Flanders Fields

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Commemoration Poppies
In Flanders fields
POPPIES
Visit the Australian War Memorial on almost any day and one of the most moving sights will be the hundreds of
poppies wedged into crevices on the Roll of Honour. The bright red poppies provide a visual counterpoint to the
sombre grey of panels, yet each poppy reminds us that, here, someone has remembered the sacrifice and service in
time of war of one of Australias servicemen or women.
WHY POPPIES ?
Since the First World War, the poppy has been a symbol of remembrance. All along the Western Front between 1914
and 1918, amid the ruin wrought by shells, the poppies of Flanders bloomed across the devastated landscape. Some
saw in the flowers a return of life to the earth, despite the hundreds of thousands of dead buried in the countryside.
It is known that poppies flourish in disturbed soil the shelling by the large artillery guns may have broken up the
earth to such an extent that the conditions for the growth of poppies were at their best during those terrible years.
At the time, many French and Belgian citizens said they could not remember ever seeing such a magnificent show
of poppies, but equally war weariness may have heightened the magnificence in the eyes of the survivors.
IN FLANDERS FIELDS
Close by the Essex Farm Cemetery, near the Belgian town of Ieper (Ypres), are some dugouts that in May 1915
were occupied by men of the First Brigade Artillery, Canadian Army. About them raged the second battle of Ypres,
in which the Germans used poison gas for the first time on the Western Front. The brigades medical officer, Major
John McCrae, frequently visited the grave of his friend, Lieutenant A.H. Helmer, who was buried with other allied
war dead in the nearby cemetery. It was supposedly during one of these visits that some of the most popular verses
of poetry penned during the First World War were conceived, literally born of blood and fire during the hottest
phase of the battle.
The poem, In Flanders fields, first appeared anonymously in the English magazine, Punch, on 8 December 1915, but
it was soon recognised as McCraes work. The poem spread quickly throughout the British Commonwealth and it
was used in connection with a Poppy Fund in England in 1916. McCrae died of pneumonia on 28 January 1918 at
Boulogne, on the coast of France, and was buried in the Wimereux Military Cemetery.
In 1918, an American YMCA worker, after reading McCraes poem, wore a poppy to keep the faith. So began the
tradition of wearing poppies on Armistice (later Remembrance) Day as a tribute to the dead. In Australia, poppies
are also worn on ANZAC Day.
Above: A. Henry Fullwood, 5th Division staff officers at Coisy viewing Amiens being shelled (1918, watercolour and gouache with charcoal,
39.3 x 56.8 cm, AWM ART 02466)
55
Commemoration Poppies / The Ode
(Left) Visitors to the Memorial search

for names on the Roll of Honour,
poignantly decorated by bright red
Flanders poppies.
The Returned Sailors and

Soldiers Imperial League of
Australia (now the Returned
and Services League of Australia,
or RSL) first sold poppies in
about 1921 as a reminder of the
war dead and to raise funds for
its charity work. Since then,
wearing a poppy has helped
Australians to show, in a practical way, their support for the voluntary work being done
to assist those damaged in body and mind by war. To wear a
poppy is also a token of remembrance for the more than 100,000
Australian servicemen and women who have died in war.
In Flanders fields the poppies blow
Between the crosses, row on row
That mark our place; and in the sky
The larks, still bravely singing, fly
Scarce heard amid the guns below.
We are the Dead. Short days ago
We lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow,
Loved and were loved, and now we lie
In Flanders fields.
Take up our quarrel with the foe;
To you from failing hands we throw
The torch, be yours to hold it high.
If ye break faith with us who die
We shall not sleep though poppies grow
In Flanders fields.
John McCrae
Robert Pounds Department of Veterans Affairs
Flanders Poppies
The Red Flanders Poppy, Papaver rhoeas, is the

poppy to which John McCrae refers in his poem.
The plant is a hardy annual which grows to about
50 cm tall. It likes a sunny position protected from
wind, and well drained soil turned to a fine tilth.
In compacted soil, the seeds can lie dormant. Earlier
this year, as part of its schools ANZAC Day pack,
the Department of Veterans Affairs provided a
packet of Flanders Poppy seeds to every school
in Australia. To establish your own remembrance
patch of Flanders poppies in your garden, check
your local garden supplier for seeds or seedlings.
56
The Ode
is it condemn or contemn?
Every year, after ANZAC Day and Remembrance Day,

letters to the editor appear in newspapers and magazines,
asking about The Ode:
They shall grow not old, as we that are left grow old:
Age shall not weary them, nor the years condemn.
At the going down of the sun and in the morning
We will remember them.
The issue raised by most letters is whether the last word
of the second line should be condemn or contemn.
Contemn means to despise or treat with disregard,
so both words fit the context.
The four lines quoted above, along with Kiplings lines
from the Recessional hymn Lest we forget are now
generally known as The ode of remembrance. They are the
fourth stanza of the poem, For the fallen, by Laurence
Binyon, and were written in the very early days of the
First World War.
Binyon was the Assistant Keeper of Prints and Drawings
at the British Museum, and a respected and published poet.
He was not a soldier, though he did work in France as
a volunteer in a field hospital or first aid station during
his annual leave. A week after war broke out, Binyon had
his first war poem, The fourth of August, published in The
Times. Here he was confident and optimistic, writing of
the Spirit of England, ardent-eyed. But by September
1914, when For the fallen was published, the British
Expeditionary Force in France was suffering severe casualties. Each day, long lists of the dead and wounded
appeared in British newspapers.
Binyon had actually written the poem some weeks earlier,
just after the retreat from Mons began in August 1914,
when the British Expeditionary Force had become the
first British army to fight on western European soil since
Waterloo. The four central lines that now make up the
fourth verse were the first part of the poem Binyon
composed: he wrote them while sitting on a cliff at Polseath,
Cornwall. In finding a language and a rhythm for the
poem, he drew on Shakespeare especially Enobarbus
lines on Cleopatra, Age cannot wither her, nor custom
stale and the Bible: I wanted to get a rhythm something like By the waters of Babylon we sat down and wept
or Daughters of Jerusalem, weep not for me.
For the fallen was first published on 21 September 1914
in The Times. By the end of the year, the British
composer, Edward Elgar, was setting a number of Binyons
poems, including For the fallen, to music, in a cycle called
The spirit of England.
The only mystery is where the claim for contemn may

have originated. There is no evidence for another story
sometimes repeated that Binyon wrote to several poets
after the poem was first published, seeking their views on
whether the word should be condemn or contemn,
and only settled on condemn in 1921. He had always
intended the word to be condemn.
The alternative contemn seems to be a peculiarly
Australian phenomenon. There does not appear to have
been any dispute on this matter in Britain, Canada, or the
USA. In Australia, both the RSL and the Australian War
Memorial use condemn in their ceremonies. We may
not know where the confusion arose, but surely it is now
time to put the matter to rest.
Robert Pounds Department of Veterans Affairs
Composed in Cornwall as Binyon sat with Cicely [his

wife] gazing out over the ocean, this most public of
quatrains is, like the poem that grew from it, deliberately
choric, so densely laminated with allusions that the poet
recedes into anonymity, allowing the literature-saturated
English language to speak for itself.
John Hatcher, biographer of Laurence Binyon
For the fallen

With proud thanksgiving, a mother for her children,
England mourns her dead across the sea.
Flesh of her flesh they were, spirit of her spirit,
Fallen in the cause of the free.
Commemoration The Ode
To return to the question of whether the last word of the

second line should be condemn or contemn, it is clear
that condemn is correct. The word appeared in that
form in The Times on 21 September 1914, in Elgars libretto
a few months later, and in a collection of Binyons poems,
The winnowing fan, published in December 1914. According
to Dr Christopher Fletcher, the curator of modern history
manuscripts at the British Library, the Library holds a copy
of the whole poem and another of only the fourth stanza
in Binyons own handwriting, and both show condemn.
Indeed, a copy of the fourth stanza in Binyons hand was
published in Australia in Reveille in August 1943: again
it reads condemn. Binyon was very precise in his use
of words: there is no doubt that if he had intended
contemn then he would have used it.
Solemn the drums thrill; Death august and royal

Sings sorrow up unto immortal spheres.
There is music in the midst of desolation
And glory that shines upon our tears.
They went with songs to battle, they were young,
Straight of limb, true of eye, steady and aglow.
They were staunch to the end against odds uncounted;
They fell with their faces to the foe.
They shall grow not old, as we that are left grow old:
Age shall not weary them, nor the years condemn.
At the going down of the sun and in the morning
We will remember them.
They mingle not with their laughing comrades again;
They sit no more at familiar tables of home;
They have no lot in our labour of the day-time;
They sleep beyond Englands foam.
But where our desires are and our hopes profound,
Felt as a well-spring that is hidden from sight,
To the innermost heart of their own land they are known,
As the stars are known to the Night;
As the stars that shall be bright when we are dust,
Moving in marches upon the heavenly plain;
As the stars that are starry in the time of our darkness,
Above: Students and teachers of Kensington Public School, NSW, stand

at the Tomb of the Unknown Australian Soldier while one of their number
reads The Ode. Readings of this type are conducted by schoolchildren
To the end, to the end, they remain.

Laurence Binyon
every week at the Memorial. (AWM PAIU 1999/26/06)
57

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q

Commemoration Poppies / The Ode

(Left) Visitors to the Memorial search

The Returned Sailors and

Robert Pounds Department of Veterans Affairs

The Red Flanders Poppy, Papaver rhoeas, is the

Every year, after ANZAC Day and Remembrance Day,

The only mystery is where the claim for contemn may

Robert Pounds Department of Veterans Affairs

Composed in Cornwall as Binyon sat with Cicely [his

For the fallen

Commemoration The Ode

To return to the question of whether the last word of the

Solemn the drums thrill; Death august and royal

Above: Students and teachers of Kensington Public School, NSW, stand

To the end, to the end, they remain.

every week at the Memorial. (AWM PAIU 1999/26/06)

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