SAINT LOUIS UNVERSITY

SCHOOL OF NURSING

ASSIGNMENT
PHIL. HIST.
1. IDENTIFY DIFFERENT ADMINISTRATION OF THE DIFFERENT PRESIDENTS
WHICH DECLARED MARTIAL LAW COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE DIFF.
SITUATION BROUGHT ABOUT BY MARTIAL LAW.
Hostilities that began the Philippine Revolution of 1896 started on the evening of 29 August
1896, when hundreds of rebels attacked the Civil Guard garrison in Pasig, just as hundreds of
other rebels personally led by Andrs Bonifacio were massing in San Juan del Monte, which
they attacked hours later on the 30th. Bonifacio planned to capture the San Juan del Monte
powder magazine along with a water station supplying Manila.
Emilio Aguinaldo
After the outbreak of SpanishAmerican War, Emilio Aguinaldo, who succeeded Bonifacio as
the paramount leader of the revolution, returned to the Philippines from his exile in Hong

Kong on 19 May 1898, with 13 of his staff. He was encouraged to return by the Americans, who
saw in him as an opportunity in their war against Spain. After five days, on May 23, Aguinaldo
issued a proclamation in which he assumed command of all Philippine military forces and
established a dictatorial government with himself as dictator.
On 12 June, at Aguinaldo's ancestral home in Cavite, Philippine independence was proclaimed
and The Act of Declaration of Philippine Independence was read. The act had been prepared
and written in Spanish by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, who also read its proclamation. On 18
June, Aguinaldo issued a decree formally establishing his dictatorial government. On 23 June
another decree signed by Aguinaldo was issued, replacing the Dictatorial Government with a
Revolutionary Government, with himself as President.
Jos Laurel
President Jos P. Laurel of the wartime Second Philippine Republic (puppet-government under
Japan) placed the Philippines under martial law in 1944 through Proclamation No. 29, dated
September 21. Martial law came into effect on September 22, 1944.Proclamation No. 30 was
issued the next day, declaring the existence of a state of war between the Philippines and the
US and Great Britain. This took effect on September 23, 1944.
Ferdinand Marcos
In a privilege speech before Senate, Benigno Aquino, Jr. warned the public of the possible
establishment of a garrison state by President Ferdinand Marcos. President Marcos imposed
martial law on the nation from 1972 to 1981 to suppress increasing civil strife and the threat of
a communist takeover following a series of bombings in Manila.
On 21 August 1971, while the opposition (Liberal Party) was having their miting de
avance in Plaza Miranda, two fragmentation grenades exploded. It took 9 lives and left more

than 100 people seriously wounded. Some Liberal Party candidates were seriously injured
including Jovito Salonga, who nearly died and was visually impaired. Suspicion of responsibility
for the blast initially fell upon Marcos, whom the Liberals blamed for the bombing; however, in
later years, prominent personalities associated with the event have laid the blame on
the Communist Party of the Philippines under Jos Mara Sison. In his autobiography, Salonga
states his belief that Sison and the CPP were responsible
A month of terrorist bombing of public facilities in Manila and Quezon City culminated on 22
September with a staged assassination attempt on Defense Secretary Juan Ponce Enrile.
Claiming chaos and lawlessness was near, Marcos declared martial law, thereby suspending
the 1935 Constitution, dissolving Congress, and assuming absolute power. Six hours after the
Enrile assassination attempt, Marcos responded with the imposition of martial law. Proclamation
1081 which imposed martial law was dated 21 September 1972, but it was actually signed on
17 September.

Using the rising wave of lawlessness and the threat of a Communist insurgency as justification,
Marcos declared martial law on September 21, 1972 by virtue of Proclamation No. 1081. Martial
Law remained in force until 1981, when Marcos was re-elected, in the midst of accusations of
electoral fraud. Marcos, ruling by decree, curtailed press freedom and other civil liberties; closed
down Congress and media establishments; and ordered the arrest of opposition leaders and
militant activists, including his staunchest critics Senator Benigno Aquino, Jr. and Senator Jose
Diokno. Initially, the declaration of martial law was well received, given the social turmoil the
Philippines was experiencing. Crime rates plunged dramatically after a curfew was
implemented. Political opponents were given the opportunity to go into exile. But, as martial law
dragged on for the next nine years, excesses by the military emerged.

Constitutionally barred from seeking another term beyond 1973 and, with his political enemies in
jail, Marcos reconvened the Constitutional Convention and maneuvered its proceedings to
adopt a parliamentary form of government, paving the way for him to stay in power beyond
1973.
2. COMPARE THE GOVERNANCE OF CORAZON AQUINO AND BENIGNO AQUINO
III ,GLORIA MACAPAGAL ARROYO AND IDENTIFY THE POLICIES THAT THEY ARE
SIMILAR AND POLICIES THAT THEY ARE NOT SIMILAR.
A.) Corazon Aquino became the president of the country because the people believed she
was the positive change they needed especially since her husband, Ninoy, who was
supposed to be the change for the country, passed away in a gunshot. During her
administration, Cory was plagued by coup detats by various groups that foreign
investors started to pull their investments from the country. Thats why a lot of her efforts
were pointed towards disaster management from the various groups and sometimes, her
motherly methods such as giving cake worked. She was also linked to controversies
such as massacring farmers in Mendiola and holding the land she inherited rather than
having it distributed. Despite these problems,The economy still had a positive growth
during her term with an average of 3.8% by the end of it. Cory, although wasnt the best
qualified president, still did a pretty good job. Compared to Marcos or Ramos though, it
still fell short of what truly makes a spectacular leader which is why shes rated as
average.
POLICY
Natural disasters and calamities
During her last two years in office, President Aquino's administration faced series of natural
disasters and calamities. Among these were the 1990 Luzon earthquake, which left around

1,600 people dead and the 1991 volcanic eruption of what was then thought to be a
dormant Mount Pinatubo, which was the second largest terrestrial eruption of the 20th century,
killing around 300 people and causing widespread long-term devastation of agricultural lands
in Central Luzon. The worst loss of life occurred when Tropical Storm Thelma (also known as
Typhoon Uring) caused massive flooding in Ormoc City in November 1991, leaving around
6,000 dead in what was considered to be the deadliest typhoon in Philippine history. It was also
during Aquino's term that theMV Doa Paz sank, which is the World's worst peace-time
maritime disaster of the 20th century. The disaster occurred in December 1987 which killed
more than 1,700 people.
During Aquino's presidency, electric blackouts became common in Manila. The capital
experienced blackouts lasting 712 hours, bringing numerous businesses to a halt. By the
departure of Aquino in June 1992, businesses in Manila and nearby provinces have lost nearly
$800 million since March 1992.
B.) Benigno Aquino III has been marked by a hardy dedication to bringing about shared
progress by doing things the right way. Aquinos determination to lead the government and the
nation towards the straight path has been the catalyst for unprecedented economic growth,
which has trickled down to the margins of society through improved government services,
reforms in the education system, and conditional cash transfers for the poor; an inspired
campaign for good governance and justice as evidenced by the prosecution of corrupt and
abusive government officials; and the empowerment of every citizen so that they may
participate in building a nation of hope and opportunity.
POLICY
No wang-wang policy

During the inaugural address, Aquino created the no wang-wang policy, strengthening the
implementation of Presidential Decree No. 96. The term wang-wang is a street lingo for blaring
sirens. Presidential Decree No. 96 was issued on January 13, 1973 by
former President Ferdinand Marcos, regulating the use of sirens, bells, whistles, horns and
other similar devices only to motor vehicles designated for the use of the President,Vice
President, Senate President, House Speaker, Chief Justice, Philippine National Police, Armed
Forces of the Philippines, National Bureau of Investigation, Land Transportation Office, Bureau
of Fire Protection and ambulances. However, despite having the privilege of using wang-wang,
Aquino maintained he would set the example for his no wang-wang policy, not to use wangwang, even if it means being stuck in traffic and being late every now and then. Aquino also
traded the official black presidential Mercedes Benz S-Guard limousine for a white Toyota Land
Cruiser 200. After the inaugural address, the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority began
to enforce Aquino's no wang-wang policy, confiscating wang-wangfrom public officials and
private motorists who illegally used them.
C.) President Arroyos Anti-corruption strategy
Anti-corruption through good governance was one of the key reform packages that President
Arroyo articulated in her first State of the Nation Address (SONA) in 2001, where she stressed
improvement of moral standards and the rule of law as the nations priority issue among other
components. Her first role in fighting corruption was to order each government agency to
formulate anti-corruption strategies, and to deliver tangible results within twelve months. She
also initiated several jumpstart activities, including the selection of the two most corrupt
government agenciesthe Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR) and the Bureau of Customs
(BOC)to be highlighted as showcases in fighting against corruption; the reduction of red
tape by decreasing the number of signatories needed for transactions with the government by
half; supporting fair and speedy trials of the cases against former President Estrada and the

implementation of e-procurement. Her promise to stamp out corruption is part of the efforts to
minimize bottle-necks-to-productivity. Although the media and commentators evaluated her
first year of leadership and overall performance as passable, there was great sentiment and
expectations among the public for tangible results and changes in tackling corruption issues.
POLICY
Charter Change
Arroyo currently spearheads a controversial plan for an overhaul of the constitution to transform
the present unitary and presidential republic with a bicameral legislature into a federal
parliamentary government with a unicameral legislature.
Economy
Arroyo, a practicing economist, has made the economy the focus of her presidency. Based on
official (National Economic and Development Authority) figures, economic growth in terms
of gross domestic product has averaged 5.0% during the Arroyo presidency from 2001 up to the
first quarter of 2008.This is higher than in the administration of the previous recent presidents:
3.8% average of Aquino, 3.7% average of Ramos, and 3.7% average of theJoseph
Estrada administration. The Philippine economy grew at its fastest pace in three decades in
2007, with real GDP growth exceeding 7%.Arroyo's handling of the economy has earned praise
from former "friend" and classmate in Georgetown, ex-US President Bill Clinton, who cited her
"tough decisions" that put the Philippine economy back in shape.
3. DISTINGUISH THE DIFF. PRESIDENT WHO BECAME MEMBERS OF THE MILITARY.
Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos, Sr. (September 11, 1917 September 28, 1989), was
a Filipino dictator who held the title of President of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986. He was a
lawyer, member of the Philippine House of Representatives (19491959) and a member of
the Philippine Senate (19591965). He was Senate President from 1963 to 1965.

While in power he implemented wide-ranging programs of infrastructure development and

economic reform. However, his administration was marred by
massive authoritarian corruption, despotism, nepotism, political repression, and human rights
violations.
Ramn del Fierro Magsaysay (August 31, 1907 March 17, 1957) was the
seventh President of the Republic of the Philippines, serving from December 30, 1953 until his
death in a 1957 aircraft disaster. An automobile mechanic, Magsaysay was appointed military
governor of Zambales after his outstanding service as a guerilla leader during the Pacific War.
He then served two terms as Liberal Party congressman for Zambales before being appointed
as Secretary of National Defense by President Elpidio Quirino. He was elected President under
the banner of the Nacionalista Party. He was the first Philippine President born during the 20th
century
. Fidel "Eddie" Valdez Ramos AFP, PLH, GCMG (born March 18, 1928), popularly known
as FVR, was the twelfth President of the Philippines from 1992 to 1998. During his six years in
office, Ramos was widely credited and admired by many for revitalizing and renewing
international confidence in the Philippine economy.
Prior to his election as President, Ramos served in the Cabinet of President Corazn Aquino,
first as chief-of-staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP), chief of Integrated National
Police, and later on, as Secretary of National Defense from 1986 to 1991.During the
historic 1986 EDSA People Power Revolution, Ramos upon the invitation of then Defense
Minister Juan Ponce Enrile, was hailed as a hero even though he was not part of the plan by
many Filipinos for his decision to break away from the administration of the late
strongman Ferdinand Marcos and pledge allegiance and loyalty to the newly established
government of President Aquino.

Manuel Acua Roxas (January 1, 1892 April 15, 1948) was the fifth President of the
Philippines, the last of the Commonwealth of the Philippinesand the first of the sovereign Third
Philippine Republic. He ruled as President from the Philippines' independence from the United
States of Americaon 4 July 1946 until his abrupt death in 1948. The young Manuel received his
early education in the public schools of Capiz, and at age twelve attended St. Joseph's
Academy in Taiwan, but due to homesickness, he went back to Capiz. He eventually transferred
to Manila High School (later named Araullo High School), graduating with honours in 1909.
Roxas began his law studies at a private law school established by George A. Malcolm, the first
dean of the University of the Philippines College of Law. On his second year, he enrolled
at University of the Philippines, where he was elected president of both his class and the
student council. In 1913, Roxas obtained his law degree, graduated class valedictorian, and
subsequently topped the bar examinations with a grade of 92% on the same year.
REFERENCES:
http://opinion.inquirer.net/65261/aquino-right-to-nix-yolanda-martial-law
http://www.philippinecountry.com/philippine_history/marcos_time.html
http://bloomspresidents.wordpress.com/corazon-c-aquino-1986-1992/
http://www.president.gov.ph/biography/
http://www.geocities.ws/psats_unair/NUS_Eiji_Final.pdf