock

Sockets are the basic TCP requirement
Socket address

IP address of the receiver

Port number of the receiving program (80,21,23)
Type of port TCP or UDP

WinSock is an adaptation of sockets to the

PC
it now comes as part of the PC OSs
it is an application programming interface

Internet Host Names

Host names in Windows

HOSTS - a list of IP and names (each machine)

DNS - a server with a common table of IP & names (use with

Windows 2000, together with Active Directory)

WINS - Windows Internet Name Server

not DNS compatible (use only with NT/9x)
can resolve IP addresses inside a Windows network
good with dealing with NetBEUI names

FQDN

Fully Qualified Domain Name

name of a host like: machine.org.domain, e.g.
ubmail.ubalt.edu, with a DNS assignment to an IP

Setting static IP addresses

Open Control Panel and select Network Connections
Under LAN or High-Speed Internet select local area
connection,
right-click and select properties
select Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) and click on properties
fill in IP number, Subnet Mask, Default Gateway and DNS
server
click OK, close.
Use ping to test your setup.