Steel Casting

‘Supplement ‘Supplement ‘Supplement ‘Supplement ‘Supplement ‘Supplement ‘Supplement Supplement 8 — High Alloy Data Sheets, Corrosion Series. Supplement 9 High Alloy Data Sheets, Heat Series .. ‘Supplement 10 A Glossary of Foundry Terms .......+s6+e++5 ‘Supplement 11 Hardenability and Heat Treatment STEEL CASTINGS HANDBOOK SUPPLEMENTS 1 Design Rules and Data ......esceseeeee seeseseses $200 2 Summary of Standard Specifications for Steel Castings .. No Charge 3 Tolerances . 5 $200 4 Dratting Practices for Castings . $200 5 General Properties of Steel Castings $200 6 Repair Welding and Fabrication Welding of Carbon and Low Alloy Steel Castings .. + $5.00 7 Welding of High Alloy Castings . ‘3-Ring Binder for Supplements .Steel Castings Handbook Supplement 5 General Properties of Steel Castings Preface Steel castings, whenever possible, are purchased to property requirements rather than to chemical analysis specifica~ tions. Thus, the foundry engineer can select the alloy compositions which best satisfy mechanical property specifications. ‘Most of the national specifications are written in the terms of the alloy type plus tensile properties and in some cases, hardness values, impact values, and hardenability ranges. ‘The property values presented in this supplement are those which may be expected from carbon and low alloy cast steels in general. Mechanical properties have been determined from test specimens prepared in accordance with standard practice. Additional information on carbon and low alloy steels, as well as wear-resistant steels, corrosion-resistant alloys, both high alloy and nickel base, heat-resistant alloys and low temperature and cryogenic steels is fully discussed in the Steel Castings Handbook, Sth Edition, published by the Steel Founders’ Society of America, Contents DEFINITION AND ALLOY CLASSIFICATIONS AMBIENT TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES Property Ranges and Trends Strength-Hardness Strength-Duetlity Strength-Toughness Strength-Fatigue S 9 Constant Amplitude Teats 10 Variable Amplitude Tests " Section Size, Mass Effects .. 6 ‘Alloy and Heat Treatment influence on Section Size Effects. 19 GENERAL ENGINEERING TYPES OF CAST STEEL GRADES .. 22-23 REFERENCES . : 243 1000 BSD g z% _ 300 5 io we G tio a Eco roo 90 00 Ze 4 ge waren auroren mo _-| soo é bare Riad 2+ NORMALIZED 400 3- NORMALIZED AnD ewPeReD 200" east : 4 ANNEALED 8 1 waren quencuco ano so Z TERBERED™ oorF toast 20 2- NORMALIZED) 3-NORMALZED aN TERMED? cO8% coast & ANNEALED YIELD STRENGTH -ksi 8s 3§3 88 YIELD STRENGTH MPa ELONGATION- % REDUCTION OF AREA-%. ‘00010 020 030040 050 060 O70 080 090 10 CARBON~ % Fig. 1 Tensile strength and reduction of area vs. carbon content of east carbon steels (0, DEFINITIONS AND ALLOY CLASSIFICATIONS Carbon steels contain only carbon as the principal alloying element. Other elements are present in small quantities including those added for deoxidation. Sili- con and manganese in cast carbon steels typically range trom 0.25 to about 0.80% Si, and 0.50 to about 1.00% Mn, respectively. Carbon steels are classified by their carbon content into: Low carbon steel 50.20% ‘Medium carbon steel C= 0.20-0.50% High carbon steel C= 050% Low alloy steels contain alloying elements, in addi- tion to carbon, up to a total alloy content of 8%. Cast stee! containing more than the following amounts of a single alloying element is considered low alloy cast steel ‘Manganese 1.00% Silicon eee 0.80 Nickel. cee 0.50 Copper ee +. 0.50 Chromium 0.25 Molybdenum . . 0.10 Vanadium oe 0.05 Tungsten oe 0.05 For deoxidation of carbon and low alloy steels, i.e for control of their oxygen content, the elements alumipum, titanium, and zirconium are used. Of these elements, aluminum is used most frequently, because of its effectiveness and low cost Numerous types of cast low alloy steel grades exist to meet the specific requirements of the end use, such as structural strength and resistance to wear, heat, and corrosion. The designations of the American Iron and Steel Institute, AISI, and the Society of Automo- "Refers to Stel Casting Handbook—Sth edvion ‘00 010 620 030040 080060 070 080080 10 CARBON ~ % Fig.2 Yield strength and elongation vs. carbon content of cast carbon steele (1), tive Engineers, Inc., SAE, have historically been used to identify the various types of steel by their principal alloy content (Appendix A)*. Cast steels, however, do not, follow precisely the composition ranges specified by AISI and SAE designations for wrought steels. In most ‘cases the cast steel grades will contain 0.30 to 0.65% Si, and 0.50 to 1.00% Mn, unless specified differently. The principal low alloy cast steel designations, their AISI and SAE equivalents, and their alloy type are listed below: Nearest Equivalent Cast Steel {AISI and SAE. Designation Designation Alloy Type 1200 1300) Mn 00,8400 000, 8400 Mn-Mo 0R00 80800 MaMo-B 2300 2300 Ni 00 4300 600.4300 Nicr-Mo 9500) 9500 Mn-Ni-CreMo 4100) 4100 Como ‘The AISI no longer uses the 8000, 8400, 2300, and 9500 designations. However, because these alloy types are used extensively as cast steels, their cast steel designation numbers are continued in the stee! casting industry. There are additional alloy types which are infrequently specified as cast steels, namely: 3100 (Ni-CH), 3300 (Ni-Cr), 4000 (Mo), 5100 (Cr), 6100 (Cr-V), 4600 (Ni-Mo), and 9200 (Si AMBIENT TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES Property Ranges and Trends Carbon and low alloy steel castings are produced to a great variety of properties because composition200 260 |- é ss / z Ay 8 nob / veo f a B veoh & 1 wate QueNwED ANo ae TENUPERED” OO (et 2 NormauzeD 3 onwatszeo up vot oe ea 4 AMEALED 109 G10 620 G30 089 050 G60 O70 O80 090 10 CARBON ~ % Hardness vs. carbon content of east carbon steels (1), and heat-treatment can be selected to achieve specific combinations of properties, including hardness, strength, ductility, fatigue, and toughness. While se- lections can be made from a wide range of properties, it is important to recognize the interrelationship of these properties. For example, higher hardness, lower toughness, and lower ductility values are associated ‘with higher strength values. Property trends among carbon steels ae illustrated as function of the carbon content in Figures I through 4. Unless otherwise noted, the properties discussed refer to those obtained from specimens which have been removed from standard ASTM keel blocks, which are made witha 1.25-in, (32-mm) section size. The subject of how these properties are affected by larger section sizes is discussed in this supplement under the heading Section Size, Mass Effects. For low alloy steels, the properties of Ni-CrMo cast 8630 grade in Figure 5 illustrate the range of properties which can be achieved with a single material and the interrelationship of its mechanical properties. ‘These relationships and mechanical property ranges will be further discussed in the following paragraphs for carbon and low alloy cast steels. Strength-Hardness. Depending on alloy choice and heat-treatment, ultimate tensile strength levels from 60 to 250 ksi (414-1724 MPa) can be achieved with cast carbon and low alloy steels. For cast carbon steels Figure 6 illustrates tensile strength and tensile ductility values which can be expected from normalized steels and from quenched of "\ "0 wel ON emma — 400 \ = avercreo a0 | 20 a See = ant oo 8 gor so ‘30 oo = 20 er 10 5 id oo or oz as os os 0 a7 08 CARBON -% Fig. 4 Room tempersture Charpy V-notch values vs. carbon content of cast carbon stee! in the normalized and tempered condition [tempering temperature 1200°F (650°C) (1), TEMPERING TEMPERATURE -°C 100 200 300 400 $00 600 _700 220-9 P 48 06 mi-06 cr-022 Me Fi (se30) 4 tein (25.4 mm SECTION i ‘at OUENEHED 200-500 C ob «00 ; -028-038 & | wetgpen 8 50 me Ni-040-0.60 zz E 0848 388 20% 100} soo¥e 018-059 t 206 50 +200 e 0 : : 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 TEMPERING TEMPERATURE -°F Fig. 5 Mechanical properties of 0.6Ni0.6Cr-0.22Mo cast 8630 eel @) and tempered steels having Brinell hardness values within the range of 120 to 280 BHN. For carbon steel the hardness and strength values are largely determined by the carbon content and the heat treatment as illustrated in Figure 3. The effect,veo OF AREA-% | STRENGTH-KsiTENSLE STRENGTH: Ts BS «0 . Pe c 120 160 16d 180 200 220 B40 B50 280 BRINELL HARDNESS - BHN 6 Tensile properties of cast carbon steels a8 a function of hardness (I), 240 3 200 Fy 1=1030"F (366+) 5 3=1300°F (7oa*e1 100, a a ea ara CARBON=% Fig.7 Hardness vs. carbon content of normalized cast carbon steels tempered at various temperatures for two hours (1) of tempering normalized carbon steel is shown by data in Figure 7. The normally expected Brinell hardness-ultimate tensile strength combinations of cast low alloy steels TENSILE STRENGTH- MPa. 600 9009004001600 oh § 2 = 3 T BRINELL HARDNESS - BHN T 60 60 100 120 140 160 180 200 20 240 TENSILE STRENGTH ksi Fig.8 Hardness vs. tensile strength of low alloy cat steels, regardless of heat trestment (1) & 2 i ; i i i ‘quenched and tempered and in the normalized and tempered conditions (1). are shown in Figure 8. The proportionality of strength to hardness is widely recognized. Strength-Ductility. Ductility depends on theYIELD STRENGTH - MPo 200 300400500 _ 600 YIELD STRENGTH - MPa 400600 800 1000 1200 4op—2y0_ 22 see oo? ul {900 - N 3 zof- A 2 i 00 § z A 2 100} oe ole & & & eoo® y eof b a 4:00 8 a 2 cof ae sof 4 BS 5 30F 4 8 z 3 § er er 4 ny woh 4 Oo 2 aol a 41009 > S| 8 coh foo £ & & Joo z Oe & 2 5 g 40 ? 20k or é > J 3 20 4 ° 49S SC*O YIELD. STRENGTH ~ ksi 10 Room temperature properties of cast carbon steels QT = quenched, tempered at 00°F (650°C), N = normalized. [NT = normalized, empered at 1200°F (650°C). A = annealed @). strength, or hardness, of the cast steel to a very large extent (Figures 6 and 9). Actual ductility requirements vary, of course, with the strength level and the specifi-~ cation to which a steel is ordered (Chapter 27—Specify- ing Steel Castings*). Because yield strength is a primary design criterion for structural applications, the relation- “Refers to Stel Casting Handbook—Sth edition. 2s0f- 1600 | 3 220, $ a Jaco 2 £ 200}- z 5 2 2 reo 4 200 & 2 a, E 5 so b i 4 1000 4 eof 3 & vob 4 s00 # # NY 800 ook 4 600 30! oP SQ ] oF a |. sof iS Joo & cof 408 0% : IE or E 40 Bol oP 2 Be ila ee eee eee e a ELONGATION-% YIELD. STRENGTH ~ ksi 11 Room temperature properties of cast low-ally stets. QT = quenched and tempered, NT = normalized and tempered ©. ships of Figures 1, 2, and 9 are replotted in Figures 10 and II to reveal the major trends forcast carbon and low alloy steels. Quenched and tempered steels exhibit the higher ductility values for a given yield strength level ‘compared to normalized, normalized and tempered, and annealed steels. Strength-Toughnoss. Several test methods exist to evaluate toughness of steel, or the resistance to sudden or brittle fracture. These include the Charpy ‘V-notch impact test, the dropweight test, the dynamic tear test and specialized procedures to determine plane strain fracture toughness. Results of all these tests are in use and will be reviewed here because each of these tests offers specificadvantages that are unique to the test method as discussed in Chapter 4—Fune- tional Considerations in Design.* Charpy V-notch impact energy trends at room tem-‘TEMPERATURE -"C =$0 -40 “20 "20 +10 © 10 20 30 40 50 % to | t= euneven ao TenPeneD So amesceo” ‘ - 2” = 60 wor 3 0 5 2 4 o§ 1, 30 4 a0, 20 4 2 TEMPERATURE - °F 12 Effect of various beat treatments on the Charpy V-notch transition curves of 40.30% carbon steel (1). perature in Figures 10and II reveal the distincteffect of strength and heat treatment on toughness. Higher toughness is obtained when a stec! is quenched and tempered, rather than normalized and tempered. The effect of heat treatment and testing temperature on Charpy V-notch toughness is further illustrated in Fig- tures 12 and 13 for a carbon steel and for a lowalloy cast £8630 steel, Quenching, followed by tempering, produces superior toughness as indicated by the shift of the impact energy transition curve to lower temperatures. The improved toughness of quenched and tempered steels is YIELD STRENGTH ~ MPa 200 400 600, 800 oo co 30 20 sof 10 i ° 1 oof 5 2 ane -60 caraon, ° aoe Not% mex 4-7 tow autor | 99 © 6530, cats L Ra ae a ee a YIELD STRENGTH - ksi Fig. 14 The NDTT and yield strength of normalized and tempered commercial cat steels [1.Sin. (8mm) section] (5). realized in spite ofthe higher strength level as evident for the cast 8630 low alloy steel (Fig. 13). Nil ductility transition temperatures, NDTT, from +100°F (38°C) to as low as ~130°F (90°C) have been recorded in tests om normalized and tempered cast ‘TEMPERATURE ~ 200 100 ° 100 200 4 0 ale aa 7° = HEAT B,Q BT ES aob Fe Fiabe coer a 44 3 2 2 2 2 30 Gaol neat c.oar : & UTS = 1611972 MP) & Le 4 Ls 20 ae vest ona ok ( TRE SaNe 620 wed a —— wear, NO 4° ey 43 URNS Toor wre _ Bay ES SAN ow wr es FeT SST coas wr Bi HS bi : 1 \ “10 -200~—~—~100 ° 05300300 s06 500 TEMPERATURE - °F Fig. 13 Charpy V-notch tet results for various heats of cast 8630 steel inthe quenched and tempered and normalized and tempered condition (4).YIELD STRENGTH ~ MPa wo 500700900 00_—1300 a fn ° Ls? i Seen sen_omen | / TERE | 406080100 84S 16180 FO YIELD STRENGTH-Ksi Fig. 18 The NDTT and yield strength of quenched and tempered commercial cast steels (1.5-in. G8-mm) secon] (8). carbon and low alloy steels in the yield strength range of 30 to 95 ksi (207 to 655 MPa) (Figure 14 ). Comparison of the data in Figure 14 with those of Figure 15 shows the superior toughness values, at equal strength levels, which low alloy steels offer compared to carbon steels. When cast steels are quenched and tempered, the range of strength and of toughness is thus broadened (Figure 15). NDTT values of as high as +50°F (+10°C) to as low as — 160°F (107°C) can be obtained in the yield strength range of 50 to 195 ksi (345 to 1345 MPa) depending on alloy selection (Figure 15). Fig. 17. Scatter bands of TEMPERATURE - °C eee ee 7 wo pool gucweerores oe 8 of ool ge 7 a © > § a ot . yoy dk “a0 "8 400A 80S TEMPERATURE -°F Fig. 16 NDTT values (triangles) andthe seater band of ‘Charpy V-notch energy transition curves of several quenched and tempered C-Mn cast Heels (A216, grade WCC). Nominal ultimate tensile strength = 80 ksi (552 MPa) ()- ‘An approximate relationship exists between the Charpy V-notch impact energy-temperature behavior and the NDTT. The NDTT frequently coincides with the energy transition temperature determined in Charpy V-notch tests. Applicable data for cast C-Mn steels of the A216, WCC type are shown in Figure 16. Dynamic tear impact energy results relate to strength, heat treatment, and alloy content in a manner similar to those of Charpy V-notch impact and drop- TEMPERATURE ~°C Ean al oO NEE co Stites Olsens 20 et a0 60, Charpy V-notch and dyeamic "20 tear energy transition curves from several heats of CMa steel of ASTM A2I6, type WCC. ical ‘Values represent surface and ‘center locations of 3-in, (6mm) plate castings (1). Conversion: 1 feb = 1.356. Gy - ENERGY f1+ 1000 SSS 00 600 400 5/@ in. DYNAMIC TEAR ENERGY - fTEMPERATURE - °C “20 -e 404 \ cece 5/8 in, DYNAMIC TEAR ENERGY 11 1b cy- ENERGY - 1 $200 T8020 806 OS aos TEMPERATURE - °F Fig. 18. Scatter bands of Charpy V-notch and dynamic teat ‘energy transition curves from several heals of Ni-Cr-Mo steel, HY-80 type. Values represet surface and center location of 3a. (76mm) plate castings (1). Coaversion: 1 ft-lb = 1.386 J O.2%YIELD STRENGTH ~ MPo 209 1000 1200 1400_600_1900 = waft? » 0 HM. 1®
Section siz effects on oil quenched and tempered ‘wrought AISI 8650 steel, In sizes over 1 in, 28 mim), the ‘properties reported are those midway between surface and center (Conversion: 1 ksi = 6.8948 MPa, 1 ft Tb = 1.356 }) 28). i Fig.38 Keel block coupon (ASTM A370—Mechanical testing of steel products). me] x soos « Hf (cee ys 3 f eae cm | OesGN FOR ATTACHED CoURON SIDE VIEW KEEL BLOCK COUPONmental reason for this situation. Several specifications provide for the mass effect by permitting the testing of coupons which are larger than the basic keel block in Figure 38, and whose cooling rate is therefore more representative of that experienced by the part being pr duced. Among these specifications are ASTM specifications E208, A356, and A757. Alloy and Heat Treatment Influence on Section Size Effects. The tensile properties of normalized and tempered cast carbon steel with 0.3% C (cast 1030) and Ni-Cr-Mo low alloy steel (cast 8635) in Figures 39a and 39b reveal the largest effect of section size to be on reduction of area. The higher strength of the low alloy steels relatively uniform in the 1.25 and 3-in. (32 and 76 mm) sections. For the 6-in. (152 mm) section a distinet drop in yield and tensile strength is evident. These section size effects on tensile properties are more pro- nounced upon quenching and tempering to higher strength values as evident from data illustrated in Figure 40 for Ni-Cr-Mo low alloy cast 8635 steel. Toughness, because of its sensitivity to the changes in ‘metallurgical structure, i.e. heat treatment, may reveal ‘major effects of section size. Figure 41 shows the differ- ences in Charpy V-notch impact energy due to section size as well as the variation of impact energy with location in a given section. These data shown only minor effects for the normalized and tempered steels. Compar- able and uniform properties are also shown for the 2 ae aT co & Bo [ousnigeew “O Saiien > gator] ee 2 $ wo foun atts” garage] 700 B00 Leno Lng Bibio gob aod oo Eco i : oe peg | 39% : tata Pon ee 4 200 8 2 ‘co E aR oF = pemer B Pn pple ao] # i | x0 5 é & Fig. 398 Distribution of tensile properties of cast 1030 stel. [Normalized from 1600°F (871°C) and tempered at 1200°F (64°C) a9). 19 higher strength, quenched and tempered cast 8630 steel up toa 3-in, (76 mm) section thickness, For the 6-in. (152 mm) thick 8630 steel a significant loss in toughness ‘occurs due to insufficient hardenability ofthe steel, Lack of hardenabilty of this steel prevents the 6-in, (152mm) section from through hardening and forminga sufficient amount of martensite at distances of 1 in, (25 mm) or more below the surface of the 6-in, (152 mm) thick section. Fatigue strength values are affected by the mass effect in a manner similar to tensile strength, When the endu- ance limit is “normalized” for tensile strength by divid- ing the endurance limit by the tensile strength, the result- ing endurance ratio reveals only minor effects of section size as illustrated in Figure 42. Early studies of the section size effect (19, 29, 30) evaluated mechanical properties extensively as a function of location ina given casting to determine the rate of change with distance from the surface to the center of the casting. Figure 43 illustrates one example of these studies and demonstrates the tendency of properties to level off at distances of approximately 1/4 thickness, 1/4 T, from the surface, Newer studies, therefore, tend to be limited to the 1/4 T location, Data of this type in Table 9 illustrate the trends for property changes asa function of section size, These data do not reflect minimum values to be expected for the grades listed. Table 10 shows the compositions of the grades listed in Table 9. ze at RE v0 g Fico bo iasmisennt USnltenn e¢at52nn) | 1000 © a . : 900 B 120 yy foi 200 8 wof 4 00 i i 600 80 800 © z Ob WeL0 STRENTH os z me Be Pena, Ct = | $00 g E oo 00 5 °° ae i Bin tom) 0 8 2 a oe ae ° i iin 2mm) Bintre ma) | in. 152r SecTion SE ig.390 _Disiuton of tensile properties of cst 8635 sea. Normalized from 160°F (871°C) and tempered at 1200°F (649°C) a9)190 3 TraceneaT 008 8S TRSASonT ETN yong BETTE 5g 2 eo foi2saisennd osnitonmsecon o6assonn| 100 2058 Sian Poo PMS Bnoben eee | co “(ine 1 ve | 00 : i eof ofa ap at aco! 10 \ 4 100 f 700 : \ © 3 vo Joz™ revo i 100 € i roms T Hoenn 3 “fre oe 30h og > Bao woh : mot ‘J [Vie 7 a = seat 600 i 2 REDUCTION OF AREA B = Ee vo & : soy ie ay 4 2 5 Bot A . a ta js__ aot é | = 0 + Tosaon w Ba Biwky 2 H 4 5° | i | : Ld 20 2 z alae aot. 2 ot eee cet = Baczem | Bin caom) ae [rem (sae sin ttszeey "1 section SHE Seiwa Fig. 41. Distribution of Charpy V-notch impact properties a Fig. 40 Distribution of tense properis of cas 8635 see. Sie 23°) fer vans section ss of east els 9) ‘Water quenched from 1500°F (616%C) and tempered at 1100°F 62°09. Elz 2% Fo asm cemmlsconon To se sree SIE oss[-a Sa tremmisecrion™ Nomis 2/2 Gin (ISZmm) | aeeaee 5]6 oso wl oa 3 3/4 10 B12 ow GIF cao $ os = 070 e635 STEEL ; wos! lovencyea 0 TONPERED _ jor | Bowl i ee gos =P & 030 Winczam in (Teme in. Sd. Section Se Fig. 42 Distribution of endurance ratio for various section sizes of cast steals (19. 20 7 J] 200 sof 9 pees sone 3 + 2000 1» ‘ § i 3 B 260 vw00 v700 ° # 20 5 Bob oo Kecowcaion ost sae) este 39) DISTANCE FROM COUPON SURFACE-in(mm) a ise APPROXIMATE. SOLIDIFICATION TIME -MINUTES Fig. 43 Effect of mss on tensile properes in $n. 203-mm) ‘coupon of cast Ni-Cr-Mo, 4330 steel in the quenched and tempered condition 29).TABLE rite Hardenable Cast Steole® sree onde met’ am) ts) ts) a MWA eT 1 ah am a “a ah ys 36) 8 BD Be wm Se 3) ee fae ele sein) wa oor ia oe B 8 oo 2B x Sm 2 om oy ‘mS wee ra Bm ol t09t 2 eettom| 36) om nee ele 7 so MBM ee ee ee) Bae a) ey 3 ee ee 363 5 amy 3 Gy) Se 500 6 ay & % to on Lo ec fore ites ex co oe io} mo 36) Fos ey tart wa ete © 36n & 6e) nto 3 S03 ow oS de s tat tah a Be sh sa C8) 360} om 16 Cu ait Co, 500k am, Sle Oe «Cm wn tar gram oh 8 we CH ewe 36) tw pan, & os Ce “to 50) S00 wm om Sos Ce “eB to tt a Son Ce a9 Ca) Jon he “i iy Tins (cits aa GQ ay ies) o aes 3 6p 65 es >t oe 508 e9 BLS ca co aera es) eet cn os rr} om SG, (So mo Nort a fo e ne 508 eS co nq aNat3 oh Sie Go Ges 30, “en B 8 fe Gn ce exe gta) 0, Cie nase Chay a eB 36) in aie Tis its) he Cin Shae Ct, $e) pm woe Cy Chee Sto Soto, TS Rains are of Pes ewig cen fe SS Memain 92 Gee ATs Temp TABLE 10 Composition of Selected Ferrite Hardenable Cast Steele” asin not Composition —& Specificaion Grade _—‘Treaiment" == MaS}_ PS COWNT Mo 216 Wea NT 24 LSS = wes NT 2M 012 03ST wee NT 2 ute os 10g 3 Lc worse 7538S ice wot oe oe rer Nor. ee ae cl ome ee rea Nar. ta ae le ise | ose aie) on | aie to NQTA yo et re wor i ee) cig NOTA’ «9 0106S cig ANQT a a EIQ Nat eh ee EIQ ANOT 175) MOORS 290 a2 se ESN Nr os sts one.) 7 See Table 9 for tensile and low temperature toughness propertin, NT = Normalized and Tempered. WOT = Water Quenched and Tempered WOTSR = Water Quenched and Tempered and Stress Relieved NQTA = Normalized, Quenched, Tempered and Aged, aGENERAL ENGINEERING TYPES CLASSIFIED ACCORDIN. STRUCTURAL GRADES—CARBON STEELS Tene Srorath pa oo 70000 ‘0,000 25000 100,000 Spree, : ndeated ict most "| Euan wea, medio strength | High srengh carbon sol th goad - operon coors. Wor rete, Son ropes cours, | goad machinaiy ond hgh frecinaly, Toogmay ond enon’ | Yun | rode nciea | Sy ‘gv rns rosty wean va | waaay All values listed below are specication minimum values and opply only te the typical specification etd iene St em | sm 702 a Taide po cot 25000 300 12000 13000 Egon rr 2 2 a i ease hea 3% 3 25 = wo a = 6 ae a Velues tated drwy below ore the Tense srengh valves ‘general information sormaly espace in he pedeion of et ong fe the “hen The valoce oe en for ‘tan or pectessen inh vn Tok See om 7a a ame ‘elton asa00 25000 ‘aso | aro | ss 730 Bonet na ~ 7 ee | Reduction of Area. % & “a 45 40 o : 4 Biel ernes a iat “re v7 m Charpy oF a : 30 % «a Ieper Ftbe 0° 3 cy Te 2 Tedvene Uebel | 300 ae 00 aa0o—} in “Nae 19.000 mom | a a | ‘edn Bony a a ma = a | Mockinabitty Speed 55 | 160) 138 rasa Index" Corbide 400 230 400 Tip ote Tamed — ae * Summary of Stel Castings Specitesions avaiable om Sea Fount’ Society of Americ. 2 Thre eve commer cat els evallable ot tre srengh les grote thon 200.000 px, Properties mut be checked wth the produce. 3 SAE Mordor requiement. (Minin) 2OF CAST STEEL GRADES > TENSILE STRENGTHS ENGINEERING GRADES—LOW ALLOY STEELS’ 00 70000 ‘9000 90000 0se00 120000 | 150000 | 75000 | 200000" “Cvtin seh of hve coun hove exe high Dewy hardening xa waldo ‘emperors proper: and SeopRarerng prom | DOP Rioh vvenath | High srengh, wea sito, ‘engi wit high ougioen and | wri Nghreunce to fap excl ow ; igh ana wen sesionen, Tmochnabiny, hgh eo- | emperors reper fr arin er "doeg | Tost retione | Nh Sordnem, end gh fei aot ee SEESie" pone enc etnsen ot | Sl ‘Gow tet ame cease into cchatosas | cioutmes ion es I All values lated below ore specication minimum values end epply only te the typical specication led e000 70000 won Ex) 70506 | 120000 0000 75000 | = 35000 0000 000 2000 35000 3.0 | 125000 [148.000 = ae 20 2 20 7, “ 3 ‘ = 3 3% ~o |» ~ _2 2 = — toe ca Ea at Eg 7 = Velueelised ivety below ore thove normaly expaced inthe production f sel eating forthe “emit srengih valve giv ia the vpper portion f the chrt* The valve are only for ‘zenrel iternton end ee vette be weed te dein ev sprlteton ht valve 000 | 74000 86,000 95,000 10,000, 128,000 sec00 | 179,000 105,000, 380% —| eon — [san [aa waa | ven | — wom | 2 Fa ™ os ve rn fi 55 o “6 “ a Ey 25 a i [a ve ve 1a a a a “ “ Cs — 14 20 2 o a 2 s mom | smn ‘om | anon | yam [tan | en mo | mam 24m | aa0n | aso | sanon | son 0 20 ” 75 | a a. 1" = | == == z == ‘olan cbse in eccordorce wih ASTM tang procedorn (Relate large costings show lower dy vans) Machnbity peed iden fore standard 1841 highspeed sel fel bated an sig sped which ger enw hav tol Wie, For cavide (788) eoing ‘feed far ote our fal He boned QO Ssnch ectand {5 Goerch ond Yonper het reste may ao be employed fr ths cs 23REFERENCES 16. . Gall, E., Wieser, P. F., |. SFSA Research Results Nickel Alloy Steel Data Book, Section 3, Bulletin D, INCO, 1966, Based upon American Brake Shoe Company unpublished data Wieser, P. F., “Carbon and Low Alloy Steels,” Machine Design, February 14, 1974, p. 8. Breznyak, B.S., and Wallace, J. F., "Impact Properties ‘of Cast Steel Sections with Surface Discontinuities,” Steel Foundry Research Foundation, September, 1967, trength-Toughness Relation- ships for Cast Steels,” Journal of Steel Castings Re- search, No. 64, September, 1963, p. 3 Wessel, E. T., and Clark, W. T., Ir, “Fracture Preven- tion Procedure for Heavy Section Components,"" West- inghouse scientific paper 70-IE7-FMPWR-P2, January 14, 1970, Stephens, R. I. etal, “Fatigue and Fracture Toughness ‘of SAE 0030 Cast Steel in Comparison with SAE 1020 ‘Wrought Steel," Journal of Steel Castings Research, No, 83, July, 1978, p. Jackson, W. J., “Fracture Toughness in Relation to ‘Steel Casting Design and Application,” Steel Founders? Society of America, August, 1978. Groves, M. T., and Wallace, J. F., “Plane Strain Fracture Toughness of Cast and Wrought Stecis, Journal of Stee! Castings Research, No. 80, September, 1977, p. 1. Venne, L. J., “The Application of Fracture Toughness Criteria to Steel Castings," Stee! Foundry Facts, No. 313, March, 1975, p. 3. Floreen, S., “The Fracture Toughness of Cast High ‘Strength Steels," Journal of Engineering, MAT, 1976. Barby, J. T., AkDaimalani, I. S., “Assessment of the Fracture Toughness of Cast Steels.” Part I—Low Alloy Steels, Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 11, 1976, p. 1979, Barnby, J. T., ALDaimalani, I. S., “Assessment of the Fracture Toughness of Cast Steels," Part II—Carbon land Carbon Manganese Steels, Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 11, 1976, p. 1989. |. Steigerwald, E. A., “Plane Strain Fracture Toughness for Handbook Presentation, 1967, Barsom, J. M., and Rolfe, S. T., “Correlation between Charpy V-notch Test Results in the Transition Tempera- ture Range,” Impact Testing of Metals, ASTM, STP-466, Philadelphia, 1970, p. 281, Begley, J. A., and Logsdon, W. A., “Correlation of Fracture Toughness and Charpy Properties for Rotor Steels,” Westinghouse Research Laboratories, Scientif- ie Paper 71-IET-MSRLF-PI, May, 1971 AFML TR-67-187, July, ey 7. 18. 20. 24 2 24 2s, 26, n 28 2. 31 2 33. “Materials Selector,” Metal Engineering, tember, 1972, p. 34 Ebert, L. J., “A Critical Review of Recent Literature on the Fatigue Properties of Cast Steel.” MPC—2, ASME, 1976, p. 135 Evans, E, B., Ebert, L. J., and Briggs, C. W., Proc., ‘American Society for Testing and Materials, Vol. 56, 1956, p. 1 Wallace, J. F., Vishnevsky, C., and Briggs, C. W., Journal of Basic Engineering, ASME, March, 1968, p. 31 Vishnevsky, C., Bertolino, M. F., and Wallace, J. F., “The Evaluation of Discontinuities in Commercial Steel Castings by Dynamic Loading to Failure in Fatigue,” Steel Foundry Research Foundation, February, 1967, Breznyak, E. S., Vishnevsky, C., and Wallace, J. F., “The Effect of Internal Shrinkage Discontinuities on the Fatigue and Impact Properties of Cast Steel See- tions,” Steel Foundry Research Foundation, May, 1969. Vishnevsky, C., Wallace, J. F., and Mang, J. S.. “Fatigue of Cast Steels, Part I-A Study of the Notch Effect and of the Specimen Design and Loading on the Fatigue Properties of Cast Steel," and “Part II— Spectrographic Studies of Fatigue in Cast Steel,” Steel Foundry Research Foundation, April, 1967 Vishnevsky, C., Bertolino, M. F., and Wallace, J. F., “The Effects of Surface Discontinuities on the Fatigue Properties of Cast Steel Sections," Steel Foundry Re- search Foundation, August, 1966, “Properties and Selection of Metals book, Vol. 1, ASM, 1961, p. 128. ‘Technical Report on Fatigue Properties, SAE 11099, February, 1975, Kapadia, B, M., Imhof, E. J., Jr, “Fatigue Crack Growth in Cast Irons and Cast Steels,”” ASME publica- tion Cast Metals for Structural and Pressure Contain- ‘ment Applications, MPC-11, 1979. Nickel Alloy Steel Data Book, Section 2, Bulletin A. ‘Ahearn, P. J., Form, W. G., and Wallace, J. F., "Mass Effect on Tensile Properties of High Strength Cast Steel Castings, Modern Castings, February, 1959, p. 45. Briggs, C. W., and Gezelius, R. A., “The Effect of Mass upon the Mechanical Properties of Cast Steel, Trans., ASM, 1938, Vol. 26, p. 367 MPC research to be published. Private communications, V. Behal, Dominion Foundries & Steel, Ltd., 1979 SFSA research, mid-Sep- * Metals Hand-

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