Basics of Networking

Networking
Introduction
A collection of two or more computers interconnected by the telephone lines, co-axial
cable, satellite links, radio and microwave transmission and some other communication
techniques. A computer network is a group of computers that are connected together and
that communicate with one another for a common purpose.
Although the computer industry is young compared to anther industries (e.g., automobiles
air transportation), computer have made spectacular progress in a short time. During the
first two decades of their extrinsic, computer system highly centralized, usually a single
large room. A medium size company or university might have had one or two computers,
while large instructions had at most a few dozen. The idea that with in 20 years equally
powerful computers smaller than postage stamps would be mass produced by the millions
was pure science fiction.
The merging of computers & communications has had a profound influence on the way
computer systems are organized. The concept of the computer center as a room with a
large computer to which users bring their work for processing is now totally obsolete. The
old model of single computer serving all of the organizations computational needs has
been replaced by one in which a large number of separate but interconnected computers
do the job. These systems are called computer networks.
Two computers are said to be interconnected if they are able to exchange informations.
The connection need not be via a copper wire; fiber optics, microwaves, and
communication satellites can also be used. By requiring the computer to be autonomous,
we which to execute from our definitions systems in which there is a clear master/slave
relation. If one computer can forcibly starts , stop, or control another one, the computers
are not autonomous. A system with one control unit and many slaves is not a network; nor
is a large computer with remote printers and terminals.
There is considerable confusion in the literature between a computer network and a
distributed system. The key distinction is that in a distributed system, the extence of
multiple autonomous computers is transparent to the user. He can type a command to run
a program. And it runs. It is up to the operating system to select the best processor, find
and transport all the input files to the processor, and put the result in the appropriate
place. In other words, the user of a distributed system is not aware that there are multiple
processors; it looks like a virtual uni-processer. A location of jobs to processors and files
to disks, moment of files between where they are stored and where they are needed, and
all other system functions must be automatic.
With a network, user must explicitly log on to one machine, explicitly submit jobs remotely,
explicitly move files around and generally handle all the network management personally.
With the distributed system, nothing has to be done explicitly it is all automatically done by
the system without the users knowledge.
In effect, a distributed system is a software system built on top of a network. The software
gives it a high degree of cohesiveness and transparency. Those distinction between a
network and a distributed system lies with the software rather than with the hardware.

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Nevertheless, there is considerable our lap between the two subjects. E.g., both
distributed system and computers networks need to move file around. The difference lies
in whom in vokes the movement, the system or the user.

Local Area Networks (LAN):

Local area network, generally called LANs, is privately-owned networks with in a single
building or campus of up to a few KM in size. They are widely used to connect personal
computers and workstation in company offices and factories to share resources (e.g.,
printers) and exchange information. LANs are distinguished from other kinds of networks
by three characteristics:
1. Their size,
2. Their transmission technology,
3. Their topology.
LANs are restricted in size, which means that the worst-case transmission time is
bounded and known in advance. Knowing this bound makes it possible to use certain
kinds of designs that would not otherwise be possible. It also simplifies network
management.
Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN):
A metropolitan area network, or MAN (plural: MANs, not MEN) is basically a bigger
version of a LAN and normally uses similar technology. It might cover a group of nearby
corporate offices or a city and might be either private or public. A MAN can support both
data and voice, and might even be related to the local cable television network. A MAN
just has one or two cables and does not contain switching elements, which shunt
packets over one of several potential output lines.
Wide Area Networks (WAN):
A wide area network, or WAN, spans a large geographical area, often a country or
continent. It contains of machines intended for running user (i.e., application) programs.
We will follow traditional usage and call these machines hosts. The term end system is
sometimes also used in the literature. The hosts are connected by a communication
subnet, or just subnet for short. The job of the subnet is to carry messages from host to
host, just as the telephone system carries words from speaker to listener. By separating
the pure communication aspects of the network (the subnet) from the application aspects
(the hosts), the complete network design is greatly simplified.
In most wide area networks, the subnet consists of two distinct components:
transmission lines & switching elements. Transmission lines (also called circuits,
channels, or trunks) move bits between machines.
The switching elements are specialized computers used to connect two or more
transmission lines. When data arrive on an incoming line, the switching element must
choose an outgoing line to forward them on.
In most WANs, the network contains numerous cables or telephone lines, each one
connecting a pair of routers. If two routers that do not share a cable nevertheless wish to

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communicate, they must do this indirectly, via other routers. When a packet is send from
one router to another via one or more intermediate routers, the packet is received at
each intermediate router in its entirety, stored there until the required output line is free,
and the forwarded. A subnet using this principle is called a Point to Point, store and
forward or packet switched subnet. Nearly all wide area networks (except those using
satellite) have store and forward subnet. When the packet are small and all the same
size, they often called cells.
Wireless network:
Mobile computers, such as notebook computers and personal digital assistants (PDA)
are the fastest growing segment of the computer industries. Many of the owners of
these computers have desktop machines on LANs and WANs back at the office and
want to be connected to their home base even when away from home or en route. Since
having a wired connection is impossible in cars and airplanes, there is a lot of interest in
wireless network.
Wireless networks come in many forms. Some universities are already installing
antennas all over campus to allow students to sit under the trees and consult the
libraries card catalogs. Here the computers communicate directly with the wireless LAN
in a digital form. Another possibility is using a cellular (i.e. portable) telephone with a
traditional analog modem. Direct digital cellular service, called CDPD (Cellular Digital
Packet Data) is becoming available in many cities.
Network Hardware
It is now time to turn our attention from the application and social aspects of networking to
the technical issues involved in network design. There is no generally excepted taxonomy
into which all computer network fit, but two dimensions stand out as important:
transmission technologies and scale. We will now examine each of these in turns.
Broadly speaking, there are two types of transmission technologies:
1. Broadcast networks.
2. Point-to-point networks.
Broadcast networks: It have a single communication channel that is shared by all
the machines on the network. Short messages, called packets in certain contexts,
sent by any machine are received by all the others. An address field within the
packet specifies for whom its intended. Upon receiving a packet, a machine
checks the address field. If the packet is intended for itself, it process the packet, if
the packet is intended for the other machine, it is just ignored.
Broadcast systems generally also allow the possibility of addressing a packet to all
destinations by using a special code in the address field. When a packet with this
code is transmitted, it is received and processed by every machine on the network.
This mode of operation is called broadcasting. Some broadcast system also
support transmission to a subset of a machines, something now has multicasting.
Point-to-point networks: It consists of many connections between individual pairs
of machines. To go from the source to the destination, a packet on this type of
network may have to first visit one or more intermediate machines. Often multiple
routes, of different lengths are possible, so routing algorithm play an important role

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in point-to-point networks. As a general rule (although there are many exceptions),

smaller, geographically localized networks tend to use broadcasting, where larger
usually are point-to-point.
Whenever we want two devices transmitting and receiving device to
communicate with each other, we need hardwares to achieve that. We would be
discussing about the various hardware such as:
1. Sender and Receiver hardware
2. Communication devices
3. Communication channels
Sender and Receiver Hardware:
Following hardware are used for handling communication messages, data
transfer etc.
Nodes and workstations:
Data communication is done using various communication devices and
softwares interconnected for information exchange. The devices used to
communicate a data in communication network are called Workstations.
These workstations may be computer, terminal, printer, telephones and
other communication devices. Each workstation is connected to something
called a Data Communication Network Mode.
Multiplexer:
As the name suggests, multiplexing is a form of data transferring which are
communication channels and is used for several transmission. For e.g. the
telephone lines that we used for our daily conversation can carry 100s and
even 1000s of conversations using multiplexing.
In other words
multiplexing is a type of network which allows a number of simple, low cost
terminals to share each communication lines introduces almost no delay
and requires no special computer softwares.
Multiplexing is used in two major ways:
FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing)
TDM (Time Division Multiplexing)
FDM: By dividing a communication channel into various smaller
segments of different frequencies.
TDM: By taking groups of bytes from each sender and send or
transmit them over the channel one after another. Each group of
data bytes are tagged at the beginning and end with start and stop
bytes. These by control bytes are then separated at the receiving
end and send to their respective places. This type of multiplexing
occurs so fast that the transmission seems continuous.

Communication devices:
There are several types of communication devices or interface used in data
communication. These interfaces are connection between receiver and sender hardware

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involved in data communication and the communication network. Some of these interface
or communication devices are discussed below:
1. Modems: Modulator and Demodulators are devices which converts digital
signals in to analog for transmission over the analog transmission facilities
such as telephones. At the receiving end, a modem performs the reverse
function and converts analog signals into digital form.
2. Codec performs the opposite function of a modem. A communication port /
adapter is a connector on the computer, which is used as an entry to departure
point for data involved in data communication.
A common type of
communication port is RS-232c. This adapter is used for transfer of data
between the computer and the telephone lines.
3. Line Drivers are simple devices used to transmit digital signals over short
distances. These devices do not modulate or demodulate signals, but use
filters to reduce the high frequency components and the modified signal is
transmitted directly over the media. These devices are used for the distances
up to 1 KM and can achieve data transfer rates of up to 19200 BPS. It is
mainly used for connecting VDU terminals with a computer at a distance of
more than 100 feet or so.

Communication channels:
The most basic hardware required for communication is the media through which
data is transferred. There are several types of media, and the choice of the right
media depends on many factors such as cost of transmission media, efficiency of
data transmission and the transfer rate.
Some of the following transmission Medias is as follows:
1. Two wire open line: This is the simplest of all the transmission media. It
consists of a simple pair of metallic wires made of copper or some times
aluminums of between 0.4 and 1mm diameter, and each wire is insulated from
the other. There are variations to this simplest form with several pairs of wire
enclosed in a single protected cable called a multi core cable or molded in the
form of a flat ribbon.
This type of media is used for communication within a short distance, up to
about 50 M, and can achieve a transfer rate of up to 19200 bits per second.
2. Twisted Pair cable: A twisted pair consists of a pair of insulated conductors
that are twisted together. The advantages of a Twisted Pair cable over the Two
Wire Open Lines are; it provides better immunity from spurious noise signals.
As the Two Wires are closed to each other, both pick equal interferences
caused by extraneous signal sources and this reduces the differential signal
added by the noise.
Twisted Pair cable is used for communication up a distance of 1 KM and can
achieve a transfer rate of up to 1-2 MBPS. But as the speed increased the
maximum transmission distances reduced, and may require repeaters.

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Twisted pair cables are widely used in telephone network and are increasingly
being used for data transmission.
3. Co-axial Cable: A co-axial cable consists of a solid conductor running co-axial
inside a solid or braided our annular conductor. The space between the two
conductors is filled with a dielectric insulating material. Larger the cable
diameter, lower is the transmission loss, and higher transfer speeds can be
achieved. A co-axial cable can be used over a distance of about 1 KM and can
achieve a transfer rate of up to 100 MBPS.

A co-axial cable is of two types- a 75 Ohm cable which is used by the cable TV
operators and 50 Ohm cable which is used in high speed broad band networks
and is low loss cables.
4. Fiber Optic Cables:

A fiber optic cable carries signals in the form of fluctuating light in a glass or
plastic cable. An optical fiber cable consists of a glass or plastic core
surrounded by a cladding of a similar material but with a lower refractive index.
The core transmits the light while the change in refractive index. The core
transmit the light while the change in refractive index between the core and the
cladding causes total internal reflection, thus minimizing the loss of light from
fiber.
As light waves gave a much wider wand width then the electrical then the
electrical signal and are immune from electromagnetic interferences, this leads
to high data transfer rate of about 1000 mega bites per second & can be used
for long & medium distance transmission links.

5. Radio, Microwaves & Satellite Channels

Radio, Microwaves & Satellite Channels use electromagnetic propagation in open
space. The advantage of these channels lie in their capability to cove large
geographical areas & being inexpensive than the wired installation.
The demarcation between radio, Microwave & satellite channels lie in the
frequencies in which they operate. Frequency bellow 1000 MHZ are radio
frequencies & higher the Microwave frequencies.
The radio frequency transmission may be bellowing 30 MHZ above 30 MHZ & thus
the techniques of transmission are different. Owing to the characteristics of the

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ionosphere, frequencies bellow 30MHZ are reflected back towards the surface of
the earth. Above 30Mhz propagation is on line of sight paths. Antennas are placed
in between the line-of- sight paths to increase the distance. Radio frequencies are
prone to attenuation and, thus, they require repeats along the path to enhance the
signal. Radio frequencies can achieve data transfer rate of 100 Kbps to 400 Kbps.
Microwave links use line- of- sight transmission with repeaters placed every 100200 Kms. Microwave links can achieve data transfer rates of about 1000 Mbps.
Satellite links use microwave frequencies is the order of 4-12 GHz with the satellite
as a repeater. They can achieve data transfer rates of about 1000 Mbps.

Network Concept and Classifications:

Communication using computer has brought a revolution in the world of computer
technology, particular in the field of computers. We have always heard of networking or
the term network, a network is a way or means of transmitting or receiving information
one or more sources. As an e.g. car salesman after years in the business, have
developed a network of associates. When the car salesman needs a car to make a sale
the car salesman calls out to his network to retrieve information on the location of the car.
Employment agents also develop a network. Their customers become their network.
Employment agents will frequently keep in touch with their clientele for possible openings
or to locate a candidate for an opening. Without the capability of networking, these two
people would have a difficult time. It is the same in computing. Networks provide the
means for locating transporting information.
In computing networks, the origin of the information request utilized the service of a
network to locate & return the information. This is done with addresses. In the two
previous examples of the car sales man & the employment agent, a telephone number
can be considered the address of their associate or client. Addresses in computer
networking are used in the same manner. These addresses identify the network resource.
There are two popular architectures for networking hierarchical & peer.
Hierarchical addressing is defined in a master slave relationship. In hierarchical network,
the master controls the network & therefore assigns addresses to the network resource.
This architecture has the maniframe as the master & all network resources as slave. The
bases of this is that if the master does not know before hand of a network resource
existence through a pre- defined address then that resource can not participate in the
network.
Peer networking does not need pre- defined networking addressing. Instead, each
resource on the network is seen as a peer. Each network resource is a peer to the other
network resource. When a new network resource joins the network it introduced itself &
notifies its peer to any other network resources that it knows about peer networks are
share network information.
The entire computer network can be classified into two board categories. They are (a)
LAN (Local Area Network) (b) WAN (Wide Area Network)

LAN (Local Area Network)

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As numbers of system grow within an organization, a need is felt for sharing expensive
resource and exchanging data and information between systems. This need of
information exchange and resource and sharing with in a organization has given birth to a
local area network or LAN.
A LAN is a data communication network, which connects many computers or workstation
( Computers Terminals, Printer etc.) and permits exchange of data & information among
themselves, with in a localized area, typically confined to a building, or a cluster of
buildings. The distance between two communications prints connected on the same LAN
channels is usually up to 02 to 05 kms.
LANs are not rigidly defined but tend to share most of all of the following characteristics.
The transmission media is shared by all the connected devices in the network.

Each device is connected in the network can either operate stand alone or in the
network.

Area covered is small.

Data transfer rates are high, usually 1 Mbps- 100 Mbps (Million of bits per
second).

Each device connected in the network can communicate with any other device in
network.

Cost of setting up the network is usually low.

LAN Topology
A network topology refers to the physical lay out of the network in which all the devices
are connected. This includes all the hardware that makes up the network. The points of
the connection to the network by the station are calls Nodes or Link stations. There are
several types of topographical design & strategies are used to implement LAN. The
majority of these are based on three types of topologies.
a) Star

b) Bus

c) Ring

Each topology has its advantages & disadvantages.

Star Topology
Star topology is shown bellow. In this topology. A number of stations are connected
directly to a central station or controller. Communication on the connecting links
between the stations & the central station of the star topology can be bi- directional
and are point to point. A station on this type of network passes an information
frame to the central controller, which then forwards the information to the
destination station. The central controller manage and controls all communication
between stations on the network.
NODE

NODE

NODE
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NODE

NODE

Basics of Networking

Star Network

Failure of a station on a star network is easy to detect and can be remove from the
network. However, failure of the central controller will disable communication
through out the whole network.
Bus Topology
A bus topology is shown bellow all stations are connected to a single
communication line. This single communication line is referred to a bus.
Information frames originating at a station are propagated away from the station in
both directions on the bus. Each station on the bus interrogates the information
frame destination address failed for its on addresses. If the destination failed does
not mach the station address, the station discards the information frame back on to
the bus. If the destination address matches the station addresses, it accepts the
information frame & processes the frame.
An extension to the bus topology is tree topology is in the following figure. Tree
topology extends the branches of the bus topology allowing more stations to
access the bus.

NODE

NODE

NODE

NODE

Bus Topology

On a bus or tree network there is no central point for management & control.
These function ions are distributed to each station on the bus. A brake in the bus
can be difficult to locate but limits the outage to communications between stations
that traverse the broken point.
Ring Topology
A ring topology is shown bellow. Local area network that have each station
attached to an adjacent station using point to point links from a physical ring. Each
station attached and active to the ring regenerate the information frame, then
retransmits the information frame on the ring. The ring itself is logically circle and
the information travels in one direction.
NODE

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NODE

NODE

NODE
Ring Topology

Failure of a station in a ring topology disrupts the ring because the information
frame is not regenerated. Additions or deletions of stations of the ring can be
disruptive, if the changes are not managed properly.

LAN Hardware and Software

As we have seen so far, to realize a LAN process, several functions are to be performed.
These are so specialized in nature the require hardware specially built for such purpose.
Here we will discuss briefly the basic hardware components of LAN, these are:
(A) Transfermission channel
(B) Network Interface Unit (NIU)
(C) Servers
(D) Work Station
(A) Transfermission Channels
Generally following four types of channels are used for data communication in a LAN.
They are:
(i) Twisted Pair Cable
(ii) Coaxial Cable
(iii) Fiber Optic Cable
(iv) Radio waves
(B) Network Interface Units (NIU)
Network interface units connect each device in the LAN network to shared transmission
device. It contains the rules or logic to access the LAN. NIU is also used for to implement
LAN protocols and for device attachments. Its functions depend on the type of topology
used in LAN.
( C) Servers
One of the major benefits of implementation of LAN is sharing expensive resources such
as storage device, printer etc. this is achieved through providing servers on the LAN. It is
a dedicated computer that controls on or more resources. This contains both hardware &
software for LAN. Three major categories of servers used in LANs are
(i)
File Server
(ii)
Printer Server
(iii)
Modem Server

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In a networking file server is used to share storage space for files. Beside providing
storage space for files in a LAN environment, it is used for talking periodical backup, and
also to provide gateway to other servers with in & between LANs.
Similarly printer server is use to handle printing works of all workstations connected in the
network.
In the LAN environment also modem is required to get connected to other network or
simply to use a telephone. A modem server is used to share these expensive resources
by all connected workstation in a networking ring.
LAN Software/ Operating System
As the name suggest LAN operating system is required to operate on the LAN system,
manage the tremendous work load with a number of various types of server attached to it.
It has basically two aspects (i) Server Software (ii) Work station Software. As case of
other multi user operating system, LAN operating system also facilitate the sharing of
expensive resources such as printer, storage space etc. among all LAN users, provides
security of data permits connections to other network.
There are various types of LAN operating systems for example Novel Netware, LAN
server, omni met, PC Net, IBM PC LAN, Etherlik plus etc.

WIDE Area Network

As the name suggest, WAN spread across countries and continents satellites being one
of the transmission media.
A wide area network WAN is a network that links separate geographical location. A WAN
can be a public system such as the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) or one of
the various packet switched services provided by the public telecommunication
authorities. WANs can also use most other types of other types of circuit including satellite
networks, ISDN, Value Added Networks (VANs/VADs).
The network can be a private system made up from the local telephone company or set
up using public systems as virtual private network. A virtual private network is one which
operates in the same way as a private network but which uses public switched services
for the transmission of information.
The main distinguishing feature between a LAN and WAN is that, the LAN is under the
complete control of the owner, whereas the WAN needs the involvement of another
authority like the telephone company. LANs are also able to handle very high data
transfer rates at low cost because of the limited area covered. LANs have a lower error
rate then WANs.
Communication Switching Techniques
In a WAN, two computing devices are not connected directly. A network of switching
nodes provides a transfer path between the two devices. The process of transferring data
blocks from one node to another is called data switching.
There are three switching techniques commonly employed and these are:
1. Circuit Switching

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In circuit switching there is a dedicated communication path between the sending and
receiving devices. The dedicated path is a connected sequence of links switching nodes.
A conventional telephone network, where a dedicated path is set between the called party
for the duration of a telephone call is an example of circuit switching.
Communication viz. circuit switching involves three steps-circuit establishment; data
transfer; and circuit termination. Circuit switching is mainly used for voice telephone
network, but is not that effective for data communication network, as channel capacities
are not fully utilized, as data communication equipments do not generate data
continuously.
2.
Massage Switching
Massage switching is an alternative switching techni8que, where it is not necessary to
establish a dedicated path between the sending and receiving devices. In massage
switching, the sending device appends the destination address to the massage and
passes to the network; the massage is then passed through the network from one node to
another till it reaches the intended destination. Each switching are electronic mails,
computer files, telegrams and transaction queries and responses. A complete exchange
may consist of several messages.
The basic disadvantage of massage switching is the variable delay at intermediate
switching nodes.
3. Packet Switching
Packet switching combines the advantages of message & circuiting switching. Packet
switching is functionally similar to message switching, in which data is transmitted in
blocks, stored by the first switching node it meets in the network and it forwarded to the
next and subsequent downstream nodes until it reaches the destination. The length of
data block is limited in packet switching network. Typical maximum length of packets is
between 128 bytes to 4096 bytes. There are two approaches to packet switching:

Datagram
Virtual circuit

In datagram approach, each packet is treated independently and may follow a different
path through the network. Packets may be reordered, dropped or delivered in wrong
sequence. The communication protocols provide the error recovery sequencing of
packets at the receiving device.
In virtual circuit approach, a fixed logical path through the network from the sender to the
receiver is established before any packets are sent. This path remains unchanged for the
duration of the session. This is quite like circuit switching, but no resources are reserved
along the path. Packets are buffered at intermediate nodes awaiting transmission.
WAN Devices / Hardware
The switching techniques utilized the routine technology of data transfer. Routing is
responsible for searching a path between two computing devices that wish to
communicate and for following the data packets on this path. Devices such as bridges,
router and gateway provide this routing function.
1. Bridges
Bridges are used to connect two LANs that use identical LAN protocols over a wide
area. The bridge acts as an address filter which picks up packets from one LAN that

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are identical for a destination on the another LAN and passes these packets on the
network. Bridges operate at the data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model. As all
devices use the same protocols, the amount of processing required at the bridge is
minimal. If the distance between the two LANs is large, the user would require two
additional bridges at either end of the communication link.
Besides a point-to-point link, the intervening communication facility can be a network
such as a wide area packet switching network in such case the bridges need to add X.
25 link layer header and trailer.
2. Routers
Routers can be used to connect networks that may not be similar. Routers provide
connectivity between two LANs or two WANs over large geographical distance.
Routers operate at the network layer (layer 3) of the OSI model. All routers participate
in routing protocols to access the network topology, and based on this information
routers computes the best route from a sender to the receiver,
For large wide area network spanning thousands of kilometers, the normal practice is
to put network routers at suitable locations to minimize link cost for leased link and
provide adequate reliability from link failures. Networks and other system are then
connected to the nearest router.
3. Gateways
Gateways are used to connect to dissimilar LANs. The term gateway and routers are
used interchangeably, though there is a subtle difference between the two. A router
operates at the network layer (layer 3) of the OSI model, whereas a gateway operates
on the application layer (layer 7) of the OSI model. A gateway is required to convert
data packets from one protocol format to another before forwarding it, as it connects
two dissimilar networks.
While discussing the WAN devices we referred to X.25 and protocols. We will now see
what x.25 is.
What is X.25
Towards the end of the 1960s, the conman telecommunication carriers around the
world recognized the need for data communication service that would be distinct from
voice circuits. The plan was to put together a series of recommendation during the
1970s using ITTCC (International telegraph & telephone consultative committee) as
the total standards body. This ITTCC recommendation series to define the new service
was doubled the X series. During the 1970s sum 60 to 70 recommendations had
involved. The most famous of these is X.25, which define an interface in to a particular
regular data network that of a packet switched network.
ITTCC developed X.25 as the standard interface between the Data Terminal
Equipment (DTE, computer system) and Data Circuit Terminating Equipment (DCETthe network node to which the DTE is connected) the recommendation has been
widely accepted as the industry standard for public packet switched networks.
X.25 is a protocol for interfacing to a Public Packet Switched Network. It is not a
protocol for implementing a network. Two systems that support X.25 cannot necessary

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be connected back to back. They can only be connected through a DCE in a public
packet switched.
Type of WIDE Area Network
The essential purpose of WIDE Area network, regardless of the size or technology
used is to link separate locations in order remove data around. A WAN allows these
locations to access shared computer resources and provides the asocial infrastructure
for developing wide spread distributed computing system.
We will now discuss the different types of WAN which are communally used.
1. Public Networks
Public networks are those networks which are installed and run by the
telecommunication authorities and are made available to any organization or
individual who subscribe. Examples include Public Switched Telephone Networks
(PSTN), Public Switched Data Network (PSDN), Value Added Service (VANs/
VADs) and the Integrated Service Digital Networks (ISDN). We would be
discussing the main features of there services:

Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)

The features of the PSTN are its low speed, the analog nature of transmission,
restricted bandwidth & its wide spread availability. As PSTN is designate for
telephones, modems are required when it is used for data communication.

Public Switched Data Network (PSDN)

The term PSDN covers a number of technologies; all through currently it is limited
to Public Packet Switch Networks available to the public. The main features of all
PSDNs are their high label reliability and the high quality of the connection
provided. The can support both high & low speeds at appropriate costs.

Value Added Services (VANs/ VADs)

In value added services, the provider of such services must process, store and
manipulate the data that is carried on the network, that add value to it. The
technique can be used in specific types of business in which it is advantageous to
be able to share information with other companies in the same line.

Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)

The ISDN is the networking concept providing for the integration of
voice, video and data servicing using data service using digital transmission
combining both circuits and packet switching techniques. The motivating force
behind ISDN is that telephone networks around the world have been making a
transition towards utilizing digital transmission facilities for many years.
2. Private Networks
The basic technique used in all forms of private WAN is to use private (or more
usually leased) circuits to link the locations to be served by the network. Between
these fixed points the owner of the network has complete freedom to use the
circuits in any way they want. They can use the circuit to carry large quantities of
data or for high speed transmission.

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Basics of Networking

Private WIDE area network can be built using what ever standard technology is
available. The way private networks have generally been set up has to specify

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