Prerequisite for a 3G network design

At the best of times, designing a cellular network is like doing a puzzle without any
instructions. With 3G, you have the added complication of both the operator and customers
holding back some of the pieces and planners having to force pieces to fit together because
the edges are a bit rough!

Getting the required information for a network plan is the most crucial part in building a cost
effective quality network. Unfortunately, some of the necessary data is confidential and not
only that, it's anybody's guess as to what the 3G mobile service mix and usage will be. In an
environment where operators need comprehensive designs and redesigns in a very short time
frame, there's plenty to get jittery about. Other vendors are rumoured to give better coverage
with fewer sites, operators claim that other vendor's products are superior and vendor sales
people seem to be promising everything to get the deal. On top of that, timetables keep on
changing, but of course, the network launch date remains fixed. For the vendor, the worst
thing is that once you've won the contract, you actually have to build the network you
promised!

A lot of different information from various sources is needed for initial network (roll-out)
plan. Here is a non-exhaustive list of required data:

Operators business plan

This should define what kind of service the operator is planning to provide, how these
services will be implemented and how much money is needed for the total roll-out.
Sometimes this information is public knowledge and sometimes it is a well guarded secret.

Technical section of business plan

This should contain the desired coverage, capacity, quality, features, service mix and
customer intake plans.

UMTS License agreement

This usually contains the coverage, capacity and service deployment plans as well as
requirements to hire a predetermined amount of employees and perhaps the required amount
of domestic goods and services that need to be purchased.

Operators funding plan

This should give guidelines of how the roll-out should progress. However, usually operators
do not want to share this information. Quite a few UMTS networks are vendor financed and
such information could help network planners estimate the roll-out pace.

Operators risk analysis documents

These documents show where bottlenecks will be and show the project's critical path. Often
site acquisition is in the critical path, which means that site RF planning will have to
compromise some of the desired sites. However, technically the air interface capacity is
normally the network limiting capacity factor and so network roll-out planning should really
be started from there.
Consultant reports
Over the past few years, operators have asked a lot of consultants to do 3G roll-out analysis
reports. Even though this information gets old quickly, these reports might have some helpful
facts.

Operator's internal studies of mobile usage

Information on mobile usage is very helpful and can pinpoint where 3G customers and key
corporate clients are likely to be. Also, whether the 3G network will be used as a platform for
other wireless technologies. Mobile usage profiles and customer distribution information is
required to simulate the network load.

Government statistics
Government sources can provide statistics of population type and information such as
income, distribution of wealth, taxation, spending habits etc., which are useful to estimate
future mobile usage in different areas.

In a real life all of this information is compressed into the operators request for quote. This
typically calls for an estimation of how many base station locations each network vendor
thinks is required to provide a network. The operator normally asks vendors to guarantee the
level of coverage for a certain load level, using the minimum amount of base stations and
cost. Vendors have to commit to these figures even when most of the sites are yet to be
acquired and some of the performance parameters will be defined later. Vendors are expected
to reply in a very short period of time with limited information, so it is easy to see why
network quality is not the biggest consideration in initial planning. There is a tendency for
operators to use this tactic to get the lowest possible initial quote from vendors.

An experienced network planner can produce a "quick and dirty" network base station
requirement figure with only a few parameters. The most crucial parameters for the initial
roll-out are:

Capacity requirements - the planned customers and service usage in each area of the
network (with BTS site capacity calculation) should be known in order to get the required
amount of base stations for capacity.

Coverage requirements - the link budget of high data rate services should be calculated
in order to estimate the required base station amount in each network area to get the amount
of base stations for coverage.

In each network area, take the larger number of capacity OR coverage base stations for that
area, then add each area together to get a total. To get the final required number of base
stations, the following formula can be used:
- Add 10% more quality sites to provide special coverage or a dominant server in difficult
or important areas - tunnels, bridges, exhibition and sports venues, shopping centres, airports,
big hotels, high rise buildings, MD's home and CEO sailing and polo club!
- Add additional 10% more sites to fix holes because not all planned sites can be acquired.
- By this time the sales team will tell you that your plan is 30% too expensive, so you need to
cut 30% of your base stations (and 40% of your acquisition budget)
The total will tell you how many sites you need to build an initial 3G network. Don't tell your
customer you found the formula on the Internet!

Link Budget and Coverage

The WCDMA link budget calculations start from the uplink (reverse link) direction. Uplink
interference (noise from other mobiles) is usually the limiting factor in cdma systems.

The starting point of a link budget calculation is to define the required data rate(s) in each
network areas and Eb/No (Energy per Bit to Noise power density ratio) targets. Usually the
operator predefines these, but simulation tools can be used to tailor the Eb/No. Simulation
can be done by creating a uniform base station and a mobile distribution plan with defined
service profiles. Almost every UMTS vendor has a simulation tool for operators to test their
network plan models.

The next step is to gather vendor specific data like a BTS output power and a receiver
noise figure, defined and used cable systems (thicker the cable, more expensive it is to
install), used antenna types, usage of intelligent antenna systems in specific areas, possible
additional line amplifiers, used diversities (like antenna, polarisation, receiver) etc.

For each geographical areas network operator has to define Eb/No, data services, a system
loading factor, estimated mobile speeds, different penetration losses, coverage reliability and
a used fade margin. Soft handover area sizes will be addressed later.

Mobile power levels, the chip rate and the process gains are defined by the UMTS
standards. Soft handover gain and the thermal noise density are the same in every UMTS
system. Both parties also have to agree on propagation models after drive tests.

The link budget gives a cell range and from that cell coverage area can be calculated. Cell
coverage overlap parameter is usually missing from the calculation as it increases the cell
count dramatically. Most network planners agree that overlap should be 20-30 percent, but
that relates directly to build cost. After all that, the base station requirements for the each type
of areas can to be calculated.
 Cell coverage calculation using link budget.
This link budget is for an example only. The values for the real network may vary a lot!

Notice how sensitive the site count is to variations of the propagation model and cell
overlap values. High speed 3G network needs a lot of base stations!

UMTS Capacity Planning

The number of installed transceivers limits the mobile network theoretical capacity. In cdma
systems interference, accepted and planned quality and grade of service will determine the
system capacity. Cdma systems also have soft capacity, which complicates the network area
capacity estimations. The link budget is used to calculate the maximum allowed path loss and
the maximum range for cell. The link budget includes the interference margin, which is the
increased noise level caused by greater load in a cell. So by increasing the cell load, cell
coverage area becomes smaller. That's how cell coverage and capacity dimensioning are
interlinked.

System capacity planning is divided to two parts:

The first thing is to estimate a single transceiver and site capacity. Calculations how the
noise raises as the cell load increases is out of the scope of this page, but in-cell noise, Eb/No
requirements, planned data rates, coverage probability, air resources usage activity factor,
target interference margin and processing gains are needed to approximate the transceiver and
site capacity. Depending on the parameter values, planned transceiver capacity is typically
from 400 kbits/s to 700 kbits/s per transceiver.

The second part of the process is to estimate how many mobile users each cell can serve.
Once the cell capacity and subscriber traffic profiles are known, network area base station
requirements can be calculated. Estimations can be done in Erlangs per subscriber or kilobits
per subscriber. Network vendor normally has simulation tools to test system parameters and
verify rough estimations. A lot of data is required for comprehensive network dimensioning;
number of subscribers and growth estimations, traffic / user / busy hour / geographic segment
and required throughput including service mixes in geographic segments for example.

Each type of traffic has to be estimated for capacity calculations.

Here is a rough downlink capacity calculation example:

During a busy hour an average user downloads 10 Mbits with 384 kbits/s, 2 Mbits with 144
kbits/s and makes one 60-second voice call. Data has to be retransmitted 1.1 times because of
network conditions.

Used kbits/s per user per busy hour downlink only are:
Service Rate Average Rate
(10000 kbits / 3600 sec) x 1.1*) 3.06 kbits/s
(2000 kbits / 3600 sec) x 1.1*) 0.61 kbits/s
(60sec x 12.2 kbits/s) / 3600 sec 0.20 kbits/s
Total 3.87 kbits/s / user / busy hour
If a cell capacity is estimated to be 500 kbits/s, each cell can be dimensioned for about 129
users.

This example was simplified, but please remember when you see capacity estimations with
various traffic mixes, that those are just estimations. Notice how sensitive the capacity is to
variations of download amount, retransmit rate and estimated cell capacity values. Before
UMTS networks are on air and customers start to use high speed services, network capacity
calculations are anybody's guess!

Even when the capacity calculations are done in a very beginning, normally the mobile
networks are initially planned to meet the coverage objectives. Capacity sites and transceiver
upgrades are installed later, once the real traffic load is known. In the early 1990s most of
capacity requirements of new 2G networks were initially over-estimated, partly because
operators needed to present (over-) optimistic business plans to secure the funding and partly
because nobody knew how much people would use their phone on certain price levels.
Generally busy hour Erlangs per subscribers were not what was originally anticipated, and
this tendency is likely to continue in 3G.

Common Design Guidelines

After calculating the coverage and capacity requirements in each geographical area, the
greater one of those two values has to be chosen. Ideally requirements match in each
geographical area, but normally that does not happen. To optimise the used resources some
readjustments should be made.

If a geographical area is coverage limited, the load on each sector can be reduced until
coverage and capacity requirements match. Reducing the load will cut the link budget
interference margin and increase Node B count. If area is capacity limited, transmitter
diversity can be added or amount of transceivers can be increased.

Operators are normally forced to co-locate their 3G base stations with existing sites or select
new site locations only on buildings known to be owned by friendly site owners. This limits
the cell planning options and may sacrifice the network quality, but it helps to build networks
faster. Forced co-location should be taken in to account in initial capacity and coverage
planning. All variation to standard configuration may need pilot power, handover, antenna,
cable and base station power level modifications.

Some network areas need special attention. Very dense urban area (CBD), open spaces, in-
building areas, water surroundings, hot spots and other special coverage areas need well
planned approach. Out-of-Cell Interference versus soft-handover cell overlap has also to be
considered. Hierarchical systems work with multi-frequency networks, but not with single-
frequency systems (like cdma). If multi-layered is planned, separate frequencies are needed
for different layers.

There is no need for plan channelisation codes as those are managed by the RNC. Unlike the
channelisation codes, the scrambling codes need to be planned. The number of scrambling
codes is so great that the planning is a quite trivial task.
The uplink scrambling code for each user is allocated by the RNC. Every RNC has a pool of
codes that are unique to it. Allocation of uplink scrambling codes to RNCs is a simple task,
due to the huge number of available codes.

Downlink scrambling codes planning is an important issue in the border areas between
countries. There is a minimum separation that should be used between cells using the same
scrambling code, but in practice the maximum separation will be planned.

Codes Scrambling codes Channelisation codes

Uplink Different users Channels from the same user
Downlink Different Node B's Different users

UMTS code usages

RAN Planning

Planning the UMTS RAN and core network side is basically selecting the desired network
layout, future expansion approach, calculating the required hardware, deciding software
features and dimensioning all interfaces.

Radio Access Network has several interfaces, which need to be configured and dimensioned.
This dimensioning is out of the scope of this page, but these are the RAN interfaces that need
to be configured:

 Iu: Interface between the RNC and the Core Network (MSC or SGSN).
- Iucs: Iu circuit switched (voice from/to MSC)
- Iups: Iu packet switched (data from/to SGSN)
 Iub: Interface between the RNC and the Node B.
 Iur: Interface between two RNCs.

Node B amount is derived form air interface capacity and coverage calculations, but Node Bs
also have to be configured. Hardware configuration is vendor specific, but here is a general
list of things that need to be considered when configuring Node Bs:

 Call mix of expected traffic

 Type of Node Bs (outdoor vs. indoor)
 Amount of low capacity Node Bs
 Required redundancies (e.g. 2N, N+1)
 Required diversities
 Number of carriers per sector
 Number of sectors per Node B
 Number of users
 Voice and data traffic to be carried
 Node B software features
 Required Node B optional features
 Requirements for special antenna systems
 Requirements for power and transmission systems
The RNC planning is done after the air interface dimensioning and network interfaces
planning. After those are prepared, the bandwidth of each RNC link is known. RNC
dimensioning is to calculate the number RNCs and configuration of RNCs needed to support
the radio access network requirements. Any network side equipment will have the trade-offs
in configuration selection. Network can be designed for maximising the ease of future
expansion or for minimising the total cost. Usually RNC locations are fixed based on network
operator's main site locations and transmission costs will determine the most cost effective
RNC configurations. RNC Hardware configuration is also vendor specific, but here is a
general list of things that need to be considered when dimensioning RNCs:

 RNC capacity and configuration options

 Total CS traffic (Erlangs)
 Total PS traffic (Mbps)
 Total traffic and signalling load
 Total number of Node Bs
 Total number of cells
 Total number of carriers
 Used channel configurations
 RNC software features
 Required RNC optional features
 Type of transmission interfaces
 Expansion possibilities

Core Network Planning

Planning the UMTS core network consist of GSN (GPRS Service Node) system design, MSC
and registers dimensioning, OMC dimensioning, Core network interface dimensioning.

The Core Network has several interfaces, which need to be configured and dimensioned. This
dimensioning is out of the scope of this page, but these are the interfaces that need to be
configured:

 Gn: Interface between SGSN and GGSN

 Gi: Interface between GGSN and external packet data network

Other interfaces are between MSCs, to PSTN, HLR, AUC, EIR, SMS, Billing Centre, Voice
Mail, OMC, WAP & Multi Media Servers and other network elements.

The main inputs to dimensioning of GSN system are similar to what is required in air
interface design. Hardware configuration is vendor specific, but here is a general list of things
that need to be considered when configuring GSN System:

 Number of Subscribers
 Number of PDP Contexts
 Service Activation Rate
 Peak Traffic amount and overheads (bits/s or packets/s)
 Number of required links
 Number of RNC in served area
The Core Network hardware configuration is also vendor specific. Network vendors have
very extensive documentation how to design all aspects of core network starting from the
room environmental requirements up to the post integration system quality audit. Here is a
general list of things that need to be considered when dimensioning MSCs:

 Number of Subscribers
 Average call lengths
 Call mix
 Total CS traffic (Erlangs)
 System features
 Interconnection to other equipment
 MSC software features
 Required redundancies (e.g. 2N, N+1)
 Total traffic and signaling loads
 Iu-cs and other interface dimensioning
 Type of transmission interfaces
 Expansion possibilities
 MSC capacity and configuration options
 Most cost effective deployment method
 Number of RNC in served area

All other network equipment will be designed in a similar way. Once the main components
are designed, the rest is easy!

Other core network plans:

 Numbering plan
 Traffic and interconnectivity routing plan
 Signalling network plan
 Synchronisation plan
 Expansion plan
 Logical and physical node dimentioning
 PS and CS network plan
 Network security plan
 Redundancy and QoS plan

Transmission Planning

Most of the 3G network license holders have an existing 2G license and will face great
transmission planning challenges when upgrading a network from 2G to 3G:

 Massive capacity growth

 Controlling of the expansion process
 Limited microwave spectrum availability and related cost issues
 Limited space for new equipment and EMR sources
 Cost and budget constrains
 Requirements of design scalability and flexibility
 Implementation of new technologies
 Increased complexity and multivendor environment
 Time table, availablility of skilled manpower
 Reliability requirements (climate, redundancy, etc)

2G network transmission capacity planning depends on the amount of transceivers, but 3G

transmission planning depends on the customer phone usage profiles and other carried traffic.
Where 2G backbones are aggregated small pipes, 3G traffic will be in combined large pipes
carrying mixed traffic. 3G project transmission planning include a lot of issues:

Before the 3G Roll-out

 Traffic type and amount estimation
 Upgrade and future network layout plan (layers, topology, media)
 Availability, Operation & Maintenance, spare unit plan
 Fault, Configuration, Performance, Security management plans
 Network synchronisation plan
 QoS and system performance specification
 Deploying flexible upgradeable equipments
 Current network inventory, evaluation and status

During the 3G Roll-out

 Normal roll-out plans; manpower, logistics, HW, time table etc.
 Deploying; ATM network, upgraded radios, nodes etc.
 Links: 15GHz, 23GHz, 18GHz, 7GHz, 26GHz, 38GHz, 28GHz, 13GHz, 8GHz, 6GHz, 11GHz, 32GHz,
50+ GHz
 Initial and continuous system testing
 Continuous training of staff for equipment and technology
 Redundancy (link, network, equipment) plan and testing
 Traffic prioritising plan
 Usage of other carriers capacity and reselling own capacity
 Work what vendors call "future proofing"; you better ask them ;-)

After the initial 3G Roll-out

 Traffic analysis and management
 Understanding the traffic
 Equipment performance and suitability analysis
 Upgrades and updates
 Preparing for the next roll-out cycle, long term development plan
 Comparing the transmission system to competition and other vendor solutions

Future 3G transmission networks will be largely IP based systems. Topology of the network
will be a mess mesh; hybrid of point-to-point, star and ring configurations. Transmission
options are still microwave, optical fibre, leased line and even copper line. Addition to
current high capacity PDH / SDH networks, higher capacity ATM networks will be
implemented to carry the main load. Internet will be integrated to mobile network (or visa
versa).
_________________________________
IP = Internet Protocol
PDH = Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy; point-to-point, time division multiplexing, n * 2 Mbits/s (Europe)
SDH = Synchronous Digital Hierarchy; typically 2/34/140 Mbits/s, n * 155Mbits/s, SONET in the USA
ATM = Asynchronous Transfer Mode; 155Mbits/s, 622.Mbits/s

The Summary

The goal of the network planning is not only to define the initial network roll-out targets, but
also to provide moving targets to the continuous process that takes the whole life time of the
network. Before the 3G network is launched, all the work is focused on estimating how the
network should look like. After the network launch customer intake and behaviour will
decide the network development direction.

The most demanding tasks are to gather all the required information for the planning work
and making the network roll-out decisions based on all these estimations, operator demands
and assumptions of future costs. Cost estimations are usually very sensitive to the changes in
basic assumptions and it is crucial that all assumptions are recorded to the network roll-out
plan.

Picture below show the issues that vendors and operators face in the beginning of the network
roll-out.
Network Planning Issues