poblens 19 Problems Section 1.2 19 A current of 1600 A exists in a rectangular (0.4-by- Pintedby Kenneth Leong eaneth Jeong 11 Some species of hamboo can grow 250 mm/day ‘Assume individual cells in the plant are 10 um long. '4) How long, on average, does it take a bamboo Stalk to grow I cell length? by How many cell lengths are added in one week, on average? 1.2 One liter (L) of paiot Govers approximately 10m? of wall. How thick isthe layer before it dries? (Hint 1L=1% 10° mm’) 1.3 There are approximately 260° milliof? passenger vehicles registered in the United States. Assume that the battery in the average vehicle-stores 540 watthours (Wh) of energy. Estimate Gin sigawatt-hours) the total energy stored in US.pas- senger vehicles. 1.4 The 16 giga-byte (GB = 2" bytes) flash memory chip for an MP3 player is L1 mm by 15 mm by I mm, ‘This memory chip holds 20,000 photos. a) How many photos fit into a cube whose sides are 1 mm? b) How many bytes of memory are stored in a cube whose sides are 200 pm? LS A hand-held video player displays 480 x 320 picture elements (pixels) in each frame of the video. Each pixel requires 2 bytes of memory. Videos are dis played at a rate of 30 frames per second, How many hours of video will fit in a 32 gigabyte memory? 1.6 The line described in Assessment Problem 1.7 is 845 mi in length. The line contains four conductors, each weighing 2526 Ib per 1000 ft, How many kilo- grams of conductor are in the line? Section 1.4 1.7 How much energy is imparted to an electron as it flows through a 6 V battery from the positive to the negative terminal? Express your answer in attojoules, 18 In electronic circuits it is not unusual to encounter currents in the microampere range. Assume a 35 wA current, due to the flow of electrons. What is the average number of electrons per second that flow past a fixed reference cross section that is per- pendicular to the direction of flow? om 197 210.5611 authorized te use unl 6/1/2016, Use beyond valid subserpen ste ropresets 2 e9pright loon 16 cm) bus bar. The current is due to free electrons, ‘moving through the wire at an average velocity of ‘meters/second, If the concentration of free elec- trons is 10° electrons per cubie meter and if they are uniformly dispersed throughout the wire, then what is the average velocity of an electron? 1.10 The current entering the upper terminal of Fig. 1.5is, 7 = 20.cos 50001 A. ‘Assume the charge at the upper terminal is zero at the instant the current is passing through its maxi= ‘mum value, Find the expression for q(°). Sections 15-16 ALL When a car has a dead battery, it can often be started, by connecting the battery from another car across its terminals The positive terminals are connected Aogethehvas are the negative terminals The connec- tion ig lustrated in Fig, P1.11. Assume the current / in Fig PLA1 js measured and found to be 30 A. a) Which car has the dead battery?” b) If this connection ig maintained for I min, how much energy is transferted to the dead battery? Figure Pitt 1.12 One 12 V battery supplies 100 mA to a boom box, How much energy does the battery supply in 4 h? 1.13 ‘The manufacturer of a 1.5 VD flashlight battery says that the battery will deliver 9 mA for 40 con- tinuous hours, During that time the voltage will drop from 1.5 V to 1.0 Y, Assume the drop in volt- age is linear with time, How much energy does the battery deliver in this 40 h interval? 1.14 Two clectric cireuits, represented by boxes A and B, are connected as shown in Fig. PI.14. The reference direction for the current fin the interconnection and the reference polarity for the voltage across the interconnection are as shown in the figure. For each20 Girt Variables, of the following sets of numerical values, calculate the power in the interconnection and state whether the power is flowing from A to B or vice versa, a) i=10A, b) F=5A, €) i=-12A, WER 25, Figure Pra LAS The references for the voltage-afd éurrent at the terminal of a circuit clement ae as shown in Fig. 1.6(d).The numerical values for » and i3re 40V and —108. a) Caleulate the power at the terminals and state whether the power is being absorbed or deliv- ered by the element in the box. b) Given that the current is due to electron flow, state whether the electrons are entering or leay- ing terminal 2, ©) Do the electrons gain or lose energy as they pass through the element in the box? 1.16 417 Repeat Problem 1.15 with a voltage of —60 V. ‘The voltage and current at the terminals of the cir- ccuit element in Fig. LS are zero for ¢ < 0. Fort = 0 they are v= 15 ~ 75 vy, i= 50e "mA. 4) Find the maximum value of the power delivered to the circuit, b) Find the total energy delivered to the element. 1.18 The voltage and current at the terminals of the cir- ‘cuit element in Fig. LS are zero for ¢ < 0. Fort = 0 they are v= S061 — sev, = 5e14 — 56-49" mA, a) Find the power at ¢ = 625 ys. b) How much energy is delivered to the circuit el ment between 0 and 625 ps! ©) Find the total energy delivered to the element. 119 ‘The voltage and current at the terminals of the ‘cuit clement in Fig. 1.$ are shown in Fig, P1.19. a) Sketch the power versus 1 plot for 0 = 1 = 10s ') Calculate the energy delivered to the circuit ele- Printed BRU ody Oy ADELA. cu. edu.) on 8 Figure P1.19 H(A) 20) Oras TS 9 101) (a) uy) s op ti viii P23 45678 9 01) wy 1.20 ‘TheWohtageand current at the terminals of the cir- cuit element in Fig, LS are zero for ¢ <0. Fort = 0 they are = 400e%3in_200¢ V, Se sin BOF A. a) Find the power absorbed ‘by he element at 1 = 10 ms. ») Find the total energy absorbed by the element. ‘The voltage and current at the terminals of the cir cuit element in Fig. 15 are zero for f < 0. Fort = 0 they are » = (16,0001 + 20)e™ V, 1 = (1281 + 0.16)" A. a) At what instant of time is maximum power delivered to the element? ») Find the maximum power in watts, ©) Find the total energy delivered to the element in milljoules. 1.22 The voltage and current at the terminals of the cir- fice cuit element in Fig. LS are zero for ¢ <0. For ¢ = 0 xm they are (10,0007 + sje" V, = 0; (401 + 0.05)e™" A, 1 =O, 4) Find the time (in milliseconds) when the power delivered to the circuit element is maximum. 7.21056 18 athoizedto use unl 6N82016.Use beyondthesuhoizd User oval subeenplion cts presents eopyightvilaon1.23 124 125 Piintedby Kenneth Leeng Kennet Jeong.) on 9712019 fon ») Find the maximum value of p in milliwatts, ©) Find the total energy delivered to the circuit ele- ‘ment in milljoules. ‘The voltage and current at the terminals of the ele- ment in Fig LS are 50 cos 800nt Vi p, sin 800z0 A. 2) Find, the maximum value of the power being deliyéred to the element. b) Find, the saximum value of the power being extracted from the element. ind the averagé¥alue_of p in the interval 0=1=25 ms. ° 4) Find the average vale 6f ip the interval 0S 1 = 15625 ms, “The voltage and current atthe termifall of ai-quto- mobile battery during a charge eyele are:stiown in Fig. P24. a) Calculate the total charge transferred to the battery. b) Calculate the total energy transferred to the battery Figure P1.24 vw) o 4 8 2 6 20 riks) o 4 8 12 16 20 riks) ‘The voltage and current at the terminals of the circuit clement in Fig. LS are zero for ¢ < Qands > 408. In the interval between 0 and 40 s the expressions are v= el 0025) V, 0< 6 < 405; G=4-02A, 0<1< 40s, Problens 21 a) At what instant of time is the power being deliv- ‘ered to the circuit element maximum? 'b) What is the power at the time found in part (a)? ©) At what instant of time is the power being extracted from the circuit element maximum? 4d) What is the power at the time found in part (c)? €) Calculate the net energy delivered to the circuit at 0, 10,20, 30 and 40.5 126 The mime values for he corrents nd voltages in the circuit in Fig, P1.26 are given in Table P1.26. Find ie total power developed in ihe ea fue 26 > im Ak wae r1.26 Biemont Volpe WEYS Comet dy 7 130 os 5 10 “a Q 20 was ‘ 00 =20 ' 20 12 127 The oumericlvlus ofthe voltages and eurents in the interconnection seen in Fig. P1.27 are given in Table P1.27. Does the interconnection satisfy the power check? Figure P1.27 fa} 7210.56.18 authorized to use unl 6/18/2016, Use beyondhe euthoizad User orvali subsenpion cate presents copyright vilaon22 Greut Variables, ‘TABLE P1.27 Element Voltage (V), Current mA) a 990 -25 v 600 0 © 300 oo a 105 525 e 120 30 f 163 m5 g 585 225 b 585 25 1.28 Assume you are an engineer in chaste-of a project and one of your subordinate engineers reports that the interconnection in Fig, P1.28 does not pass the power check. The data for the interconnection are given in Table P1.28. a) Is the subordinate correct? Explain your answer, b) If the subordinate is correct, can you find the error in the data? Figure P1.28 b © 4 ithe fe fd tf oe ln) TABLE P1.28 Element Voltage (V) Current (A) a 46.16 60 b 1416 4n e =320 64 a 20 128. e 336 1.68 t 650 04 e 256 128 b 04 o4 Piintedby Kenneth Leeng Kennet Jeong.) on 9712019 fon 1.29 a) The circuit shown in Fig. P1.29 identifies volt- age polarities and current directions to be used. in calculating power for cach component. Using only the voltage polarities and current directions, predict which components supply power and which components absorb power, using the passive sign convention, 'b) The numerical values of the currents and volt: ages for each element are given in Table P1.29. How much total power is absorbed and how ‘much is delivered in this circuit? ©) Based on the computations in part (b), identity the components that supply power and those that absorb power. Why are these answers dif ferent from the ones in part (a)? Figure 7.29 a 6 + af Abe ital idle idle} : h % ym TABLE P29 ‘oY Element Voliage(¥) Gurren (A) . 5 2 » 1 3 e 7 ~ a -9 1 e 20 s t 2 2 ‘ = 2 h 2 3 1.30 One method of checking calculations involving, interconnected circuit elements is to sce that the total power delivered equals the total power absorbed (conservation-of-energy principle). With this thought in mind, check the interconnection in Fig. P1.30 and state whether it satisfies this power check. The current and voltage values for each ele: ‘ment are given in Table P130, 7210.56.18 authorized to use unl 6/18/2016, Use beyondhe euthoizad User orvali subsenpion cate presents copyright vilaonProtlens 23 Figure P1.30 1.31 Show that the power balances for the circuit shown ; hs in Fig, 1.7, using the voltage and current values, b rt given in Table 1.4, with the value of the current for = component d changed to ~1 A a i 1.32 Suppose there is no power lost in the wires used to nla Ey Ly distribute power in typical home. ps x | ‘ ) Create a new model for the power distribution ef ale Jer 7 circuit by modifying the circuit shown in Fig I. + t Use the same names, voltage polarities, and eur- A rent directions for the components that remain nee i in this modified model +a - + 'b) The following voltages and currents are caleu- lated for the components: TABLE P1.30 TY) 108 Element ‘Voltage (¥) Current (mA) 10a a 16 wo ioe 6 26 0 Z aor a m= -2UOV = -7A i: as on If the power in this modified model balances, ‘what is the value of the current in component g? e 1s 30 ‘ -18 0 8 -36 -30 h 32 = i -24 30 Piintedby Kenneth Leeng Kennet Jeong. sau) on 712049 fomn 197.219.5618 authorized to use unl 6/1/2016, Use beyondhe euthoizad User orvali subsenpion cate presents copyright vilaon