Chemistry Investigatory Project

CHEMISTRY
PROJECT
STUDY OF ADULTERANTS IN FOOD
STUFF
LIST OF CONTENTS:
Aim
Introduction
Theoretical Background
Common adulterated food items
Experiments 1 & 2
Observations & Results
Adulterants & Diseases
Precautions
Government measures
Conclusion
Bibliography
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to take this
Opportunity to thank my tea
cher
w h o s e u n s t i n t e d support, gui
dance
And encouragement has enabled
me to complete this project. I would
also like to thank our lab
assistant for her
Co-operation.
AIM :
To study some of the common
food adulterants in different food
stuffs.
INTRODUCTION
Adulteration is the act of intentionally deba
sing the quality of food offered for sale either
by mixture or substitution of inferior
substances or by the removal of some
valuable ingredient. In past few decades
adulteration of food has become one of the
most serious problems.
Consumption of adulterated food causes
diseases like cancer, asthma, ulcer, etc.
Majority of adulterants used by the
shopkeepers are cheap substitutes which are
easily available.
In order to prevent adulteration of food
products by dishonest traders,
the government has issued The
Prevention of Food Adulteration Act.
The Bureau of Indian Standards is the agency
in India that provides
the certificate of reliability to food

manufacturers in India.
THEORITICAL
BACKGROUND
We are very fortunate to be born a country
which is blessed with rich soil, diversified climate,
many rivers and the great Himalayas where almost
all varieties of fruits, vegetables and cereals, etc.
can be grown. In ancient times, the land was in
abundance, the supply of food was more than the
demand and people used fresh food materials
in most natural form. The population spurt in our
country has given rise to unemployment
and poverty.
The demand for food has increased & our country

has to import
food grains, oil etc. from other countries. This shor
tage of food and ignorance of consumers is the
main cause for adulteration of foodstuffs by the
unscrupulous traders. It has become so common
that the consumers have to run from pillars to
pillars to get a foodstuff which is not adulterated.
The consumers are not aware of hazards of
adulteration and pay heavily for consuming
adulterated food. If the consumer knows the ways
and means to check the commodities of daily use,
they can save themselves and their families from
this mind-boggling problem.SOME
OF THE
COMMON FOOD ADULTERANTS IN
FOOD ITEMS ARE:
FOOD ITEMS
ADULTERANTS
Desi ghee & Butter
Vanaspati ghee
Vegetable ghee
Paraffin wax
Mustard oil
Argemone oil
Sugar
Chalk powder, washing

powder
Chilli
Red lead, Brick powder
Turmeric powder
Yellow salts of lead, yellow

chalk powder
EXPERIMENT 1 :
AIM:
To test the presence of adulterant in
Fats,
Butter & Oils.
APPARATUS:
Test-tubes, beakers, test-tube stand,
filter paper, dropper etc.
CHEMICALS REQUIRED:
For desi ghee & butter conc. HCl,
sugar, small amounts of vanaspati
ghee or butter.
For vegetable ghee conc. Acetic

anhydride, small amounts of
vegetable ghee.
For oil conc. Nitric acid, small
amounts of edible oil.
PROCEDURE:
In case of ordinary test for fats, butter
& oils, put a small amount of these
separately on a filter paper. Fold it &
press, then unfold it. The presence of
translucent spot indicates the
presence of oil or fat. Hold the filter
paper over flame, the spot grows
larger.
Test for oils:
Take 1 ml of mustard oil in a test tube
& add few drops of conc. HCl solution
to it. Shake the mixture well.
Appearance of red colour in the acid

layer indicates the presence of
argemone oil in mustard oil.
CONCLUSION:
Appearance of certain colours in the
mixture detects the presence of
adulterants.
EXPERIMENT 2:
AIM:
To test the presence of adulterants in
Sugar, Chilli powder, Turmeric powder
& Pepper.
APPARATUS:
Test-tubes, beakers, test-tube stand,
dropper, glass rod etc.
CHEMICALS REQUIRED:
For sugar dil. H2SO4, water, sample
of sugar.
For chilli powder dil. HNO3, KI
solution, sample of chilli powder.
For turmeric powder conc. HCl,

sample of turmeric powder.
For pepper water, sample of
pepper.
PROCEDURE:
1)Tests for Sugar:
(a) Take a small amount of sugar in a
beaker & add some amount of water
to it. Stir the solution with a glass rod.
Pure sugar dissolves in the water
whereas the insoluble particles (chilli
powder, washing powder etc.) floats
on the surface indicates the presence
of adulterants.
(b) Take 1 g of sugar in a test-tube &
add few drops of dil. HCl to it. A brisk
effervescence due to the formation of
CO2 indicates chalk powder or washing

soda in the given sample of sugar.
2) Tests for Chilli powder:

(a) Take a small amount of chilli
powder in a test-tube & add few drops
of dil. HNO3 to the test-tube. Shake
the mixture well & filter the solution.
To the filtrate, add 2-3 drops, of 10%
KI solution. The presence of yellow
coloured precipitate indicates the
presence of lead salts in chilli powder.
(b) Take a small amount of given red
chilli powder in a beaker & add water
to it. The pure chilli powder floats over
the surface of water whereas brick

powder settles at the bottom.
3) Tests for Turmeric powder:
Take a small amount of turmeric
powder in a test-tube & to this add
few drops of conc. HCl. The colour
changes from yellow to violet or
magenta indicates the presence of
lead salts in turmeric powder.
4) Tests for Pepper:
Take a small amount of pepper in a
beaker & add water to it. Stir the
mixture with a glass rod. Dried papaya
seeds float over water & pepper
settles at the bottom.
OBSERVATIONS & RESULTS:
S.No
1.
FOOD PARTICLE
Desi Ghee &

Butter
COMMON
ADULTERAN
T
Vanspati
ghee starch
& Potato
TEST
1. Add a little sugar &

HCl to melt sample
of ghee or butter,
shake it for 5
minutes presence of
pink colour in
aqueous layer
indicate vanaspati
ghee.
2. Add 2 ml of water in
ghee or butter boil,
add few drops of
iodine solution to it ,
appearance of blue
colour indicate the
presence of starch in
the sample.
2.
Mustard oil
Argemone
oil
5ml oil + conc. HNO3

orange/red colour indicate
the presence of argemone
oil.
3.
Sugar
Washing
soda or
Chalk
powder
Sample of sugar add dil.

HCl brisk effervescence
indicates presence of
washing soda or chalks
powder.
4.
Salt
Chalk
powder
Salt + Water = white ppt

indicate adulteration of
chalk powder.
5.
Red chilli
powder
Brick
powder or
dyes
Red chilli powder in a

beaker + distilled powder,
Brick powder settle down
in the bottom, appearance
of red colour indicate the
presence of dyes.
6.
Pepper
Dried
papaya
seeds
Sample + water = dried

papaya, seed floats over
the surface of water, pure
pepper settle down.
7.
Tea
Used tea
leaves or
wooden
chip
coloured
Sample + moist white

clothes rubbed = coloured
indicate used tea leaves
or coloured wooden chips.
8.
Turmeric powder Yellow chalk

powder.
Sample Turmeric powder

+ 2 ml HCl = brisk
effervescences indicate
presence of chalk powder.
9.
Rice
Stone chips
Rice in water, stone chip

sink down in the bottom.
10.
Arhar + Gram
Dal
Khesari dal
Sample + HCl (conc.) on

the presence of heat gives
Pink colour, indicates the
presence of Khesari dal.
S.N
O.
FOOD
PRODUCT
COMMON
DISEASE
ADULTERAN
S
T
CAUSED
1.
Black pepper
Dried papaya seeds
Stomach
irritation, liver
damage,
cancer.
2.
Butter & pure desi

ghee
Starch, Vanaspati
ghee
Food
poisoning.
3.
Chilli powder
Brick powder,
artificial colour
Liver damage,
stomach
irritation.
4.
Sugar
Fine white sand,

chalk powder, rawa
Stomach
disorder.
ADULTERANTS & DISEASES
PRECAUTIONS
By taking a few precautions, we can escape from
consuming adulterated products:
1. Take only packed items of well known
companies.
2. Buy items from reliable retail shops and
recognized outlets.
3. Check the ISI mark or Ag mark.
4. Buy products of only air tight popular brands.
5. Avoid craziness for artificially coloured sweets
and buy only from reputed shops.
6. Do not buy sweets or snacks kept in open.
7. Avoid buying things from street side vendors.
GOVERNMENT
MEASURES
To check the suppliers of food from doing so,
the government has passed astringent act
which is known as preservation of food
Adulteration Act. They have been
implemented with the objective of providing
safety to human beings in the supply of food.
It covers safety from risks involved due to
contamination of poisonous elements.
The specification laid down of various foods
under the provisions of PFA Act covers
minimum basic characteristics of the Products
Below which it is deemed to be
adulterated and also covers the maximum
limit of contaminant not considered being
safe for human beings beyond a certain level.
CONCLUSION
The increasing number of food producers
and the outstanding amounts of imported
food stuffs enables the producers to mislead
and cheat consumers. To differentiate of those
who take advantage of legal rules from the
once who commit food adulteration is very
difficult. The consciousness of consumers has
become very crucial.
However, how can we expect
consequent behavior from them regarding
controversial issues emerging day by day? In
addition, ignorance and unfair market
behaviors is endangering consumer health. So
we need sanctions and judicial penalties with
adequate restraining force to halt this
process.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.Google.com
www.Wikipedia.com

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CHEMISTRY

the certificate of reliability to food

The demand for food has increased & our country

Desi ghee & Butter

Chalk powder, washing

Red lead, Brick powder

Yellow salts of lead, yellow

For vegetable ghee conc. Acetic

Appearance of red colour in the acid

For turmeric powder conc. HCl,

CO2 indicates chalk powder or washing

2) Tests for Chilli powder:

the surface of water whereas brick

Desi Ghee &

1. Add a little sugar &

5ml oil + conc. HNO3

Sample of sugar add dil.

Salt + Water = white ppt

Red chilli powder in a

Sample + water = dried

Sample + moist white

Turmeric powder Yellow chalk

Sample Turmeric powder

Rice in water, stone chip

Sample + HCl (conc.) on

Dried papaya seeds

Butter & pure desi

Fine white sand,

ADULTERANTS & DISEASES

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