Cisco Security PDF

Cisco Security Appliance Command Line
Configuration Guide
For the Cisco ASA 5500 Series and Cisco PIX 500 Series
Software Version 7.0(4)
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Cisco Security Appliance Command Line Configuration Guide

Copyright 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
CONTENTS
About This Guide
25
Document Objectives 25
Audience 25
Related Documentation 26
Document Organization 26
Document Conventions 28
Obtaining Documentation 29
Cisco.com 29
Ordering Documentation 29
Documentation Feedback
29
Obtaining Technical Assistance 30

Cisco Technical Support Website 30
Submitting a Service Request 30
Definitions of Service Request Severity
31
Obtaining Additional Publications and Information
PART
Getting Started and General Information
CHAPTER
31
Introduction to the Security Appliance
Firewall Functional Overview 1

Security Policy Overview 2
Permitting or Denying Traffic with Access Lists 2
Applying NAT 2
Using AAA for Through Traffic 2
Applying HTTP, HTTPS, or FTP Filtering 3
Applying Application Inspection 3
Sending Traffic to the Advanced Inspection and Prevention Security Services Module
Applying QoS Policies 3
Applying Connection Limits and TCP Normalization 3
Firewall Mode Overview 3
Stateful Inspection Overview 4
VPN Functional Overview
Intrusion Prevention Services Functional Overview

Security Context Overview

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CHAPTER
Getting Started
Accessing the Command-Line Interface
Setting Transparent or Routed Firewall Mode
Working with the Configuration 3

Saving Configuration Changes 3
Viewing the Configuration 3
Clearing and Removing Configuration Settings
Creating Text Configuration Files Offline 4
CHAPTER
Enabling Multiple Context Mode
Security Context Overview 1

Common Uses for Security Contexts 2
Unsupported Features 2
Context Configuration Files 2
How the Security Appliance Classifies Packets 3
Sharing Interfaces Between Contexts 6
Shared Interface Guidelines 7
Cascading Security Contexts 9
Logging into the Security Appliance in Multiple Context Mode
10
Enabling or Disabling Multiple Context Mode 10

Backing Up the Single Mode Configuration 10
Enabling Multiple Context Mode 10
Restoring Single Context Mode 11
CHAPTER
Configuring Ethernet Settings and Subinterfaces

Configuring and Enabling RJ-45 Interfaces
Configuring and Enabling Fiber Interfaces on the 4GE SSM

Configuring and Enabling Subinterfaces
CHAPTER
Adding and Managing Security Contexts

Configuring a Security Context
Removing a Security Context
Changing the Admin Context
Changing Between Contexts and the System Execution Space

Changing the Security Context URL
Reloading a Security Context 7

Reloading by Clearing the Configuration 7
Reloading by Removing and Re-adding the Context
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Monitoring Security Contexts 8

Viewing Context Information 8
Viewing Resource Usage 9
CHAPTER
Configuring Interface Parameters

Security Level Overview
Configuring the Interface
Allowing Communication Between Interfaces on the Same Security Level
CHAPTER
Configuring Basic Settings
Changing the Enable Password

Setting the Hostname
Setting the Domain Name
Setting the Date and Time 2

Setting the Time Zone and Daylight Saving Time Date Range
Setting the Date and Time Using an NTP Server 4
Setting the Date and Time Manually 4
Setting the Management IP Address for a Transparent Firewall
CHAPTER
Configuring IP Routing and DHCP Services

Configuring Static and Default Routes
Configuring a Static Route 2
Configuring a Default Route 3
Configuring OSPF 3
OSPF Overview 4
Enabling OSPF 5
Redistributing Routes Between OSPF Processes 5
Adding a Route Map 7
Redistributing Static, Connected, or OSPF Routes to an OSPF Process 8
Configuring OSPF Interface Parameters 9
Configuring OSPF Area Parameters 11
Configuring OSPF NSSA 12
Configuring Route Summarization Between OSPF Areas 13
Configuring Route Summarization When Redistributing Routes into OSPF 13
Generating a Default Route 14
Configuring Route Calculation Timers 14
Logging Neighbors Going Up or Down 15
Displaying OSPF Update Packet Pacing 15

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Monitoring OSPF 16
Restarting the OSPF Process
16
Configuring RIP 17
RIP Overview 17
Enabling RIP 17
Dynamic Routing and Failover
18
Configuring Multicast Routing 18

Multicast Routing Overview 18
Enabling Multicast Routing 19
Configuring IGMP Features 19
Disabling IGMP on an Interface 20
Configuring Group Membership 20
Configuring a Statically Joined Group 20
Controlling Access to Multicast Groups 20
Limiting the Number of IGMP States on an Interface 21
Modifying the Query Interval and Query Timeout 21
Changing the Query Response Time 22
Changing the IGMP Version 22
Configuring Stub Multicast Routing 22
Configuring a Static Multicast Route 22
Configuring PIM Features 23
Disabling PIM on an Interface 23
Configuring a Static Rendezvous Point Address 23
Configuring the Designated Router Priority 24
Filtering PIM Register Messages 24
Configuring PIM Message Intervals 24
For More Information about Multicast Routing 25
Configuring DHCP 25
Configuring a DHCP Server 25
Enabling the DHCP Server 25
Configuring DHCP Options 27
Using Cisco IP Phones with a DHCP Server
Configuring DHCP Relay Services 28
Configuring the DHCP Client 29
CHAPTER
Configuring IPv6
27
IPv6-enabled Commands
Configuring IPv6 on an Interface
Configuring IPv6 Default and Static Routes
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Configuring IPv6 Access Lists
Verifying the IPv6 Configuration 5

The show ipv6 interface Command 5
The show ipv6 route Command 6
Configuring a Dual IP Stack on an Interface
IPv6 Configuration Example
CHAPTER
10
Configuring AAA Servers and the Local Database
AAA Overview 1
About Authentication 2
About Authorization 2
About Accounting 2
AAA Server and Local Database Support 3
Summary of Support 3
RADIUS Server Support 4
Authentication Methods 4
Attribute Support 4
RADIUS Functions 4
TACACS+ Server Support 5
SDI Server Support 6
SDI Version Support 6
Two-step Authentication Process 7
SDI Primary and Replica Servers 7
NT Server Support 7
Kerberos Server Support 7
LDAP Server Support 8
Local Database Support 8
User Profiles 8
Local Database Functions 8
Fallback Support 9
Configuring the Local Database
Identifying AAA Server Groups and Servers
CHAPTER
11
Configuring Failover
11
Understanding Failover 1
Failover System Requirements 2
Hardware Requirements 2
Software Requirements 2
License Requirements 2
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The Failover and Stateful Failover Links 3

Failover Link 3
Stateful Failover Link 5
Active/Active and Active/Standby Failover 6
Active/Standby Failover 6
Active/Active Failover 9
Determining Which Type of Failover to Use
Regular and Stateful Failover 14
Regular Failover 14
Stateful Failover 14
Failover Health Monitoring 15
Unit Health Monitoring 15
Interface Monitoring 15
13
Configuring Failover 16
Configuring Active/Standby Failover 16
Prerequisites 16
Configuring Cable-Based Active/Standby Failover (PIX Security Appliance Only) 17
Configuring LAN-Based Active/Standby Failover 18
Configuring Optional Active/Standby Failover Settings 21
Configuring Active/Active Failover 24
Prerequisites 24
Configuring Cable-Based Active/Active Failover (PIX security appliance Only) 24
Configuring LAN-Based Active/Active Failover 26
Configuring Optional Active/Active Failover Settings 29
Configuring Failover Communication Authentication/Encryption 35
Verifying the Failover Configuration 35
Using the show failover Command 36
Viewing Monitored Interfaces 44
Displaying the Failover Commands in the Running Configuration 44
Testing the Failover Functionality 44
Controlling and Monitoring Failover 45
Forcing Failover 45
Disabling Failover 46
Restoring a Failed Unit or Failover Group
Monitoring Failover 46
Failover System Messages 46
Debug Messages 47
SNMP 47
Failover Configuration Examples
46
47
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Cable-Based Active/Standby Failover Example 48

LAN-Based Active/Standby Failover Example 49
LAN-Based Active/Active Failover Example 51
PART
Configuring the Firewall
CHAPTER
12
Firewall Mode Overview
Routed Mode Overview 1

IP Routing Support 2
Network Address Translation 2
How Data Moves Through the Security Appliance in Routed Firewall Mode
An Inside User Visits a Web Server 4
An Outside User Visits a Web Server on the DMZ 5
An Inside User Visits a Web Server on the DMZ 6
An Outside User Attempts to Access an Inside Host 7
A DMZ User Attempts to Access an Inside Host 8
Transparent Mode Overview 8
Transparent Firewall Features 9
Using the Transparent Firewall in Your Network 10
Transparent Firewall Guidelines 10
Unsupported Features in Transparent Mode 11
How Data Moves Through the Transparent Firewall 12
An Inside User Visits a Web Server 13
An Outside User Visits a Web Server on the Inside Network
An Outside User Attempts to Access an Inside Host 15
CHAPTER
13
Identifying Traffic with Access Lists
14
Access List Overview 1

Access List Types 2
Access Control Entry Order 2
Access Control Implicit Deny 3
IP Addresses Used for Access Lists When You Use NAT
Adding an Extended Access List 5

Extended Access List Overview 5
Allowing Special IP Traffic through the Transparent Firewall
Adding an Extended ACE 6
Adding an EtherType Access List
Adding a Standard Access List
Adding a Webtype Access List
10
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Simplifying Access Lists with Object Grouping 10

How Object Grouping Works 10
Adding Object Groups 11
Adding a Protocol Object Group 11
Adding a Network Object Group 12
Adding a Service Object Group 12
Adding an ICMP Type Object Group 13
Nesting Object Groups 14
Using Object Groups with an Access List 15
Displaying Object Groups 16
Removing Object Groups 16
Adding Remarks to Access Lists
Time Range Options
16
17
Logging Access List Activity 17

Access List Logging Overview 17
Configuring Logging for an Access Control Entry
Managing Deny Flows 19
CHAPTER
14
Applying NAT
18
21
NAT Overview 21
Introduction to NAT 22
NAT Control 23
NAT Types 25
Dynamic NAT 25
PAT 26
Static NAT 27
Static PAT 27
Bypassing NAT when NAT Control is Enabled 28
Policy NAT 29
NAT and Same Security Level Interfaces 33
Order of NAT Commands Used to Match Real Addresses
Mapped Address Guidelines 34
DNS and NAT 34
Configuring NAT Control
36
Using Dynamic NAT and PAT 37

Dynamic NAT and PAT Implementation
Configuring Dynamic NAT or PAT 43
Using Static NAT
46
Using Static PAT
47
34
37
10
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Bypassing NAT 49
Configuring Identity NAT 49
Configuring Static Identity NAT 50
Configuring NAT Exemption 52
NAT Examples 53
Overlapping Networks
Redirecting Ports 55
CHAPTER
15
53
Permitting or Denying Network Access
Inbound and Outbound Access List Overview

Applying an Access List to an Interface
CHAPTER
16
Applying AAA for Network Access

AAA Performance
Configuring Authentication for Network Access 1

Authentication Overview 2
Enabling Network Access Authentication 3
Enabling Secure Authentication of Web Clients
Configuring Authorization for Network Access 6

Configuring TACACS+ Authorization 6
Configuring RADIUS Authorization 7
Configuring a RADIUS Server to Send Downloadable Access Control Lists 8
Configuring a RADIUS Server to Download Per-User Access Control List Names
Configuring Accounting for Network Access
12
Using MAC Addresses to Exempt Traffic from Authentication and Authorization
CHAPTER
17
Applying Filtering Services

Filtering Overview
11
13
Filtering ActiveX Objects 2

Overview 2
Enabling ActiveX Filtering
Filtering Java Applets 3

Overview 3
Enabling Java Applet Filtering
Filtering with an External Server 4

Filtering Overview 4
General Procedure 5
Identifying the Filtering Server 5
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11
Contents
Buffering the Content Server Response

Caching Server Addresses 7
Filtering HTTP URLs 7
Configuring HTTP Filtering 7
Enabling Filtering of Long HTTP URLs
Truncating Long HTTP URLs 8
Exempting Traffic from Filtering 8
Filtering HTTPS URLs
Filtering FTP Requests
8
9
Viewing Filtering Statistics and Configuration 10

Viewing Filtering Server Statistics 10
Viewing Buffer Configuration and Statistics 10
Viewing Caching Statistics 11
Viewing Filtering Performance Statistics 11
Viewing Filtering Configuration 12
CHAPTER
18
Using Modular Policy Framework
Modular Policy Framework Overview

Default Global Policy 2
Identifying Traffic Using a Class Map
Defining Actions Using a Policy Map

Policy Map Overview 4
Default Policy Map 6
Adding a Policy Map 6
Applying a Policy to an Interface Using a Service Policy
Modular Policy Framework Examples 8

Applying Inspection and QoS Policing to HTTP Traffic 9
Applying Inspection to HTTP Traffic Globally 9
Applying Inspection and Connection Limits to HTTP Traffic to Specific Servers
Applying Inspection to HTTP Traffic with NAT 11
CHAPTER
19
Intercepting and Responding to Network Attacks
Configuring the AIP SSM 1

Configuring the ASA 5500 to Divert Traffic to the AIP SSM
Sessioning to the AIP SSM and Running Setup 3
Configuring IP Audit for Basic IPS Support
Configuring TCP Normalization
10
Protecting Your Network Against Specific Attacks
12
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Preventing IP Spoofing 7
Configuring Connection Limits and Timeouts
Configuring the Fragment Size 10
Blocking Unwanted Connections 10
CHAPTER
20
Applying QoS Policies

Overview
QoS Concepts
Implementing QoS
Identifying Traffic for QoS

Defining a QoS Policy Map
Applying Rate Limiting
4
5
Activating the Service Policy
Applying Low Latency Queueing 8

Configuring Priority Queuing 8
Sizing the Priority Queue 8
Reducing Queue Latency 9
Configuring QoS
Viewing QoS Configuration 12

Viewing QoS Service Policy Configuration 12
Viewing QoS Policy Map Configuration 13
Viewing the Priority-Queue Configuration for an Interface
Viewing QoS Statistics 13
Viewing QoS Police Statistics 14
Viewing QoS Priority Statistics 14
Viewing QoS Priority Queue Statistics
CHAPTER
21
15
Applying Application Layer Protocol Inspection

Application Inspection Engines 1
Overview 2
How Inspection Engines Work
Supported Protocols 3
13
Applying Application Inspection to Selected Traffic 5

Overview 5
Identifying Traffic with a Traffic Class Map 6
Using an Application Inspection Map 8
Defining Actions with a Policy Map 9
Applying a Security Policy to an Interface 10
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Contents
Managing CTIQBE Inspection 10

CTIQBE Inspection Overview 10
Limitations and Restrictions 10
Enabling and Configuring CTIQBE Inspection
Verifying and Monitoring CTIQBE Inspection
11
13
Managing DNS Inspection 14

How DNS Application Inspection Works 14
How DNS Rewrite Works 15
Configuring DNS Rewrite 16
Using the Alias Command for DNS Rewrite 17
Using the Static Command for DNS Rewrite 17
Configuring DNS Rewrite 17
DNS Rewrite with Three NAT Zones 18
Configuring DNS Rewrite with Three NAT Zones 19
Configuring DNS Inspection 20
Verifying and Monitoring DNS Inspection 21
Managing FTP Inspection 22
FTP Inspection Overview 22
Using the strict Option 22
Configuring FTP Inspection 23
Verifying and Monitoring FTP Inspection
26
Managing GTP Inspection 28

GTP Inspection Overview 28
Enabling and Configuring GTP Inspection 29
Enabling and Configuring GSN Pooling 32
Verifying and Monitoring GTP Inspection 34
Managing H.323 Inspection 35
H.323 Inspection Overview 35
How H.323 Works 35
Limitations and Restrictions 37
Enabling and Configuring H.323 Inspection
Configuring H.225 Timeout Values 39
Verifying and Monitoring H.323 Inspection
Monitoring H.225 Sessions 39
Monitoring H.245 Sessions 40
Monitoring H.323 RAS Sessions 40
37
39
Managing HTTP Inspection 41

HTTP Inspection Overview 41
Enabling and Configuring Advanced HTTP Inspection
42
14
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Managing IPSec Pass Through Inspection 45

IPSec Pass Through Inspection Overview 45
Enabling and Configuring IPSec Pass Through Inspection
45
Managing MGCP Inspection 46

MGCP Inspection Overview 46
Configuring MGCP Call Agents and Gateways 48
Configuring and Enabling MGCP Inspection 48
Configuring MGCP Timeout Values 51
Verifying and Monitoring MGCP Inspection 51
Managing RTSP Inspection 52
RTSP Inspection Overview 52
Using RealPlayer 52
Restrictions and Limitations 53
Configuring RTSP Inspection 53
Managing SIP Inspection 55
SIP Inspection Overview 55
SIP Instant Messaging 56
Enabling and Configuring SIP Inspection
Configuring SIP Timeout Values 58
Verifying and Monitoring SIP Inspection
Managing Skinny (SCCP) Inspection 59
SCCP Inspection Overview 60
Supporting Cisco IP Phones 60
Restrictions and Limitations 60
Verifying and Monitoring SCCP Inspection
57
59
62
Managing SMTP and Extended SMTP Inspection 63

SMTP and Extended SMTP Inspection Overview 63
Enabling and Configuring SMTP and Extended SMTP Application Inspection
Managing SNMP Inspection 66
SNMP Inspection Overview 66
Enabling and Configuring SNMP Application Inspection
Managing Sun RPC Inspection 69
Sun RPC Inspection Overview 69
Enabling and Configuring Sun RPC Inspection
Managing Sun RPC Services 71
Verifying and Monitoring Sun RPC Inspection
CHAPTER
22
66
69
72
Configuring ARP Inspection and Bridging Parameters

Configuring ARP Inspection
64
1
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Contents
ARP Inspection Overview 1

Adding a Static ARP Entry 2
Enabling ARP Inspection 2
Customizing the MAC Address Table 3
MAC Address Table Overview 3
Adding a Static MAC Address 3
Setting the MAC Address Timeout 3
Disabling MAC Address Learning 4
Viewing the MAC Address Table 4
PART
Configuring VPN
CHAPTER
23
Configuring IPsec and ISAKMP

Tunneling Overview
IPsec Overview
Configuring ISAKMP 2
ISAKMP Overview 2
Configuring ISAKMP Policies 5
Enabling ISAKMP on the Outside Interface 6
Disabling ISAKMP in Aggressive Mode 6
Determining an ID Method for ISAKMP Peers 6
Enabling IPsec over NAT-T 7
Using NAT-T 7
Enabling IPsec over TCP 8
Waiting for Active Sessions to Terminate Prior to Reboot
Alerting Peers Before Disconnecting 9
Configuring Certificate Group Matching 9

Creating a Certificate Group Matching Rule and Policy 10
Using the Tunnel-group-map default-group Command 11
Configuring IPsec 11
Understanding IPsec Tunnels 11
Understanding Transform Sets 12
Defining Crypto Maps 12
Applying Crypto Maps to Interfaces 20
Using Interface Access Lists 20
Changing IPsec SA Lifetimes 22
Creating a Basic IPsec Configuration 23
Using Dynamic Crypto Maps 24
Providing Site-to-Site Redundancy 26
16
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Viewing an IPsec Configuration

Clearing Security Associations
26
27
Clearing Crypto Map Configurations
CHAPTER
24
Setting General VPN Parameters
27
Configuring VPNs in Single, Routed Mode

Configuring IPSec to Bypass ACLs
Permitting Intra-Interface Traffic 2

NAT Considerations for Intra-Interface Traffic
Setting Maximum Active IPSec VPN Sessions
Configuring Client Update
CHAPTER
25
Configuring Tunnel Groups, Group Policies, and Users

Overview of Tunnel Groups, Group Policies, and Users
Tunnel Groups 2
General Tunnel Group Parameters 2
IPSec Connection Parameters 3
1
1
Configuring Tunnel Groups 4

Default Remote Access Tunnel Group Configuration 4
Configuring Remote-Access Tunnel Groups 4
Specify a Name and Type for the Remote-Access Tunnel Group 4
Configure Remote-Access Tunnel Group General Attributes 5
Configure Remote-Access Tunnel Group IPSec Attributes 6
Default LAN-to-LAN Tunnel Group Configuration 8
Configuring LAN-to-LAN Tunnel Groups 8
Specify a Name and Type for the LAN-to-LAN Tunnel Group 8
Configure LAN-to-LAN Tunnel Group General Attributes 8
Configure LAN-to-LAN IPSec Attributes 9
Group Policies 10
Default Group Policy 11
Configuring Group Policies
12
Configuring Users 31
Viewing the Username Configuration 31
Configuring Specific Users 32
Setting a User Password and Privilege Level
Configuring User Attributes 33
32

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Contents
CHAPTER
26
Configuring IP Addresses for VPNs
Configuring an IP Address Assignment Method

Configuring Local IP Address Pools 2
Configuring AAA Addressing 2
Configuring DHCP Addressing 3
CHAPTER
27
Configuring Remote Access VPNs

Summary of the Configuration
Configuring Interfaces
Configuring ISAKMP Policy and Enabling ISAKMP on the Outside Interface

Configuring an Address Pool
Adding a User
Creating a Transform Set
Defining a Tunnel Group
Creating a Dynamic Crypto Map
Creating a Crypto Map Entry to Use the Dynamic Crypto Map
CHAPTER
28
Configuring LAN-to-LAN VPNs

Configuring an ACL
Creating a Crypto Map and Applying It To an Interface

Applying Crypto Maps to Interfaces 7
29
Configuring WebVPN
CHAPTER
Observing WebVPN Security Precautions
Understanding Features Not Supported for WebVPN

Using SSL to Access the Central Site 3
Using HTTPS for WebVPN Sessions 3
Setting WebVPN HTTP/HTTPS Proxy 3
Configuring SSL/TLS Encryption Protocols
Authenticating with Digital Certificates
Enabling Cookies on Browsers for WebVPN
18
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Understanding WebVPN Global and Group Policy Settings

Authenticating with Digital Certificates 5
Configuring DNS Globally 5
Configuring Global WebVPN Attributes
Creating and Applying WebVPN Policies 7

Creating Port Forwarding, URL, and Access Lists in Global Configuration Mode
Assigning Lists to Group Policies and Users in Group-Policy or User Mode 7
Enabling Features for Group Policies and Users 7
Assigning Users to Group Policies 7
Using a RADIUS Server 7
Using the Security Appliance Authentication Server 8
Configuring WebVPN Group Policy and User Attributes
Configuring Email 8
Configuring Email Proxies 9
Email Proxy Certificate Authentication 9
Configuring MAPI 10
Configuring Web Email: MS Outlook Web Access
10
Understanding WebVPN End User Set-up 10

Defining the End User Interface 10
Viewing the WebVPN Home Page 11
Viewing the WebVPN Application Access Panel 11
Viewing the Floating Toolbar 12
Requiring Usernames and Passwords 12
Communicating Security Tips 13
Configuring Remote Systems to Use WebVPN Features 13
Recovering from hosts File Errors in Application Access 18
Understanding the hosts File 19
Stopping Application Access Improperly 19
Reconfiguring hosts Files 20
Reconfiguring hosts File Automatically Using WebVPN
Reconfiguring hosts File Manually 21
20
Capturing WebVPN Data 22

WebVPN Capture Files 22
Activating the WebVPN Capture Tool 22
Locating and Uploading the WebVPN Capture Tool Output Files
CHAPTER
30
Configuring Certificates
24
Public Key Cryptography 1

About Public Key Cryptography
1
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Contents
Certificate Scalability 2
About Key Pairs 2
About Trustpoints 3
About CRLs 3
Supported CA Servers 4
Certificate Configuration 4
Preparing for Certificates 4
Configuring Key Pairs 5
Generating Key Pairs 5
Removing Key Pairs 6
Configuring Trustpoints 6
Obtaining Certificates 8
Obtaining Certificates with SCEP 8
Obtaining Certificates Manually 10
Configuring CRLs for a Trustpoint 12
Exporting and Importing Trustpoints 14
Exporting a Trustpoint Configuration 14
Importing a Trustpoint Configuration 14
Configuring CA Certificate Map Rules 15
PART
System Administration
CHAPTER
31
Managing System Access

Allowing Telnet Access
1
1
Allowing SSH Access 2

Configuring SSH Access 2
Using an SSH Client 3
Changing the Login Password
Allowing HTTPS Access for ASDM
Authenticating and Authorizing System Administrators 4

Configuring Authentication for CLI Access 5
Configuring Authentication To Access Privileged EXEC Mode 5
Configuring Authentication for the Enable Command 6
Authenticating Users Using the Login Command 6
Configuring Command Authorization 7
Command Authorization Overview 7
Configuring Local Command Authorization 7
Configuring TACACS+ Command Authorization 11
Viewing the Current Logged-In User 14
20
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Recovering from a Lockout

Configuring a Login Banner
CHAPTER
32
15
16
Managing Software, Licenses, and Configurations
Managing Licenses 1
Obtaining an Activation Key 1
Entering a New Activation Key 2
Viewing Files in Flash Memory
Retrieving Files from Flash Memory
Downloading Files to Flash Memory from a Server

Ensure Network Access to the Server 4
Downloading Files 4
Configuring the Application Image and ASDM Image to Boot
Performing Zero Downtime Upgrades for Failover Pairs 5

Upgrading an Active/Standby Failover Configuration 6
Upgrading and Active/Active Failover Configuration 7
Downloading and Backing Up Configuration Files 7
Downloading a Text File to the Startup or Running Configuration 8
Configuring the File to Boot as the Startup Configuration 9
Copying the Startup Configuration to the Running Configuration 9
Backing Up the Configuration 9
Backing up the Single Mode or Multiple Mode System Configuration
Backing up a Context Configuration within the Context 10
Copying the Configuration from the Terminal Display 10
Configuring Auto Update Support 11
Configuring Communication with an Auto Update Server
Viewing Auto Update Status 12
CHAPTER
33
Monitoring and Troubleshooting
10
11
Monitoring the Security Appliance 1

Using System Log Messages 1
Using SNMP 1
SNMP Overview 1
Enabling SNMP 3
Troubleshooting the Security Appliance 4
Testing Your Configuration 4
Enabling ICMP Debug Messages and System Messages
Pinging Security Appliance Interfaces 5

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Contents
Pinging Through the Security Appliance 7

Disabling the Test Configuration 8
Reloading the Security Appliance 9
Performing Password Recovery 9
Performing Password Recovery for the ASA 5500 Series Adaptive Security Appliance
Password Recovery for the PIX 500 Series Security Appliance 11
Disabling Password Recovery 12
Other Troubleshooting Tools 12
Viewing Debug Messages 13
Capturing Packets 13
Viewing the Crash Dump 13
Common Problems 13
PART
Reference
APPENDIX
Feature Licenses and Specifications

Supported Platforms
Security Services Module Support

VPN Specifications 6
Cisco VPN Client Support 7
Site-to-Site VPN Compatibility
Cryptographic Standards 8
B
Sample Configurations
Platform Feature Licenses
APPENDIX
Example 1: Multiple Mode Firewall With Outside Access

Example 1: System Configuration 2
Example 1: Admin Context Configuration 3
Example 1: Customer A Context Configuration 4
Example 1: Customer B Context Configuration 4
Example 1: Customer C Context Configuration 5
Example 2: Single Mode Firewall Using Same Security Level

Example 3: Shared Resources for Multiple Contexts 7
Example 3: Department 1 Context Configuration
10
11
Example 4: Multiple Mode, Transparent Firewall with Outside Access
12
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Example 4: Customer A Context Configuration
Example 4: Customer B Context Configuration
Example 4: Customer C Context Configuration
Example 5: WebVPN Configuration
APPENDIX
Command-Line Editing
Command Completion
Filtering show Command Output

Command Output Paging
Adding Comments
Abbreviating Commands
Command Help
15
Firewall Mode and Security Context Mode

Syntax Formatting
14
15
Using the Command-Line Interface

Command Modes and Prompts
14
Text Configuration Files 6

How Commands Correspond with Lines in the Text File 6
Command-Specific Configuration Mode Commands 6
Automatic Text Entries 6
Line Order 7
Commands Not Included in the Text Configuration 7
Passwords 7
Multiple Security Context Files 7
APPENDIX
Addresses, Protocols, and Ports
IPv4 Addresses and Subnet Masks 1

Classes 2
Private Networks 2
Subnet Masks 2
Determining the Subnet Mask 3
Determining the Address to Use with the Subnet Mask
IPv6 Addresses 5
IPv6 Address Format 5
IPv6 Address Types 6
Unicast Addresses 6
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Contents
Multicast Address 8
Anycast Address 9
Required Addresses 10
IPv6 Address Prefixes 10
Protocols and Applications
TCP and UDP Ports
12
Local Ports and Protocols

ICMP Types
11
14
15
INDEX
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About This Guide

This preface introduce the Cisco Security Appliance Command Line Configuration Guide, and includes
the following sections:
Document Objectives, page 25
Obtaining Documentation and Submitting a Service Request, page 29
Document Objectives
The purpose of this guide is to help you configure the security appliance using the command-line
interface. This guide does not cover every feature, but describes only the most common configuration
scenarios.
You can also configure and monitor the security appliance by using ASDM, a web-based GUI
application. ASDM includes configuration wizards to guide you through some common configuration
scenarios, and online Help for less common scenarios. For more information, see:
http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/product/netsec/secmgmt/asdm/index.htm
This guide applies to the Cisco PIX 500 series security appliances (PIX 515E, PIX 525, and PIX 535)
and the Cisco ASA 5500 series security appliances (ASA 5510, ASA 5520, and ASA 5540). Throughout
this guide, the term security appliance applies generically to all supported models, unless specified
otherwise. The PIX 501, PIX 506E, and PIX 520 security appliances are not supported in software
Version 7.0.
Audience
This guide is for network managers who perform any of the following tasks:
Manage network security
Install and configure firewalls/security appliances
Configure VPNs
Configure intrusion detection software
Related Documentation
For more information, refer to the following documentation:

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About This Guide

Document Objectives
Cisco PIX Security Appliance Release Notes
Cisco ASDM Release Notes
Cisco PIX 515E Quick Start Guide
Guide for Cisco PIX 6.2 and 6.3 Users Upgrading to Cisco PIX Software Version 7.0
Cisco Security Appliance Command Reference
Cisco ASA 5500 Series Quick Start Guide
Cisco ASA 5500 Series Release Notes
Cisco Security Appliance Logging Configuration and System Log Messages
Document Organization
This guide includes the chapters and appendixes described in Table 1.
Table 1
Document Organization
Chapter/Appendix
Definition
Part 1: Getting Started and General Information
Chapter 1, Introduction to the

Security Appliance
Provides a high-level overview of the security appliance.
Chapter 2, Getting Started
Describes how to access the command-line interface, configure the firewall mode, and
work with the configuration.
Chapter 3, Enabling Multiple

Context Mode
Describes how to use security contexts and enable multiple context mode.
Chapter 4, Configuring
Ethernet Settings and
Subinterfaces
Describes how to configure Ethernet settings for physical interfaces and add subinterfaces.
Chapter 5, Adding and

Managing Security Contexts
Describes how to configure multiple security contexts on the security appliance.
Interface Parameters
Describes how to configure each interface and subinterface for a name, security, level, and
IP address.
Chapter 7, Configuring Basic

Settings
Describes how to configure basic settings that are typically required for a functioning
configuration.
Chapter 8, Configuring IP
Routing and DHCP Services
Describes how to configure IP routing and DHCP.
Chapter 9, Configuring IPv6
Describes how to enable and configure IPv6.
Chapter 10, Configuring AAA Describes how to configure AAA servers and the local database.
Servers and the Local Database
Failover
Describes the failover feature, which lets you configure two security appliances so that one
will take over operation if the other one fails.
26
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About This Guide

Document Objectives
Table 1
Document Organization (continued)
Chapter/Appendix
Definition
Part 2: Configuring the Firewall
Chapter 12, Firewall Mode

Overview
Describes in detail the two operation modes of the security appliance, routed and
transparent mode, and how data is handled differently with each mode.
Chapter 13, Identifying Traffic

with Access Lists
Describes how to identify traffic with access lists.
Chapter 14, Applying NAT
Describes how address translation is performed.
Chapter 15, Permitting or

Denying Network Access
Describes how to control network access through the security appliance using access lists.
Chapter 16, Applying AAA for Describes how to enable AAA for network access.
Network Access
Chapter 17, Applying Filtering
Services
Describes ways to filter web traffic to reduce security risks or prevent inappropriate use.
Chapter 18, Using Modular

Policy Framework
Describes how to use the Modular Policy Framework to create security policies for TCP,
general connection settings, inspection, and QoS.
Chapter 19, Intercepting and

Describes how to configure protection features to intercept and respond to network attacks.
Responding to Network Attacks
Chapter 20, Applying QoS
Policies
Describes how to configure the network to provide better service to selected network
traffic over various technologies, including Frame Relay, Asynchronous Transfer Mode
(ATM), Ethernet and 802.1 networks, SONET, and IP routed networks.
Chapter 21, Applying

Application Layer Protocol
Inspection
Describes how to use and configure application inspection.

ARP Inspection and Bridging
Parameters
Describes how to enable ARP inspection and how to customize bridging operations.
Part 3: Configuring VPN
Chapter 23, Configuring IPSec

and ISAKMP
Describes how to configure ISAKMP and IPSec tunneling to build and manage VPN
tunnels, or secure connections between remote users and a private corporate network.
Chapter 24, Setting General

VPN Parameters
Describes miscellaneous VPN configuration procedures.

Tunnel Groups, Group Policies,
and Users
Describes how to configure VPN tunnel groups, group policies, and users.
Chapter 26, Configuring IP

Addresses for VPNs
Describes how to configure IP addresses in your private network addressing scheme, which
let the client function as a tunnel endpoint.

Remote Access VPNs
Describes how to configure a remote access VPN connection.

LAN-to-LAN VPNs
Describes how to build a LAN-to-LAN VPN connection.

WebVPN
Describes how to establish a secure, remote-access VPN tunnel to a security appliance

using a web browser.

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About This Guide

Document Objectives
Table 1
Document Organization (continued)
Chapter/Appendix
Definition

Certificates
Describes how to configure a digital certificates, which contains information that identifies
a user or device. Such information can include a name, serial number, company,
department, or IP address. A digital certificate also contains a copy of the public key for
the user or device.
Part 4: System Administration
Chapter 31, Managing System

Access
Describes how to access the security appliance for system management through Telnet,
SSH, and HTTPS.
Chapter 32, Managing

Software, Licenses, and
Configurations
Describes how to enter license keys and download software and configurations files.
Chapter 33, Monitoring and

Troubleshooting
Describes how to monitor and troubleshoot the security appliance.
Appendix A, Feature Licenses

and Specifications
Describes the feature licenses and specifications.
Appendix B, Sample
Configurations
Describes a number of common ways to implement the security appliance.
Appendix C, Using the

Command-Line Interface
Describes how to use the CLI to configure the the security appliance.
Appendix D, Addresses,
Protocols, and Ports
Provides a quick reference for IP addresses, protocols, and applications.
Document Conventions
Command descriptions use these conventions:
Braces ({ }) indicate a required choice.
Square brackets ([ ]) indicate optional elements.
Vertical bars ( | ) separate alternative, mutually exclusive elements.
Boldface indicates commands and keywords that are entered literally as shown.
Italics indicate arguments for which you supply values.
Examples use these conventions:
Note
Examples depict screen displays and the command line in screen font.
Information you need to enter in examples is shown in boldface screen font.
Variables for which you must supply a value are shown in italic screen font.
Means reader take note. Notes contain helpful suggestions or references to material not
covered in the manual.
28
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About This Guide

Document Objectives
Obtaining Documentation and Submitting a Service Request

For information on obtaining documentation, submitting a service request, and gathering additional
information, see the monthly Whats New in Cisco Product Documentation, which also lists all new and
revised Cisco technical documentation, at:
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/general/whatsnew/whatsnew.html
Subscribe to the Whats New in Cisco Product Documentation as a Really Simple Syndication (RSS) feed
and set content to be delivered directly to your desktop using a reader application. The RSS feeds are a free
service and Cisco currently supports RSS Version 2.0.

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About This Guide

Document Objectives
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PA R T
Getting Started and General Information
C H A P T E R

The security appliance combines advanced stateful firewall and VPN concentrator functionality in one
device, and for some models, an integrated intrusion prevention module called the AIP SSM. The
security appliance includes many advanced features, such as multiple security contexts (similar to
virtualized firewalls), transparent (Layer 2) firewall or routed (Layer 3) firewall operation, advanced
inspection engines, IPSec and WebVPN support, and many more features. See Appendix A, Feature
Licenses and Specifications, for a list of supported platforms and features. For a list of new features,
see the Cisco ASA 5500 Series Release Notes or the Cisco PIX Security Appliance Release Notes.
Note
The Cisco PIX 501 and PIX 506E security appliances are not supported in software Version 7.0.
This chapter includes the following sections:
Firewall Functional Overview, page 1-1
VPN Functional Overview, page 1-5
Intrusion Prevention Services Functional Overview, page 1-5
Security Context Overview, page 1-5
Firewall Functional Overview

Firewalls protect inside networks from unauthorized access by users on an outside network. A firewall
can also protect inside networks from each other, for example, by keeping a human resources network
separate from a user network. If you have network resources that need to be available to an outside user,
such as a web or FTP server, you can place these resources on a separate network behind the firewall,
called a demilitarized zone (DMZ). The firewall allows limited access to the DMZ, but because the DMZ
only includes the public servers, an attack there only affects the servers and does not affect the other
inside networks. You can also control when inside users access outside networks (for example, access to
the Internet), by allowing only certain addresses out, by requiring authentication or authorization, or by
coordinating with an external URL filtering server.
When discussing networks connected to a firewall, the outside network is in front of the firewall, the
inside network is protected and behind the firewall, and a DMZ, while behind the firewall, allows limited
access to outside users. Because the security appliance lets you configure many interfaces with varied
security policies, including many inside interfaces, many DMZs, and even many outside interfaces if
desired, these terms are used in a general sense only.

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Chapter 1
This section includes the following topics:
Security Policy Overview, page 1-2
Firewall Mode Overview, page 1-3
Stateful Inspection Overview, page 1-4
Security Policy Overview

A security policy determines which traffic is allowed to pass through the firewall to access another
network. By default, the security appliance allows traffic to flow freely from an inside network (higher
security level) to an outside network (lower security level). You can apply actions to traffic to customize
the security policy. This section includes the following topics:
Permitting or Denying Traffic with Access Lists, page 1-2
Applying NAT, page 1-2
Using AAA for Through Traffic, page 1-2
Applying HTTP, HTTPS, or FTP Filtering, page 1-3
Applying Application Inspection, page 1-3
Sending Traffic to the Advanced Inspection and Prevention Security Services Module, page 1-3
Applying QoS Policies, page 1-3
Applying Connection Limits and TCP Normalization, page 1-3
Permitting or Denying Traffic with Access Lists

You can apply an access list to limit traffic from inside to outside, or allow traffic from outside to inside.
For transparent firewall mode, you can also apply an EtherType access list to allow non-IP traffic.
Applying NAT
Some of the benefits of NAT include the following:
You can use private addresses on your inside networks. Private addresses are not routable on the
Internet.
NAT hides the local addresses from other networks, so attackers cannot learn the real address of a
host.
NAT can resolve IP routing problems by supporting overlapping IP addresses.
Using AAA for Through Traffic

You can require authentication and/or authorization for certain types of traffic, for example, for HTTP.
The security appliance also sends accounting information to a RADIUS or TACACS+ server.
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Applying HTTP, HTTPS, or FTP Filtering

Although you can use access lists to prevent outbound access to specific websites or FTP servers,
configuring and managing web usage this way is not practical because of the size and dynamic nature of
the Internet. We recommend that you use the security appliance in conjunction with a separate server
running one of the following Internet filtering products:
Websense Enterprise
Sentian by N2H2
Applying Application Inspection

Inspection engines are required for services that embed IP addressing information in the user data packet
or that open secondary channels on dynamically assigned ports. These protocols require the security
appliance to do a deep packet inspection.
Sending Traffic to the Advanced Inspection and Prevention Security Services Module
If your model supports the AIP SSM for intrusion prevention, then you can send traffic to the AIP SSM
for inspection.

Some network traffic, such as voice and streaming video, cannot tolerate long latency times. QoS is a
network feature that lets you give priority to these types of traffic. QoS refers to the capability of a
network to provide better service to selected network traffic over various technologies for the best
overall services with limited bandwidth of the underlying technologies.
Applying Connection Limits and TCP Normalization

You can limit TCP and UDP connections and embryonic connections. Limiting the number of
connections and embryonic connections protects you from a DoS attack. The security appliance uses the
embryonic limit to trigger TCP Intercept, which protects inside systems from a DoS attack perpetrated
by flooding an interface with TCP SYN packets. An embryonic connection is a connection request that
has not finished the necessary handshake between source and destination.
TCP normalization is a feature consisting of advanced TCP connection settings designed to drop packets
that do not appear normal.

The security appliance runs in two different firewall modes:
Routed
Transparent
In routed mode, the security appliance is considered to be a router hop in the network.
In transparent mode, the security appliance acts like a bump in the wire, or a stealth firewall, and is
not considered a router hop. The security appliance connects to the same network on its inside and
outside interfaces.

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Chapter 1
You might use a transparent firewall to simplify your network configuration. Transparent mode is also
useful if you want the firewall to be invisible to attackers. You can also use a transparent firewall for
traffic that would otherwise be blocked in routed mode. For example, a transparent firewall can allow
multicast streams using an EtherType access list.
Stateful Inspection Overview

All traffic that goes through the security appliance is inspected using the Adaptive Security Algorithm
and either allowed through or dropped. A simple packet filter can check for the correct source address,
destination address, and ports, but it does not check that the packet sequence or flags are correct. A filter
also checks every packet against the filter, which can be a slow process.
A stateful firewall like the security appliance, however, takes into consideration the state of a packet:
Is this a new connection?

If it is a new connection, the security appliance has to check the packet against access lists and
perform other tasks to determine if the packet is allowed or denied. To perform this check, the first
packet of the session goes through the session management path, and depending on the type of
traffic, it might also pass through the control plane path.
The session management path is responsible for the following tasks:
Performing the access list checks
Performing route lookups
Allocating NAT translations (xlates)
Establishing sessions in the fast path
Note
The session management path and the fast path make up the accelerated security path.
Some packets that require Layer 7 inspection (the packet payload must be inspected or altered) are
passed on to the control plane path. Layer 7 inspection engines are required for protocols that have
two or more channels: a data channel, which uses well-known port numbers, and a control channel,
which uses different port numbers for each session. These protocols include FTP, H.323, and SNMP.
Is this an established connection?

If the connection is already established, the security appliance does not need to re-check packets;
most matching packets can go through the fast path in both directions. The fast path is responsible
for the following tasks:
IP checksum verification
Session lookup
TCP sequence number check
NAT translations based on existing sessions
Layer 3 and Layer 4 header adjustments
For UDP or other connectionless protocols, the security appliance creates connection state
information so that it can also use the fast path.
Data packets for protocols that require Layer 7 inspection can also go through the fast path.
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Some established session packets must continue to go through the session management path or the
control plane path. Packets that go through the session management path include HTTP packets that
require inspection or content filtering. Packets that go through the control plane path include the
control packets for protocols that require Layer 7 inspection.

A VPN is a secure connection across a TCP/IP network (such as the Internet) that appears as a private
connection. This secure connection is called a tunnel. The security appliance uses tunneling protocols to
negotiate security parameters, create and manage tunnels, encapsulate packets, transmit or receive them
through the tunnel, and unencapsulate them. The security appliance functions as a bidirectional tunnel
endpoint: it can receive plain packets, encapsulate them, and send them to the other end of the tunnel
where they are unencapsulated and sent to their final destination. It can also receive encapsulated
packets, unencapsulate them, and send them to their final destination. The security appliance invokes
various standard protocols to accomplish these functions.
The security appliance performs the following functions:
Establishes tunnels
Negotiates tunnel parameters
Authenticates users
Assigns user addresses
Encrypts and decrypts data
Manages security keys
Manages data transfer across the tunnel
Manages data transfer inbound and outbound as a tunnel endpoint or router
The security appliance invokes various standard protocols to accomplish these functions.
Intrusion Prevention Services Functional Overview

The Cisco ASA 5500 series adaptive security appliance supports the AIP SSM, an intrusion prevention
services module that monitors and performs real-time analysis of network traffic by looking for
anomalies and misuse based on an extensive, embedded signature library. When the system detects
unauthorized activity, it can terminate the specific connection, permanently block the attacking host, log
the incident, and send an alert to the device manager. Other legitimate connections continue to operate
independently without interruption. For more information, see Configuring the Cisco Intrusion
Prevention System Sensor Using the Command Line Interface.

You can partition a single security appliance into multiple virtual devices, known as security contexts.
Each context is an independent device, with its own security policy, interfaces, and administrators.
Multiple contexts are similar to having multiple standalone devices. Many features are supported in
multiple context mode, including routing tables, firewall features, IPS, and management. Some features
are not supported, including VPN and dynamic routing protocols.

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In multiple context mode, the security appliance includes a configuration for each context that identifies
the security policy, interfaces, and almost all the options you can configure on a standalone device. The
system administrator adds and manages contexts by configuring them in the system configuration,
which, like a single mode configuration, is the startup configuration. The system configuration identifies
basic settings for the security appliance. The system configuration does not include any network
interfaces or network settings for itself; rather, when the system needs to access network resources (such
as downloading the contexts from the server), it uses one of the contexts that is designated as the admin
context.
The admin context is just like any other context, except that when a user logs into the admin context,
then that user has system administrator rights and can access the system and all other contexts.
Note
You can run all your contexts in routed mode or transparent mode; you cannot run some contexts in one
mode and others in another.
Multiple context mode supports static routing only.
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Getting Started
This chapter describes how to access the command-line interface, configure the firewall mode, and work
with the configuration. This chapter includes the following sections:
Accessing the Command-Line Interface, page 2-1
Setting Transparent or Routed Firewall Mode, page 2-2
Working with the Configuration, page 2-3
Accessing the Command-Line Interface

For initial configuration, access the command-line interface directly from the console port. Later, you
can configure remote access using Telnet or SSH according to Chapter 31, Managing System Access.
If your system is already in multiple context mode, then accessing the console port places you in the
system execution space. See Chapter 3, Enabling Multiple Context Mode, for more information about
multiple context mode.
Note
If you want to use ASDM to configure the security appliance instead of the command-line interface, you
can connect to the default management address of 192.168.1.1 (if your security appliance includes a
factory default configuration). On the ASA 5500 series adaptive security appliance, the interface to
which you connect with ASDM is Management 0/0. For the PIX 500 series security appliance, the
interface to which you connect with ASDM is Ethernet 1. If you do not have a factory default
configuration, follow the steps in this section to access the command-line interface. You can then
configure the minimum parameters to access ASDM by entering the setup command.
To access the command-line interface, perform the following steps:
Step 1
Connect a PC to the console port using the provided console cable, and connect to the console using a
terminal emulator set for 9600 baud, 8 data bits, no parity, 1 stop bit, no flow control.
See the hardware guide that came with your security appliance for more information about the console
cable.
Step 2
Press the Enter key to see the following prompt:

hostname>
This prompt indicates that you are in user EXEC mode.

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Getting Started
Step 3
To access privileged EXEC mode, enter the following command:

hostname> enable
The following prompt appears:

Password:
Step 4
Enter the enable password at the prompt.

By default, the password is blank, and you can press the Enter key to continue. See the Changing the
Enable Password section on page 7-1 to change the enable password.
The prompt changes to:
hostname#
To exit privileged mode, enter the disable, exit, or quit command.

Step 5
To access global configuration mode, enter the following command:

hostname# configure terminal
The prompt changes to the following:

hostname(config)#
To exit global configuration mode, enter the exit, quit, or end command.

You can set the security appliance to run in routed firewall mode (the default) or transparent firewall
mode.
For multiple context mode, you can use only one firewall mode for all contexts. You must set the mode
in the system execution space.
When you change modes, the security appliance clears the configuration because many commands are
not supported for both modes. If you already have a populated configuration, be sure to back up your
configuration before changing the mode; you can use this backup for reference when creating your new
configuration.
If you download a text configuration to the security appliance that changes the mode with the
firewall transparent command, be sure to put the command at the top of the configuration; the security
appliance changes the mode as soon as it reads the command and then continues reading the
configuration you downloaded. If the command is later in the configuration, the security appliance clears
all the preceding lines in the configuration.
To set the mode to transparent, enter the following command in the system execution space:
hostname(config)# firewall transparent
This command also appears in each context configuration for informational purposes only; you
cannot enter this command in a context.
To set the mode to routed, enter the following command in the system execution space:
hostname(config)# no firewall transparent
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Getting Started
Working with the Configuration

This section describes how to work with the configuration. The security appliance loads the
configuration from a text file, called the startup configuration. This file resides by default as a hidden
file in internal Flash memory. You can, however, specify a different path for the startup configuration.
(For more information, see Chapter 32, Managing Software, Licenses, and Configurations.)
When you enter a command, the change is made only to the running configuration in memory. You must
manually save the running configuration to the startup configuration for your changes to remain after a
reboot.
The information in this section applies to both single and multiple security contexts, except where noted.
Additional information about contexts is in Chapter 3, Enabling Multiple Context Mode.
Saving Configuration Changes, page 2-3
Viewing the Configuration, page 2-3
Clearing and Removing Configuration Settings, page 2-4
Creating Text Configuration Files Offline, page 2-4
Saving Configuration Changes

To save your running configuration to the startup configuration, enter the following command:
hostname# copy running-config startup-config
For multiple context mode, context startup configurations can reside on external servers. In this case, the
security appliance saves the configuration back to the server you identified in the context URL, except
for an HTTP or HTTPS URL, which do not let you save the configuration to the server.
Note
The copy running-config startup-config command is equivalent to the write memory command.
Viewing the Configuration

The following commands let you view the running and startup configurations.
To view the running configuration, enter the following command:

hostname# show running-config
To view the running configuration of a specific command, enter the following command:
hostname# show running-config command
To view the startup configuration, enter the following command:

hostname# show startup-config

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Getting Started
Clearing and Removing Configuration Settings

To erase settings, enter one of the following commands.
To clear all the configuration for a specified command, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# clear configure configurationcommand [level2configurationcommand]
This command clears all the current configuration for the specified configuration command. If you
only want to clear the configuration for a specific version of the command, you can enter a value for
level2configurationcommand.
For example, to clear the configuration for all aaa commands, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# clear configure aaa
To clear the configuration for only aaa authentication commands, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# clear configure aaa authentication
To disable the specific parameters or options of a command, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# no configurationcommand [level2configurationcommand] qualifier
In this case, you use the no command to remove the specific configuration identified by qualifier.
For example, to remove a specific nat command, enter enough of the command to identify it
uniquely as follows:
hostname(config)# no nat (inside) 1
To erase the startup configuration, enter the following command:

hostname(config)# write erase
To erase the running configuration, enter the following command:

hostname(config)# clear configure all
Note
In multiple context mode, if you enter clear configure all from the system configuration, you
also remove all contexts and stop them from running.
Creating Text Configuration Files Offline

This guide describes how to use the CLI to configure the security appliance; when you save commands,
the changes are written to a text file. Instead of using the CLI, however, you can edit a text file directly
on your PC and paste a configuration at the configuration mode command-line prompt in its entirety, or
line by line. Alternatively, you can download a text file to the security appliance internal Flash memory.
See Chapter 32, Managing Software, Licenses, and Configurations, for information on downloading
the configuration file to the security appliance.
In most cases, commands described in this guide are preceded by a CLI prompt. The prompt in the
following example is hostname(config)#:
hostname(config)# context a
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In the text configuration file you are not prompted to enter commands, so the prompt is omitted as
follows:
context a
For additional information about formatting the file, see Appendix C, Using the Command-Line
Interface.

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C H A P T E R

This chapter describes how to use security contexts and enable multiple context mode. This chapter
includes the following sections:
Security Context Overview, page 3-1
Enabling or Disabling Multiple Context Mode, page 3-10

You can partition a single security appliance into multiple virtual devices, known as security contexts.
Each context is an independent device, with its own security policy, interfaces, and administrators.
Multiple contexts are similar to having multiple standalone devices. Many features are supported in
multiple context mode, including routing tables, firewall features, IPS, and management. Some features
are not supported, including VPN and dynamic routing protocols.
In multiple context mode, the security appliance includes a configuration for each context that identifies
the security policy, interfaces, and almost all the options you can configure on a standalone device. The
system administrator adds and manages contexts by configuring them in the system configuration,
which, like a single mode configuration, is the startup configuration. The system configuration identifies
basic settings for the security appliance. The system configuration does not include any network
interfaces or network settings for itself; rather, when the system needs to access network resources (such
as downloading the contexts from the server), it uses one of the contexts that is designated as the admin
context.
The admin context is just like any other context, except that when a user logs in to the admin context,
then that user has system administrator rights and can access the system and all other contexts.
This section provides an overview of security contexts, and includes the following topics:
Common Uses for Security Contexts, page 3-2
Unsupported Features, page 3-2
Context Configuration Files, page 3-2
How the Security Appliance Classifies Packets, page 3-3
Sharing Interfaces Between Contexts, page 3-6
Logging into the Security Appliance in Multiple Context Mode, page 3-10

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Chapter 3
Common Uses for Security Contexts

You might want to use multiple security contexts in the following situations:
You are a service provider and want to sell security services to many customers. By enabling
multiple security contexts on the security appliance, you can implement a cost-effective,
space-saving solution that keeps all customer traffic separate and secure, and also eases
configuration.
You are a large enterprise or a college campus and want to keep departments completely separate.
You are an enterprise that wants to provide distinct security policies to different departments.
You have any network that requires more than one security appliance.
Unsupported Features
Multiple context mode does not support the following features:
Dynamic routing protocols

Security contexts support only static routes. You cannot enable OSPF or RIP in multiple context
mode.
VPN
Multicast
Context Configuration Files

Each context has its own configuration file that identifies the security policy, interfaces, and, for
supported features, all the options you can configure on a standalone device. You can store context
configurations on the internal Flash memory or the external Flash memory card, or you can download
them from a TFTP, FTP, or HTTP(S) server.
In addition to individual security contexts, the security appliance also includes a system configuration
that identifies basic settings for the security appliance, including a list of contexts. Like the single mode
configuration, this configuration resides as the startup configuration.
The system configuration does not include any network interfaces or network settings for itself; rather,
when the system needs to access network resources (such as downloading the contexts from a server), it
uses one of the contexts that is designated as the admin context. The system configuration does include
a specialized failover interface for failover traffic only. If your system is already in multiple context
mode, or if you convert from single mode, the admin context is created automatically as a file on the
internal Flash memory called admin.cfg. This context is named admin. If you do not want to use
admin.cfg as the admin context, you can change the admin context.
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How the Security Appliance Classifies Packets

Each packet that enters the security appliance must be classified, so that the security appliance can
determine to which context to send a packet. The classifier uses the following rules to assign the packet
to a context:
1.
If only one context is associated with the ingress interface, the security appliance classifies the
packet into that context.
In transparent firewall mode, unique interfaces for contexts are required, so this method is used to
classify packets at all times.
2.
If multiple contexts are associated with the ingress interface, then the security appliance classifies
the packet into a context by matching the destination address to one of the following context
configurations:
a. Interface IP address (the ip address command)
The classifier looks at the interface IP address for traffic destined to an interface, such as
management traffic.
b. Global address in a static NAT statement (the static command)
The classifier only looks at static commands where the global interface matches the ingress
interface of the packet.
c. Global NAT pool address (the global command)
The classifier looks at IP addresses identified by a global pool for the ingress interface.
Note
The classifier does not use a NAT exemption configuration for classification purposes because
NAT exemption does not identify a global interface.
For example, if each context has unique interfaces, then the classifier associates the packet with the
context based on the ingress interface. If you share an interface across contexts, however, then the
classifier uses the destination address.
Because the destination address classification requires NAT (for through traffic), be sure to use unique
interfaces for each context if you do not use NAT. Alternatively, you can add a global command to the
ingress interface that specifies the real addresses in a context; a matching nat command is not required
for classification purposes.

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Figure 3-1 shows multiple contexts sharing an outside interface, while the inside interfaces are unique,
allowing overlapping IP addresses. The classifier assigns the packet to Context B because Context B
includes the address translation that matches the destination address.
Figure 3-1
Packet Classification with a Shared Interface
Internet
Packet Destination:
209.165.201.3
GE 0/0.1 (Shared Interface)
Classifier
Admin
Context
Context A
Context B
Dest Addr Translation
209.165.201.3 10.1.1.13
GE 0/1.1
GE 0/1.2
GE 0/1.3
Inside
Customer A
Inside
Customer B
Host
10.1.1.13
Host
10.1.1.13
Host
10.1.1.13
92399
Admin
Network
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Note that all new incoming traffic must be classified, even from inside networks. Figure 3-2 shows a host
on the Context B inside network accessing the Internet. The classifier assigns the packet to Context B
because the ingress interface is Gigabit Ethernet 0/1.3, which is assigned to Context B.
Figure 3-2
Incoming Traffic from Inside Networks
Internet
GE 0/0.1
Admin
Context
Context A
Context B
Classifier
GE 0/1.1
GE 0/1.2
GE 0/1.3
Inside
Customer A
Inside
Customer B
Host
10.1.1.13
Host
10.1.1.13
Host
10.1.1.13
92395
Admin
Network

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For transparent firewalls, you must use unique interfaces. For the classifier, the lack of NAT support in
transparent mode leaves unique interfaces as the only means of classification. Figure 3-3 shows a host
on the Context B inside network accessing the Internet. The classifier assigns the packet to Context B
because the ingress interface is Gigabit Ethernet 1/0.3, which is assigned to Context B.
Figure 3-3
Transparent Firewall Contexts
Internet
Classifier
GE 0/0.2
GE 0/0.1
GE 0/0.3
Admin
Context
Context A
Context B
GE 1/0.1
GE 1/0.2
GE 1/0.3
Inside
Customer A
Inside
Customer B
Host
10.1.1.13
Host
10.1.2.13
Host
10.1.3.13
92401
Admin
Network
Sharing Interfaces Between Contexts

Routed Mode Only
The security appliance lets you share an interface between contexts. For example, you might share the
outside interface to conserve interfaces. You can also share inside interfaces to share resources between
contexts.
Shared Interface Guidelines, page 3-7
Cascading Security Contexts, page 3-9
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Shared Interface Guidelines

If you want to allow traffic from a shared interface through the security appliance, then you must
translate the destination addresses of the traffic; the classifier relies on the address translation
configuration to classify the packet within a context. If you do not want to perform NAT, you can still
ensure classification into a context by specifying a global command for the shared interface: the global
command specifies the real destination addresses, and a matching nat command is not required. (If you
share an interface, and you allow only management traffic to and from the interface, then the classifier
uses the interface IP address configuration to classify the packets. NAT configuration does not enter into
the process.)
The type of NAT configured for the destination address determines whether the traffic can originate on
the shared interface or if it can only respond to an existing connection. When you use dynamic NAT for
the destination addresses, you cannot initiate a connection to those addresses. Therefore, traffic from the
shared interface must be in response to an existing connection. Static NAT, however, lets you initiate
connections, so if you use static NAT for the destination addreses, you can initiate connections on the
shared interface.
When you have an outside shared interface (connected to the Internet, for example), the destination
addresses on the inside are limited, and are known by the system administrator, so configuring NAT for
those addresses is easy, even if you want to configure static NAT.
Configuring an inside shared interface poses a problem, however, if you want to allow communication
between the shared interface and the Internet, where the destination addresses are unlimited. For
example, if you want to allow inside hosts on the shared interface to initiate traffic to the Internet, then
you need to configure static NAT statements for each Internet address. This requirement necessarily
limits the kind of Internet access you can provide for users on an inside shared interface. (If you intend
to statically translate addresses for Internet servers, then you also need to consider DNS entry addresses
and how NAT affects them. For example, if a server sends a packet to www.example.com, then the DNS
server needs to return the translated address. Your NAT configuration determines DNS entry
management.)

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Figure 3-4 shows two servers on an inside shared interface. One server sends a packet to the translated
address of a web server, and the security appliance classifies the packet to go through Context C because
it includes a static translation for the address. The other server sends the packet to the real untranslated
address, and the packet is dropped because the security appliance cannot classify it.
Figure 3-4
Originating Traffic on a Shared Interface
www.example.com
209.165.201.4
HTTP Packet
Dest. Address:
209.165.201.4
Internet
GE 0/0.5
Admin
Context
Context A
Context B
Context C
Static Translation
10.1.2.27
209.165.201.4
GE 1/0.1
GE 1/0.1
Shared
Network
HTTP Packet
Dest. Address:
209.165.201.4
HTTP Packet
Dest. Address:
10.1.2.27
Syslog Server
92398
GE 1/0.1
GE 1/0.1
AAA Server
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Cascading Security Contexts

Because of the limitation for originating traffic on a shared interface, a scenario where you place one
context behind another requires that you configure static statements in the top context for every single
outside address that bottom context users want to access.
Figure 3-5 shows a user in the bottom context (Context A) trying to access www.example.com. Because
the Gateway Context does not have a static translation for www.example.com, the user cannot access the
web server; the classifier does not know which context on the shared interface to assign the packet.
Figure 3-5
Cascading Contexts
www.example.com
209.165.201.4
Internet
Gateway
Context
GE 0/0.1
(Shared Interface)
Classifier does not know whether

to send packet to Admin, Gateway,
or back to Context A.
IP Address Classifier
Admin
Context
Context A
HTTP Packet
Dest. Address:
209.165.201.4
Inside
GE 1/1.43
Inside
Host
92396
GE 1/1.8

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Enabling or Disabling Multiple Context Mode
Logging into the Security Appliance in Multiple Context Mode

When you access the security appliance console, you access the system execution space. If you later
configure Telnet or SSH access to a context, you can log in to a specific context. If you log in to a specific
context, you can only access the configuration for that context. However, if you log in to the admin
context or the system execution space, you can access all contexts.
When you change to a context from admin, you continue to use the username and command
authorization settings set in the admin context.
The system execution space does not support any AAA commands, but you can configure its own enable
password, as well as usernames in the local database to provide individual logins.

Your security appliance might already be configured for multiple security contexts depending on how
you ordered it from Cisco. If you are upgrading, however, you might need to convert from single mode
to multiple mode by following the procedures in this section. ASDM does not support changing modes,
so you need to change modes using the CLI.
Backing Up the Single Mode Configuration, page 3-10
Enabling Multiple Context Mode, page 3-10
Restoring Single Context Mode, page 3-11
Backing Up the Single Mode Configuration

When you convert from single mode to multiple mode, the security appliance converts the running
configuration into two files. The original startup configuration is not saved, so if it differs from the
running configuration, you should back it up before proceeding.

The context mode (single or multiple) is not stored in the configuration file, even though it does endure
reboots. If you need to copy your configuration to another device, set the mode on the new device to
match using the mode command.
When you convert from single mode to multiple mode, the security appliance converts the running
configuration into two files: a new startup configuration that comprises the system configuration, and
admin.cfg that comprises the admin context (in the root directory of the internal Flash memory). The
original running configuration is saved as old_running.cfg (in the root directory of the internal Flash
memory). The original startup configuration is not saved. The security appliance automatically adds an
entry for the admin context to the system configuration with the name admin.
To enable multiple mode, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# mode multiple
You are prompted to reboot the security appliance.
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Restoring Single Context Mode

If you convert from multiple mode to single mode, you might want to first copy a full startup
configuration (if available) to the security appliance; the system configuration inherited from multiple
mode is not a complete functioning configuration for a single mode device. Because the system
configuration does not have any network interfaces as part of its configuration, you must access the
security appliance from the console to perform the copy.
To copy the old running configuration to the startup configuration and to change the mode to single
mode, perform the following steps in the system execution space:
Step 1
To copy the backup version of your original running configuration to the current startup configuration,
enter the following command in the system execution space:
hostname(config)# copy flash:old_running.cfg startup-config
Step 2
To set the mode to single mode, enter the following command in the system execution space:
hostname(config)# mode single
The security appliance reboots.

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C H A P T E R

This chapter describes how to configure and enable physical Ethernet interfaces and how to add
subinterfaces. If you have the 4GE SSM for the ASA 5000 series adaptive security appliance, this
chapter describes how to configure the inteface media type.
In single context mode, complete the procedures in this chapter and then continue your interface
configuration in Chapter 6, Configuring Interface Parameters. In multiple context mode, complete the
procedures in this chapter in the system execution space, then assign interfaces and subinterfaces to
contexts according to Chapter 5, Adding and Managing Security Contexts, and finally configure the
interface parameters within each context according to Chapter 6, Configuring Interface Parameters.
Configuring and Enabling RJ-45 Interfaces, page 4-1
Configuring and Enabling Fiber Interfaces on the 4GE SSM, page 4-2
Configuring and Enabling Subinterfaces, page 4-3
Configuring and Enabling RJ-45 Interfaces

This section describes how to configure Ethernet settings for physical interfaces, and how to enable the
interface. By default, all physical interfaces are shut down. You must enable the physical interface before
any traffic can pass through it or through a subinterface. For multiple context mode, if you allocate a
physical interface or subinterface to a context, the interfaces are enabled by default in the context.
However, before traffic can pass through the context interface, you must also enable the interface in the
system configuration according to this procedure.
By default, the speed and duplex for copper (RJ-45) interfaces are set to auto-negotiate.
The 4GE SSM for the ASA 5000 series adaptive security appliance includes two connector types: copper
RJ-45 and fiber SFP. RJ-45 is the default. If you want to configure the 4GE SSM to use the fiber SFP
connectors, see the Configuring and Enabling Fiber Interfaces on the 4GE SSM section on page 4-2.
For RJ-45 interfaces on the ASA 5500 series adaptive security appliance, the default auto-negotiation
setting also includes the Auto-MDI/MDIX feature. Auto-MDI/MDIX eliminates the need for crossover
cabling by performing an internal crossover when a straight cable is detected during the auto-negotiation
phase. Either the speed or duplex must be set to auto-negotiate to enable Auto-MDI/MDIX for the
interface. If you explicitly set both the speed and duplex to a fixed value, thus disabling auto-negotiation
for both settings, then Auto-MDI/MDIX is also disabled.
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To enable the interface, or to set a specific speed and duplex, perform the following steps:
Step 1
To specify the interface you want to configure, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# interface physical_interface
The physical_interface ID includes the type, slot, and port number as type[slot/]port.
The physical interface types include the following:
ethernet
gigabitethernet
For the PIX 500 series security appliance, enter the type followed by the port number, for example,
ethernet0.
For the ASA 5500 series adaptive security appliance, enter the type followed by slot/port, for example,
gigabitethernet0/1. Interfaces that are built into the chassis are assigned to slot 0, while interfaces on
the 4GE SSM are assigned to slot 1.
The ASA 5500 series adaptive security appliance also includes the following type:
management
The management interface is a Fast Ethernet interface designed for management traffic only, and is
specified as management0/0. You can, however, use it for through traffic if desired (see the
management-only command). In transparent firewall mode, you can use the management interface
in addition to the two interfaces allowed for through traffic. You can also add subinterfaces to the
management interface to provide management in each security context for multiple context mode.
Step 2
(Optional) To set the speed, enter the following command:

hostname(config-if)# speed {auto | 10 | 100 | 1000 | nonegotiate}
The auto setting is the default. The speed nonegotiate command disables link negotiation.
Step 3
(Optional) To set the duplex, enter the following command:

hostname(config-if)# duplex {auto | full | half}
The auto setting is the default.

Step 4
To enable the interface, enter the following command:

hostname(config-if)# no shutdown
To disable the interface, enter the shutdown command. If you enter the shutdown command for a
physical interface, you also shut down all subinterfaces. If you shut down an interface in the system
execution space, then that interface is shut down in all contexts that share it.

This section describes how to configure Ethernet settings for physical interfaces, and how to enable the
interface. By default, all physical interfaces are shut down. You must enable the physical interface before
any traffic can pass through it or through a subinterface. For multiple context mode, if you allocate a
physical interface or subinterface to a context, the interfaces are enabled by default in the context.
However, before traffic can pass through the context interface, you must also enable the interface in the
system configuration according to this procedure.
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By default, the connectors used on the 4GE SSM are the RJ-45 connectors. To use the fiber SFP
connectors, you must set the media type to SFP. The fiber interface has a fixed speed and does not
support duplex, but you can set the interface to negotiate link parameters (the default) or not to negotiate.
To enable the interface, set the media type, or to set negotiation settings, perform the following steps:
Step 1
hostname(config)# interface gigabitethernet 1/port
The 4GE SSM interfaces are assigned to slot 1, as shown in the interface ID in the syntax (the interfaces
built into the chassis are assigned to slot 0).
Step 2
To set the media type to SFP, enter the following command:

hostname(config-if)# media-type sfp
To restore the defaukt RJ-45, enter the media-type rj45 command.

Step 3
(Optional) To disable link negotiation, enter the following command:

hostname(config-if)# speed nonegotiate
For fiber Gigabit Ethernet interfaces, the default is no speed nonegotiate, which sets the speed to 1000
Mbps and enables link negotiation for flow-control parameters and remote fault information. The speed
nonegotiate command disables link negotiation.
Step 4
To enable the interface, enter the following command:


This section describes how to configure and enable a subinterface. You must enable the physical
interface before any traffic can pass through an enabled subinterface (see the Configuring and Enabling
RJ-45 Interfaces section on page 4-1 or the Configuring and Enabling Fiber Interfaces on the 4GE
SSM section on page 4-2). For multiple context mode, if you allocate a subinterface to a context, the
interfaces are enabled by default in the context. However, before traffic can pass through the context
interface, you must also enable the interface in the system configuration with this procedure.
Subinterfaces let you divide a physical interface into multiple logical interfaces that are tagged with
different VLAN IDs. Because VLANs allow you to keep traffic separate on a given physical interface,
you can increase the number of interfaces available to your network without adding additional physical
interfaces or security appliances. This feature is particularly useful in multiple context mode so you can
assign unique interfaces to each context.
To determine how many subinterfaces are allowed for your platform, see Appendix A, Feature Licenses
and Specifications.
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Note
If you use subinterfaces, you typically do not also want the physical interface to pass traffic, because the
physical interface passes untagged packets. Because the physical interface must be enabled for the
subinterface to pass traffic, ensure that the physical interface does not pass traffic by leaving out the
nameif command. If you want to let the physical interface pass untagged packets, you can configure the
nameif command as usual. See the Configuring Interface Parameters section on page 6-1 for more
information about completing the interface configuration.
To add a subinterface and assign a VLAN to it, perform the following steps:
Step 1
To specify the new subinterface, enter the following command:

hostname(config)# interface physical_interface.subinterface
See the Configuring and Enabling RJ-45 Interfaces section for a description of the physical interface
ID.
The subinterface ID is an integer between 1 and 4294967293.
For example, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# interface gigabitethernet0/1.100
Step 2
To specify the VLAN for the subinterface, enter the following command:
hostname(config-subif)# vlan vlan_id
The vlan_id is an integer between 1 and 4094. Some VLAN IDs might be reserved on connected
switches, so check the switch documentation for more information.
You can only assign a single VLAN to a subinterface, and not to the physical interface. Each subinterface
must have a VLAN ID before it can pass traffic. To change a VLAN ID, you do not need to remove the
old VLAN ID with the no option; you can enter the vlan command with a different VLAN ID, and the
security appliance changes the old ID.
Step 3
To enable the subinterface, enter the following command:

hostname(config-subif)# no shutdown
To disable the interface, enter the shutdown command. If you shut down an interface in the system
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This chapter describes how to configure multiple security contexts on the security appliance, and
Configuring a Security Context, page 5-1
Removing a Security Context, page 5-5
Changing the Admin Context, page 5-5
Changing Between Contexts and the System Execution Space, page 5-5
Changing the Security Context URL, page 5-6
Reloading a Security Context, page 5-7
Monitoring Security Contexts, page 5-8
For information about how contexts work and how to enable multiple context mode, see Chapter 3,
Enabling Multiple Context Mode.

The security context definition in the system configuration identifies the context name, configuration file
URL, and interfaces that a context can use.
Note
If you do not have an admin context (for example, if you clear the configuration) then you must first
specify the admin context name by entering the following command:
hostname(config)# admin-context name
Although this context name does not exist yet in your configuration, you can subsequently enter the
context name command to match the specified name to continue the admin context configuration.

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To add or change a context in the system configuration, perform the following steps:
Step 1
To add or modify a context, enter the following command in the system execution space:
hostname(config)# context name
The name is a string up to 32 characters long. This name is case sensitive, so you can have two contexts
named customerA and CustomerA, for example. You can use letters, digits, or hyphens, but you
cannot start or end the name with a hyphen.
System or Null (in upper or lower case letters) are reserved names, and cannot be used.
Step 2
(Optional) To add a description for this context, enter the following command:
hostname(config-ctx)# description text
Step 3
To specify the interfaces you can use in the context, enter the command appropriate for a physical
interface or for one or more subinterfaces.
To allocate a physical interface, enter the following command:

hostname(config-ctx)# allocate-interface physical_interface [map_name]
[visible | invisible]
To allocate one or more subinterfaces, enter the following command:

hostname(config-ctx)# allocate-interface
physical_interface.subinterface[-physical_interface.subinterface]
[map_name[-map_name]] [visible | invisible]
You can enter these commands multiple times to specify different ranges.
Transparent firewall mode allows only two interfaces to pass through traffic; however, on the ASA
adaptive security appliance, you can use the dedicated management interface, Management 0/0, (either
the physical interface or a subinterface) as a third interface for management traffic.
Note
The management interface for transparent mode does not flood a packet out the interface when that
packet is not in the MAC address table.
You can assign the same interfaces to multiple contexts in routed mode, if desired. Transparent mode
does not allow shared interfaces.
The map_name is an alphanumeric alias for the interface that can be used within the context instead of
the interface ID. If you do not specify a mapped name, the interface ID is used within the context. For
security purposes, you might not want the context administrator to know which interfaces are being used
by the context.
A mapped name must start with a letter, end with a letter or digit, and have as interior characters only
letters, digits, or an underscore. For example, you can use the following names:
int0
inta
int_0
For subinterfaces, you can specify a range of mapped names.
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If you specify a range of subinterfaces, you can specify a matching range of mapped names. Follow these
guidelines for ranges:
The mapped name must consist of an alphabetic portion followed by a numeric portion. The
alphabetic portion of the mapped name must match for both ends of the range. For example, enter
the following range:
int0-int10
If you enter gigabitethernet0/1.1-gigabitethernet0/1.5 happy1-sad5, for example, the command

fails.
The numeric portion of the mapped name must include the same quantity of numbers as the
subinterface range. For example, both ranges include 100 interfaces:
gigabitethernet0/0.100-gigabitethernet0/0.199 int1-int100
If you enter gigabitethernet0/0.100-gigabitethernet0/0.199 int1-int15, for example, the command

fails.
Specify visible to see physical interface properties in the show interface command even if you set a
mapped name. The default invisible keyword specifies to only show the mapped name.
The following example shows gigabitethernet0/1.100, gigabitethernet0/1.200, and
gigabitethernet0/2.300 through gigabitethernet0/1.305 assigned to the context. The mapped names are
int1 through int8.
hostname(config-ctx)# allocate-interface gigabitethernet0/1.100 int1
hostname(config-ctx)# allocate-interface gigabitethernet0/1.200 int2
hostname(config-ctx)# allocate-interface gigabitethernet0/2.300-gigabitethernet0/2.305
int3-int8
Step 4
To identify the URL from which the system downloads the context configuration, enter the following
command:
hostname(config-ctx)# config-url url
When you add a context URL, the system immediately loads the context so that it is running.
Note
Enter the allocate-interface command(s) before you enter the config-url command. The security
appliance must assign interfaces to the context before it loads the context configuration; the context
configuration might include commands that refer to interfaces (interface, nat, global...). If you enter the
config-url command first, the security appliance loads the context configuration immediately. If the
context contains any commands that refer to interfaces, those commands fail.
See the following URL syntax:
disk0:/[path/]filename
For the ASA 5500 series adaptive security appliance, this URL indicates the internal Flash memory.
You can also use flash instead of disk0; they are aliased.
disk1:/[path/]filename
For the ASA 5500 series adaptive security appliance, this URL indicates the external Flash memory
card.
flash:/[path/]filename
This URL indicates the internal Flash memory.
ftp://[user[:password]@]server[:port]/[path/]filename[;type=xx]

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The type can be one of the following keywords:

apASCII passive mode
anASCII normal mode
ip(Default) Binary passive mode
inBinary normal mode
http[s]://[user[:password]@]server[:port]/[path/]filename
tftp://[user[:password]@]server[:port]/[path/]filename[;int=interface_name]
Specify the interface name if you want to override the route to the server address.
The filename does not require a file extension, although we recommend using .cfg.
The admin context file must be stored on the internal Flash memory.
If you download a context configuration from an HTTP or HTTPS server, you cannot save changes back
to these servers using the copy running-config startup-config command. You can, however, use the
copy tftp command to copy the running configuration to a TFTP server.
If the system cannot retrieve the context configuration file because the server is unavailable, or the file
does not yet exist, the system creates a blank context that is ready for you to configure with the
command-line interface.
To change the URL, reenter the config-url command with a new URL.
See the Changing the Security Context URL section on page 5-6 for more information about changing
the URL.
hostname(config-ctx)# config-url ftp://joe:passw0rd1@10.1.1.1/configlets/test.cfg
Step 5
To view context information, see the show context command in the Cisco Security Appliance Command
Reference.
The following example sets the admin context to be administrator, creates a context called
administrator on the internal Flash memory, and then adds two contexts from an FTP server:
hostname(config)# admin-context administrator
hostname(config)# context administrator
hostname(config-ctx)# allocate-interface gigabitethernet0/0.1
hostname(config-ctx)# config-url flash:/admin.cfg
hostname(config-ctx)#
int3-int8
context test
allocate-interface gigabitethernet0/0.100 int1
allocate-interface gigabitethernet0/0.110-gigabitethernet0/0.115
int3-int8
context sample
allocate-interface gigabitethernet0/1.230-gigabitethernet0/1.235
config-url ftp://user1:passw0rd@10.1.1.1/configlets/test.cfg
config-url ftp://user1:passw0rd@10.1.1.1/configlets/sample.cfg
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You can only remove a context by editing the system configuration. You cannot remove the current
admin context, unless you remove all contexts using the clear context command.
Note
If you use failover, there is a delay between when you remove the context on the active unit and when
the context is removed on the standby unit. You might see an error message indicating that the number
of interfaces on the active and standby units are not consistent; this error is temporary and can be
ignored.
Use the following commands for removing contexts:
To remove a single context, enter the following command in the system execution space:
hostname(config)# no context name
All context commands are also removed.
To remove all contexts (including the admin context), enter the following command in the system
execution space:
hostname(config)# clear context
Changing the Admin Context

You can set any context to be the admin context, as long as the configuration file is stored in the internal
Flash memory. To set the admin context, enter the following command in the system execution space:
hostname(config)# admin-context context_name
Any remote management sessions, such as Telnet, SSH, or HTTPS, that are connected to the admin
context are terminated. You must reconnect to the new admin context.
Note
A few system commands, including ntp server, identify an interface name that belongs to the admin
context. If you change the admin context, and that interface name does not exist in the new admin
context, be sure to update any system commands that refer to the interface.
Changing Between Contexts and the System Execution Space

If you log in to the system execution space (or the admin context using Telnet or SSH), you can change
between contexts and perform configuration and monitoring tasks within each context. The running
configuration that you edit in a configuration mode, or that is used in the copy or write commands,
depends on your location. When you are in the system execution space, the running configuration
consists only of the system configuration; when you are in a context, the running configuration consists
only of that context. For example, you cannot view all running configurations (system plus all contexts)
by entering the show running-config command. Only the current configuration displays.

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To change between the system execution space and a context, or between contexts, see the following
commands:
To change to a context, enter the following command:

hostname# changeto context name

hostname/name#
To change to the system execution space, enter the following command:

hostname/admin# changeto system

hostname#

You cannot change the security context URL without reloading the configuration from the new URL.
The security appliance merges the new configuration with the current running configuration. Reentering
the same URL also merges the saved configuration with the running configuration. A merge adds any
new commands from the new configuration to the running configuration. If the configurations are the
same, no changes occur. If commands conflict or if commands affect the running of the context, then the
effect of the merge depends on the command. You might get errors, or you might have unexpected
results. If the running configuration is blank (for example, if the server was unavailable and the
configuration was never downloaded), then the new configuration is used. If you do not want to merge
the configurations, you can clear the running configuration, which disrupts any communications through
the context, and then reload the configuration from the new URL.
To change the URL for a context, perform the following steps:
Step 1
If you do not want to merge the configuration, change to the context and clear its configuration by
entering the following commands. If you want to perform a merge, skip to Step 2.
hostname/name# configure terminal
hostname/name(config)# clear configure all
Step 2
If required, change to the system execution space by entering the following command:
hostname/name(config)# changeto system
Step 3
To enter the context configuration mode for the context you want to change, enter the following
command:
hostname(config)# context name
Step 4
To enter the new URL, enter the following command:

hostname(config)# config-url new_url
The system immediately loads the context so that it is running.
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Reloading a Security Context
Reloading a Security Context

You can reload the context in two ways:
Clear the running configuration and then import the startup configuration.
This action clears most attributes associated with the context, such as connections and NAT tables.
Remove the context from the system configuration.

This action clears additional attributes, such as memory allocation, which might be useful for
troubleshooting. However, to add the context back to the system requires you to respecify the URL
and interfaces.
Reloading by Clearing the Configuration, page 5-7
Reloading by Removing and Re-adding the Context, page 5-7
Reloading by Clearing the Configuration

To reload the context by clearing the context configuration, and reloading the configuration from the
URL, perform the following steps:
Step 1
To change to the context that you want to reload, enter the following command:
Step 2
To access configuration mode, enter the following command:

hostname/name# configure terminal
Step 3
To clear the running configuration, enter the following command:

hostname/name(config)# clear configure all
This command clears all connections.

Step 4
To reload the configuration, enter the following command:

hostname/name(config)# copy startup-config running-config
The security appliance copies the configuration from the URL specified in the system configuration. You
cannot change the URL from within a context.
Reloading by Removing and Re-adding the Context

To reload the context by removing the context and then re-adding it, perform the steps in the following
sections:
1.
Removing a Security Context section on page 5-5
2.
Configuring a Security Context section on page 5-1

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Monitoring Security Contexts

This section describes how to view and monitor context information, and includes the following topics:
Viewing Context Information, page 5-8
Viewing Resource Usage, page 5-9
Viewing Context Information

From the system execution space, you can view a list of contexts including the name, allocated
interfaces, and configuration file URL.
From the system execution space, view all contexts by entering the following command:
hostname# show context [name | detail| count]
The detail option shows additional information. See the following sample displays below for more
information.
If you want to show information for a particular context, specify the name.
The count option shows the total number of contexts.
The following is sample output from the show context command. The following sample display shows
three contexts:
hostname# show context
Context Name
*admin
Interfaces
GigabitEthernet0/1.100
contexta
contextb
Total active Security Contexts: 3
URL
flash:/admin.cfg
flash:/contexta.cfg
flash:/contextb.cfg
Table 5-1 shows each field description.

Table 5-1
show context Fields
Field
Description
Context Name
Lists all context names. The context name with the asterisk (*) is the admin context.
Interfaces
The interfaces assigned to the context.
URL
The URL from which the security appliance loads the context configuration.
The following is sample output from the show context detail command:
hostname# show context detail
Context "admin", has been created, but initial ACL rules not complete
Config URL: flash:/admin.cfg
Real Interfaces: Management0/0
Mapped Interfaces: Management0/0
Flags: 0x00000013, ID: 1
Context "ctx", has been created, but initial ACL rules not complete
Config URL: ctx.cfg
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Real Interfaces: GigabitEthernet0/0.10, GigabitEthernet0/1.20,

Mapped Interfaces: int1, int2, int3
Flags: 0x00000011, ID: 2
Context "system", is a system resource
Config URL: startup-config
Real Interfaces:
Mapped Interfaces: Control0/0, GigabitEthernet0/0,
GigabitEthernet0/0.10, GigabitEthernet0/1, GigabitEthernet0/1.10,
GigabitEthernet0/1.20, GigabitEthernet0/2, GigabitEthernet0/2.30,
GigabitEthernet0/3, Management0/0, Management0/0.1
Flags: 0x00000019, ID: 257
Context "null", is a system resource
Config URL: ... null ...
Real Interfaces:
Mapped Interfaces:
Flags: 0x00000009, ID: 258
See the Cisco Security Appliance Command Reference for more information about the detail output.
The following is sample output from the show context count command:
hostname# show context count
Total active contexts: 2
Viewing Resource Usage

From the system execution space, you can view the resource usage for each context and display the
system resource usage. Resources include concurrent connections, Telnet sessions, SSH sessions, hosts,
NAT translations, and for single mode, IPSec sessions.
From the system execution space, view the resource usage for each context by entering the following
command:
hostname# show resource usage [context context_name | top n | all | summary | system]
[resource {resource_name | all}] [counter counter_name [count_threshold]]
By default, all context usage is displayed; each context is listed separately.

Enter the top n keyword to show the contexts that are the top n users of the specified resource. You must
specify a single resource type, and not resource all, with this option.
The summary option shows all context usage combined.
The system option shows all context usage combined, but shows the system limits for resources instead
of the combined context limits.
The resource names include the following values. See also the show resource type command for a
complete list. Specify all (the default) for all types.
connsTCP or UDP connections between any two hosts, including connections between one host
and multiple other hosts.
hostsHosts that can connect through the security appliance.
ipsec(Single mode only) IPSec sessions.
sshSSH sessions.
telnetTelnet sessions.
xlatesNAT translations.

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The counter counter_name is one of the following keywords:
currentShows the active concurrent instances or the current rate of the resource.
peakShows the peak concurrent instances, or the peak rate of the resource since the statistics were
last cleared, either using the clear resource usage command or because the device rebooted.
all(Default) Shows all statistics.
The count_threshold sets the number above which resources are shown. The default is 1. If the usage of
the resource is below the number you set, then the resource is not shown. If you specify all for the
counter name, then the count_threshold applies to the current usage.
Note
To show all resources, set the count_threshold to 0.

The following is sample output from the show resource usage context command, which shows the
resource usage for the admin context:
hostname# show resource usage context admin
Resource
Telnet
Conns
Hosts
Current
1
44
45
Peak
1
55
56
Limit
5
N/A
N/A
Context
admin
admin
admin
The following is sample output from the show resource usage summary command, which shows the
resource usage for all contexts and all resources. This sample shows the limits for 6 contexts.
hostname# show resource usage summary
Resource
Telnet
SSH
Conns
Hosts
Current
3
5
40
44
Peak
5
7
55
56
Limit
30
30
N/A
N/A
Context
Summary
Summary
Summary
Summary
The following is sample output from the show resource usage summary command, which shows the
limits for 25 contexts. Because the context limit for Telnet and SSH connections is 5 per context, then
the combined limit is 125. The system limit is only 100, so the system limit is shown.
hostname# show resource usage summary
Resource
Current
Peak
Limit
Context
Telnet
1
1
100[S] Summary
SSH
2
2
100[S] Summary
Conns
56
90
N/A
Summary
Hosts
89
102
N/A
Summary
S = System limit: Combined context limits exceed the system limit; the system limit is
shown.
The following is sample output from the show resource usage system command, which shows the
resource usage for all contexts, but it shows the system limit instead of the combined context limits:
hostname# show resource usage system
Resource
Telnet
SSH
Conns
Hosts
Current
3
5
40
44
Peak
5
7
55
56
Limit
100
100
N/A
N/A
Context
System
System
System
System
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C H A P T E R

This chapter describes how to configure each interface and subinterface for a name, security, level, and
IP address. For single context mode, the procedures in this chapter continue the interface configuration
started in Chapter 4, Configuring Ethernet Settings and Subinterfaces. For multiple context mode, the
procedures in Chapter 4, Configuring Ethernet Settings and Subinterfaces, are performed in the system
execution space, while the procedures in this chapter are performed within each security context.
Security Level Overview, page 6-1
Configuring the Interface, page 6-2
Allowing Communication Between Interfaces on the Same Security Level, page 6-5
Security Level Overview

Each interface must have a security level from 0 (lowest) to 100 (highest). For example, you should
assign your most secure network, such as the inside host network, to level 100. While the outside
network connected to the Internet can be level 0. Other networks, such as DMZs can be in between. You
can assign interfaces to the same security level. See the Allowing Communication Between Interfaces
on the Same Security Level section on page 6-5 for more information.
The level controls the following behavior:
Network accessBy default, there is an implicit permit from a higher security interface to a lower
security interface (outbound). Hosts on the higher security interface can access any host on a lower
security interface. You can limit access by applying an access list to the interface.
If you enable communication for same security interfaces (see the Allowing Communication
Between Interfaces on the Same Security Level section on page 6-5), there is an implicit permit for
interfaces to access other interfaces on the same security level or lower.
Inspection enginesSome inspection engines are dependent on the security level. For same security
interfaces, inspection engines apply to traffic in either direction.
NetBIOS inspection engineApplied only for outbound connections.
OraServ inspection engineIf a control connection for the OraServ port exists between a pair
of hosts, then only an inbound data connection is permitted through the security appliance.
FilteringHTTP(S) and FTP filtering applies only for outbound connections (from a higher level
to a lower level).
For same security interfaces, you can filter traffic in either direction.
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NAT controlWhen you enable NAT control, you must configure NAT for hosts on a higher security
interface (inside) when they access hosts on a lower security interface (outside).
Without NAT control, or for same security interfaces, you can choose to use NAT between any
interface, or you can choose not to use NAT. Keep in mind that configuring NAT for an outside
interface might require a special keyword.
established commandThis command allows return connections from a lower security host to a
higher security host if there is already an established connection from the higher level host to the
lower level host.
For same security interfaces, you can configure established commands for both directions.

By default, all physical interfaces are shut down. You must enable the physical interface before any
traffic can pass through an enabled subinterface. For multiple context mode, if you allocate a physical
interface or subinterface to a context, the interfaces are enabled by default in the context. However,
before traffic can pass through the context interface, you must also enable the interface in the system
configuration. If you shut down an interface in the system execution space, then that interface is down
in all contexts that share it.
Before you can complete your configuration and allow traffic through the security appliance, you need
to configure an interface name, and for routed mode, an IP address. You should also change the security
level from the default, which is 0. If you name an interface inside and you do not set the security level
explicitly, then the security appliance sets the security level to 100.
Note
If you are using failover, do not use this procedure to name interfaces that you are reserving for failover
and Stateful Failover communications. See Chapter 11, Configuring Failover. to configure the failover
and state links.
For multiple context mode, follow these guidelines:
Note
Configure the context interfaces from within each context.
You can only configure context interfaces that you already assigned to the context in the system
configuration.
The system configuration only lets you configure Ethernet settings and VLANs. The exception is
for failover interfaces; do not configure failover interfaces with this procedure. See the Failover
chapter for more information.
If you change the security level of an interface, and you do not want to wait for existing connections to
time out before the new security information is used, you can clear the connections using the
clear local-host command.
To configure an interface or subinterface, perform the following steps:
Step 1
hostname(config)# interface {physical_interface[.subinterface] | mapped_name}
The physical_interface ID includes the type, slot, and port number as type[slot/]port.
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The physical interface types include the following:
ethernet
gigabitethernet
For the PIX 500 series security appliance, enter the type followed by the port number, for example,
ethernet0.
For the ASA 5500 series adaptive security appliance, enter the type followed by slot/port, for example,
gigabitethernet0/1. Interfaces that are built into the chassis are assigned to slot 0, while interfaces on
the 4GE SSM are assigned to slot 1.
The ASA 5500 series adaptive security appliance also includes the following type:
management
The management interface is a Fast Ethernet interface designed for management traffic only, and is
specified as management0/0. You can, however, use it for through traffic if desired (see the
management-only command). In transparent firewall mode, you can use the management interface
in addition to the two interfaces allowed for through traffic. You can also add subinterfaces to the
management interface to provide management in each security context for multiple context mode.
Append the subinterface ID to the physical interface ID separated by a period (.).

In multiple context mode, enter the mapped name if one was assigned using the allocate-interface
command.
Step 2
To name the interface, enter the following command:

hostname(config-if)# nameif name
The name is a text string up to 48 characters, and is not case-sensitive. You can change the name by
reentering this command with a new value. Do not enter the no form, because that command causes all
commands that refer to that name to be deleted.
Step 3
To set the security level, enter the following command:

hostname(config-if)# security-level number
Where number is an integer between 0 (lowest) and 100 (highest).

Step 4
To set the IP address or routed mode only, enter one of the following commands.
Note
To set an IPv6 address, see the Configuring IPv6 on an Interface section on page 9-2.
To set the IP address manually, enter the following command:
hostname(config-if)# ip address ip_address [mask] [standby ip_address]
The standby keyword and address is used for failover. See Chapter 11, Configuring Failover, for
more information.
To obtain an IP address from a DHCP server, enter the following command:

hostname(config-if)# ip address dhcp [setroute]
Reenter this command to reset the DHCP lease and request a new lease.
You cannot set this command at the same time as the ip address command.
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If you enable the setroute option, do not configure a default route using the static command.
If you do not enable the interface using the no shutdown command before you enter the ip address
dhcp command, some DHCP requests might not be sent.
Step 5
To set an interface to management-only mode, enter the following command:

hostname(config-if)# management-only
The ASA 5000 series adaptive security appliance includes a dedicated management interface called
Management 0/0, which is meant to support traffic to the security appliance. However, you can configure
any interface to be a management-only interface using the management-only command. Also, for
Management 0/0, you can disable management-only mode so the interface can pass through traffic just
like any other interface.
Note
Step 6
Transparent firewall mode allows only two interfaces to pass through traffic; however, on the
ASA 5000 series adaptive security appliance, you can use the dedicated management interface
(either the physical interface or a subinterface) as a third interface for management traffic. The
mode is not configurable in this case and must always be management-only.
To enable the interface, if it is not already enabled, enter the following command:
execution space, then that interface is shut down in all contexts that share it, even though the context
configurations show the interface as enabled.
The following example configures parameters for the physical interface in single mode:
hostname(config)# interface gigabitethernet0/1
hostname(config-if)# speed 1000
hostname(config-if)# duplex full
hostname(config-if)# nameif inside
hostname(config-if)# security-level 100
hostname(config-if)# ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
The following example configures parameters for a subinterface in single mode:

hostname(config-subif)# vlan 101
hostname(config-subif)# nameif dmz1
hostname(config-subif)# security-level 50
hostname(config-subif)# ip address 10.1.2.1 255.255.255.0
The following example configures interface parameters in multiple context mode for the system
configuration, and allocates the gigabitethernet 0/1.1 subinterface to contextA:
hostname(config)# interface gigabitethernet0/1
hostname(config-if)# speed 1000
hostname(config-if)# duplex full
hostname(config-if)# interface gigabitethernet0/1.1
hostname(config-subif)# vlan 101
hostname(config-subif)# context contextA
hostname(config-ctx)# ...
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The following example configures parameters in multiple context mode for the context configuration:
hostname/contextA(config)# interface gigabitethernet0/1.1
hostname/contextA(config-if)# nameif inside
hostname/contextA(config-if)# security-level 100
hostname/contextA(config-if)# ip address 10.1.2.1 255.255.255.0
hostname/contextA(config-if)# no shutdown
Allowing Communication Between Interfaces on the Same

Security Level
By default, interfaces on the same security level cannot communicate with each other. Allowing
communication between same security interfaces provides the following benefits:
You can configure more than 101 communicating interfaces.

If you use different levels for each interface and do not assign any interfaces to the same security
level, you can configure only one interface per level (0 to 100).
Note
You want traffic to flow freely between all same security interfaces without access lists.
If you enable NAT control, you do not need to configure NAT between same security level interfaces.
See the NAT and Same Security Level Interfaces section on page 14-33 for more information on NAT
and same security level interfaces.
If you enable same security interface communication, you can still configure interfaces at different
security levels as usual.
To enable interfaces on the same security level so that they can communicate with each other, enter the
following command:
hostname(config)# same-security-traffic permit inter-interface
To disable this setting, use the no form of this command.
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C H A P T E R

This chapter describes how to configure basic settings on your security appliance that are typically
required for a functioning configuration. This chapter includes the following sections:
Changing the Enable Password, page 7-1
Setting the Hostname, page 7-2
Setting the Domain Name, page 7-2
Setting the Date and Time, page 7-2
Setting the Management IP Address for a Transparent Firewall, page 7-5
Changing the Enable Password

The enable password lets you enter privileged EXEC mode. By default, the enable password is blank. To
change the enable password, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# enable password password
The password is a case-sensitive password of up to 16 alphanumeric and special characters. You can use
any character in the password except a question mark or a space.
This command changes the password for the highest privilege level. If you configure local command
authorization, you can set enable passwords for each privilege level from 0 to 15.
The password is saved in the configuration in encrypted form, so you cannot view the original password
after you enter it. Enter the enable password command without a password to set the password to the
default, which is blank.

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When you set a hostname for the security appliance, that name appears in the command line prompt. If
you establish sessions to multiple devices, the hostname helps you keep track of where you enter
commands. The default hostname depends on your platform.
For multiple context mode, the hostname that you set in the system execution space appears in the
command line prompt for all contexts. The hostname that you optionally set within a context does not
appear in the command line, but can be used by the banner command $(hostname) token.
To specify the hostname for the security appliance or for a context, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# hostname name
This name can be up to 63 characters. A hostname must start and end with a letter or digit, and have as
interior characters only letters, digits, or a hyphen.
.
This name appears in the command line prompt. For example:
hostname(config)# hostname farscape
farscape(config)#
Setting the Domain Name

The security appliance appends the domain name as a suffix to unqualified names. For example, if you
set the domain name to example.com, and specify a syslog server by the unqualified name of jupiter,
then the security appliance qualifies the name to jupiter.example.com.
The default domain name is default.domain.invalid.
For multiple context mode, you can set the domain name for each context, as well as within the system
execution space.
To specify the domain name for the security appliance, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# domain-name name
For example, to set the domain as example.com, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# domain-name example.com
Setting the Date and Time

This section describes how to set the date and time, either manually or dynamically using an NTP server.
Time derived from an NTP server overrides any time set manually. This section also describes how to
set the time zone and daylight saving time date range.
Note
In multiple context mode, set the time in the system configuration only.
Setting the Time Zone and Daylight Saving Time Date Range, page 7-3
Setting the Date and Time Using an NTP Server, page 7-4
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Setting the Date and Time Manually, page 7-4
Setting the Time Zone and Daylight Saving Time Date Range
By default, the time zone is UTC and the daylight saving time date range is from 2:00 a.m. on the first
Sunday in April to 2:00 a.m. on the last Sunday in October. To change the time zone and daylight saving
time date range, perform the following steps:
Step 1
To set the time zone, enter the following command in global configuration mode:
hostname(config)# clock timezone zone [-]hours [minutes]
Where zone specifies the time zone as a string, for example, PST for Pacific Standard Time.
The [-]hours value sets the number of hours of offset from UTC. For example, PST is -8 hours.
The minutes value sets the number of minutes of offset from UTC.
Step 2
To change the date range for daylight saving time from the default, enter one of the following commands.
The default recurring date range is from 2:00 a.m. on the first Sunday in April to 2:00 a.m. on the last
Sunday in October.
To set the start and end dates for daylight saving time as a specific date in a specific year, enter the
following command:
hostname(config)# clock summer-time zone date {day month | month day} year hh:mm {day
month | month day} year hh:mm [offset]
If you use this command, you need to reset the dates every year.
The zone value specifies the time zone as a string, for example, PDT for Pacific Daylight Time.
The day value sets the day of the month, from 1 to 31. You can enter the day and month as April 1
or as 1 April, for example, depending on your standard date format.
The month value sets the month as a string. You can enter the day and month as April 1 or as 1 April,
for example, depending on your standard date format.
The year value sets the year using four digits, for example, 2004. The year range is 1993 to 2035.
The hh:mm value sets the hour and minutes in 24-hour time.
The offset value sets the number of minutes to change the time for daylight saving time. By default,
the value is 60 minutes.
To specify the start and end dates for daylight saving time, in the form of a day and time of the
month, and not a specific date in a year, enter the following command.
hostname(config)# clock summer-time zone recurring [week weekday month hh:mm week
weekday month hh:mm] [offset]
This command lets you set a recurring date range that you do not need to alter yearly.
The zone value specifies the time zone as a string, for example, PDT for Pacific Daylight Time.
The week value specifies the week of the month as an integer between 1 and 4 or as the words first
or last. For example, if the day might fall in the partial fifth week, then specify last.
The weekday value specifies the day of the week: Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, and so on.
The month value sets the month as a string.
The hh:mm value sets the hour and minutes in 24-hour time.

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The offset value sets the number of minutes to change the time for daylight saving time. By default,
the value is 60 minutes.
Setting the Date and Time Using an NTP Server

To obtain the date and time from an NTP server, perform the following steps:
Step 1
To configure authentication with an NTP server, perform the following steps:

a.
To enable authentication, enter the following command:

hostname(config)# ntp authenticate
b.
To specify an authentication key ID to be a trusted key, which is required for authentication with an
NTP server, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# ntp trusted-key key_id
Where the key_id is between 1 and 4294967295. You can enter multiple trusted keys for use with
multiple servers.
c.
To set a key to authenticate with an NTP server, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# ntp authentication-key key_id md5 key
Where key_id is the ID you set in Step 1b using the ntp trusted-key command, and key is a string
up to 32 characters in length.
Step 2
To identify an NTP server, enter the following command:

hostname(config)# ntp server ip_address [key key_id] [source interface_name] [prefer]
Where the key_id is the ID you set in Step 1b using the ntp trusted-key command.
The source interface_name identifies the outgoing interface for NTP packets if you do not want to use
the default interface in the routing table. Because the system does not include any interfaces in multiple
context mode, specify an interface name defined in the admin context.
The prefer keyword sets this NTP server as the preferred server if multiple servers have similar
accuracy. NTP uses an algorithm to determine which server is the most accurate and synchronizes to that
one. If servers are of similar accuracy, then the prefer keyword specifies which of those servers to use.
However, if a server is significantly more accurate than the preferred one, the security appliance uses the
more accurate one. For example, the security appliance uses a server of stratum 2 over a server of
stratum 3 that is preferred.
You can identify multiple servers; the security appliance uses the most accurate server.
Setting the Date and Time Manually

To set the date time manually, enter the following command:
hostname# clock set hh:mm:ss {month day | day month} year
Where hh:mm:ss sets the hour, minutes, and seconds in 24-hour time. For example, set 20:54:00 for 8:54
pm.
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The day value sets the day of the month, from 1 to 31. You can enter the day and month as april 1 or as
1 april, for example, depending on your standard date format.
The month value sets the month. Depending on your standard date format, you can enter the day and
month as april 1 or as 1 april.
The year value sets the year using four digits, for example, 2004. The year range is 1993 to 2035.
The default time zone is UTC. If you change the time zone after you enter the clock set command using
the clock timezone command, the time automatically adjusts to the new time zone.
This command sets the time in the hardware chip, and does not save the time in the configuration file.
This time endures reboots. Unlike the other clock commands, this command is a privileged EXEC
command. To reset the clock, you need to set a new time for the clock set command.

Transparent firewall mode only
A transparent firewall does not participate in IP routing. The only IP configuration required for the
security appliance is to set the management IP address. This address is required because the security
appliance uses this address as the source address for traffic originating on the security appliance, such
as system messages or communications with AAA servers. You can also use this address for remote
management access.
For multiple context mode, set the management IP address within each context.
To set the management IP address, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# ip address ip_address [mask] [standby ip_address]
This address must be on the same subnet as the upstream and downstream routers. You cannot set the
subnet to a host subnet (255.255.255.255). This address must be IPv4; the transparent firewall does not
support IPv6.
The standby keyword and address is used for failover. See Chapter 11, Configuring Failover, for more
information.

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This chapter describes how to configure IP routing and DHCP on the security appliance. This chapter
Configuring Static and Default Routes, page 8-1
Configuring OSPF, page 8-3
Configuring RIP, page 8-17
Dynamic Routing and Failover, page 8-18
Configuring Multicast Routing, page 8-18
Configuring DHCP, page 8-25

This section describes how to configure static routes on the security appliance.
Multiple context mode does not support dynamic routing, so you must use static routes for any networks
to which the security appliance is not directly connected; for example, when there is a router between a
network and the security appliance.
You might want to use static routes in single context mode in the following cases:
Your networks use a different router discovery protocol from RIP or OSPF.
Your network is small and you can easily manage static routes.
You do not want the traffic or CPU overhead associated with routing protocols.
The simplest option is to configure a default route to send all traffic to an upstream router, relying on the
router to route the traffic for you. However, in some cases the default gateway might not be able to reach
the destination network, so you must also configure more specific static routes. For example, if the
default gateway is outside, then the default route cannot direct traffic to any inside networks that are not
directly connected to the security appliance.
In transparent firewall mode, for traffic that originates on the security appliance and is destined for a
non-directly connected network, you need to configure either a default route or static routes so the
security appliance knows out of which interface to send traffic. Traffic that originates on the security
appliance might include communications to a syslog server, Websense or N2H2 server, or AAA server.
If you have servers that cannot all be reached through a single default route, then you must configure
static routes.
The security appliance supports up to three equal cost routes on the same interface for load balancing.

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Configuring a Static Route, page 8-2
Configuring a Default Route, page 8-3
For information about configuring IPv6 static and default routes, see the Configuring IPv6 Default and
Static Routes section on page 9-3.
Configuring a Static Route

To add a static route, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# route if_name dest_ip mask gateway_ip [distance]
The dest_ip and mask is the IP address for the destination network and the gateway_ip is the address of
the next-hop router.The addresses you specify for the static route are the addresses that are in the packet
before entering the security appliance and performing NAT.
The distance is the administrative distance for the route. The default is 1 if you do not specify a value.
Administrative distance is a parameter used to compare routes among different routing protocols. The
default administrative distance for static routes is 1, giving it precedence over routes discovered by
dynamic routing protocols but not directly connect routes. The default administrative distance for routes
discovered by OSPF is 110. If a static route has the same administrative distance as a dynamic route, the
static routes take precedence. Connected routes always take precedence over static or dynamically
discovered routes.
Static routes remain in the routing table even if the specified gateway becomes unavailable. If the
specified gateway becomes unavailable, you need to remove the static route from the routing table
manually. However, static routes are removed from the routing table if the specified interface goes down.
They are reinstated when the interface comes back up.
Note
If you create a static route with an administrative distance greater than the administrative distance of the
routing protocol running on the security appliance, then a route to the specified destination discovered
by the routing protocol takes precedence over the static route. The static route is used only if the
dynamically discovered route is removed from the routing table.
The following example creates a static route that sends all traffic destined for 10.1.1.0/24 to the router
(10.1.2.45) connected to the inside interface:
hostname(config)# route inside 10.1.1.0 255.255.255.0 10.1.2.45 1
You can define up to three equal cost routes to the same destination per interface. ECMP is not supported
across multiple interfaces. With ECMP, the traffic is not necessarily divided evenly between the routes;
traffic is distributed among the specified gateways based on an algorithm that hashes the source and
destination IP addresses.
The following example shows static routes that are equal cost routes that direct traffic to three different
gateways on the outside interface. The security appliance distributes the traffic among the specified
gateways.
hostname(config)# route outside 10.10.10.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.1
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Configuring a Default Route

A default route identifies the gateway IP address to which the security appliance sends all IP packets for
which it does not have a learned or static route. A default route is simply a static route with 0.0.0.0/0 as
the destination IP address. Routes that identify a specific destination take precedence over the default
route.
Note
In ASA software Versions 7.0 and later, if you have two default routes configured on different interfaces
that have different metrics, the connection to the ASA firewall that is made from the higher metric
interface fails, but connections to the ASA firewall from the lower metric interface succeed as expected.
PIX software Version 6.3 supports connections from both the the higher and the lower metric interfaces.
You can define up to three equal cost default route entries per device. Defining more than one equal cost
default route entry causes the traffic sent to the default route to be distributed among the specified
gateways. When defining more than one default route, you must specify the same interface for each
entry.
If you attempt to define more than three equal cost default routes, or if you attempt to define a default
route with a different interface than a previously defined default route, you receive the message
ERROR: Cannot add route entry, possible conflict with existing routes.
You can define a separate default route for tunneled traffic along with the standard default route. When
you create a default route with the tunneled option, all encrypted traffic that arrives on the security
appliance and cannot be routed using learned or static routes is sent to this route. Otherwise, if the traffic
is not encrypted, the standard default route entry is used. You cannot define more than one default route
with the tunneled option; ECMP for tunneled traffic is not supported.
To define the default route, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# route if_name 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 gateway_ip [distance | tunneled]
Tip
You can enter 0 0 instead of 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 for the destination network address and mask, for example:
hostname(config)# route outside 0 0 192.168.1 1
The following example shows a security appliance configured with three equal cost default routes and a
default route for tunneled traffic. Unencrypted traffic received by the security appliance for which there
is no static or learned route is distributed among the gateways with the IP addresses 192.168.2.1,
192.168.2.2, 192.168.2.3. Encrypted traffic receive by the security appliance for which there is no static
or learned route is passed to the gateway with the IP address 192.168.2.4.
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
route
route
route
route
outside
outside
outside
outside
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
192.168.2.1
192.168.2.2
192.168.2.3
192.168.2.4 tunneled
Configuring OSPF
This section describes how to configure OSPF. This section includes the following topics:
OSPF Overview, page 8-4
Enabling OSPF, page 8-5

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Configuring OSPF
Redistributing Routes Between OSPF Processes, page 8-5
Configuring OSPF Interface Parameters, page 8-9
Configuring OSPF Area Parameters, page 8-11
Configuring OSPF NSSA, page 8-12
Configuring Route Summarization Between OSPF Areas, page 8-13
Configuring Route Summarization When Redistributing Routes into OSPF, page 8-13
Generating a Default Route, page 8-14
Configuring Route Calculation Timers, page 8-14
Logging Neighbors Going Up or Down, page 8-15
Displaying OSPF Update Packet Pacing, page 8-15
Monitoring OSPF, page 8-16
Restarting the OSPF Process, page 8-16
OSPF Overview
OSPF uses a link-state algorithm to build and calculate the shortest path to all known destinations. Each
router in an OSPF area contains an identical link-state database, which is a list of each of the router
usable interfaces and reachable neighbors.
The advantages of OSPF over RIP include the following:
OSPF link-state database updates are sent less frequently than RIP updates, and the link-state
database is updated instantly rather than gradually as stale information is timed out.
Routing decisions are based on cost, which is an indication of the overhead required to send packets
across a certain interface. The security appliance calculates the cost of an interface based on link
bandwidth rather than the number of hops to the destination. The cost can be configured to specify
preferred paths.
The disadvantage of shortest path first algorithms is that they require a lot of CPU cycles and memory.
The security appliance can run two processes of OSPF protocol simultaneously, on different sets of
interfaces. You might want to run two processes if you have interfaces that use the same IP addresses
(NAT allows these interfaces to coexist, but OSPF does not allow overlapping addresses). Or you might
want to run one process on the inside, and another on the outside, and redistribute a subset of routes
between the two processes. Similarly, you might need to segregate private addresses from public
addresses.
Redistribution between the two OSPF processes is supported. Static and connected routes configured on
OSPF-enabled interfaces on the security appliance can also be redistributed into the OSPF process. You
cannot enable RIP on the security appliance if OSPF is enabled. Redistribution between RIP and OSPF
is not supported.
The security appliance supports the following OSPF features:
Support of intra-area, interarea, and external (Type I and Type II) routes.
Support of a virtual link.
OSPF LSA flooding.
Authentication to OSPF packets (both password and MD5 authentication).
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Support for configuring the security appliance as a designated router or a designated backup router.
The security appliance also can be set up as an ABR; however, the ability to configure the security
appliance as an ASBR is limited to default information only (for example, injecting a default route).
Support for stub areas and not-so-stubby-areas.
Area boundary router type-3 LSA filtering.
Advertisement of static and global address translations.
Enabling OSPF
To enable OSPF, you need to create an OSPF routing process, specify the range of IP addresses
associated with the routing process, then assign area IDs associated with that range of IP addresses.
Note
You cannot enable OSPF if RIP is enabled.

To enable OSPF, perform the following steps:
Step 1
To create an OSPF routing process, enter the following command:

hostname(config)# router ospf process_id
This command enters the router configuration mode for this OSPF process.
The process_id is an internally used identifier for this routing process. It can be any positive integer. This
ID does not have to match the ID on any other device; it is for internal use only. You can use a maximum
of two processes.
Step 2
To define the IP addresses on which OSPF runs and to define the area ID for that interface, enter the
following command:
hostname(config-router)# network ip_address mask area area_id
The following example shows how to enable OSPF:

hostname(config)# router ospf 2
hostname(config-router)# network 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 area 0
Redistributing Routes Between OSPF Processes

The security appliance can control the redistribution of routes between OSPF routing processes. The
security appliance matches and changes routes according to settings in the redistribute command or by
using a route map. See also the Generating a Default Route section on page 8-14 for another use for
route maps.
Note
The security appliance cannot redistribute routes between routing protocols. However, the security
appliance can redistribute static and connected routes.

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Adding a Route Map, page 8-7
Redistributing Static, Connected, or OSPF Routes to an OSPF Process, page 8-8
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Adding a Route Map

To define a route map, perform the following steps:
Step 1
To create a route map entry, enter the following command:

hostname(config)# route-map name {permit | deny} [sequence_number]
Route map entries are read in order. You can identify the order using the sequence_number option, or
the security appliance uses the order in which you add the entries.
Step 2
Enter one or more match commands:
To match any routes that have a destination network that matches a standard ACL, enter the
following command:
hostname(config-route-map)# match ip address acl_id [acl_id] [...]
If you specify more than one ACL, then the route can match any of the ACLs.
To match any routes that have a specified metric, enter the following command:
hostname(config-route-map)# match metric metric_value
The metric_value can be from 0 to 4294967295.
To match any routes that have a next hop router address that matches a standard ACL, enter the
following command:
hostname(config-route-map)# match ip next-hop acl_id [acl_id] [...]
To match any routes with the specified next hop interface, enter the following command:
hostname(config-route-map)# match interface if_name
If you specify more than one interface, then the route can match either interface.
To match any routes that have been advertised by routers that match a standard ACL, enter the
following command:
hostname(config-route-map)# match ip route-source acl_id [acl_id] [...]
To match the route type, enter the following command:

hostname(config-route-map)# match route-type {internal | external [type-1 | type-2]}
Step 3
Enter one or more set commands.

If a route matches the match commands, then the following set commands determine the action to
perform on the route before redistributing it.
To set the metric, enter the following command:

hostname(config-route-map)# set metric metric_value
The metric_value can be a value between 0 and 294967295
To set the metric type, enter the following command:

hostname(config-route-map)# set metric-type {type-1 | type-2}

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The following example shows how to redistribute routes with a hop count equal to 1. The security
appliance redistributes these routes as external LSAs with a metric of 5, metric type of Type 1.
hostname(config)# route-map
hostname(config-route-map)#
1-to-2 permit
match metric 1
set metric 5
set metric-type type-1
Redistributing Static, Connected, or OSPF Routes to an OSPF Process

To redistribute static, connected, or OSPF routes from one process into another OSPF process, perform
the following steps:
Step 1
If you have not already done so, enter the router configuration mode for the OSPF process you want to
redistribute into by entering the following command:
Step 2
To specify the routes you want to redistribute, enter the following command:
hostname(config-router)# redistribute {ospf process_id
[match {internal | external 1 | external 2}] | static | connect} [metric metric-value]
[metric-type {type-1 | type-2}] [tag tag_value] [subnets] [route-map map_name]
The ospf process_id, static, and connect keywords specify from where you want to redistribute routes.
You can either use the options in this command to match and set route properties, or you can use a route
map. The tag and subnets options do not have equivalents in the route-map command. If you use both
a route map and options in the redistribute command, then they must match.
The following example shows route redistribution from OSPF process 1 into OSPF process 2 by
matching routes with a metric equal to 1. The security appliance redistributes these routes as external
LSAs with a metric of 5, metric type of Type 1, and a tag equal to 1.
hostname(config)# route-map 1-to-2 permit
hostname(config-route-map)# match metric 1
hostname(config-route-map)# set metric 5
hostname(config-route-map)# set metric-type type-1
hostname(config-route-map)# set tag 1
hostname(config-route-map)# router ospf 2
hostname(config-router)# redistribute ospf 1 route-map 1-to-2
The following example shows the specified OSPF process routes being redistributed into OSPF
process 109. The OSPF metric is remapped to 100.
hostname(config-router)# redistribute ospf 108 metric 100 subnets
The following example shows route redistribution where the link-state cost is specified as 5 and the
metric type is set to external, indicating that it has lower priority than internal metrics.
hostname(config-router)# redistribute ospf 2 metric 5 metric-type external
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Configuring OSPF Interface Parameters

You can alter some interface-specific OSPF parameters as necessary. You are not required to alter any
of these parameters, but the following interface parameters must be consistent across all routers in an
attached network: ospf hello-interval, ospf dead-interval, and ospf authentication-key. Be sure that if
you configure any of these parameters, the configurations for all routers on your network have
compatible values.
To configure OSPF interface parameters, perform the following steps:
Step 1
To enter the interface configuration mode, enter the following command:

hostname(config)# interface interface_name
Step 2
Enter any of the following commands:
To specify the authentication type for an interface, enter the following command:
hostname(config-interface)# ospf authentication [message-digest | null]
To assign a password to be used by neighboring OSPF routers on a network segment that is using
the OSPF simple password authentication, enter the following command:
hostname(config-interface)# ospf authentication-key key
The key can be any continuous string of characters up to 8 bytes in length.

The password created by this command is used as a key that is inserted directly into the OSPF header
when the security appliance software originates routing protocol packets. A separate password can
be assigned to each network on a per-interface basis. All neighboring routers on the same network
must have the same password to be able to exchange OSPF information.
To explicitly specify the cost of sending a packet on an OSPF interface, enter the following
command:
hostname(config-interface)# ospf cost cost
The cost is an integer from 1 to 65535.
To set the number of seconds that a device must wait before it declares a neighbor OSPF router down
because it has not received a hello packet, enter the following command:
hostname(config-interface)# ospf dead-interval seconds
The value must be the same for all nodes on the network.
To specify the length of time between the hello packets that the security appliance sends on an OSPF
interface, enter the following command:
hostname(config-interface)# ospf hello-interval seconds
The value must be the same for all nodes on the network.
To enable OSPF MD5 authentication, enter the following command:

hostname(config-interface)# ospf message-digest-key key_id md5 key
Set the following values:

key_idAn identifier in the range from 1 to 255.
keyAlphanumeric password of up to 16 bytes.

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Usually, one key per interface is used to generate authentication information when sending packets
and to authenticate incoming packets. The same key identifier on the neighbor router must have the
same key value.
We recommend that you not keep more than one key per interface. Every time you add a new key,
you should remove the old key to prevent the local system from continuing to communicate with a
hostile system that knows the old key. Removing the old key also reduces overhead during rollover.
To set the priority to help determine the OSPF designated router for a network, enter the following
command:
hostname(config-interface)# ospf priority number_value
The number_value is between 0 to 255.
To specify the number of seconds between LSA retransmissions for adjacencies belonging to an
OSPF interface, enter the following command:
hostname(config-interface)# ospf retransmit-interval seconds
The seconds must be greater than the expected round-trip delay between any two routers on the
attached network. The range is from 1 to 65535 seconds. The default is 5 seconds.
To set the estimated number of seconds required to send a link-state update packet on an OSPF
hostname(config-interface)# ospf transmit-delay seconds
The seconds is from 1 to 65535 seconds. The default is 1 second.
The following example shows how to configure the OSPF interfaces:

hostname(config-router)# network 2.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 area 0
hostname(config-router)# interface inside
hostname(config-interface)# ospf cost 20
hostname(config-interface)# ospf retransmit-interval 15
hostname(config-interface)# ospf transmit-delay 10
hostname(config-interface)# ospf priority 20
hostname(config-interface)# ospf hello-interval 10
hostname(config-interface)# ospf dead-interval 40
hostname(config-interface)# ospf authentication-key cisco
hostname(config-interface)# ospf message-digest-key 1 md5 cisco
hostname(config-interface)# ospf authentication message-digest
The following is sample output from the show ospf command:

hostname(config)# show ospf
Routing Process "ospf 2" with ID 20.1.89.2 and Domain ID 0.0.0.2
Supports only single TOS(TOS0) routes
Supports opaque LSA
SPF schedule delay 5 secs, Hold time between two SPFs 10 secs
Minimum LSA interval 5 secs. Minimum LSA arrival 1 secs
Number of external LSA 5. Checksum Sum 0x 26da6
Number of opaque AS LSA 0. Checksum Sum 0x
0
Number of DCbitless external and opaque AS LSA 0
Number of DoNotAge external and opaque AS LSA 0
Number of areas in this router is 1. 1 normal 0 stub 0 nssa
External flood list length 0
Area BACKBONE(0)
Number of interfaces in this area is 1
Area has no authentication
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SPF algorithm executed 2 times

Area ranges are
Number of LSA 5. Checksum Sum 0x 209a3
Number of opaque link LSA 0. Checksum Sum 0x
Number of DCbitless LSA 0
Number of indication LSA 0
Number of DoNotAge LSA 0
Flood list length 0
Configuring OSPF Area Parameters

You can configure several area parameters. These area parameters (shown in the following task table)
include setting authentication, defining stub areas, and assigning specific costs to the default summary
route. Authentication provides password-based protection against unauthorized access to an area.
Stub areas are areas into which information on external routes is not sent. Instead, there is a default
external route generated by the ABR, into the stub area for destinations outside the autonomous system.
To take advantage of the OSPF stub area support, default routing must be used in the stub area. To further
reduce the number of LSAs sent into a stub area, you can configure the no-summary keyword of the
area stub command on the ABR to prevent it from sending summary link advertisement (LSA type 3)
into the stub area.
To specify area parameters for your network, perform the following steps:
Step 1
configure by entering the following command:
Step 2
To enable authentication for an OSPF area, enter the following command:

hostname(config-router)# area area-id authentication
To enable MD5 authentication for an OSPF area, enter the following command:
hostname(config-router)# area area-id authentication message-digest
To define an area to be a stub area, enter the following command:

hostname(config-router)# area area-id stub [no-summary]
To assign a specific cost to the default summary route used for the stub area, enter the following
command:
hostname(config-router)# area area-id default-cost cost
The cost is an integer from 1 to 65535. The default is 1.
The following example shows how to configure the OSPF area parameters:
hostname(config)# router
hostname(config-router)#
ospf
area
area
area
area
2
0 authentication
0 authentication message-digest
17 stub
17 default-cost 20

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Configuring OSPF NSSA

The OSPF implementation of an NSSA is similar to an OSPF stub area. NSSA does not flood type 5
external LSAs from the core into the area, but it can import autonomous system external routes in a
limited way within the area.
NSSA imports type 7 autonomous system external routes within an NSSA area by redistribution. These
type 7 LSAs are translated into type 5 LSAs by NSSA ABRs, which are flooded throughout the whole
routing domain. Summarization and filtering are supported during the translation.
You can simplify administration if you are an ISP or a network administrator that must connect a central
site using OSPF to a remote site that is using a different routing protocol using NSSA.
Before the implementation of NSSA, the connection between the corporate site border router and the
remote router could not be run as an OSPF stub area because routes for the remote site could not be
redistributed into the stub area, and two routing protocols needed to be maintained. A simple protocol
such as RIP was usually run and handled the redistribution. With NSSA, you can extend OSPF to cover
the remote connection by defining the area between the corporate router and the remote router as an
NSSA.
To specify area parameters for your network as needed to configure OSPF NSSA, perform the following
steps:
Step 1
Step 2
To define an NSSA area, enter the following command:

hostname(config-router)# area area-id nssa [no-redistribution]
[default-information-originate]
To summarize groups of addresses, enter the following command:

hostname(config-router)# summary address ip_address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
This command helps reduce the size of the routing table. Using this command for OSPF causes an
OSPF ASBR to advertise one external route as an aggregate for all redistributed routes that are
covered by the address.
OSPF does not support summary-address 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0.
In the following example, the summary address 10.1.0.0 includes address 10.1.1.0, 10.1.2.0,
10.1.3.0, and so on. Only the address 10.1.0.0 is advertised in an external link-state advertisement:
hostname(config-router)# summary-address 10.1.1.0 255.255.0.0
Before you use this feature, consider these guidelines:

You can set a type 7 default route that can be used to reach external destinations. When
configured, the router generates a type 7 default into the NSSA or the NSSA area boundary
router.
Every router within the same area must agree that the area is NSSA; otherwise, the routers will
not be able to communicate.
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Configuring Route Summarization Between OSPF Areas

Route summarization is the consolidation of advertised addresses. This feature causes a single summary
route to be advertised to other areas by an area boundary router. In OSPF, an area boundary router
advertises networks in one area into another area. If the network numbers in an area are assigned in a
way such that they are contiguous, you can configure the area boundary router to advertise a summary
route that covers all the individual networks within the area that fall into the specified range.
To define an address range for route summarization, perform the following steps:
Step 1
Step 2
To set the address range, enter the following command:

hostname(config-router)# area area-id range ip-address mask [advertise | not-advertise]
The following example shows how to configure route summarization between OSPF areas:
hostname(config-router)# area 17 range 12.1.0.0 255.255.0.0
Configuring Route Summarization When Redistributing Routes into OSPF

When routes from other protocols are redistributed into OSPF, each route is advertised individually in
an external LSA. However, you can configure the security appliance to advertise a single route for all
the redistributed routes that are covered by a specified network address and mask. This configuration
decreases the size of the OSPF link-state database.
To configure the software advertisement on one summary route for all redistributed routes covered by a
network address and mask, perform the following steps:
Step 1
Step 2
To set the summary address, enter the following command:

hostname(config-router)# summary-address ip_address mask [not-advertise] [tag tag]
OSPF does not support summary-address 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0.
The following example shows how to configure route summarization. The summary address 10.1.0.0
includes address 10.1.1.0, 10.1.2.0, 10.1.3.0, and so on. Only the address 10.1.0.0 is advertised in an
external link-state advertisement:
hostname(config-router)# summary-address 10.1.0.0 255.255.0.0

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Configuring OSPF
Generating a Default Route

You can force an autonomous system boundary router to generate a default route into an OSPF routing
domain. Whenever you specifically configure redistribution of routes into an OSPF routing domain, the
router automatically becomes an autonomous system boundary router. However, an autonomous system
boundary router does not by default generate a default route into the OSPF routing domain.
To generate a default route, perform the following steps:
Step 1
Step 2
To force the autonomous system boundary router to generate a default route, enter the following
command:
hostname(config-router)# default-information originate [always] [metric metric-value]
[metric-type {1 | 2}] [route-map map-name]
The following example shows how to generate a default route:

hostname(config-router)# default-information originate always
Configuring Route Calculation Timers

You can configure the delay time between when OSPF receives a topology change and when it starts an
SPF calculation. You also can configure the hold time between two consecutive SPF calculations.
To configure route calculation timers, perform the following steps:
Step 1
Step 2
To configure the route calculation time, enter the following command:

hostname(config-router)# timers spf spf-delay spf-holdtime
The spf-delay is the delay time (in seconds) between when OSPF receives a topology change and when
it starts an SPF calculation. It can be an integer from 0 to 65535. The default time is 5 seconds. A value
of 0 means that there is no delay; that is, the SPF calculation is started immediately.
The spf-holdtime is the minimum time (in seconds) between two consecutive SPF calculations. It can be
an integer from 0 to 65535. The default time is 10 seconds. A value of 0 means that there is no delay;
that is, two SPF calculations can be done, one immediately after the other.
The following example shows how to configure route calculation timers:

hostname(config-router)# timers spf 10 120
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Configuring OSPF
Logging Neighbors Going Up or Down

By default, the system sends a system message when an OSPF neighbor goes up or down.
Configure this command if you want to know about OSPF neighbors going up or down without turning
on the debug ospf adjacency command. The log-adj-changes router configuration command provides
a higher level view of the peer relationship with less output. Configure log-adj-changes detail if you
want to see messages for each state change.
To log neighbors going up or down, perform the following steps:
Step 1
Step 2
To configure logging for neighbors going up or down, enter the following command:
hostname(config-router)# log-adj-changes [detail]
Note
Logging must be enabled for the the neighbor up/down messages to be sent.
The following example shows how to log neighbors up/down messages:

hostname(config-router)# log-adj-changes detail
Displaying OSPF Update Packet Pacing

OSPF update packets are automatically paced so they are not sent less than 33 milliseconds apart.
Without pacing, some update packets could get lost in situations where the link is slow, a neighbor could
not receive the updates quickly enough, or the router could run out of buffer space. For example, without
pacing packets might be dropped if either of the following topologies exist:
A fast router is connected to a slower router over a point-to-point link.
During flooding, several neighbors send updates to a single router at the same time.
Pacing is also used between resends to increase efficiency and minimize lost retransmissions. You also
can display the LSAs waiting to be sent out an interface. The benefit of the pacing is that OSPF update
and retransmission packets are sent more efficiently.
There are no configuration tasks for this feature; it occurs automatically.
To observe OSPF packet pacing by displaying a list of LSAs waiting to be flooded over a specified
hostname# show ospf flood-list if_name

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Configuring OSPF
Monitoring OSPF
You can display specific statistics such as the contents of IP routing tables, caches, and databases. You
can use the information provided to determine resource utilization and solve network problems. You can
also display information about node reachability and discover the routing path that your device packets
are taking through the network.
To display various routing statistics, perform one of the following tasks, as needed:
To display general information about OSPF routing processes, enter the following command:
hostname# show ospf [process-id [area-id]]
To display the internal OSPF routing table entries to the ABR and ASBR, enter the following
command:
hostname# show ospf border-routers
To display lists of information related to the OSPF database for a specific router, enter the following
command:
hostname# show ospf [process-id [area-id]] database
To display a list of LSAs waiting to be flooded over an interface (to observe OSPF packet pacing),
enter the following command:
hostname# show ospf flood-list if-name
To display OSPF-related interface information, enter the following command:

hostname# show ospf interface [if_name]
To display OSPF neighbor information on a per-interface basis, enter the following command:
hostname# show ospf neighbor [interface-name] [neighbor-id] [detail]
To display a list of all LSAs requested by a router, enter the following command:
hostname# show ospf request-list neighbor if_name
To display a list of all LSAs waiting to be resent, enter the following command:
hostname# show ospf retransmission-list neighbor if_name
To display a list of all summary address redistribution information configured under an OSPF
process, enter the following command:
hostname# show ospf [process-id] summary-address
To display OSPF-related virtual links information, enter the following command:

hostname# show ospf [process-id] virtual-links
Restarting the OSPF Process

To restart an OSPF process, clear redistribution, or counters, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# clear ospf pid {process | redistribution | counters
[neighbor [neighbor-interface] [neighbor-id]]}
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Configuring RIP
Configuring RIP
This section describes how to configure RIP. This section includes the following topics:
RIP Overview, page 8-17
Enabling RIP, page 8-17
RIP Overview
Devices that support RIP send routing-update messages at regular intervals and when the network
topology changes. These RIP packets contain information about the networks that the devices can reach,
as well as the number of routers or gateways that a packet must travel through to reach the destination
address. RIP generates more traffic than OSPF, but is easier to configure initially.
RIP has advantages over static routes because the initial configuration is simple, and you do not need to
update the configuration when the topology changes. The disadvantage to RIP is that there is more
network and processing overhead than static routing.
The security appliance uses a limited version of RIP; it does not send out RIP updates that identify the
networks that the security appliance can reach. However, you can enable one or both of the following
methods:
Passive RIPThe security appliance listens for RIP updates but does not send any updates about its
networks out of the interface.
Passive RIP allows the security appliance to learn about networks to which it is not directly
connected.
Default Route UpdatesInstead of sending normal RIP updates that describe all the networks
reachable through the security appliance, the security appliance sends a default route to participating
devices that identifies the security appliance as the default gateway.
You can use the default route option with passive RIP, or alone. You might use the default route
option alone if you use static routes on the security appliance, but do not want to configure static
routes on downstream routers. Typically, you would not enable the default route option on the
outside interface, because the security appliance is not typically the default gateway for the upstream
router.
Enabling RIP
To enable RIP on an interface, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# rip interface_name {default | passive} [version {1 | 2
[authentication {text | md5} key key_id]}]
You can enable both the passive and default modes of RIP on an interface by entering the rip command
twice, one time for each method. For example, enter the following commands:
hostname(config)# rip inside default version 2 authentication md5 scorpius 1
hostname(config)# rip inside passive version 2 authentication md5 scorpius 1
If you want to enable passive RIP on all interfaces, but only enable default routes on the inside interface,
enter the following commands:
hostname(config)# rip inside default version 2 authentication md5 scorpius 1
hostname(config)# rip inside passive version 2 authentication md5 scorpius 1
hostname(config)# rip outside passive version 2 authentication md5 scorpius 1

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Note
Before testing your configuration, flush the ARP caches on any routers connected to the security
appliance. For Cisco routers, use the clear arp command to flush the ARP cache.
You cannot enable RIP if OSPF is enabled.

Dynamic routes are not replicated to the standby unit or failover group in a failover configuration.
Therefore, immediately after a failover occurs, some packets received by the security appliance may be
dropped because of a lack of routing information or routed to a default static route while the routing table
is repopulated by the configured dynamic routing protocols.
Configuring Multicast Routing

This section describes how to configure multicast routing. This section includes the following topics:
Multicast Routing Overview, page 8-18
Enabling Multicast Routing, page 8-19
Configuring IGMP Features, page 8-19
Configuring Stub Multicast Routing, page 8-22
Configuring a Static Multicast Route, page 8-22
Configuring PIM Features, page 8-23
For More Information about Multicast Routing, page 8-25
Multicast Routing Overview

The security appliance supports both stub multicast routing and PIM multicast routing. However, you
cannot configure both concurrently on a single security appliance.
Stub multicast routing provides dynamic host registration and facilitates multicast routing. When
configured for stub multicast routing, the security appliance acts as an IGMP proxy agent. Instead of
fully participating in multicast routing, the security appliance forwards IGMP messages to an upstream
multicast router, which sets up delivery of the multicast data. When configured for stub multicast
routing, the security appliance cannot be configured for PIM.
The security appliance supports both PIM-SM and bi-directional PIM. PIM-SM is a multicast routing
protocol that uses the underlying unicast routing information base or a separate multicast-capable
routing information base. It builds unidirectional shared trees rooted at a single Rendezvous Point per
multicast group and optionally creates shortest-path trees per multicast source.
Bi-directional PIM is a variant of PIM-SM that builds bi-directional shared trees connecting multicast
sources and receivers. Bi-directional trees are built using a DF election process operating on each link
of the multicast topology. With the assistance of the DF, multicast data is forwarded from sources to the
Rendezvous Point, and therefore along the shared tree to receivers, without requiring source-specific
state. The DF election takes place during Rendezvous Point discovery and provides a default route to the
Rendezvous Point.
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Note
If the security appliance is the PIM RP, use the untranslated outside address of the security appliance as
the RP address.
Enabling Multicast Routing

Enabling multicast routing lets the security appliance forward multicast packets. Enabling multicast
routing automatically enables PIM and IGMP on all interfaces. To enable multicast routing, enter the
following command:
hostname(config)# multicast-routing
The number of entries in the multicast routing tables are limited by the amount of RAM on the system.
Table 8-1 lists the maximum number of entries for specific multicast tables based on the amount of RAM
on the security appliance. Once these limits are reached, any new entries are discarded.
Table 8-1
Entry Limits for Multicast Tables
Table
16 MB 128 MB 128+ MB
MFIB
1000
3000
5000
IGMP Groups 1000
3000
5000
PIM Routes
7000
12000
3000
Configuring IGMP Features

IP hosts use IGMP to report their group memberships to directly connected multicast routers. IGMP uses
group addresses (Class D IP address) as group identifiers. Host group address can be in the range
224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255. The address 224.0.0.0 is never assigned to any group. The address
224.0.0.1 is assigned to all systems on a subnet. The address 224.0.0.2 is assigned to all routers on a
subnet.
When you enable multicast routing on the security appliance, IGMP Version 2 is automatically enabled
on all interfaces.
Note
Only the no igmp command appears in the interface configuration when you use the show run
command. If the multicast-routing command appears in the device configuration, then IGMP is
automatically enabled on all interfaces.
This section describes how to configure optional IGMP setting on a per-interface basis. This section
includes the following topics:
Disabling IGMP on an Interface, page 8-20
Configuring Group Membership, page 8-20
Configuring a Statically Joined Group, page 8-20
Controlling Access to Multicast Groups, page 8-20
Limiting the Number of IGMP States on an Interface, page 8-21
Modifying the Query Interval and Query Timeout, page 8-21

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Changing the Query Response Time, page 8-22
Changing the IGMP Version, page 8-22
Disabling IGMP on an Interface

You can disable IGMP on specific interfaces. This is useful if you know that you do not have any
multicast hosts on a specific interface and you want to prevent the security appliance from sending host
query messages on that interface.
To disable IGMP on an interface, enter the following command:
hostname(config-if)# no igmp
To reenable IGMP on an interface, enter the following command:

hostname(config-if)# igmp
Note
Only the no igmp command appears in the interface configuration.
Configuring Group Membership

You can configure the security appliance to be a member of a multicast group. Configuring the security
appliance to join a multicast group causes upstream routers to maintain multicast routing table
information for that group and keep the paths for that group active.
To have the security appliance join a multicast group, enter the following command:
hostname(config-if)# igmp join-group group-address
Configuring a Statically Joined Group

Sometimes a group member cannot report its membership in the group, or there may be no members of
a group on the network segment, but you still want multicast traffic for that group to be sent to that
network segment. You can have multicast traffic for that group sent to the segment in one of two ways:
Using the igmp join-group command (see Configuring Group Membership, page 8-20). This causes
the security appliance to accept and to forward the multicast packets.
Using the igmp static-group command. The security appliance does not accept the multicast
packets but rather forwards them to the specified interface.
To configure a statically joined multicast group on an interface, enter the following command:
hostname(config-if)# igmp static-group group-address
Controlling Access to Multicast Groups

To control the multicast groups that hosts on the security appliance interface can join, perform the
following steps:
Step 1
Create an access list for the multicast traffic. You can create more than one entry for a single access list.
You can use extended or standard access lists.
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To create a standard access list, enter the following command:

hostname(config)# access-list name standard [permit | deny] ip_addr mask
The ip_addr argument is the IP address of the multicast group being permitted or denied.
To create an extended access list, enter the following command:

hostname(config)# access-list name extended [permit | deny] protocol src_ip_addr
src_mask dst_ip_addr dst_mask
The dst_ip_addr argument is the IP address of the multicast group being permitted or denied.
Step 2
Apply the access list to an interface by entering the following command:

hostname(config-if)# igmp access-group acl
The acl argument is the name of a standard or extended IP access list.
Limiting the Number of IGMP States on an Interface

You can limit the number of IGMP states resulting from IGMP membership reports on a per-interface
basis. Membership reports exceeding the configured limits are not entered in the IGMP cache and traffic
for the excess membership reports is not forwarded.
To limit the number of IGMP states on an interface, enter the following command:
hostname(config-if)# igmp limit number
Valid values range from 0 to 500, with 500 being the default value. Setting this value to 0 prevents
learned groups from being added, but manually defined memberships (using the igmp join-group and
igmp static-group commands) are still permitted. The no form of this command restores the default
value.
Modifying the Query Interval and Query Timeout

The security appliance sends query messages to discover which multicast groups have members on the
networks attached to the interfaces. Members respond with IGMP report messages indicating that they
want to receive multicast packets for specific groups. Query messages are addressed to the all-systems
multicast group, which has an address of 224.0.0.1, with a time-to-live value of 1.
These messages are sent periodically to refresh the membership information stored on the security
appliance. If the security appliance discovers that there are no local members of a multicast group still
attached to an interface, it stops forwarding multicast packet for that group to the attached network and
it sends a prune message back to the source of the packets.
By default, the PIM designated router on the subnet is responsible for sending the query messages. By
default, they are sent once every 125 seconds. To change this interval, enter the following command:
hostname(config-if)# igmp query-interval seconds
If the security appliance does not hear a query message on an interface for the specified timeout value
(by default, 255 seconds), then the security appliance becomes the designated router and starts sending
the query messages. To change this timeout value, enter the following command:
hostname(config-if)# igmp query-timeout seconds

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Note
The igmp query-timeout and igmp query-interval commands require IGMP Version 2.
Changing the Query Response Time

By default, the maximum query response time advertised in IGMP queries is 10 seconds. If the security
appliance does not receive a response to a host query within this amount of time, it deletes the group.
To change the maximum query response time, enter the following command:
hostname(config-if)# igmp query-max-response-time seconds
Changing the IGMP Version

By default, the security appliance runs IGMP Version 2, which enables several additional features such
as the igmp query-timeout and igmp query-interval commands.
All multicast routers on a subnet must support the same version of IGMP. The security appliance does
not automatically detect version 1 routers and switch to version 1. However, a mix of IGMP Version 1
and 2 hosts on the subnet works; the security appliance running IGMP Version 2 works correctly when
IGMP Version 1 hosts are present.
To control which version of IGMP is running on an interface, enter the following command:
hostname(config-if)# igmp version {1 | 2}
Configuring Stub Multicast Routing

A security appliance acting as the gateway to the stub area does not need to participate in PIM. Instead,
you can configure it to act as an IGMP proxy agent and forward IGMP messages from hosts connected
on one interface to an upstream multicast router on another. To configure the security appliance as an
IGMP proxy agent, forward the host join and leave messages from the stub area interface to an upstream
interface.
To forward the host join and leave messages, enter the following command from the interface attached
to the stub area:
hostname(config-if)# igmp forward interface if_name
Note
Stub Multicast Routing and PIM are not supported concurrently.
Configuring a Static Multicast Route

When using PIM, the security appliance expects to receive packets on the same interface where it sends
unicast packets back to the source. In some cases, such as bypassing a route that does not support
multicast routing, you may want unicast packets to take one path and multicast packets to take another.
Static multicast routes are not advertised or redistributed.
To configure a static multicast route for PIM, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# mroute src_ip src_mask input_if_name [distance]
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To configure a static multicast route for a stub area, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# mroute src_ip src_mask input_if_name [dense output_if_name] [distance]
Note
The dense output_if_name keyword and argument pair is only supported for stub multicast routing.
Configuring PIM Features

Routers use PIM to maintain forwarding tables for forwarding multicast diagrams. When you enable
multicast routing on the security appliance, PIM and IGMP are automatically enabled on all interfaces.
Note
PIM is not supported with PAT. The PIM protocol does not use ports and PAT only works with protocols
that use ports.
This section describes how to configure optional PIM settings. This section includes the following
topics:
Disabling PIM on an Interface, page 8-23
Configuring a Static Rendezvous Point Address, page 8-23
Configuring the Designated Router Priority, page 8-24
Filtering PIM Register Messages, page 8-24
Configuring PIM Message Intervals, page 8-24
Disabling PIM on an Interface

You can disable PIM on specific interfaces. To disable PIM on an interface, enter the following
command:
hostname(config-if)# no pim
To reenable PIM on an interface, enter the following command:

hostname(config-if)# pim
Note
Only the no pim command appears in the interface configuration.
Configuring a Static Rendezvous Point Address

All routers within a common PIM sparse mode or bidir domain require knowledge of the PIM RP
address. The address is statically configured using the pim rp-address command.
Note
The security appliance does not support Auto-RP or PIM BSR; you must use the pim rp-address
command to specify the RP address.

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You can configure the security appliance to serve as RP to more than one group. The group range
specified in the access list determines the PIM RP group mapping. If an access list is not specified, then
the RP for the group is applied to the entire multicast group range (224.0.0.0/4).
To configure the address of the PIM PR, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# pim rp-address ip_address [acl] [bidir]
The ip_address argument is the unicast IP address of the router to be a PIM RP. The acl argument is the
name or number of a standard access list that defines which multicast groups the RP should be used with.
Do not use a host ACL with this command. Excluding the bidir keyword causes the groups to operate
in PIM sparse mode.
Note
The security appliance always advertises the bidir capability in the PIM hello messages regardless of the
actual bidir configuration.
Configuring the Designated Router Priority

The DR is responsible for sending PIM register, join, and prune messaged to the RP. When there is more
than one multicast router on a network segment, there is an election process to select the DR based on
DR priority. If multiple devices have the same DR priority, then the device with the highest IP address
becomes the DR.
By default, the security appliance has a DR priority of 1. You can change this value by entering the
following command:
hostname(config-if)# pim dr-priority num
The num argument can be any number from 1 to 4294967294.
Filtering PIM Register Messages

You can configure the security appliance to filter PIM register messages. To filter PIM register messages,
hostname(config)# pim accept-register {list acl | route-map map-name}
Configuring PIM Message Intervals

Router query messages are used to elect the PIM DR. The PIM DR is responsible for sending router
query messages. By default, router query messages are sent every 30 seconds. You can change this value
by entering the following command:
hostname(config-if)# pim hello-interval seconds
Valid values for the seconds argument range from 1 to 3600 seconds.
Every 60 seconds, the security appliance sends PIM join/prune messages. To change this value, enter the
following command:
hostname(config-if)# pim join-prune-interval seconds
Valid values for the seconds argument range from 10 to 600 seconds.
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Configuring DHCP
For More Information about Multicast Routing

The following RFCs from the IETF provide technical details about the IGMP and multicast routing
standards used for implementing the SMR feature:
RFC 2236 IGMPv2
RFC 2362 PIM-SM
RFC 2588 IP Multicast and Firewalls
RFC 2113 IP Router Alert Option
IETF draft-ietf-idmr-igmp-proxy-01.txt
Configuring DHCP
DHCP provides network configuration parameters, such as IP addresses, to DHCP clients. The security
appliance can provide a DHCP server or DHCP relay services to DHCP clients attached to security
appliance interfaces. The DHCP server provides network configuration parameters directly to DHCP
clients. DHCP relay passes DHCP requests received on one interface to an external DHCP server located
behind a different interface.
Configuring a DHCP Server, page 8-25
Configuring DHCP Relay Services, page 8-28
Configuring a DHCP Server

This section describes how to configure DHCP server provided by the security appliance. This section
Enabling the DHCP Server, page 8-25
Configuring DHCP Options, page 8-27
Using Cisco IP Phones with a DHCP Server, page 8-27
Enabling the DHCP Server

The security appliance can act as a DHCP server. DHCP is a protocol that supplies network settings to
hosts including the host IP address, the default gateway, and a DNS server.
Note
The security appliance DHCP server does not support BOOTP requests.
In multiple context mode, you cannot enable the DHCP server or DHCP relay on an interface that is used
by more than one context.
You can configure a DHCP server on each interface of the security appliance. Each interface can have
its own pool of addresses to draw from. However the other DHCP settings, such as DNS servers, domain
name, options, ping timeout, and WINS servers, are configured globally and used by the DHCP server
on all interfaces.

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Configuring DHCP
You cannot configure a DHCP client or DHCP Relay services on an interface on which the server is
enabled. Additionally, DHCP clients must be directly connected to the interface on which the server is
enabled.
To enable the DHCP server on a given security appliance interface, perform the following steps:
Step 1
Create a DHCP address pool. Enter the following command to define the address pool:
hostname(config)# dhcpd address ip_address-ip_address interface_name
The security appliance assigns a client one of the addresses from this pool to use for a given length of time.
These addresses are the local, untranslated addresses for the directly connected network.
The address pool must be on the same subnet as the security appliance interface.
Step 2
(Optional) To specify the IP address(es) of the DNS server(s) the client will use, enter the following
command:
hostname(config)# dhcpd dns dns1 [dns2]
You can specify up to two DNS servers.

Step 3
(Optional) To specify the IP address(es) of the WINS server(s) the client will use, enter the following
command:
hostname(config)# dhcpd wins wins1 [wins2]
You can specify up to two WINS servers.

Step 4
(Optional) To change the lease length to be granted to the client, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# dhcpd lease lease_length
This lease equals the amount of time (in seconds) the client can use its allocated IP address before the
lease expires. Enter a value between 300 to 1,048,575. The default value is 3600 seconds.
Step 5
(Optional) To configure the domain name the client uses, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# dhcpd domain domain_name
Step 6
(Optional) To configure the DHCP ping timeout value, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# dhcpd ping_timeout milliseconds
To avoid address conflicts, the security appliance sends two ICMP ping packets to an address before
assigning that address to a DHCP client. This command specifies the timeout value for those packets.
Step 7
(Transparent Firewall Mode) Define a default gateway. To define the default gateway that is sent to
DHCP clients, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# dhcpd option 3 ip gateway_ip
If you do not use the DHCP option 3 to define the default gateway, DHCP clients use the IP address of
the management interface. The management interface does not route traffic.
Step 8
To enable the DHCP daemon within the security appliance to listen for DHCP client requests on the
enabled interface, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# dhcpd enable interface_name
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Configuring DHCP
For example, to assign the range 10.0.1.101 to 10.0.1.110 to hosts connected to the inside interface, enter
the following commands:
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
dhcpd
dhcpd
dhcpd
dhcpd
dhcpd
dhcpd
address 10.0.1.101-10.0.1.110 inside

dns 209.165.201.2 209.165.202.129
wins 209.165.201.5
lease 3000
domain example.com
enable inside
Configuring DHCP Options

You can configure the security appliance to send information for the DHCP options listed in RFC 2132.
The DHCP options fall into one of three categories:
Options that return an IP address.
Options that return a text string.
Options that return a hexadecimal value.
The security appliance supports all three categories of DHCP options. To configure a DHCP option, do
one of the following:
To configure a DHCP option that returns one or two IP addresses, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# dhcpd option code ip addr_1 [addr_2]
To configure a DHCP option that returns a text string, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# dhcpd option code ascii text
To configure a DHCP option that returns a hexadecimal value, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# dhcpd option code hex value
Note
The security appliance does not verify that the option type and value that you provide match the expected
type and value for the option code as defined in RFC 2132. For example, you can enter dhcpd option
46 ascii hello, and the security appliance accepts the configuration although option 46 is defined in
RFC 2132 as expecting a single-digit, hexadecimal value. For more information about the option codes
and their associated types and expected values, refer to RFC 2132.
Specific options, DHCP option 3, 66, and 150, are used to configure Cisco IP Phones. See the Using
Cisco IP Phones with a DHCP Server section on page 8-27 topic for more information about
configuring those options.
Using Cisco IP Phones with a DHCP Server

Enterprises with small branch offices that implement a Cisco IP Telephony Voice over IP solution
typically implement Cisco CallManager at a central office to control Cisco IP Phones at small branch
offices. This implementation allows centralized call processing, reduces the equipment required, and
eliminates the administration of additional Cisco CallManager and other servers at branch offices.

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Configuring DHCP
Cisco IP Phones download their configuration from a TFTP server. When a Cisco IP Phone starts, if it
does not have both the IP address and TFTP server IP address preconfigured, it sends a request with
option 150 or 66 to the DHCP server to obtain this information.
DHCP option 150 provides the IP addresses of a list of TFTP servers.
DHCP option 66 gives the IP address or the hostname of a single TFTP server.
Cisco IP Phones might also include DHCP option 3 in their requests, which sets the default route.
Cisco IP Phones might include both option 150 and 66 in a single request. In this case, the security
appliance DHCP server provides values for both options in the response if they are configured on the
security appliance.
You can configure the security appliance to send information for most options listed in RFC 2132. The
following table shows the syntax for any option number, as well as the syntax for commonly-used
options 66,150, and 3:
To provide information for DHCP requests that include an option number as specified in RFC-2132,
hostname(config)# dhcpd option number value
To provide the IP address or name of a TFTP server for option 66, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# dhcpd option 66 ascii server_name
To provide the IP address or names of one or two TFTP servers for option 150, enter the following
command:
hostname(config)# dhcpd option 150 ip server_ip1 [server_ip2]
The server_ip1 is the IP address or name of the primary TFTP server while server_ip2 is the
IP address or name of the secondary TFTP server. A maximum of two TFTP servers can be
identified using option 150.
To provide set the default route, enter the following command:

hostname(config)# dhcpd option 3 ip router_ip1
Configuring DHCP Relay Services

A DHCP relay agent allows the security appliance to forward DHCP requests from clients to a router
connected to a different interface.
The following restrictions apply to the use of the DHCP relay agent:
Note
The relay agent cannot be enabled if the DHCP server feature is also enabled.
Clients must be directly connected to the security appliance and cannot send requests through
another relay agent or a router.
For multiple context mode, you cannot enable DHCP relay on an interface that is used by more than
one context.
DHCP Relay services are not available in transparent firewall mode. A security appliance in transparent
firewall mode only allows ARP traffic through; all other traffic requires an ACL. To allow DHCP
requests and replies through the security appliance in transparent mode, you need to configure two
ACLs, one that allows DCHP requests from the inside interface to the outside, and one that allows the
replies from the server in the other direction.
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Configuring DHCP
To enable DHCP relay, perform the following steps:

Step 1
To set the IP address of a DHCP server on a different interface from the DHCP client, enter the following
command:
hostname(config)# dhcprelay server ip_address if_name
You can use this command up to 4 times to identify up to 4 servers.

Step 2
To enable DHCP relay on the interface connected to the clients, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# dhcprelay enable interface
Step 3
(Optional) To set the number of seconds allowed for relay address negotiation, enter the following
command:
hostname(config)# dhcprelay timeout seconds
Step 4
(Optional) To change the first default router address in the packet sent from the DHCP server to the
address of the security appliance interface, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# dhcprelay setroute interface_name
This action allows the client to set its default route to point to the security appliance even if the DHCP
server specifies a different router.
If there is no default router option in the packet, the security appliance adds one containing the interface
address.
The following example enables the security appliance to forward DHCP requests from clients connected
to the inside interface to a DHCP server on the outside interface:
hostname(config)# dhcprelay server 201.168.200.4
hostname(config)# dhcprelay enable inside
hostname(config)# dhcprelay setroute inside
Configuring the DHCP Client

To configure the security appliance interface as a DHCP client, perform the following steps:
hostname(config-if)# ip address dhcp [retry num] [setroute]
The optional retry num argument specifies the number of times the interface will attempt to contact a
DHCP server. The default value is 4, the maximum value is 48. The setroute keyword causes the
security appliance to set the default route using the default gateway the DHCP server returns.
Note
You cannot enable a DHCP server or DHCP Relay services on an interface that is configured as a DHCP
client.

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Configuring DHCP
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Configuring IPv6
This chapter describes how to enable and configure IPv6 on the security appliance. IPv6 is available in
Routed firewall mode only.
IPv6-enabled Commands, page 9-1
Configuring IPv6 on an Interface, page 9-2
Configuring IPv6 Default and Static Routes, page 9-3
Configuring IPv6 Access Lists, page 9-4
Verifying the IPv6 Configuration, page 9-5
Configuring a Dual IP Stack on an Interface, page 9-6
IPv6 Configuration Example, page 9-7
IPv6-enabled Commands
The following security appliance commands can accept and display IPv6 addresses:
capture
configure
copy
http
name
object-group
ping
show conn
show local-host
show tcpstat
ssh

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Configuring IPv6
telnet
tftp-server
who
write
When entering IPv6 addresses in commands that support them, simply enter the IPv6 address using
standard IPv6 notation, for example ping fe80::2e0:b6ff:fe01:3b7a. The security appliance correctly
recognizes and processes the IPv6 address. However, you must enclose the IPv6 address in square
brackets ([ ]) in the following situations:
You need to specify a port number with the address, for example [fe80::2e0:b6ff:fe01:3b7a]:8080.
The command uses a colon as a separator, such as the write net and config net commands. For
example, configure net [fe80::2e0:b6ff:fe01:3b7a]:/tftp/config/pixconfig.
The following commands were modified to work for IPv6:
debug
fragment
ip verify
mtu
icmp (entered as ipv6 icmp)
The following inspection engines support IPv6:
FTP
HTTP
ICMP
SMTP
TCP
UDP

At a minimum, each interface needs to be configured with an IPv6 link-local address. Additionally, you
can add a site-local and global address to the interface.
Note
The security appliance does not support IPv6 anycast addresses.

You can configure both IPv6 and IPv4 addresses on an interface.
To configure IPv6 on an interface, perform the following steps:
Step 1
Enter interface configuration mode for the interface for which you are configuring the IPv6 addresses:
hostname(config)# interface if
Step 2
Configure an IPv6 address for the interface. You can assign several IPv6 addresses to an interface, such
as an IPv6 link-local, site-local, and global address. However, at a minimum, you must configure a
link-local address.
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Configuring IPv6
There are several methods for configuring IPv6 addresses for an interface. Pick the method that suits
your needs from the following:
The simplest method is to enable stateless autoconfiguration on the interface. Enabling stateless
autoconfiguration on the interface configures IPv6 addresses based on prefixes received in Router
Advertisement messages. A link-local address, based on the Modified EUI-64 interface ID, is
automatically generated for the interface when stateless autoconfiguration is enabled. To enable
stateless autoconfiguration, enter the following command:
hostname(config-if)# ipv6 address autoconfig
If you only need to configure a link-local address on the interface and are not going to assign any
other IPv6 addresses to the interface, you have the option of manually defining the link-local address
or generating one based on the interface MAC address (Modified EUI-64 format).
Enter the following command to manually specify the link-local address:
hostname(config-if)# ipv6 address ipv6-address link-local
Enter the following command to enable IPv6 on the interface and automatically generate the link-local
address using the Modified EUI-64 interface ID based on the interface MAC address:
hostname(config-if)# ipv6 enable
Note
You do not need to use the ipv6 enable command if you enter any other ipv6 address commands
on an interface; IPv6 support is automatically enabled as soon as you assign an IPv6 address to
the interface.
Assign a site-local or global address to the interface. When you assign a site-local or global address,
a link-local address is automatically created. Enter the following command to add a global or
site-local address to the interface. Use the optional eui-64 keyword to use the Modified EUI-64
interface ID in the low order 64 bits of the address.
hostname(config-if)# ipv6 address ipv6-address [eui-64]
Step 3
(Optional) Suppress Router Advertisement messages on an interface. By default, Router Advertisement

messages are automatically sent in response to router solicitation messages. You may want to disable
these messages on any interface for which you do not want the security appliance to supply the IPv6
prefix (for example, the outside interface).
Enter the following command to suppress Router Advertisement messages on an interface:
hostname(config-if)# ipv6 nd suppress-ra
See the IPv6 Configuration Example section on page 9-7 for an example IPv6 addresses applied to an
interface.

IPv6 unicast routing is always enabled. The security appliance routes IPv6 traffic between interfaces as
long as the interfaces are enabled for IPv6 and the IPv6 ACLs allow the traffic. You can add a default
route and static routes using the ipv6 route command.
To configure an IPv6 default route and static routes, perform the following steps:

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Configuring IPv6
Step 1
To add the default route, use the following command:

hostname(config)# ipv6 route interface_name ::/0 next_hop_ipv6_addr
The address ::/0 is the IPv6 equivalent of any.

Step 2
(Optional) Define IPv6 static routes. Use the following command to add an IPv6 static route to the IPv6
routing table:
hostname(config)# ipv6 route if_name destination next_hop_ipv6_addr [admin_distance]
Note
The ipv6 route command works like the route command used to define IPv4 static routes.
See the IPv6 Configuration Example section on page 9-7 for an example of the ipv6 route command
used to configure the default route.

Configuring an IPv6 access list is similar configuring an IPv4 access, but with IPv6 addresses.
To configure an IPv6 access list, perform the following steps:
Step 1
Create an access entry. To create an access list, use the ipv6 access-list command to create entries for
the access list. There are two main forms of this command to choose from, one for creating access list
entries specifically for ICMP traffic, and one to create access list entries for all other types of IP traffic.
To create an IPv6 access list entry specifically for ICMP traffic, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# ipv6 access-list id [line num] {permit | deny} icmp source
destination [icmp_type]
To create an IPv6 access list entry, enter the following command:

hostname(config)# ipv6 access-list id [line num] {permit | deny} protocol source
[src_port] destination [dst_port]
The following describes the arguments for the ipv6 access-list command:
idThe name of the access list. Use the same id in each command when you are entering multiple
entries for an access list.
line numWhen adding an entry to an access list, you can specify the line number in the list where
the entry should appear.
permit | denyDetermines whether the specified traffic is blocked or allowed to pass.
icmpIndicates that the access list entry applies to ICMP traffic.
protocolSpecifies the traffic being controlled by the access list entry. This can be the name (ip,
tcp, or udp) or number (1-254) of an IP protocol. Alternatively, you can specify a protocol object
group using object-group grp_id.
source and destinationSpecifies the source or destination of the traffic. The source or destination
can be an IPv6 prefix, in the format prefix/length, to indicate a range of addresses, the keyword any,
to specify any address, or a specific host designated by host host_ipv6_addr.
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Configuring IPv6
Verifying the IPv6 Configuration
Step 2
src_port and dst_portThe source and destination port (or service) argument. Enter an operator (lt
for less than, gt for greater than, eq for equal to, neq for not equal to, or range for an inclusive
range) followed by a space and a port number (or two port numbers separated by a space for the
range keyword).
icmp_typeSpecifies the ICMP message type being filtered by the access rule. The value can be a
valid ICMP type number (from 0 to 155) or one of the ICMP type literals as shown in Appendix D,
Addresses, Protocols, and Ports. Alternatively, you can specify an ICMP object group using
object-group id.
To apply the access list to an interface, enter the following command:

hostname(config)# access-group access_list_name {in | out} interface if_name
See the IPv6 Configuration Example section on page 9-7 for an example IPv6 access list.
Verifying the IPv6 Configuration

This section describes how to verify your IPv6 configuration. You can use various show commands to
verify your IPv6 settings.
The show ipv6 interface Command, page 9-5
The show ipv6 route Command, page 9-6
The show ipv6 interface Command

To display the IPv6 interface settings, enter the following command:
hostname# show ipv6 interface [if_name]
Including the interface name, such as outside, displays the settings for the specified interface.
Excluding the name from the command displays the setting for all interfaces that have IPv6 enabled on
them. The output for the command shows the following:
The name and status of the interface.
The link-local and global unicast addresses.
The multicast groups the interface belongs to.
ICMP redirect and error message settings.
Neighbor discovery settings.
The following is sample output from the show ipv6 interface command:
hostname# show ipv6 interface
ipv6interface is down, line protocol is down
IPv6 is enabled, link-local address is fe80::20d:88ff:feee:6a82 [TENTATIVE]
No global unicast address is configured
Joined group address(es):
ff02::1
ff02::1:ffee:6a82
ICMP error messages limited to one every 100 milliseconds

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Configuring IPv6
ICMP redirects are enabled

ND DAD is enabled, number of DAD attempts: 1
ND reachable time is 30000 milliseconds
Note
The show interface command only displays the IPv4 settings for an interface. To see the IPv6
configuration on an interface, you need to use the show ipv6 interface command. The show ipv6
interface command does not display any IPv4 settings for the interface (if both are configured on the
interface).
The show ipv6 route Command

To display the routes in the IPv6 routing table, enter the following command:
hostname# show ipv6 route
The output from the show ipv6 route command is similar to the IPv4 show route command. It displays
the following information:
The protocol that derived the route.
The IPv6 prefix of the remote network.
The administrative distance and metric for the route.
The address of the next-hop router.
The interface through which the next hop router to the specified network is reached.
The following is sample output from the show ipv6 route command:
hostname# show ipv6 route
IPv6 Routing Table - 7 entries
Codes: C - Connected, L - Local, S - Static, R - RIP, B - BGP
U - Per-user Static route
I1 - ISIS L1, I2 - ISIS L2, IA - ISIS interarea
O - OSPF intra, OI - OSPF inter, OE1 - OSPF ext 1, OE2 - OSPF ext 2
L
fe80::/10 [0/0]
via ::, inside
L
fec0::a:0:0:a0a:a70/128 [0/0]
via ::, inside
C
fec0:0:0:a::/64 [0/0]
via ::, inside
L
ff00::/8 [0/0]
via ::, inside

The security appliance supports the configuration of both IPv6 and IPv4 on an interface. You do not need
to enter any special commands to do so; simply enter the IPv4 configuration commands and IPv6
configuration commands as you normally would. Make sure you configure the default route for both
IPv4 and IPv6.
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Configuring IPv6

Example 9-1 shows several features of IPv6 configuration:
Each interface is configured with both IPv6 and IPv4 addresses.
The IPv6 default route is set with the ipv6 route command.
An IPv6 access list is applied to the outside interface.
Example 9-1
interface Ethernet0
speed auto
duplex auto
nameif outside
security-level 0
ip address 16.142.10.100 255.255.255.0
ipv6 address 2001:400:3:1::100/64
ipv6 nd suppress-ra
ospf mtu-ignore auto
!
interface Ethernet1
speed auto
duplex auto
nameif inside
security-level 100
ip address 16.140.10.100 255.255.255.0
ipv6 address 2001:400:1:1::100/64
ospf mtu-ignore auto
!
enable password 8Ry2YjIyt7RRXU24 encrypted
passwd 2KFQnbNIdI.2KYOU encrypted
hostname coyupix
boot system flash:/cdisk.7.0.0.16
ftp mode passive
names
access-list allow extended permit icmp any any
pager lines 24
logging enable
logging buffered debugging
mtu outside 1500
mtu inside 1500
ipv6 route outside ::/0 2001:400:3:1::1
ipv6 access-list outacl permit icmp6 2001:400:2:1::/64 2001:400:1:1::/64
ipv6 access-list outacl permit tcp 2001:400:2:1::/64 2001:400:1:1::/64 eq telnet
ipv6 access-list outacl permit tcp 2001:400:2:1::/64 2001:400:1:1::/64 eq ftp
ipv6 access-list outacl permit tcp 2001:400:2:1::/64 2001:400:1:1::/64 eq www
no failover
monitor-interface outside
monitor-interface inside
asdm image
no asdm history enable
arp timeout 14400
access-group allow in interface outside
access-group outacl in interface outside
route outside 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 16.142.10.1 1
timeout xlate 3:00:00
timeout conn 1:00:00 half-closed 0:10:00 udp 0:02:00 icmp 0:02:00 rpc 0:10:00 h323 0:05:00
h225 1:00:00 mgcp 0:05:00 mgcp-pat 0:05:00 sip 0:30:00 sip_media 0:02:00
timeout uauth 0:05:00 absolute
no snmp-server location
no snmp-server contact

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Configuring IPv6
snmp-server enable traps snmp

fragment size 200 outside
fragment chain 24 outside
fragment size 200 inside
fragment chain 24 inside
sysopt nodnsalias inbound
sysopt nodnsalias outbound
telnet timeout 5
ssh timeout 5
console timeout 0
!
class-map inspection_default
match default-inspection-traffic
!
!
policy-map global_policy
class inspection_default
inspect dns
inspect ftp
inspect h323 h225
inspect h323 ras
inspect rsh
inspect smtp
inspect sqlnet
inspect sip
inspect skinny
inspect rpc
inspect xdmcp
inspect netbios
inspect mgcp
inspect tftp
inspect snmp
!
terminal width 80
service-policy global_policy global
Cryptochecksum:00000000000000000000000000000000
: end
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C H A P T E R
10

This chapter describes support for AAA (pronounced triple A) and how to configure AAA servers and
the local database.
This chapter contains the following sections:
AAA Overview, page 10-1
AAA Server and Local Database Support, page 10-3
Configuring the Local Database, page 10-9
Identifying AAA Server Groups and Servers, page 10-11
AAA Overview
AAA enables the security appliance to determine who the user is (authentication), what the user can do
(authorization), and what the user did (accounting).
AAA provides an extra level of protection and control for user access than using ACLs alone. For
example, you can create an ACL allowing all outside users to access Telnet on a server on the DMZ
network. If you want only some users to access the server and you might not always know IP addresses
of these users, you can enable AAA to allow only authenticated and/or authorized users to make it
through the security appliance. (The Telnet server enforces authentication, too; the security appliance
prevents unauthorized users from attempting to access the server.)
You can use authentication alone or with authorization and accounting. Authorization always requires a
user to be authenticated first. You can use accounting alone, or with authentication and authorization.
About Authentication, page 10-2
About Authorization, page 10-2
About Accounting, page 10-2

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AAA Overview
About Authentication
Authentication controls access by requiring valid user credentials, which are typically a username and
password. You can configure the security appliance to authenticate the following items:
All administrative connections to the security appliance including the following sessions:
Telnet
SSH
Serial console
ASDM (using HTTPS)
VPN management access
The enable command
Network access
VPN access
About Authorization
Authorization controls access per user after users authenticate. You can configure the security appliance
to authorize the following items:
Management commands
Network access
VPN access
Authorization controls the services and commands available to each authenticated user. Were you not to
enable authorization, authentication alone would provide the same access to services for all
authenticated users.
If you need the control that authorization provides, you can configure a broad authentication rule, and
then have a detailed authorization configuration. For example, you authenticate inside users who attempt
to access any server on the outside network and then limit the outside servers that a particular user can
access using authorization.
The security appliance caches the first 16 authorization requests per user, so if the user accesses the same
services during the current authentication session, the security appliance does not resend the request to
the authorization server.
About Accounting
Accounting tracks traffic that passes through the security appliance, enabling you to have a record of
user activity. If you enable authentication for that traffic, you can account for traffic per user. If you do
not authenticate the traffic, you can account for traffic per IP address. Accounting information includes
when sessions start and stop, username, the number of bytes that pass through the security appliance for
the session, the service used, and the duration of each session.
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AAA Server and Local Database Support

The security appliance supports a variety of AAA server types and a local database that is stored on the
security appliance. This section describes support for each AAA server type and the local database.
This section contains the following topics:
Summary of Support, page 10-3
RADIUS Server Support, page 10-4
TACACS+ Server Support, page 10-5
SDI Server Support, page 10-6
NT Server Support, page 10-7
Kerberos Server Support, page 10-7
LDAP Server Support, page 10-8
Local Database Support, page 10-8
Summary of Support
Table 10-1 summarizes the support for each AAA service by each AAA server type, including the local
database. For more information about support for a specific AAA server type, refer to the topics
following the table.
Table 10-1
Summary of AAA Support
Database Type
AAA Service
Local
RADIUS
TACACS+
SDI
NT
Kerberos
LDAP
VPN users
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Firewall sessions
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Administrators
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Authentication of. . .
Authorization of. . .
VPN users
Firewall sessions
No
Yes
Administrators
Yes2
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
VPN connections
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Firewall sessions
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Administrators
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Accounting of. . .
1. For firewall sessions, RADIUS authorization is supported with user-specific ACLs only, which are received
or specified in a RADIUS authentication response.
2. Local command authorization is supported by privilege level only.

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RADIUS Server Support

The security appliance supports RADIUS servers.
Authentication Methods, page 10-4
Attribute Support, page 10-4
RADIUS Functions, page 10-4
Authentication Methods
The security appliance supports the following authentication methods with RADIUS:
PAP
CHAP
MS-CHAPv1
MS-CHAPv2 (including password aging), for IPSec users only
Attribute Support
The security appliance supports the following sets of RADIUS attributes:
Authentication attributes defined in RFC 2138.
Accounting attributes defined in RFC 2139.
RADIUS attributes for tunneled protocol support, defined in RFC 2868.
Cisco IOS VSAs, identified by RADIUS vendor ID 9.
Cisco VPN-related VSAs, identified by RADIUS vendor ID 3076.
Microsoft VSAs, defined in RFC 2548.
RADIUS Functions
The security appliance can use RADIUS servers for the functionality described in Table 10-2.
Table 10-2
RADIUS Functions
Functions
Description
User authentication for CLI access
When a user attempts to access the security appliance with Telnet, SSH, HTTP, or a
serial console connection and the traffic matches an authentication statement, the
security appliance challenges the user for a username and password, sends these
credentials to the RADIUS server, and grants or denies user CLI access based on the
response from the server.
User authentication for the enable

command
When a user attempts to access the enable command, the security appliance
challenges the user for a password, sends to the RADIUS server the username and
enable password, and grants or denies user access to enable mode based on the
Accounting for CLI access
You can configure the security appliance to send accounting information to a

RADIUS server about administrative sessions.
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Table 10-2
RADIUS Functions (continued)
Functions
Description
User authentication for network

access
When a user attempts to access networks through the security appliance and the
traffic matches an authentication statement, the security appliance sends to the
RADIUS server the user credentials (typically a username and password) and grants
or denies user network access based on the response from the server.
User authorization for network access To implement dynamic ACLs, you must configure the RADIUS server to support it.
using dynamic ACLs per user
When the user authenticates, the RADIUS server sends a downloadable ACL to the
security appliance. Access to a given service is either permitted or denied by the
ACL. The security appliance deletes the ACL when the authentication session
expires.
User authorization for network access To implement downloaded ACL names, you must configure the RADIUS server to
using a downloaded ACL name per
support it. When the user authenticates, the RADIUS server sends a name of an ACL.
user
If an ACL with the name specified exists on the security appliance, access to a given
service is either permitted or denied by the ACL. You can specify the same ACL for
multiple users.
VPN authentication
When a user attempts to establish VPN access and the applicable tunnel-group record
specifies a RADIUS authentication server group, the security appliance sends to the
RADIUS server the username and password, and then grants or denies user access
based on the response from the server.
VPN authorization
When user authentication for VPN access has succeeded and the applicable
tunnel-group record specifies a RADIUS authorization server group, the security
appliance sends a request to the RADIUS authorization server and applies to the VPN
session the authorizations received.
VPN accounting
tunnel-group record specifies a RADIUS accounting server group, the security
appliance sends the RADIUS server group accounting data about the VPN session.
Accounting for network access per

user or IP address

RADIUS server about any traffic that passes through the security appliance.
TACACS+ Server Support

The security appliance can use TACACS+ servers for the functionality described in Table 10-3. The
security appliance supports TACACS+ authentication with ASCII, PAP, CHAP, and MS-CHAPv1.
Table 10-3
TACACS+ Functions
Functions
Description
security appliance challenges the user for a username and password, sends these
credentials to the TACACS+ server, and grants or denies user CLI access based on
the response from the server.
User authentication for the enable

command
challenges the user for a password, sends to the TACACS+ server the username and
enable password, and grants or denies user access to enable mode based on the

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Table 10-3
TACACS+ Functions (continued)
Functions
Description
Accounting for CLI access

TACACS+ server about administrative sessions.

access
traffic matches an authentication statement, the security appliance sends to the
TACACS+ server the user credentials (typically a username and password) and
grants or denies user network access based on the response from the server.
User authorization for network access When a user matches an authorization statement on the security appliance after
authenticating, the security appliance consults the TACACS+ server for user access
privileges.
VPN authentication
When a user attempts to establish VPN access and the applicable tunnel-group record
specifies a TACACS+ authentication server group, the security appliance sends to the
TACACS+ server the username and password, and then grants or denies user access
based on the response from the server.
VPN accounting
tunnel-group record specifies a TACACS+ accounting server group, the security
appliance sends the TACACS+ server group accounting data about the VPN session.
User authorization for management

commands.
On the TACACS+ server, configure the commands that a user can use after
authenticating for CLI access. Each command that a user enters at the CLI is checked
by the TACACS+ server.
Accounting for network access per

user or IP address
You can configure the security appliance to send accounting information to the
TACACS+ server about any traffic that passes through the security appliance.
SDI Server Support

The security appliance can use RSA SecureID servers for VPN authentication. These servers are also
known as SDI servers. When a user attempts to establish VPN access and the applicable tunnel-group
record specifies a SDI authentication server group, the security appliance sends to the SDI server the
username and one-time password and grants or denies user access based on the response from the server.
SDI Version Support, page 10-6
Two-step Authentication Process, page 10-7
SDI Primary and Replica Servers, page 10-7
SDI Version Support

The security appliance offers the following SDI version support:
Versions prior to version 5.0SDI versions prior to 5.0 use the concept of an SDI master and an
SDI slave server which share a single node secret file (SECURID).
Versions 5.0SDI version 5.0 uses the concepts of an SDI primary and SDI replica servers. Each
primary and its replicas share a single node secret file. The node secret file has its name based on
the hexadecimal value of the ACE/Server IP address with .sdi appended.
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A version 5.0 SDI server that you configure on the security appliance can be either the primary or
any one of the replicas. See the SDI Primary and Replica Servers section on page 10-7 for
information about how the SDI agent selects servers to authenticate users.
Two-step Authentication Process

SDI version 5.0 uses a two-step process to prevent an intruder from capturing information from an RSA
SecurID authentication request and using it to authenticate to another server. The Agent first sends a lock
request to the SecurID server before sending the user authentication request. The server locks the
username, preventing another (replica) server from accepting it. This means that the same user cannot
authenticate to two security appliances using the same authentication servers simultaneously. After a
successful username lock, the security appliance sends the passcode.
SDI Primary and Replica Servers

The security appliance obtains the server list when the first user authenticates to the configured server,
which can be either a primary or a replica. The security appliance then assigns priorities to each of the
servers on the list, and subsequent server selection derives at random from those assigned priorities. The
highest priority servers have a higher likelihood of being selected.
NT Server Support
The security appliance supports VPN authentication with Microsoft Windows server operating systems
that support NTLM version 1, which we collectively refer to as NT servers. When a user attempts to
establish VPN access and the applicable tunnel-group record specifies a NT authentication server group,
the security appliance uses NTLM version 1 to for user authentication with the Microsoft Windows
domain server. The security appliance grants or denies user access based on the response from the
domain server.
Note
NT servers have a maximum length of 14 characters for user passwords. Longer passwords are truncated.
This is a limitation of NTLM version 1.
Kerberos Server Support

The security appliance can use Kerberos servers for VPN authentication. When a user attempts to
establish VPN access through the security appliance, and the traffic matches an authentication statement,
the security appliance consults the Kerberos server for user authentication and grants or denies user
access based on the response from the server.
The security appliance supports 3DES, DES, and RC4 encryption types.
Note
The security appliance does not support changing user passwords during tunnel negotiation. To avoid
this situation happening inadvertently, disable password expiration on the Kerberos/Active Directory
server for users connecting to the security appliance.

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LDAP Server Support

The security appliance can use LDAP servers for VPN authorization. When user authentication for VPN
access has succeeded and the applicable tunnel-group record specifies an LDAP authorization server
group, the security appliance queries the LDAP server and applies to the VPN session the authorizations
it receives.
Local Database Support

The security appliance maintains a local database that you can populate with user profiles.
User Profiles, page 10-8
Local Database Functions, page 10-8
Fallback Support, page 10-9
User Profiles
User profiles contain, at a minimum, a username. Typically, a password is assigned to each username,
although passwords are optional.
The username attributes command enables you to enter the username mode. In this mode, you can add
other information to a specific user profile. The information you can add includes VPN-related
attributes, such as a VPN session timeout value.
Local Database Functions

The security appliance can use local database for the functionality described in Table 10-4.
Table 10-4
Local Database Functions
Functions
Description
security appliance challenges the user for a username and password, checks these
credentials against the local database, and grants or denies user CLI access based on
the result.
User authentication for the enable or

login command
challenges the user for a password, checks the username and password against the
local database, and grants or denies user access to enable mode based on the result.
User authorization for management

commands.
When a user authenticates with the enable command (or logs in with the login
command), the security appliance places that user in the privilege level defined by
the local database. You can configure each command to belong to privilege level
between 0 and 15 on the security appliance.

access
traffic matches an authentication statement, the security appliance challenges the user
for a username and password, checks these credentials against the local database, and
grants or denies user network access based on the result.
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Table 10-4
Local Database Functions (continued)
Functions
Description
VPN authentication
When a user attempts to establish VPN access and the traffic matches an
authentication statement, the security appliance checks the username and password
received against the local user database, and grants or denies VPN access based on
the result.
VPN authorization
When user authentication for VPN access has succeeded, the security appliance
applies to the VPN session the attributes from the local database that are associated
with the username and the applicable group policy.
Fallback Support
With the exception of fallback for network access authentication, the local database can act as a fallback
method for the functions in Table 10-4. This behavior is designed to help you prevent accidental lockout
from the security appliance.
For users who need fallback support, we recommend that their usernames and passwords in the local
database match their usernames and passwords in the AAA servers. This provides transparent fallback
support. Because the user cannot determine whether a AAA server or the local database is providing the
service, using usernames and passwords on AAA servers that are different than the usernames and
passwords in the local database means that the user cannot be certain which username and password
should be given.
The local database supports the following fallback functions:
Console and enable password authenticationWhen you use the aaa authentication console
command, you can add the LOCAL keyword after the AAA server group tag. If the servers in the
group all are unavailable, the security appliance uses the local database to authenticate
administrative access. This can include enable password authentication, too.
Command authorizationWhen you use the aaa authorization command command, you can
add the LOCAL keyword after the AAA server group tag. If the TACACS+ servers in the group all
are unavailable, the local database is used to authorize commands based on privilege levels.
VPN authentication and authorizationVPN authentication and authorization are supported to

enable remote access to the security appliance if AAA servers that normally support these VPN
services are unavailable. The authentication-server-group command, available in tunnel-group
general attributes mode, lets you specify the LOCAL keyword when you are configuring attributes
of a tunnel group. When VPN client of an administrator specifies a tunnel group configured to
fallback to the local database, the VPN tunnel can be established even if the AAA server group is
unavailable, provided that the local database is configured with the necessary attributes.

This section describes how to manage users in the local database. You can use the local database for
CLI access authentication, privileged mode authentication, command authorization, network access
authentication, and VPN authentication and authorization. You cannot use the local database for network
access authorization. The local database does not support accounting.
For multiple context mode, you can configure usernames in the system execution space to provide
individual logins using the login command; however, you cannot configure any aaa commands in the
system execution space.

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Caution
If you add to the local database users who can gain access to the CLI but who should not be allowed to
enter privileged mode, enable command authorization. (See the Configuring Local Command
Authorization section on page 31-7.) Without command authorization, users can access privileged
mode (and all commands) at the CLI using their own password if their privilege level is 2 or greater (2 is
the default). Alternatively, you can use RADIUS or TACACS+ authentication so that the user will not
be able to use the login command, or you can set all local users to level 1 so you can control who can
use the system enable password to access privileged mode.
To define a user account in the local database, perform the following steps:
Step 1
Create the user account. To do so, enter the following command:

hostname/contexta(config)# username username {nopassword | password password} [encrypted]
[privilege level]
where the options are as follows:
Step 2
usernameA string from 4 to 64 characters long.
password passwordA string from 3 to 16 characters long. In version 7.0(5), the password can be
up to 32 characters long.
encryptedIndicates that the password specified is encrypted.
privilege levelThe privilege level that you want to assign to the new user account (from 0 to 15).
The default is 2. This privilege level is used with command authorization.
nopasswordCreates a user account with no password.
To configure a local user account with VPN attributes, follow these steps:
a.
Enter the following command:

hostname/contexta(config)# username username attributes
When you enter a username attributes command, you enter username mode. The commands
available in this mode are as follows:
group-lock
password-storage
vpn-access-hours
vpn-filter
vpn-framed-ip-address
vpn-group-policy
vpn-idle-timeout
vpn-session-timeout
vpn-simultaneous-logins
vpn-tunnel-protocol
webvpn
Use these commands as needed to configure the user profile. For more information about these
commands, see the Cisco Security Appliance Command Reference.
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b.
When you have finished configuring the user profiles, enter exit to return to config mode.
For example, the following command assigns a privilege level of 15 to the admin user account:
hostname/contexta(config)# username admin password passw0rd privilege 15
The following command creates a user account with no password:

hostname/contexta(config)# username bcham34 nopassword
The following commands creates a user account with a password, enters username mode, and specifies
a few VPN attributes:
hostname/contexta(config)# username
hostname/contexta(config)# username
hostname/contexta(config-username)#
rwilliams password gOgeOus

rwilliams attributes
vpn-tunnel-protocol IPSec
vpn-simultaneous-logins 6
exit

If you want to use an external AAA server for authentication, authorization, or accounting, you must
first create at least one AAA server group per AAA protocol and add one or more servers to each group.
You identify AAA server groups by name. Each server group is specific to one type of server: Kerberos,
LDAP, NT, RADIUS, SDI, or TACACS+.
The security appliance contacts the first server in the group. If that server is unavailable, the security
appliance contacts the next server in the group, if configured. If all servers in the group are unavailable,
the security appliance tries the local database if you configured it as a fallback method (management
authentication and authorization only). If you do not have a fallback method, the security appliance
continues to try the AAA servers.
To create a server group and add AAA servers to it, follow these steps:
Step 1
For each AAA server group you need to create, follow these steps:
a.
Identify the server group name and the protocol. To do so, enter the following command:
hostname/contexta(config)# aaa-server server_group protocol {kerberos | ldap | nt |
radius | sdi | tacacs+}
For example, to use RADIUS to authenticate network access and TACACS+ to authenticate CLI
access, you need to create at least two server groups, one for RADIUS servers and one for
TACACS+ servers.
You can have up to 15 single-mode server groups or 4 multi-mode server groups. Each server group
can have up to 16 servers in single mode or up to 4 servers in multi-mode.
When you enter a aaa-server protocol command, you enter group mode.
b.
If you want to specify the maximum number of requests sent to a AAA server in the group before
trying the next server, enter the following command:
hostname/contexta(config-aaa-server-group)# max-failed-attempts number
The number can be between 1 and 5. The default is 3.

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If you configured a fallback method using the local database (for management access only; see the
Authenticating and Authorizing System Administrators section on page 31-4 and the
Configuring TACACS+ Command Authorization section on page 31-11 to configure the fallback
mechanism), and all the servers in the group fail to respond, then the group is considered to be
unresponsive, and the fallback method is tried. The server group remains marked as unresponsive
for a period of 10 minutes (by default) so that additional AAA requests within that period do not
attempt to contact the server group, and the fallback method is used immediately. To change the
unresponsive period from the default, see the reactivation-mode command in the following step.
If you do not have a fallback method, the security appliance continues to retry the servers in the
group.
Step 2
c.
If you want to specify the method (reactivation policy) by which failed servers in a group are
reactivated, use the reactivation-mode command. For more information about this command, see
the Cisco Security Appliance Command Reference.
d.
If you want to indicate whether accounting messages are sent to a single server (single mode) or sent
to all servers in the group (simultaneous mode), use the accounting-mode command. For more
information about this command, see the Cisco Security Appliance Command Reference.
e.
When you have finished configuring the AAA server group, enter exit.
For each AAA server on your network, follow these steps:

a.
Identify the server, including the AAA server group it belongs to. To do so, enter the following
command:
hostname/contexta(config)# aaa-server server_group (interface_name) host server_ip
When you enter a aaa-server host command, you enter host mode.
b.
As needed, use host mode commands to further configure the AAA server.
The commands in host mode do not apply to all AAA server types. Table 10-5 lists the available
commands, the server types they apply to, and whether a new AAA server definition has a default
value for that command. Where a command is applicable to the server type you specified and no
default value is provided (indicated by ), use the command to specify the value. For more
information about these commands, see the Cisco Security Appliance Command Reference.
Table 10-5
Host Mode Commands, Server Types, and Defaults
Command
Applicable AAA Server Types Default Value
accounting-port
RADIUS
1646
acl-netmask-convert
RADIUS
standard
authentication-port
RADIUS
1645
kerberos-realm
Kerberos
key
RADIUS
TACACS+
ldap-base-dn
LDAP
ldap-login-dn
LDAP
ldap-login-password
LDAP
ldap-naming-attribute
LDAP
ldap-scope
LDAP
nt-auth-domain-controller NT
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Table 10-5
Host Mode Commands, Server Types, and Defaults (continued)
Command
Applicable AAA Server Types Default Value
radius-common-pw
RADIUS
retry-interval
Kerberos
10 seconds
RADIUS
10 seconds
sdi-pre-5-slave
SDI
sdi-version
SDI
sdi-5
server-port
Kerberos
88
LDAP
389
NT
139
SDI
5500
TACACS+
49
All
10 seconds
timeout
c.
When you have finished configuring the AAA server host, enter exit.
For example, to add one TACACS+ group with one primary and one backup server, one RADIUS group
with a single server, and an NT domain server, enter the following commands:
hostname/contexta(config)# aaa-server AuthInbound protocol tacacs+
hostname/contexta(config-aaa-server-group)# max-failed-attempts 2
hostname/contexta(config-aaa-server-group)# reactivation-mode depletion deadtime 20
hostname/contexta(config-aaa-server-group)# exit
hostname/contexta(config)# aaa-server AuthInbound (inside) host 10.1.1.1
hostname/contexta(config-aaa-server-host)# key TACPlusUauthKey
hostname/contexta(config-aaa-server-host)# exit
hostname/contexta(config-aaa-server-host)# key TACPlusUauthKey2
hostname/contexta(config)# aaa-server AuthOutbound protocol radius
hostname/contexta(config)# aaa-server AuthOutbound (inside) host 10.1.1.3
hostname/contexta(config-aaa-server-host)# key RadUauthKey
hostname/contexta(config)# aaa-server NTAuth protocol nt
hostname/contexta(config)# aaa-server NTAuth (inside) host 10.1.1.4
hostname/contexta(config-aaa-server-host)# nt-auth-domain-controller primary1

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11
This chapter describes the security appliance failover feature, which lets you configure two security
appliances so that one will take over operation if the other one fails.
Understanding Failover, page 11-1
Configuring Failover, page 11-16
Controlling and Monitoring Failover, page 11-45
Failover Configuration Examples, page 11-47
Understanding Failover
The failover configuration requires two identical security appliances connected to each other through a
dedicated failover link and, optionally, a Stateful Failover link. The health of the active interfaces and
units is monitored to determine if specific failover conditions are met. If those conditions are met,
failover occurs.
The security appliance supports two failover configurations, Active/Active failover and Active/Standby
failover. Each failover configuration has its own method for determining and performing failover.
With Active/Active failover, both units can pass network traffic. This lets you configure load balancing
on your network. Active/Active failover is only available on units running in multiple context mode.
With Active/Standby failover, only one unit passes traffic while the other unit waits in a standby state.
Active/Standby failover is available on units running in either single or multiple context mode.
Both failover configurations support stateful or stateless (regular) failover.
Note
VPN failover is not supported on units running in multiple context mode. VPN failover available for
Active/Standby failover configurations only.
Failover System Requirements, page 11-2
The Failover and Stateful Failover Links, page 11-3
Active/Active and Active/Standby Failover, page 11-6
Regular and Stateful Failover, page 11-14
Failover Health Monitoring, page 11-15

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Failover System Requirements

This section describes the hardware, software, and license requirements for security appliances in a
failover configuration. This section contains the following topics:
Hardware Requirements, page 11-2
Software Requirements, page 11-2
License Requirements, page 11-2
Hardware Requirements
The two units in a failover configuration must have the same hardware configuration. They must be the
same model, have the same number and types of interfaces, and the same amount of RAM.
Note
The two units do not have to have the same size Flash memory. If using units with different Flash
memory sizes in your failover configuration, make sure the unit with the smaller Flash memory has
enough space to accommodate the software image files and the configuration files. If it does not,
configuration synchronization from the unit with the larger Flash memory to the unit with the smaller
Flash memory will fail.
Software Requirements
The two units in a failover configuration must be in the operating modes (routed or transparent, single
or multiple context). They have the same major (first number) and minor (second number) software
version. However, you can use different versions of the software during an upgrade process; for example,
you can upgrade one unit from Version 7.0(1) to Version 7.0(2) and have failover remain active. We
recommend upgrading both units to the same version to ensure long-term compatibility.
License Requirements
On the PIX security appliance platform, at least one of the units must have an unrestricted (UR) license.
The other unit can have a Failover Only (FO) license, a Failover Only Active-Active (FO_AA) license,
or another UR license. Units with a Restricted license cannot be used for failover, and two units with FO
or FO_AA licenses cannot be used together as a failover pair.
Note
The FO license does not support Active/Active failover.

On the ASA security appliance platform, both units must have the same hardware, software, and
licensing to support failover. On the ASA 5505 and ASA 5520, both units must have a Security Plus
license to support failover.
The FO and FO_AA licenses are intended to be used solely for units in a failover configuration and not
for units in standalone mode. If a failover unit with one of these licenses is used in standalone mode, the
unit will reboot at least once every 24 hours until the unit is returned to failover duty. A unit with an FO
or FO_AA license operates in standalone mode if it is booted without being connected to a failover peer
with a UR license. If the unit with a UR license in a failover pair fails and is removed from the
configuration, the unit with the FO or FO_AA license will not automatically reboot every 24 hours; it
will operate uninterrupted unless the it is manually rebooted.
When the unit automatically reboots, the following message displays on the console:
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=========================NOTICE=========================
This machine is running in secondary mode without
a connection to an active primary PIX. Please
check your connection to the primary system.
REBOOTING....
========================================================
The ASA platform does not have this restriction.
The Failover and Stateful Failover Links

This section describes the failover and the Stateful Failover links, which are dedicated connections
between the two units in a failover configuration. This section includes the following topics:
Failover Link, page 11-3
Stateful Failover Link, page 11-5
Failover Link
The two units in a failover pair constantly communicate over a failover link to determine the operating
status of each unit. The following information is communicated over the failover link:
Caution
The unit state (active or standby).
Power status (cable-based failover onlyavailable only on the Cisco PIX security appliance
platform).
Hello messages (keep-alives).
Network link status.
MAC address exchange.
Configuration replication and synchronization.
All information sent over the failover and Stateful Failover links is sent in clear text unless you secure
the communication with a failover key. If the security appliance is used to terminate VPN tunnels, this
information includes any usernames, passwords and preshared keys used for establishing the tunnels.
Transmitting this sensitive data in clear text could pose a significant security risk. We recommend
securing the failover communication with a failover key if you are using the security appliance to
terminate VPN tunnels.
On the PIX security appliance, the failover link can be either a LAN-based connection or a dedicated
serial Failover cable. On the ASA platform, the failover link can only be a LAN-based connection.
LAN-Based Failover Link, page 11-4
Serial Cable Failover Link (PIX Security Appliance Only), page 11-4

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LAN-Based Failover Link

You can use any unused Ethernet interface on the device as the failover link; however, you cannot specify
an interface that is currently configured with a name. The LAN failover link interface is not configured
as a normal networking interface. It exists for failover communication only. This interface should only
be used for the LAN failover link (and optionally for the stateful failover link).
Connect the LAN failover link in one of the following two ways:
Using a switch, with no other device on the same network segment (broadcast domain or VLAN) as
the LAN failover interfaces of the ASA.
Using a crossover Ethernet cable to connect the appliances directly, without the need for an external
switch.
Note
When you use a crossover cable for the LAN failover link, if the LAN interface fails, the link is brought
down on both peers. This condition may hamper troubleshooting efforts because you cannot easily
determine which interface failed and caused the link to come down.
Note
The ASA supports Auto-MDI/MDIX on its copper Ethernet ports, so you can either use a crossover cable
or a straight-through cable. If you use a straight-through cable, the interface automatically detects the
cable and swaps one of the transmit/receive pairs to MDIX.
Serial Cable Failover Link (PIX Security Appliance Only)

The serial failover cable, or cable-based failover, is only available on the PIX security appliance
platform. If the two units are within six feet of each other, then we recommend that you use the serial
failover cable.
The cable that connects the two units is a modified RS-232 serial link cable that transfers data at
117,760 bps (115 Kbps). One end of the cable is labeled Primary. The unit attached to this end of the
cable automatically becomes the primary unit. The other end of the cable is labeled Secondary. The
unit attached to this end of the cable automatically becomes the secondary unit. You cannot override
these designations in the PIX security appliance software. If you purchased a PIX security appliance
failover bundle, this cable is included. To order a spare, use part number PIX-FO=.
The benefits of using cable-based failover include the following:
The PIX security appliance can immediately detect a power loss on the peer unit, and it can
differentiate a power loss from an unplugged cable.
The standby unit can communicate with the active unit and can receive the entire configuration
without having to be bootstrapped for failover. In LAN-based failover you need to configure the
failover link on the standby unit before it can communicate with the active unit.
The switch between the two units in LAN-based failover can be another point of hardware failure;
cable-based failover eliminates this potential point of failure.
You do not have to dedicate an Ethernet interface (and switch) to the failover link.
The cable determines which unit is primary and which is secondary, eliminating the need to
manually enter that information in the unit configurations.
The disadvantages of using cable-based failover include the following:
Distance limitationthe units cannot be separated by more than 6 feet.
Slower configuration replication.
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Stateful Failover Link

To use Stateful Failover, you must configure a Stateful Failover link to pass all state information. You
have three options for configuring a Stateful Failover link:
You can use a dedicated Ethernet interface for the Stateful Failover link.
If you are using LAN-based failover, you can share the failover link.
You can share a regular data interface, such as the inside interface. However, this option is not
recommended.
If you use a dedicated Ethernet interface for the Stateful Failover link, you can use either a switch or a
crossover cable to directly connect the units. If you use a switch, no other hosts or routers should be on
this link.
Note
Enable the PortFast option on Cisco switch ports that connect directly to the security appliance.
If you use a data interface as the Stateful Failover link, you will receive the following warning when you
specify that interface as the Stateful Failover link:
******* WARNING ***** WARNING ******* WARNING ****** WARNING *********
Sharing Stateful failover interface with regular data interface is not
a recommended configuration due to performance and security concerns.
******* WARNING ***** WARNING ******* WARNING ****** WARNING *********
Sharing a data interface with the Stateful Failover interface can leave you vulnerable to replay attacks.
Additionally, large amounts of Stateful Failover traffic may be sent on the interface, causing
performance problems on that network segment.
Note
Using a data interface as the Stateful Failover interface is only supported in single context, routed mode.
In multiple context mode, the Stateful Failover link resides in the system context. This interface and the
failover interface are the only interfaces in the system context. All other interfaces are allocated to and
configured from within security contexts.
Note
Caution
The IP address and MAC address for the Stateful Failover link does not change at failover unless the
Stateful Failover link is configured on a regular data interface.
information includes any usernames, passwords, and preshared keys used for establishing the tunnels.
Failover Interface Speed for Stateful Links

If you use the failover link as the Stateful Failover link, you should use the fastest Ethernet interface
available. If you experience performance problems on that interface, consider dedicating a separate
interface for the Stateful Failover interface.

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Use the following failover interface speed guidelines for Cisco PIX security appliances and Cisco ASA
adaptive security appliances:
Cisco ASA 5520/5540/5550 and PIX 515E/535

The stateful link speed should match the fastest data link
Cisco ASA 5510 and PIX 525

Stateful link speed can be 100 Mbps, even though the data interface can operate at 1 Gigabit due
to the CPU speed limitation.

For optimum performance when using long distance LAN failover, the latency for the failover link
should be less than 10 milliseconds and no more than 250 milliseconds. If latency is more than 10
milliseconds, some performance degradation occurs due to retransmission of failover messages.
All platforms support sharing of failover heartbeat and stateful link, but we recommend using a separate
heartbeat link on systems with high Stateful Failover traffic.
Active/Active and Active/Standby Failover

This section describes each failover configuration in detail. This section includes the following topics:
Active/Standby Failover, page 11-6
Active/Active Failover, page 11-9
Determining Which Type of Failover to Use, page 11-13
Active/Standby Failover
This section describes Active/Standby failover and includes the following topics:
Active/Standby Failover Overview, page 11-6
Primary/Secondary Status and Active/Standby Status, page 11-7
Device Initialization and Configuration Synchronization, page 11-7
Command Replication, page 11-8
Failover Triggers, page 11-8
Failover Actions, page 11-8
Active/Standby Failover Overview

Active/Standby failover lets you use a standby security appliance to take over the functionality of a failed
unit. When the active unit fails, it changes to the standby state while the standby unit changes to the
active state. The unit that becomes active assumes the IP addresses (or, for transparent firewall, the
management IP address) and MAC addresses of the failed unit and begins passing traffic. The unit that
is now in standby state takes over the standby IP addresses and MAC addresses. Because network
devices see no change in the MAC to IP address pairing, no ARP entries change or time out anywhere
on the network.
Note
For multiple context mode, the security appliance can fail over the entire unit (including all contexts)
but cannot fail over individual contexts separately.
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Primary/Secondary Status and Active/Standby Status

The main differences between the two units in a failover pair are related to which unit is active and which
unit is standby, namely which IP addresses to use and which unit actively passes traffic.
However, a few differences exist between the units based on which unit is primary (as specified in the
configuration) and which unit is secondary:
The primary unit always becomes the active unit if both units start up at the same time (and are of
equal operational health).
The primary unit MAC address is always coupled with the active IP addresses. The exception to this
rule occurs when the secondary unit is active, and cannot obtain the primary MAC address over the
failover link. In this case, the secondary MAC address is used.
Device Initialization and Configuration Synchronization

Configuration synchronization occurs when one or both devices in the failover pair boot. Configurations
are always synchronized from the active unit to the standby unit. When the standby unit completes its
initial startup, it clears its running configuration (except for the failover commands needed to
communicate with the active unit), and the active unit sends its entire configuration to the standby unit.
The active unit is determined by the following:
Note
If a unit boots and detects a peer already running as active, it becomes the standby unit.
If a unit boots and does not detect a peer, it becomes the active unit.
If both units boot simultaneously, then the primary unit becomes the active unit and the secondary
unit becomes the standby unit.
If the secondary unit boots without detecting the primary unit, it becomes the active unit. It uses its own
MAC addresses for the active IP addresses. However, when the primary unit becomes available, the
secondary unit changes the MAC addresses to those of the primary unit, which can cause an interruption
in your network traffic. To avoid this, configure the failover pair with virtual MAC addresses. See the
Configuring Active/Standby Failover section on page 11-16 for more information.
When the replication starts, the security appliance console on the active unit displays the message
Beginning configuration replication: Sending to mate, and when it is complete, the security appliance
displays the message End Configuration Replication to mate. During replication, commands entered
on the active unit may not replicate properly to the standby unit, and commands entered on the standby
unit may be overwritten by the configuration being replicated from the active unit. Avoid entering
commands on either unit in the failover pair during the configuration replication process. Depending
upon the size of the configuration, replication can take from a few seconds to several minutes.
On the standby unit, the configuration exists only in running memory. To save the configuration to Flash
memory after synchronization:
For single context mode, enter the copy running-config startup-config command on the active unit.
The command is replicated to the standby unit, which proceeds to write its configuration to Flash
memory.
For multiple context mode, enter the copy running-config startup-config command on the active
unit from the system execution space and from within each context on disk. The command is
replicated to the standby unit, which proceeds to write its configuration to Flash memory. Contexts
with startup configurations on external servers are accessible from either unit over the network and

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do not need to be saved separately for each unit. Alternatively, you can copy the contexts on disk
from the active unit to an external server, and then copy them to disk on the standby unit, where they
become available when the unit reloads.
Command Replication
Command replication always flows from the active unit to the standby unit. As commands are entered
on the active unit, they are sent across the failover link to the standby unit. You do not have to save the
active configuration to Flash memory to replicate the commands.
Note
Changes made on the standby unit are not replicated to the active unit. If you enter a command on the
standby unit, the security appliance displays the message **** WARNING **** Configuration
Replication is NOT performed from Standby unit to Active unit. Configurations are no
longer synchronized.
This message displays even when you enter many commands that do not affect
the configuration.
If you enter the write standby command on the active unit, the standby unit clears its running
configuration (except for the failover commands used to communicate with the active unit), and the
active unit sends its entire configuration to the standby unit.
For multiple context mode, when you enter the write standby command in the system execution space,
all contexts are replicated. If you enter the write standby command within a context, the command
replicates only the context configuration.
Replicated commands are stored in the running configuration. To save the replicated commands to the
Flash memory on the standby unit:
For single context mode, enter the copy running-config startup-config command on the active unit.
The command is replicated to the standby unit, which proceeds to write its configuration to Flash
memory.
For multiple context mode, enter the copy running-config startup-config command on the active
unit from the system execution space and within each context on disk. The command is replicated
to the standby unit, which proceeds to write its configuration to Flash memory. Contexts with startup
configurations on external servers are accessible from either unit over the network and do not need
to be saved separately for each unit. Alternatively, you can copy the contexts on disk from the active
unit to an external server, and then copy them to disk on the standby unit.
Failover Triggers
The unit can fail if one of the following events occurs:
The unit has a hardware failure or a power failure.
The unit has a software failure.
Too many monitored interfaces fail.
The no failover active command is entered on the active unit or the failover active command is
entered on the standby unit.
Failover Actions
In Active/Standby failover, failover occurs on a unit basis. Even on systems running in multiple context
mode, you cannot fail over individual or groups of contexts.
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Table 11-1 shows the failover action for each failure event. For each failure event, the table shows the
failover policy (failover or no failover), the action taken by the active unit, the action taken by the
standby unit, and any special notes about the failover condition and actions.
Table 11-1
Failover Behavior
Failure Event
Policy
Active Action
Standby Action
Notes
Active unit failed (power or

hardware)
Failover
n/a
Become active
No hello messages are received on

any monitored interface or the
failover link.
Formerly active unit recovers
No failover
Become standby
No action
None.
Standby unit failed (power or

hardware)
No failover
Mark standby as
failed
n/a
When the standby unit is marked as

failed, then the active unit will not
attempt to fail over, even if the
interface failure threshold is
surpassed.
Failover link failed during

operation
No failover
Mark failover
interface as failed
Mark failover
interface as failed
You should restore the failover link

as soon as possible because the
unit cannot fail over to the standby
unit while the failover link is down.
Failover link failed at startup
No failover
Mark failover
interface as failed
Become active
If the failover link is down at

startup, both units will become
active.
Stateful Failover link failed
No failover
No action
No action
State information will become out

of date, and sessions will be
terminated if a failover occurs.
Interface failure on active unit Failover

above threshold
Mark active as
failed
Become active
None.
Interface failure on standby

unit above threshold
No action
Mark standby as
failed
When the standby unit is marked as

failed, then the active unit will not
attempt to fail over even if the
interface failure threshold is
surpassed.
Mark active as
failed
No failover
Active/Active Failover
This section describes Active/Active failover. This section includes the following topics:
Active/Active Failover Overview, page 11-10
Primary/Secondary Status and Active/Standby Status, page 11-10
Device Initialization and Configuration Synchronization, page 11-10
Command Replication, page 11-11
Failover Triggers, page 11-12
Failover Actions, page 11-12

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Active/Active Failover Overview

Active/Active failover is only available to security appliances in multiple context mode. In an
Active/Active failover configuration, both security appliances can pass network traffic.
In Active/Active failover, you divide the security contexts on the security appliance into failover groups.
A failover group is simply a logical group of one or more security contexts. You can create a maximum
of two failover groups on the security appliance. The admin context is always a member of failover
group 1, and any unassigned security contexts are also members of failover group 1 by default.
The failover group forms the base unit for failover in Active/Active failover. Interface failure monitoring,
failover, and active/standby status are all attributes of a failover group, rather than the unit. When an
active failover group fails, it changes to the standby state while the standby failover group becomes
active. The interfaces in the failover group that becomes active assume the MAC and IP addresses of the
interfaces in the failover group that failed. The interfaces in the failover group that is now in the standby
state take over the standby MAC and IP addresses.
Note
A failover group failing on a unit does not mean that the unit has failed. The unit may still have another
failover group passing traffic on it.
When creating the failover groups, you should create them on the unit that will have failover group 1 in
the active state.
Note
Active/Active failover generates virtual MAC addresses for the interfaces in each failover group. If you
have more than one Active/Active failover pair on the same network, it is possible to have the same
default virtual MAC addresses assigned to the interfaces on one pair as are assigned to the interfaces of
the other pairs because of the way the default virtual MAC addresses are determined. To avoid having
duplicate MAC addresses on your network, make sure you assign each physical interface a virtual active
and standby MAC address.
Primary/Secondary Status and Active/Standby Status

As in Active/Standby failover, one unit in an Active/Active failover pair is designated the primary unit,
and the other unit the secondary unit. Unlike Active/Standby failover, this designation does not indicate
which unit becomes active when both units start simultaneously. Instead, the primary/secondary
designation determines which unit provides the running configuration to the pair and on which unit each
failover group appears in the active state when both start simultaneously.
Each failover group in the configuration is given a primary or secondary unit preference. This preference
determines on which unit in the failover pair the contexts in the failover group appear in the active state
when both units start simultaneously. You can have both failover groups be in the active state on a single
unit in the pair, with the other unit containing the failover groups in the standby state. However, a more
typical configuration is to assign each failover group a different role preference to make each one active
on a different unit, balancing the traffic across the devices.
Note
The security appliance does not provide load balancing services. Load balancing must be handled by a
router passing traffic to the security appliance.
Device Initialization and Configuration Synchronization

Configuration synchronization occurs when one or both units in a failover pair boot.
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When a unit boots while the peer unit is not available, then both failover groups become active on the
unit regardless of the primary or secondary designation for the failover groups and the unit.
Configuration synchronization does not occur. Some reasons a peer unit may not be available are that
the peer unit is powered down, the peer unit is in a failed state, or the failover link between the units has
not been established.
When a unit boots while the peer unit is active (with both failover groups active on it), the booting unit
contacts the active unit to obtain the running configuration. By default, the failover groups will remain
active on the active unit regardless of the primary or secondary preference of each failover group and
unit designation. The failover groups remain active on that unit until either a failover occurs or until you
manually force them to the other unit with the no failover active command. However, using the preempt
command, you can configure each failover group to become active on its preferred unit when that unit
becomes available. If a failover group is configured with the preempt command, the failover group
automatically becomes active on the preferred unit when that unit becomes available.
When both units boot at the same time, the primary unit becomes the active unit. The secondary unit
obtains the running configuration from the primary unit. Once the configuration has been synchronized,
each failover group becomes active on the preferred unit.
Command Replication
After both units are running, commands are replicated from one unit to the other as follows:
Note
Commands entered within a security context are replicated from the unit on which the security
context appears in the active state to the peer unit.
A context is considered in the active state on a unit if the failover group to which it belongs is
in the active state on that unit.
Commands entered in the system execution space are replicated from the unit on which failover
group 1 is in the active state to the unit on which failover group 1 is in the standby state.
Commands entered in the admin context are replicated from the unit on which failover group 1 is in
the active state to the unit on which failover group 1 is in the standby state.
Failure to enter the commands on the appropriate unit for command replication to occur will cause the
configurations to be out of synchronization. Those changes may be lost the next time the initial
configuration synchronization occurs.
You can use the write standby command to resynchronize configurations that have become out of sync.
For Active/Active failover, the write standby command behaves as follows:
If you enter the write standby command in the system execution space, the system configuration
and the configurations for all of the security contexts on the security appliance is written to the peer
unit. This includes configuration information for security contexts that are in the standby state. You
must enter the command in the system execution space on the unit that has failover group 1 in the
active state.
If you enter the write standby command in a security context, only the configuration for the security
context is written to the peer unit. You must enter the command in the security context on the unit
where the security context appears in the active state.
Replicated commands are not saved to the Flash memory when replicated to the peer unit. They are
added to the running configuration. To save replicated commands to Flash memory on both units, use
the write memory or copy running-config startup-config command on the unit that you made the
changes on. The command will be replicated to the peer unit and cause the configuration to be saved to
Flash memory on the peer unit.

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Failover Triggers
In Active/Active failover, failover can be triggered at the unit level if one of the following events occurs:
The unit has a hardware failure.
The unit has a power failure.
The unit has a software failure.
The no failover active or the failover active command is entered in the system execution space.
Failover is triggered at the failover group level when one of the following events occurs:
Too many monitored interfaces in the group fail.
The no failover active group group_id command is entered.
You configure the failover threshold for each failover group by specifying the number or percentage of
interfaces within the failover group that must fail before the group fails. Because a failover group can
contain multiple contexts, and each context can contain multiple interfaces, it is possible for all
interfaces in a single context to fail without causing the associated failover group to fail.
See the Failover Health Monitoring section on page 11-15 for more information about interface and
unit monitoring.
Failover Actions
In an Active/Active failover configuration, failover occurs on a failover group basis, not a system basis.
For example, if you designate both failover groups as active on the primary unit, and failover group 1
fails, then failover group 2 remains active on the primary unit while failover group 1 becomes active on
the secondary unit.
Note
When configuring Active/Active failover, make sure that the combined traffic for both units is within the
capacity of each unit.
Table 11-2 shows the failover action for each failure event. For each failure event, the policy (whether
or not failover occurs), actions for the active failover group, and actions for the standby failover group
are given.
Table 11-2
Failover Behavior for Active/Active Failover
Active Group
Action
Standby Group
Action
Failure Event
Policy
Notes
A unit experiences a power or

software failure
Failover
Become standby Become active

Mark as failed
Mark active as
failed
When a unit in a failover pair fails,

any active failover groups on that
unit are marked as failed and
become active on the peer unit.
Interface failure on active failover

group above threshold
Failover
Mark active
group as failed
Become active
None.
Interface failure on standby failover

group above threshold
No failover No action
Mark standby
group as failed
When the standby failover group is

marked as failed, then the active
failover group will not attempt to
fail over, even if the interface
failure threshold is surpassed.
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Table 11-2
Failover Behavior for Active/Active Failover (continued)
Active Group
Action
Standby Group
Action
Failure Event
Policy
Notes
Formerly active failover group

recovers
No action
Unless configured with the

preempt command, the failover
groups remain active on their
current unit.
Failover link failed at startup
No failover Become active
Become active
If the failover link is down at

startup, both failover groups on
both units will become active.
Stateful Failover link failed
No action
State information will become out

of date, and sessions will be
terminated if a failover occurs.
Failover link failed during operation
No failover n/a
n/a
Each unit marks the failover

interface as failed. You should
restore the failover link as soon as
possible because the unit cannot fail
over to the standby unit while the
failover link is down.
Determining Which Type of Failover to Use

The type of failover you choose depends upon your security appliance configuration and how you plan
to use the security appliances.
If you are running the security appliance in single mode, then you can only use Active/Standby failover.
Active/Active failover is only available to security appliances running in multiple context mode.
If you are running the security appliance in multiple context mode, then you can configure either
Active/Active failover or Active/Standby failover.
To provide load balancing, use Active/Active failover.
If you do not want to provide load balancing, use Active/Standby or Active/Active failover.
Table 11-3 provides a comparison of some of the features supported by each type of failover
configuration:
Table 11-3
Failover Configuration Feature Support
Feature
Active/Active
Active/Standby
Single Context Mode
No
Yes
Multiple Context Mode
Yes
Yes
Load Balancing Network Configurations
Yes
No
Unit Failover
Yes
Yes
Failover of Groups of Contexts
Yes
No
Failover of Individual Contexts
No
No

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Regular and Stateful Failover

The security appliance supports two types of failover, regular and stateful. This section includes the
following topics:
Regular Failover, page 11-14
Stateful Failover, page 11-14
Regular Failover
When a failover occurs, all active connections are dropped. Clients need to reestablish connections when
the new active unit takes over.
Stateful Failover
When Stateful Failover is enabled, the active unit continually passes per-connection state information to
the standby unit. After a failover occurs, the same connection information is available at the new active
unit. Supported end-user applications are not required to reconnect to keep the same communication
session.
The state information passed to the standby unit includes the following:
NAT translation table.
TCP connection states.
UDP connection states.
The ARP table.
The Layer 2 bridge table (when running in transparent firewall mode).
The HTTP connection states (if HTTP replication is enabled).
The ISAKMP and IPSec SA table.
GTP PDP connection database.
The information that is not passed to the standby unit when Stateful Failover is enabled includes the
following:
Note
The HTTP connection table (unless HTTP replication is enabled).
The user authentication (uauth) table.
The routing tables. After a failover occurs, some packets may be lost our routed out of the wrong
interface (the default route) while the dynamic routing protocols rediscover routes.
State information for Security Service Modules.
If failover occurs during an active Cisco IP SoftPhone session, the call will remain active because the
call session state information is replicated to the standby unit. When the call is terminated, the IP
SoftPhone client will lose connection with the Call Manager. This occurs because there is no session
information for the CTIQBE hangup message on the standby unit. When the IP SoftPhone client does
not receive a response back from the Call Manager within a certain time period, it considers the Call
Manager unreachable and unregisters itself.
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Failover Health Monitoring

The security appliance monitors each unit for overall health and for interface health. See the following
sections for more information about how the security appliance performs tests to determine the state of
each unit:
Unit Health Monitoring, page 11-15
Interface Monitoring, page 11-15
Unit Health Monitoring

The security appliance determines the health of the other unit by monitoring the failover link. When a
unit does not receive hello messages on the failover link, then the unit sends an ARP request on all
interfaces, including the failover interface. The security appliance retries a user-configurable number of
times. The action the security appliance takes depends on the response from the other unit. See the
following possible actions:
Note
If the security appliance receives a response on any interface, then it does not fail over.
If the security appliance does not receive a response on any interface, then the standby unit switches
to active mode and classifies the other unit as failed.
If the security appliance does not receive a response on the failover link only, then the unit does not
failover. The failover link is marked as failed. You should restore the failover link as soon as possible
because the unit cannot fail over to the standby while the failover link is down.
If a failed unit does not recover and you believe it should not be failed, you can reset the state by entering
the failover reset command. If the failover condition persists, however, the unit will fail again.
Interface Monitoring
You can monitor up to 250 interfaces divided between all contexts. You should monitor important
interfaces, for example, you might configure one context to monitor a shared interface (because the
interface is shared, all contexts benefit from the monitoring).
When a unit does not receive hello messages on a monitored interface, it runs the following tests:
1.
Link Up/Down testA test of the interface status. If the Link Up/Down test indicates that the
interface is operational, then the security appliance performs network tests. The purpose of these
tests is to generate network traffic to determine which (if either) unit has failed. At the start of each
test, each unit clears its received packet count for its interfaces. At the conclusion of each test, each
unit looks to see if it has received any traffic. If it has, the interface is considered operational. If one
unit receives traffic for a test and the other unit does not, the unit that received no traffic is
considered failed. If neither unit has received traffic, then the next test is used.
2.
Network Activity testA received network activity test. The unit counts all received packets for up
to 5 seconds. If any packets are received at any time during this interval, the interface is considered
operational and testing stops. If no traffic is received, the ARP test begins.
3.
ARP testA reading of the unit ARP cache for the 2 most recently acquired entries. One at a time,
the unit sends ARP requests to these machines, attempting to stimulate network traffic. After each
request, the unit counts all received traffic for up to 5 seconds. If traffic is received, the interface is
considered operational. If no traffic is received, an ARP request is sent to the next machine. If at the
end of the list no traffic has been received, the ping test begins.

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4.
Broadcast Ping testA ping test that consists of sending out a broadcast ping request. The unit then
counts all received packets for up to 5 seconds. If any packets are received at any time during this
interval, the interface is considered operational and testing stops.
If all network tests fail for an interface, but this interface on the other unit continues to successfully pass
traffic, then the interface is considered to be failed. If the threshold for failed interfaces is met, then a
failover occurs. If the other unit interface also fails all the network tests, then both interfaces go into the
Unknown state and do not count towards the failover limit.
An interface becomes operational again if it receives any traffic. A failed security appliance returns to
standby mode if the interface failure threshold is no longer met.
Note
If a failed unit does not recover and you believe it should not be failed, you can reset the state by entering
the failover reset command. If the failover condition persists, however, the unit will fail again.
This section describes how to configure failover and includes the following topics:
Configuring Active/Standby Failover, page 11-16
Configuring Active/Active Failover, page 11-24
Configuring Failover Communication Authentication/Encryption, page 11-35
Verifying the Failover Configuration, page 11-35
Configuring Active/Standby Failover

This section provides step-by-step procedures for configuring Active/Standby failover. This section
Prerequisites, page 11-16
Configuring Cable-Based Active/Standby Failover (PIX Security Appliance Only), page 11-17
Configuring LAN-Based Active/Standby Failover, page 11-18
Configuring Optional Active/Standby Failover Settings, page 11-21
See the Failover Configuration Examples section on page 11-47 for examples of typical failover
configurations.
Prerequisites
Before you begin, verify the following:
Both units have the same hardware, software configuration, and proper license.
Both units are in the same mode (single or multiple, transparent or routed).
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Configuring Cable-Based Active/Standby Failover (PIX Security Appliance Only)

Follow these steps to configure Active/Standby failover using a serial cable as the failover link. The
commands in this task are entered on the primary unit in the failover pair. The primary unit is the unit
that has the end of the cable labeled Primary plugged into it. For devices in multiple context mode, the
commands are entered in the system execution space unless otherwise noted.
You do not need to bootstrap the secondary unit in the failover pair when you use cable-based failover.
Leave the secondary unit powered off until instructed to power it on.
Cable-based failover is only available on the PIX security appliance platform.
To configure cable-based Active/Standby failover, perform the following steps:
Step 1
Connect the Failover cable to the PIX security appliances. Make sure that you attach the end of the cable
marked Primary to the unit you use as the primary unit, and that you attach the end of the cable marked
Secondary to the other unit.
Step 2
Power on the primary unit.
Step 3
If you have not done so already, configure the active and standby IP addresses for each interface (routed
mode) or for the management interface (transparent mode). The standby IP address is used on the
security appliance that is currently the standby unit, and it must be in the same subnet as the active IP
address. To receive packets from both units in a failover pair, standby IP addresses need to be configured
on all interfaces.
Note
Do not configure an IP address for the Stateful Failover link if you are going to use a dedicated
Stateful Failover interface. You use the failover interface ip command to configure a dedicated
Stateful Failover interface in a later step.
hostname(config-if)# ip address active_addr netmask standby standby_addr
Note
Step 4
In multiple context mode, you must configure the interface addresses from within each context.
Use the changeto context command to switch between contexts. The command prompt changes
to hostname/context(config-if)#, where context is the name of the current context.
(Optional) To enable Stateful Failover, configure the Stateful Failover link.

a.
Specify the interface to be used as the Stateful Failover link:

hostname(config)# failover link if_name phy_if
The if_name argument assigns a logical name to the interface specified by the phy_if argument. The
phy_if argument can be the physical port name, such as Ethernet1, or a previously created
subinterface, such as Ethernet0/2.3. This interface should not be used for any other purpose.
b.
Assign an active and standby IP address to the Stateful Failover link:

hostname(config)# failover interface ip if_name ip_addr mask standby ip_addr
Note
If the Stateful Failover link uses a data interface, skip this step. You have already defined the
active and standby IP addresses for the interface.

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The standby IP address must be in the same subnet as the active IP address. You do not need to
identify the standby IP address subnet mask.
The Stateful Failover link IP address and MAC address do not change at failover unless it uses a data
interface. The active IP address always stays with the primary unit, while the standby IP address
stays with the secondary unit.
c.
Enable the interface:

hostname(config)# interface phy_if
Step 5
Enable failover:
hostname(config)# failover
Step 6
Power on the secondary unit and enable failover on the unit if it is not already enabled:
The active unit sends the configuration in running memory to the standby unit. As the configuration
synchronizes, the messages Beginning configuration replication: sending to mate. and End
Configuration Replication to mate appear on the primary console.
Step 7
Save the configuration to Flash memory on the primary unit. Because the commands entered on the
primary unit are replicated to the secondary unit, the secondary unit also saves its configuration to Flash
memory.
hostname(config)# copy running-config startup-config
Configuring LAN-Based Active/Standby Failover

This section describes how to configure Active/Standby failover using an Ethernet failover link. When
configuring LAN-based failover, you must bootstrap the secondary device to recognize the failover link
before the secondary device can obtain the running configuration from the primary device.
Note
If you are changing from cable-based failover to LAN-based failover, you can skip any steps, such as
assigning the active and standby IP addresses for each interface, that you completed for the cable-based
failover configuration.
Configuring the Primary Unit, page 11-18
Configuring the Secondary Unit, page 11-20
Configuring the Primary Unit

Follow these steps to configure the primary unit in a LAN-based, Active/Standby failover configuration.
These steps provide the minimum configuration needed to enable failover on the primary unit. For
multiple context mode, all steps are performed in the system execution space unless otherwise noted.
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To configure the primary unit in an Active/Standby failover pair, perform the following steps:
Step 1
address. To receive packets from both units in a failover pair, standby IP addresses need to be configured
on all interfaces.
Note
Note
Step 2
(PIX security appliance platform only) Enable LAN-based failover.

hostname(config)# failover lan enable
Step 3
Designate the unit as the primary unit.

hostname(config)# failover lan unit primary
Step 4
Define the failover interface.

a.
Specify the interface to be used as the failover interface.

hostname(config)# failover lan interface if_name phy_if
The if_name argument assigns a name to the interface specified by the phy_if argument. The phy_if
argument can be the physical port name, such as Ethernet1, or a previously created subinterface,
such as Ethernet0/2.3.
b.
Assign the active and standby IP address to the failover link.

identify the standby address subnet mask.
The failover link IP address and MAC address do not change at failover. The active IP address for
the failover link always stays with the primary unit, while the standby IP address stays with the
secondary unit.
c.
Enable the interface.


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Step 5

a.
Specify the interface to be used as Stateful Failover link.

Note
If the Stateful Failover link uses the failover link or a data interface, then you only need to
supply the if_name argument.
subinterface, such as Ethernet0/2.3. This interface should not be used for any other purpose (except,
optionally, the failover link).
b.
Assign an active and standby IP address to the Stateful Failover link.
Note
If the Stateful Failover link uses the failover link or data interface, skip this step. You have
already defined the active and standby IP addresses for the interface.
The Stateful Failover link IP address and MAC address do not change at failover unless it uses a data
interface. The active IP address always stays with the primary unit, while the standby IP address
stays with the secondary unit.
c.
Note
If the Stateful Failover link uses the failover link or data interface, skip this step. You have
already enabled the interface.

Step 6
Enable failover.
Step 7
Save the system configuration to Flash memory.

Configuring the Secondary Unit

The only configuration required on the secondary unit is for the failover interface. The secondary unit
requires these commands to initially communicate with the primary unit. After the primary unit sends
its configuration to the secondary unit, the only permanent difference between the two configurations is
the failover lan unit command, which identifies each unit as primary or secondary.
For multiple context mode, all steps are performed in the system execution space unless noted otherwise.
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To configure the secondary unit, perform the following steps:

Step 1

Step 2
Define the failover interface. Use the same settings as you used for the primary unit.
a.

The if_name argument assigns a name to the interface specified by the phy_if argument.
b.
Assign the active and standby IP address to the failover link. To receive packets from both units in
a failover pair, standby IP addresses need to be configured on all interfaces.
Note
c.
Enter this command exactly as you entered it on the primary unit when you configured the
failover interface on the primary unit.

Step 3
(Optional) Designate this unit as the secondary unit.

hostname(config)# failover lan unit secondary
Note
Step 4
This step is optional because by default units are designated as secondary unless previously
configured.
Enable failover.
After you enable failover, the active unit sends the configuration in running memory to the standby unit.
As the configuration synchronizes, the messages Beginning configuration replication: Sending to mate
and End Configuration Replication to mate appear on the active unit console.
Step 5
After the running configuration has completed replication, save the configuration to Flash memory.
Configuring Optional Active/Standby Failover Settings

You can configure the following optional Active/Standby failover setting when you are initially
configuring failover or after failover has already been configured. Unless otherwise noted, the
commands should be entered on the active unit.

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Enabling HTTP Replication with Stateful Failover, page 11-22
Disabling and Enabling Interface Monitoring, page 11-22
Configuring Interface and Unit Poll Times, page 11-22
Configuring Failover Criteria, page 11-23
Configuring Virtual MAC Addresses, page 11-23
Enabling HTTP Replication with Stateful Failover

To allow HTTP connections to be included in the state information replication, you need to enable HTTP
replication. Because HTTP connections are typically short-lived, and because HTTP clients typically
retry failed connection attempts, HTTP connections are not automatically included in the replicated state
information.
Enter the following command in global configuration mode to enable HTTP state replication when
Stateful Failover is enabled:
hostname(config)# failover replication http
Disabling and Enabling Interface Monitoring

By default, monitoring of physical interfaces is enabled and monitoring of subinterfaces is disabled. You
can monitor up to 250 interfaces on a unit. You can control which interfaces affect your failover policy
by disabling the monitoring of specific interfaces and enabling the monitoring of others. This lets you
exclude interfaces attached to less critical networks from affecting your failover policy.
For units in multiple configuration mode, use the following commands to enable or disable health
monitoring for specific interfaces:
To disable health monitoring for an interface, enter the following command within a context:
hostname/context(config)# no monitor-interface if_name
To enable health monitoring for an interface, enter the following command within a context:
hostname/context(config)# monitor-interface if_name
For units in single configuration mode, use the following commands to enable or disable health
monitoring for specific interfaces:
To disable health monitoring for an interface, enter the following command in global configuration
mode:
hostname(config)# no monitor-interface if_name
To enable health monitoring for an interface, enter the following command in global configuration
mode:
hostname(config)# monitor-interface if_name
Configuring Interface and Unit Poll Times

The security appliance monitors both unit and interface health for failover. You can configure the amount
of time between hello messages when monitoring interface and unit health. Decreasing the poll time
allows an interface or unit failure to be detected more quickly, but consumes more system resources.
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To change the interface poll time, enter the following command in global configuration mode:
hostname(config)# failover polltime interface seconds
To change the unit poll time, enter the following command in global configuration mode:
hostname(config)# failover polltime seconds
Configuring Failover Criteria

By default, a single interface failure causes failover. You can specify a specific number of interfaces or
a percentage of monitored interfaces that must fail before a failover occurs.
To change the default failover criteria, enter the following command in global configuration mode:
hostname(config)# failover interface-policy num[%]
When specifying a specific number of interfaces, the num argument can be from 1 to 250. When
specifying a percentage of interfaces, the num argument can be from 1 to 100.
Configuring Virtual MAC Addresses

In Active/Standby failover, the MAC addresses for the primary unit are always associated with the active
IP addresses. If the secondary unit boots first and becomes active, it uses the burned-in MAC address for
its interfaces. When the primary unit comes online, the secondary unit obtains the MAC addresses from
the primary unit. The change can disrupt network traffic.
You can configure virtual MAC addresses for each interface to ensure that the secondary unit uses the
correct MAC addresses when it is the active unit, even if it comes online before the primary unit. If you
do not specify virtual MAC addresses, then the failover pair uses the burned-in NIC address as the MAC
address.
Note
You cannot configure a virtual MAC address for the failover or Stateful Failover links. The MAC and IP
addresses for those links do not change during failover.
Enter the following command on the active unit to configure the virtual MAC addresses for an interface:
hostname(config)# failover mac address phy_if active_mac standby_mac
The phy_if argument is the physical name of the interface, such as Ethernet1. The active_mac and
standby_mac arguments are MAC addresses in H.H.H format, where H is a 16-bit hexadecimal digit. For
example, the MAC address 00-0C-F1-42-4C-DE would be entered as 000C.F142.4CDE.
The active_mac address is associated with the active IP address for the interface, and the standby_mac
is associated with the standby IP address for the interface.

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Configuring Active/Active Failover

This section describes how to configure Active/Active failover.
Prerequisites, page 11-24
Configuring Cable-Based Active/Active Failover (PIX security appliance Only), page 11-24
Configuring LAN-Based Active/Active Failover, page 11-26
Configuring Optional Active/Active Failover Settings, page 11-29
See the Failover Configuration Examples section on page 11-47 for examples of typical failover
configurations.
Prerequisites
Before you begin, verify the following:
Both units have the same hardware, software configuration, and proper license.
Both units are in multiple context mode.
Configuring Cable-Based Active/Active Failover (PIX security appliance Only)

Follow these steps to configure Active/Active failover using a serial cable as the failover link. The
commands in this task are entered on the primary unit in the failover pair. The primary unit is the unit
that has the end of the cable labeled Primary plugged into it. For devices in multiple context mode, the
commands are entered in the system execution space unless otherwise noted.
You do not need to bootstrap the secondary unit in the failover pair when you use cable-based failover.
Leave the secondary unit powered off until instructed to power it on.
Cable-based failover is only available on the PIX security appliance platform.
To configure cable-based, Active/Active failover, perform the following steps:
Step 1
Connect the failover cable to the PIX security appliances. Make sure that you attach the end of the cable
marked Primary to the unit you use as the primary unit, and that you attach the end of the cable marked
Secondary to the unit you use as the secondary unit.
Step 2
Power on the primary unit.
Step 3
address.
Note
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Note
Step 4

a.

b.

identify the standby IP address subnet mask.
The Stateful Failover link IP address and MAC address do not change at failover except for when
Stateful Failover uses a regular data interface. The active IP address always stays with the primary
unit, while the standby IP address stays with the secondary unit.
c.

Step 5
Configure the failover groups. You can have at most two failover groups. The failover group command
creates the specified failover group if it does not exist and enters the failover group configuration mode.
For each failover group, you need to specify whether the failover group has primary or secondary
preference using the primary or secondary command. You can assign the same preference to both
failover groups. For load balancing configurations, you should assign each failover group a different unit
preference.
The following example assigns failover group 1 a primary preference and failover group 2 a secondary
preference:
hostname(config)# failover group 1
hostname(config-fover-group)# primary
hostname(config-fover-group)# exit
hostname(config-fover-group)# secondary
Step 6
Assign each user context to a failover group using the join-failover-group command in context
configuration mode.
Any unassigned contexts are automatically assigned to failover group 1. The admin context is always a
member of failover group 1.
Enter the following commands to assign each context to a failover group:
hostname(config)# context context_name
hostname(config-context)# join-failover-group {1 | 2}
hostname(config-context)# exit

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Step 7
Enable failover.
Step 8
Power on the secondary unit and enable failover on the unit if it is not already enabled:
The active unit sends the configuration in running memory to the standby unit. As the configuration
synchronizes, the messages Beginning configuration replication: Sending to mate and End
Configuration Replication to mate appear on the primary console.
Step 9
Save the configuration to Flash memory on the Primary unit. Because the commands entered on the
primary unit are replicated to the secondary unit, the secondary unit also saves its configuration to Flash
memory.
Step 10
If necessary, force any failover group that is active on the primary to the active state on the secondary.
To force a failover group to become active on the secondary unit, issue the following command in the
system execution space on the primary unit:
hostname# no failover active group group_id
The group_id argument specifies the group you want to become active on the secondary unit.
Configuring LAN-Based Active/Active Failover

This section describes how to configure Active/Active failover using an Ethernet failover link. When
configuring LAN-based failover, you must bootstrap the secondary device to recognize the failover link
before the secondary device can obtain the running configuration from the primary device.
Configure the Primary Unit, page 11-26
Configure the Secondary Unit, page 11-28
Configure the Primary Unit

To configure the primary unit in an Active/Active failover configuration, perform the following steps:
Step 1
Configure the basic failover parameters in the system execution space.

a.

hostname(config)# hostname(config)# failover lan enable
b.
Designate the unit as the primary unit.

hostname(config)# failover lan unit primary
c.
Specify the failover link.

optionally, the Stateful Failover link).
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d.
Specify the failover link active and standby IP addresses. To receive packets from both units in a
failover pair, standby IP addresses need to be configured on all interfaces.
identify the standby IP address subnet mask. The failover link IP address and MAC address do not
change at failover. The active IP address always stays with the primary unit, while the standby IP
address stays with the secondary unit.
Step 2

a.

Note
b.
If the Stateful Failover link uses the failover link or a regular data interface, then you only
need to supply the if_name argument.
Note
If the Stateful Failover link uses the failover link or a regular data interface, skip this step.
You have already defined the active and standby IP addresses for the interface.
The state link IP address and MAC address do not change at failover. The active IP address always
stays with the primary unit, while the standby IP address stays with the secondary unit.
c.
Note
If the Stateful Failover link uses the failover link or regular data interface, skip this step. You
have already enabled the interface.

Step 3
Configure the failover groups. You can have at most two failover groups. The failover group command
creates the specified failover group if it does not exist and enters the failover group configuration mode.
For each failover group, you need to specify whether the failover group has primary or secondary
preference using the primary or secondary command. You can assign the same preference to both
failover groups. For load balancing configurations, you should assign each failover group a different unit
preference.

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The following example assigns failover group 1 a primary preference and failover group 2 a secondary
preference:
hostname(config-fover-group)# primary
hostname(config-fover-group)# secondary
Step 4
Assign each user context to a failover group using the join-failover-group command in context
configuration mode.
Any unassigned contexts are automatically assigned to failover group 1. The admin context is always a
member of failover group 1.
Enter the following commands to assign each context to a failover group:
hostname(config)# context context_name
hostname(config-context)# join-failover-group {1 | 2}
hostname(config-context)# exit
Step 5
Enable failover.
Configure the Secondary Unit

When configuring LAN-based Active/Active failover, you need to bootstrap the secondary unit to
recognize the failover link. This allows the secondary unit to communicate with and receive the running
configuration from the primary unit.
To bootstrap the secondary unit in an Active/Active failover configuration, perform the following steps:
Step 1

Step 2
Define the failover interface. Use the same settings as you used for the primary unit.
a.

subinterface, such as Ethernet0/2.3.
b.
Assign the active and standby IP address to the failover link. To receive packets from both units in
a failover pair, standby IP addresses need to be configured on all interfaces.
Note
Enter this command exactly as you entered it on the primary unit when you configured the
failover interface.
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c.

Step 3
(Optional) Designate this unit as the secondary unit.

hostname(config)# failover lan unit secondary
Note
Step 4
This step is optional because by default units are designated as secondary unless previously
configured otherwise.
Enable failover.
After you enable failover, the active unit sends the configuration in running memory to the standby unit.
As the configuration synchronizes, the messages Beginning configuration replication: Sending to
mate and End Configuration Replication to mate appear on the active unit console.
Step 5
After the running configuration has completed replication, enter the following command to save the
configuration to Flash memory:
Step 6
If necessary, force any failover group that is active on the primary to the active state on the secondary
unit. To force a failover group to become active on the secondary unit, enter the following command in
the system execution space on the primary unit:
The group_id argument specifies the group you want to become active on the secondary unit.
Configuring Optional Active/Active Failover Settings

The following optional Active/Active failover settings can be configured when you are initially
configuring failover or after you have already established failover. Unless otherwise noted, the
commands should be entered on the unit that has failover group 1 in the active state.
Configuring Failover Group Preemption, page 11-30
Enabling HTTP Replication with Stateful Failover, page 11-30
Disabling and Enabling Interface Monitoring, page 11-30
Configuring Interface and Unit Poll Times, page 11-30
Configuring Failover Criteria, page 11-31
Configuring Virtual MAC Addresses, page 11-31
Configuring Asymmetric Routing Support, page 11-31

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Configuring Failover Group Preemption

Assigning a primary or secondary priority to a failover group specifies which unit the failover group
becomes active on when both units boot simultaneously. However, if one unit boots before the other, then
both failover groups become active on that unit. When the other unit comes online, any failover groups
that have the unit as a priority do not become active on that unit unless manually forced over, a failover
occurs, or the failover group is configured with the preempt command. The preempt command causes
a failover group to become active on the designated unit automatically when that unit becomes available.
Enter the following commands to configure preemption for the specified failover group:
hostname(config)# failover group {1 | 2}
hostname(config-fover-group)# preempt [delay]
You can enter an optional delay value, which specifies the number of seconds the failover group remains
active on the current unit before automatically becoming active on the designated unit.
Enabling HTTP Replication with Stateful Failover

To allow HTTP connections to be included in the state information, you need to enable HTTP
replication. Because HTTP connections are typically short-lived, and because HTTP clients typically
retry failed connection attempts, HTTP connections are not automatically included in the replicated state
information. You can use the replication http command to cause a failover group to replicate HTTP state
information when Stateful Failover is enabled.
To enable HTTP state replication for a failover group, enter the following command. This command only
affects the failover group in which it was configured. To enable HTTP state replication for both failover
groups, you must enter this command in each group. This command should be entered in the system
execution space.
hostname(config-fover-group)# replication http
Disabling and Enabling Interface Monitoring

You can monitor up to 250 interfaces on a unit. By default, monitoring of physical interfaces is enabled
and the monitoring of subinterfaces is disabled. You can control which interfaces affect your failover
policy by disabling the monitoring of specific interfaces and enabling the monitoring of others. This lets
you exclude interfaces attached to less critical networks from affecting your failover policy.
To disable health monitoring on an interface, enter the following command within a context:
hostname/context(config)# no monitor-interface if_name
To enable health monitoring on an interface, enter the following command within a context:
hostname/context(config)# monitor-interface if_name
Configuring Interface and Unit Poll Times

You can configure the amount of time between hello messages when monitoring the health of the
interfaces in a failover group. Decreasing the interface poll time allows failover to occur faster when an
interface fails, but consumes more system resources.
To change the default interface poll time, enter the following commands:
hostname(config-fover-group)# polltime interface seconds
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The unit poll time specifies the amount of time between hello messages sent across the failover link to
determine the health of the peer unit. Decreasing the unit poll time allows a failed unit to be detected
faster, but consumes more system resources. To change the unit poll time, enter the following command
in global configuration mode of the system execution space:
hostname(config)# failover polltime seconds
Configuring Failover Criteria

By default, if a single interface fails failover occurs. You can specify a specific number of interfaces or
a percentage of monitored interfaces that must fail before a failover occurs. The failover criteria is
specified on a failover group basis.
To change the default failover criteria for the specified failover group, enter the following commands:
hostname(config-fover-group)# interface-policy num[%]
When specifying a specific number of interfaces, the num argument can be from 1 to 250. When
specifying a percentage of interfaces, the num argument can be from 1 to 100.
Configuring Virtual MAC Addresses

Active/Active failover uses virtual MAC addresses on all interfaces. If you do not specify the virtual
MAC addresses, then they are computed as follows:
Note
Active unit default MAC address: 00a0.c9physical_port_number.failover_group_id01.
Standby unit default MAC address: 00a0.c9physical_port_number.failover_group_id02.
If you have more than one Active/Active failover pair on the same network, it is possible to have the
same default virtual MAC addresses assigned to the interfaces on one pair as are assigned to the
interfaces of the other pairs because of the way the default virtual MAC addresses are determined. To
avoid having duplicate MAC addresses on your network, make sure you assign each physical interface
a virtual active and standby MAC address for all failover groups.
You can configure specific active and standby MAC addresses for an interface by entering the following
commands:
hostname(config-fover-group)# mac address phy_if active_mac standby_mac
The phy_if argument is the physical name of the interface, such as Ethernet1. The active_mac and
standby_mac arguments are MAC addresses in H.H.H format, where H is a 16-bit hexadecimal digit. For
example, the MAC address 00-0C-F1-42-4C-DE would be entered as 000C.F142.4CDE.
The active_mac address is associated with the active IP address for the interface, and the standby_mac
is associated with the standby IP address for the interface.
Configuring Asymmetric Routing Support

When running in Active/Active failover, a unit may receive a return packet for a connection that
originated through its peer unit. Because the security appliance that receives the packet does not have
any connection information for the packet, the packet is dropped. This most commonly occurs when the
two security appliances in an Active/Active failover pair are connected to different service providers and
the outbound connection does not use a NAT address.

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You can prevent the return packets from being dropped using the asr-group command on interfaces
where this is likely to occur. When an interface configured with the asr-group command receives a
packet for which it has no session information, it checks the session information for the other interfaces
that are in the same group. If it does not find a match, the packet is dropped. If it finds a match, then one
of the following actions occurs:
Note
If the incoming traffic originated on a peer unit, some or all of the layer 2 header is rewritten and
the packet is redirected to the other unit. This redirection continues as long as the session is active.
If the incoming traffic originated on a different interface on the same unit, some or all of the layer
2 header is rewritten and the packet is reinjected into the stream.
Using the asr-group command to configure asymmetric routing support is more secure than using the
static command with the nailed option.
The asr-group command does not provide asymmetric routing; it restores asymmetrically routed packets
to the correct interface.
Prerequisites
You must have to following configured for asymmetric routing support to function properly:
Active/Active Failover
Stateful Failoverpasses state information for sessions on interfaces in the active failover group to
the standby failover group.
replication httpHTTP session state information is not passed to the standby failover group, and
therefore is not present on the standby interface. For the security appliance to be able re-route
asymmetrically routed HTTP packets, you need to replicate the HTTP state information.
You can configure the asr-group command on an interface without having failover configured, but it
does not have any effect until Stateful Failover is enabled.
Configuring Support for Asymmetrically Routed Packets
To configure support for asymmetrically routed packets, perform the following steps:
Step 1
Configure Active/Active Stateful Failover for the failover pair. See Configuring Active/Active Failover,
page 11-24.
Step 2
For each interface that you want to participate in asymmetric routing support enter the following
command. You must enter the command on the unit where the context is in the active state so that the
command is replicated to the standby failover group. For more information about command replication,
see Command Replication, page 11-11.
hostname/ctx(config)# interface phy_if
hostname/ctx(config-if)# asr-group num
Valid values for num range from 1 to 32. You need to enter the command for each interface that
participates in the asymmetric routing group. You can view the number of ASR packets transmitted,
received, or dropped by an interface using the show interface detail command. You can have more than
one ASR group configured on the security appliance, but only one per interface. Only members of the
same ASR group are checked for session information.
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Example
Figure 11-1 shows an example of using the asr-group command for asymmetric routing support.
Figure 11-1
ASR Example
ISP A
ISP B
192.168.1.1
192.168.2.2
192.168.2.1
192.168.1.2
SecAppA
SecAppB
Failover/State link
Return Traffic
250093
Outbound Traffic
Inside
network
The two units have the following configuration (configurations show only the relevant commands). The
device labeled SecAppA in the diagram is the primary unit in the failover pair.
Example 11-1 Primary Unit System Configuration
hostname primary
interface GigabitEthernet0/1
description LAN/STATE Failover Interface
no shutdown
no shutdown
no shutdown
no shutdown
failover
failover lan unit primary
failover lan interface folink GigabitEthernet0/1
failover link folink
failover interface ip folink 10.0.4.1 255.255.255.0 standby 10.0.4.11
failover group 1
primary
failover group 2
secondary
admin-context admin
context admin
description admin

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allocate-interface GigabitEthernet0/2
config-url flash:/admin.cfg
join-failover-group 1
context ctx1
description context 1
config-url flash:/ctx1.cfg
Example 11-2 admin Context Configuration

hostname SecAppA
nameif outsideISP-A
security-level 0
ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 standby 192.168.1.2
asr-group 1
nameif inside
security-level 100
Example 11-3 ctx1 Context Configuration

hostname SecAppB
nameif outsideISP-B
security-level 0
asr-group 1
nameif inside
security-level 100
Figure 11-1 on page 11-33 shows the ASR support working as follows:
1.
An outbound session passes through security appliance SecAppA. It exits interface outsideISP-A
(192.168.1.1).
2.
Because of asymmetric routing configured somewhere upstream, the return traffic comes back
through the interface outsideISP-B (192.168.2.2) on security appliance SecAppB.
3.
Normally the return traffic would be dropped because there is no session information for the traffic
on interface 192.168.2.2. However, the interface is configure with the command asr-group 1. The
unit looks for the session on any other interface configured with the same ASR group ID.
4.
The session information is found on interface outsideISP-A (192.168.1.2), which is in the standby
state on the unit SecAppB. Stateful Failover replicated the session information from SecAppA to
SecAppB.
5.
Instead of being dropped, the layer 2 header is re-written with information for interface 192.168.1.1
and the traffic is redirected out of the interface 192.168.1.2, where it can then return through the
interface on the unit from which it originated (192.168.1.1 on SecAppA). This forwarding continues
as needed until the session ends.
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Configuring Failover Communication Authentication/Encryption

You can encrypt and authenticate the communication between failover peers by specifying a shared
secret or hexadecimal key.
Note
On the PIX security appliance platform, if you are using the dedicated serial failover cable to connect
the units, then communication over the failover link is not encrypted even if a failover key is configured.
The failover key only encrypts LAN-based failover communication.
Caution
information includes any usernames, passwords and preshared keys used for establishing the tunnels.
Enter the following command on the active unit of an Active/Standby failover pair or on the unit that has
failover group 1 in the active state of an Active/Active failover pair:
hostname(config)# failover key {secret | hex key}
The secret argument specifies a shared secret that is used to generate the encryption key. It can be from
1 to 63 characters. The characters can be any combination of numbers, letters, or punctuation. The hex
key argument specifies a hexadecimal encryption key. The key must be 32 hexadecimal characters (0-9,
a-f).
Note
To prevent the failover key from being replicated to the peer unit in clear text for an existing failover
configuration, disable failover on the active unit (or in the system execution space on the unit that has
failover group 1 in the active state), enter the failover key on both units, and then re-enable failover.
When failover is re-enabled, the failover communication will be encrypted with the key.
For new LAN-based failover configurations, the failover key command should be part of the failover
pair bootstrap configuration.
Verifying the Failover Configuration

This section describes how to verify your failover configuration. This section includes the following
topics:
Using the show failover Command, page 11-36
Viewing Monitored Interfaces, page 11-44
Displaying the Failover Commands in the Running Configuration, page 11-44
Testing the Failover Functionality, page 11-44

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Chapter 11
Using the show failover Command

This section describes the show failover command output. On each unit you can verify the failover status
by entering the show failover command. The information displayed depends upon whether you are using
Active/Standby or Active/Active failover.
show failoverActive/Standby, page 11-36
Show FailoverActive/Active, page 11-40
show failoverActive/Standby
The following is sample output from the show failover command for Active/Standby Failover.
Table 11-4 provides descriptions for the information shown.
hostname# show failover
Failover On
Cable status: N/A - LAN-based failover enabled
Failover unit Primary
Failover LAN Interface: fover Ethernet2 (up)
Unit Poll frequency 1 seconds, holdtime 3 seconds
Interface Poll frequency 15 seconds
Interface Policy 1
Monitored Interfaces 2 of 250 maximum
failover replication http
Last Failover at: 22:44:03 UTC Dec 8 2004
This host: Primary - Active
Active time: 13434 (sec)
Interface inside (10.130.9.3): Normal
Interface outside (10.132.9.3): Normal
Other host: Secondary - Standby Ready
Stateful Failover Logical Update Statistics
Link : fover Ethernet2 (up)
Stateful Obj
xmit
xerr
General
1950
0
sys cmd
1733
0
up time
0
0
RPC services
0
0
TCP conn
6
0
UDP conn
0
0
ARP tbl
106
0
Xlate_Timeout
0
0
VPN IKE upd
15
0
VPN IPSEC upd
90
0
VPN CTCP upd
0
0
VPN SDI upd
0
0
VPN DHCP upd
0
0
rcv
1733
1733
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
rerr
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Logical Update Queue Information

Cur
Max
Total
Recv Q:
0
2
1733
Xmit Q:
0
2
15225
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Chapter 11
In multiple context mode, using the show failover command in a security context displays the failover
information for that context. The information is similar to the information shown when using the
command in single context mode. Instead of showing the active/standby status of the unit, it displays the
active/standby status of the context. Table 11-4 provides descriptions for the information shown.
Failover On
Last Failover at: 04:03:11 UTC Jan 4 2003
This context: Negotiation
Peer context: Not Detected
Status: Configured.
Stateful Obj
xmit
xerr
RPC services
0
0
TCP conn
99
0
UDP conn
0
0
ARP tbl
22
0
Xlate_Timeout
0
0
GTP PDP
0
0
GTP PDPMCB
0
0
Table 11-4
rcv
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
rerr
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Show Failover Display Description
Field
Failover
Cable status:
Options
On
Off
NormalThe cable is connected to both units, and they both have

power.
My side not connectedThe serial cable is not connected to this

unit. It is unknown if the cable is connected to the other unit.
Other side is not connectedThe serial cable is connected to this

unit, but not to the other unit.
Other side powered offThe other unit is turned off.
N/ALAN-based failover is enabled.
Failover Unit
Primary or Secondary.
Failover LAN Interface
Displays the logical and physical name of the failover link.
Unit Poll frequency
Displays the number of seconds between hello messages sent to the

peer unit and the number of seconds during which the unit must receive
a hello message on the failover link before declaring the peer failed.
Interface Poll frequency
n seconds
The number of seconds you set with the failover polltime interface
command. The default is 15 seconds.
Interface Policy
Displays the number or percentage of interfaces that must fail to trigger

failover.

OL-6721-02
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Chapter 11
Table 11-4
Show Failover Display Description (continued)
Field
Options
Monitored Interfaces
Displays the number of interfaces monitored out of the maximum

possible.
Displays if HTTP state replication is enabled for Stateful Failover.
Last Failover at:
The date and time of the last failover in the following form:
hh:mm:ss UTC DayName Month Day yyyy
UTC (Coordinated Universal Time) is equivalent to GMT (Greenwich
Mean Time).
This host:
For each host, the display shows the following information.
Other host:
Primary or Secondary
Active time:
Active
Standby
n (sec)
The amount of time the unit has been active. This time is cumulative,
so the standby unit, if it was active in the past, will also show a value.
slot x
Information about the module in the slot or empty.
Interface name (n.n.n.n): For each interface, the display shows the IP address currently being
used on each unit, as well as one of the following conditions:
Stateful Failover Logical

Update Statistics
Link
FailedThe interface has failed.
No LinkThe interface line protocol is down.
NormalThe interface is working correctly.
Link DownThe interface has been administratively shut down.
UnknownThe security appliance cannot determine the status of

the interface.
WaitingMonitoring of the network interface on the other unit has

not yet started.
The following fields relate to the Stateful Failover feature. If the Link
field shows an interface name, the Stateful Failover statistics are shown.
interface_nameThe interface used for the Stateful Failover link.
UnconfiguredYou are not using Stateful Failover.
upThe interface is up and functioning.
downThe interface is either administratively shutdown or is

physically down.
failedThe interface has failed and is not passing stateful data.
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Table 11-4
Field
Options
Stateful Obj
For each field type, the following statistics are shown. They are
counters for the number of state information packets sent between the
two units; the fields do not necessarily show active connections through
the unit.
xmitNumber of transmitted packets to the other unit.
xerrNumber of errors that occurred while transmitting packets to

the other unit.
rcvNumber of received packets.
rerrNumber of errors that occurred while receiving packets from

the other unit.
General
Sum of all stateful objects.
sys cmd
Logical update system commands; for example, LOGIN and Stay

Alive.
up time
Up time, which the active unit passes to the standby unit.
RPC services
Remote Procedure Call connection information.
TCP conn
TCP connection information.
UDP conn
Dynamic UDP connection information.
ARP tbl
Dynamic ARP table information.
L2BRIDGE tbl
Layer 2 bridge table information (transparent firewall mode only).
Xlate_Timeout
Indicates connection translation timeout information.
VPN IKE upd
IKE connection information.
VPN IPSEC upd
IPSec connection information.
VPN CTCP upd
cTCP tunnel connection information.
VPN SDI upd
SDI AAA connection information.
VPN DHCP upd
Tunneled DHCP connection information.
GTP PDP
GTP PDP update information. This information appears only if inspect

GTP is enabled.
GTP PDPMCB
GTP PDPMCB update information. This information appears only if

inspect GTP is enabled.
Logical Update Queue

Information
For each field type, the following statistics are used:
CurCurrent number of packets
MaxMaximum number of packets
TotalTotal number of packets
Recv Q
The status of the receive queue.
Xmit Q
The status of the transmit queue.

OL-6721-02
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Chapter 11
Show FailoverActive/Active
The following is sample output from the show failover command for Active/Active Failover. Table 11-5
provides descriptions for the information shown.
hostname# show failover
Failover On
Failover unit Primary
Failover LAN Interface: third GigabitEthernet0/2 (up)
Unit Poll frequency 1 seconds, holdtime 15 seconds
Interface Poll frequency 4 seconds
Interface Policy 1
Monitored Interfaces 8 of 250 maximum
Group 1 last failover at: 13:40:18 UTC Dec 9 2004
Group 2 last failover at: 13:40:06 UTC Dec 9 2004
This host:
Group 1
Group 2
Primary
State:
Active time:
State:
Active time:
Active
2896 (sec)
Standby Ready
0 (sec)
slot 0: ASA-5530 hw/sw rev (1.0/7.0(0)79) status (Up Sys)

slot 1: SSM-IDS-20 hw/sw rev (1.0/5.0(0.11)S91(0.11)) status (Up)
admin Interface outside (10.132.8.5): Normal
admin Interface third (10.132.9.5): Normal
admin Interface inside (10.130.8.5): Normal
admin Interface fourth (10.130.9.5): Normal
ctx1 Interface outside (10.1.1.1): Normal
ctx1 Interface inside (10.2.2.1): Normal
Other host:
Group 1
Group 2
Secondary
State:
Active time:
State:
Active time:
Standby Ready
190 (sec)
Active
3322 (sec)
slot 0: ASA-5530 hw/sw rev (1.0/7.0(0)79) status (Up Sys)

slot 1: SSM-IDS-20 hw/sw rev (1.0/5.0(0.1)S91(0.1)) status (Up)
admin Interface third (10.132.9.6): Normal
admin Interface fourth (10.130.9.6): Normal
Link : third GigabitEthernet0/2 (up)
Stateful Obj
xmit
xerr
rcv
General
1973
0
1895
sys cmd
380
0
380
up time
0
0
0
RPC services
0
0
0
TCP conn
1435
0
1450
UDP conn
0
0
0
ARP tbl
124
0
65
Xlate_Timeout
0
0
0
VPN IKE upd
15
0
0
rerr
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
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Chapter 11
VPN
VPN
VPN
VPN
IPSEC upd
CTCP upd
SDI upd
DHCP upd
90
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Logical Update Queue Information

Cur
Max
Total
Recv Q:
0
1
1895
Xmit Q:
0
0
1940
The following is sample output from the show failover group command for Active/Active Failover. The
information displayed is similar to that of the show failover command, but limited to the specified
group. Table 11-5 provides descriptions for the information shown.
hostname# show failover group 1
Last Failover at: 04:09:59 UTC Jan 4 2005
This host:
Secondary
State:
Active time:
Active
186 (sec)

Other host:
Primary
State:
Active time:
Standby
0 (sec)

Status: Configured.
RPC services
0
0
TCP conn
33
0
UDP conn
0
0
ARP tbl
12
0
Xlate_Timeout
0
0
GTP PDP
0
0
GTP PDPMCB
0
0
Table 11-5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Show Failover Display Description
Field
Failover
Options
On
Off
Failover Unit
Primary or Secondary.
Failover LAN Interface
Displays the logical and physical name of the failover link.
Unit Poll frequency
Displays the number of seconds between hello messages sent to the

peer unit and the number of seconds during which the unit must receive
a hello message on the failover link before declaring the peer failed.
Interface Poll frequency
n seconds
The number of seconds you set with the failover polltime interface
command. The default is 15 seconds.

OL-6721-02
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Chapter 11
Table 11-5
Field
Options
Interface Policy
Displays the number or percentage of interfaces that must fail before

triggering failover.
Monitored Interfaces
Displays the number of interfaces monitored out of the maximum

possible.
Group 1 Last Failover at:
The date and time of the last failover for each group in the following
form:
Group 2 Last Failover at:
hh:mm:ss UTC DayName Month Day yyyy

UTC (Coordinated Universal Time) is equivalent to GMT (Greenwich
Mean Time).
This host:
For each host, the display shows the following information.
Other host:
Role
System State
Primary or Secondary
Active or Standby Ready
Active Time in seconds
Group 1 State
Active or Standby Ready
Group 2 State
Active Time in seconds
slot x
Information about the module in the slot or empty.
context Interface name

(n.n.n.n):
For each interface, the display shows the IP address currently being
used on each unit, as well as one of the following conditions:
Stateful Failover Logical

Update Statistics
Link
FailedThe interface has failed.
No linkThe interface line protocol is down.
NormalThe interface is working correctly.
Link DownThe interface has been administratively shut down.
UnknownThe security appliance cannot determine the status of

the interface.
WaitingMonitoring of the network interface on the other unit has

not yet started.
The following fields relate to the Stateful Failover feature. If the Link
field shows an interface name, the Stateful Failover statistics are shown.
interface_nameThe interface used for the Stateful Failover link.
UnconfiguredYou are not using Stateful Failover.
upThe interface is up and functioning.
downThe interface is either administratively shutdown or is

physically down.
failedThe interface has failed and is not passing stateful data.
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Table 11-5
Field
Options
Stateful Obj
For each field type, the following statistics are used. They are counters
for the number of state information packets sent between the two units;
the fields do not necessarily show active connections through the unit.
xmitNumber of transmitted packets to the other unit
xerrNumber of errors that occurred while transmitting packets to

the other unit
rcvNumber of received packets
rerrNumber of errors that occurred while receiving packets from

the other unit
General
Sum of all stateful objects.
sys cmd
Logical update system commands; for example, LOGIN and Stay

Alive.
up time
Up time, which the active unit passes to the standby unit.
RPC services
Remote Procedure Call connection information.
TCP conn
TCP connection information.
UDP conn
Dynamic UDP connection information.
ARP tbl
Dynamic ARP table information.
L2BRIDGE tbl
Layer 2 bridge table information (transparent firewall mode only).
Xlate_Timeout
Indicates connection translation timeout information.
VPN IKE upd
IKE connection information.
VPN IPSEC upd
IPSec connection information.
VPN CTCP upd
cTCP tunnel connection information.
VPN SDI upd
SDI AAA connection information.
VPN DHCP upd
Tunneled DHCP connection information.
GTP PDP
GTP PDP update information. This information appears only if inspect

GTP is enabled.
GTP PDPMCB
GTP PDPMCB update information. This information appears only if

inspect GTP is enabled.
Logical Update Queue

Information
For each field type, the following statistics are used:
CurCurrent number of packets
MaxMaximum number of packets
TotalTotal number of packets
Recv Q
The status of the receive queue.
Xmit Q
The status of the transmit queue.

OL-6721-02
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Chapter 11
Viewing Monitored Interfaces

To view the status of monitored interfaces, enter the following command. In single context mode, enter
this command in global configuration mode. In multiple context mode, enter this command within a
context.
primary/context(config)# show monitor-interface
For example:
hostname/context(config)# show monitor-interface
This host: Primary - Active
Other host: Secondary - Standby
Displaying the Failover Commands in the Running Configuration

To view the failover commands in the running configuration, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# show running-config failover
All of the failover commands are displayed. On units running multiple context mode, enter this command
in the system execution space. Entering show running-config all failover displays the failover
commands in the running configuration and includes commands for which you have not changed the
default value.
Testing the Failover Functionality

To test failover functionality, perform the following steps:
Step 1
Test that your active unit or failover group is passing traffic as expected by using FTP (for example) to
send a file between hosts on different interfaces.
Step 2
Force a failover to the standby unit by entering the following command:
For Active/Standby failover, enter the following command on the active unit:
hostname(config)# no failover active
For Active/Active failover, enter the following command on the unit where failover group containing
the interface connecting your hosts is active:
hostname(config)# no failover active group group_id
Step 3
Use FTP to send another file between the same two hosts.
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Controlling and Monitoring Failover
Step 4
If the test was not successful, enter the show failover command to check the failover status.
Step 5
When you are finished, you can restore the unit or failover group to active status by enter the following
command:
For Active/Standby failover, enter the following command on the active unit:
hostname(config)# failover active
For Active/Active failover, enter the following command on the unit where the failover group
containing the interface connecting your hosts is active:
hostname(config)# failover active group group_id

This sections describes how to control and monitor failover. This section includes the following topics:
Forcing Failover, page 11-45
Disabling Failover, page 11-46
Restoring a Failed Unit or Failover Group, page 11-46
Monitoring Failover, page 11-46
Forcing Failover
To force the standby unit or failover group to become active, enter one of the following commands:
For Active/Standby failover:

Enter the following command on the standby unit:
hostname# failover active
Or enter the following command on the active unit:

hostname# no failover active
For Active/Active failover:

Enter the following command in the system execution space of the unit where failover group is in
the standby state:
hostname# failover active group group_id
Or, enter the following command in the system execution space of the unit where the failover group
is in the active state:
Entering the following command in the system execution space causes all failover groups to become
active:
hostname# failover active

OL-6721-02
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Chapter 11
Disabling Failover
To disable failover, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# no failover
Disabling failover on an Active/Standby pair causes the active and standby state of each unit to be
maintained until you restart. For example, the standby unit remains in standby mode so that both units
do not start passing traffic. To make the standby unit active (even with failover disabled), see the
Forcing Failover section on page 11-45.
Disabling failover on an Active/Active pair causes the failover groups to remain in the active state on
whichever unit they are currently active on, no matter which unit they are configured to prefer. The no
failover command should be entered in the system execution space.
Restoring a Failed Unit or Failover Group

To restore a failed unit to an unfailed state, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# failover reset
To restore a failed Active/Active failover group to an unfailed state, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# failover reset group group_id
Restoring a failed unit or group to an unfailed state does not automatically make it active; restored units
or groups remain in the standby state until made active by failover (forced or natural). An exception is a
failover group configured with the preempt command. If previously active, a failover group will become
active if it is configured with the preempt command and if the unit on which it failed is its preferred unit.
Monitoring Failover
When a failover occurs, both security appliances send out system messages. This section includes the
following topics:
Failover System Messages, page 11-46
Debug Messages, page 11-47
SNMP, page 11-47
Failover System Messages

The security appliance issues a number of system messages related to failover at priority level 2, which
indicates a critical condition. To view these messages, see the Cisco Security Appliance Logging
Configuration and System Log Messages to enable logging and to see descriptions of the system
messages.
Note
During switchover, failover will logically shut down and then bring up interfaces, generating syslog
411001 and 411002 messages. This is normal activity.
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Debug Messages
To see debug messages, enter the debug fover command. See the Cisco Security Appliance Command
Reference for more information.
Note
Because debugging output is assigned high priority in the CPU process, it can drastically affect system
performance. For this reason, use the debug fover commands only to troubleshoot specific problems or
during troubleshooting sessions with Cisco technical support staff.
SNMP
To receive SNMP syslog traps for failover, configure the SNMP agent to send SNMP traps to SNMP
management stations, define a syslog host, and compile the Cisco syslog MIB into your SNMP
management station. See the snmp-server and logging commands in the Cisco Security Appliance
Command Reference for more information.

This section includes sample configurations and network diagrams, and includes the following
examples:
Cable-Based Active/Standby Failover Example, page 11-48
LAN-Based Active/Standby Failover Example, page 11-49
LAN-Based Active/Active Failover Example, page 11-51

OL-6721-02
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Chapter 11
Cable-Based Active/Standby Failover Example

Figure 11-2 shows the network diagram for a failover configuration using a serial Failover cable.
Figure 11-2
Cable-Based Failover Configuration
Internet
209.165.201.4
Switch
Primary Unit
209.165.201.1
PAT: 209.165.201.3
outside
Serial Failover Cable
192.168.253.1
Secondary Unit
209.165.201.2
192.168.253.2
state
192.168.2.1
192.168.2.2
inside
Web Server
192.168.2.5
Static: 209.165.201.5
126995
Switch
Example 11-4 lists the typical commands in a cable-based failover configuration.

Example 11-4 Cable-Based Failover Configuration
interface Ethernet0
nameif outside
speed 100full
interface Ethernet1
nameif inside
speed 100full
interface Ethernet2
nameif interface2
security-level 4
no ip address
interface Ethernet3
description STATE Failover Interface
enable password BVKtebKhYT.3gsIp encrypted
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OL-6721-02
Chapter 11
passwd iyymOglaKJgF2fx6 encrypted

telnet 192.168.2.45 255.255.255.255
hostname pixfirewall
access-list acl_out permit tcp any host 209.165.201.5 eq 80
failover
failover link state Ethernet3
failover interface ip state 192.168.253.1 255.255.255.252 standby 192.168.253.2
global (outside) 1 209.165.201.3 netmask 255.255.255.224
nat (inside) 1 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0
static (inside,outside) 209.165.201.5 192.168.2.5 netmask 255.255.255.255 0 0
access-group acl_out in interface outside
route outside 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 209.165.201.4 1
LAN-Based Active/Standby Failover Example

Figure 11-3 shows the network diagram for a failover configuration using an Ethernet failover link.
Figure 11-3
LAN-Based Failover Configuration
Internet
209.165.201.4
Switch
outside
Secondary Unit
209.165.201.2
Switch
192.168.254.1 failover
192.168.254.2
192.168.253.1 state
192.168.253.2
192.168.2.1
inside
Switch
192.168.2.2
Web Server
192.168.2.5
Static: 209.165.201.5
126667
Primary Unit
209.165.201.1
PAT: 209.165.201.3

OL-6721-02
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Chapter 11
Example 11-5 (primary unit) and Example 11-6 (secondary unit) list the typical commands in a
LAN-based failover configuration.
Note
The failover lan enable command is required on the PIX security appliance only.
Example 11-5 LAN-Based Failover Configuration: Primary Unit
interface Ethernet0
nameif outside
interface Ethernet1
nameif inside
interface Ethernet2
description LAN Failover Interface
interface ethernet3
description STATE Failover Interface
enable password BVKtebKhYT.3gsIp encrypted
passwd iyymOglaKJgF2fx6 encrypted
telnet 192.168.2.45 255.255.255.255
hostname pixfirewall
access-list acl_out permit tcp any host 209.165.201.5 eq 80
failover
failover lan interface failover Ethernet2
failover lan enable
failover key ******
failover link state Ethernet3
failover interface ip failover 192.168.254.1 255.255.255.0 standby 192.168.254.2
failover interface ip state 192.168.253.1 255.255.255.0 standby 192.168.253.2
nat (inside) 1 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0
static (inside,outside) 209.165.201.5 192.168.2.5 netmask 255.255.255.255 0 0
access-group acl_out in interface outside
route outside 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 209.165.201.4 1
Example 11-6 shows the configuration for the secondary unit.

Example 11-6 LAN-Based Failover Configuration: Secondary Unit
failover
failover
failover
failover
failover
failover
lan unit secondary

lan interface failover ethernet2
lan enable
lan key ******
interface ip failover 192.168.254.1 255.255.255.0 standby 192.168.254.2
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LAN-Based Active/Active Failover Example

The following example shows how to configure Active/Active failover. In this example there are 2 user
contexts, named admin and ctx1. Figure 11-4 shows the network diagram for the example.
Figure 11-4
Active/Active Failover Configuration
Internet
192.168.5.1
192.168.10.71
Switch
Switch
192.168.5.101
Outside
(admin)
Primary
192.168.10.41
(ctx1)
Failover Group 1
Switch
Active
Failover Link
10.0.4.1
192.168.10.31
(ctx1)
192.168.5.111
(admin)
10.0.4.11
Active Contexts
State Link
-admin
192.168.20.11
192.168.0.1
(ctx1)
(admin)
Secondary
Failover Group 2
Active
Active Contexts
192.168.0.11
-ctx1
(admin) 192.168.20.1
(ctx1)
Inside
Switch
126669
Switch
Example 11-7 shows the configuration for the system context. Example 11-8 and Example 11-9 show
the configurations for each context.
Example 11-7 System Context Configuration
interface Ethernet0
description LAN/STATE Failover Interface
interface Ethernet1
interface Ethernet2
interface Ethernet3
interface Ethernet4
interface Ethernet5
interface Ethernet6
interface Ethernet7
interface Ethernet8
interface Ethernet9

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hostname ciscopix
boot system flash:/cdisk.bin
ftp mode passive
no pager
failover
failover lan interface folink Ethernet0
failover link folink Ethernet0
failover interface ip folink 10.0.4.1 255.255.255.0 standby 10.0.4.11
failover group 1
primary
preempt
failover group 2
secondary
preempt
arp timeout 14400
console timeout 0
terminal width 80
admin-context admin
context admin
description admin
allocate-interface Ethernet1
config-url flash:admin.cfg
context ctx1
description context 1
config-url flash:ctx1.cfg
Cryptochecksum:e46a0587966b4c13bf59d7992f994e1e
: end
ciscopix(config)#
ciscopix(config)# changeto context admin
ciscopix/admin(config)#
ciscopix/admin(config)# show running-config
: Saved
:
Example 11-8 The admin Context Configuration

interface Ethernet1
nameif outside
security-level 0
interface Ethernet2
nameif inside
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security-level 100
hostname admin
pager lines 24
mtu outside 1500
mtu inside 1500
no vpn-addr-assign aaa
no vpn-addr-assign dhcp
no vpn-addr-assign local
arp timeout 14400
route outside 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.5.1 1
fragment size 200 outside
fragment chain 24 outside
fragment timeout 5 outside
fragment size 200 inside
fragment chain 24 inside
fragment timeout 5 inside
telnet timeout 5
ssh timeout 5
console timeout 0
!
!
!
Example 11-9 The ctx1 Context Configuration

interface Ethernet3
nameif inside
security-level 100
!
interface Ethernet4
nameif outside
security-level 0
asr-group 1
!
hostname ctx1
access-list 201 extended permit ip any any
pager lines 24
logging console informational
mtu inside 1500
mtu outside 1500
no vpn-addr-assign aaa
no vpn-addr-assign dhcp
no vpn-addr-assign local

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arp timeout 14400
access-group 201 in interface outside
route outside 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.10.71 1
11-54
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Configuring the Firewall
C H A P T E R
12

This chapter describes how the firewall works in each firewall mode.
The security appliance can run in two firewall modes:
Routed mode
Transparent mode
In routed mode, the security appliance is considered to be a router hop in the network. It can perform
NAT between connected networks, and can use OSPF or passive RIP (in single context mode). Routed
mode supports many interfaces. Each interface is on a different subnet. You can share interfaces between
contexts.
In transparent mode, the security appliance acts like a bump in the wire, or a stealth firewall, and is
not a router hop. The security appliance connects the same network on its inside and outside interfaces.
No dynamic routing protocols or NAT are used. However, like routed mode, transparent mode also
requires access lists to allow any traffic through the security appliance, except for ARP packets, which
are allowed automatically. Transparent mode can allow certain types of traffic in an access list that are
blocked by routed mode, including unsupported routing protocols. Transparent mode can also optionally
use EtherType access lists to allow non-IP traffic. Transparent mode only supports two interfaces, an
inside interface and an outside interface, in addition to a dedicated management interface, if available
for your platform.
Note
The transparent firewall requires a management IP address. The security appliance uses this IP address
as the source address for packets originating on the security appliance. The management IP address must
be on the same subnet as the connected network.
In multiple context mode, you cannot set the firewall mode separately for each context; you can only set
the firewall mode for the entire security appliance.
Routed Mode Overview, page 12-1
Transparent Mode Overview, page 12-8
Routed Mode Overview
IP Routing Support, page 12-2
Network Address Translation, page 12-2

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How Data Moves Through the Security Appliance in Routed Firewall Mode, page 12-3
IP Routing Support
The security appliance acts as a router between connected networks, and each interface requires an
IP address on a different subnet. In single context mode, the routed firewall supports OSPF and RIP (in
passive mode). Multiple context mode supports static routes only. We recommend using the advanced
routing capabilities of the upstream and downstream routers instead of relying on the security appliance
for extensive routing needs.
Network Address Translation

NAT substitutes the local address on a packet with a global address that is routable on the destination
network. By default, NAT is not required. If you want to enforce a NAT policy that requires hosts on a
higher security interface (inside) to use NAT when communicating with a lower security interface
(outside), you can enable NAT control (see the nat-control command).
Note
NAT control was the default behavior for software versions earlier than Version 7.0. If you upgrade a
security appliance from an earlier version, then the nat-control command is automatically added to your
configuration to maintain the expected behavior.
Some of the benefits of NAT include the following:
Internet.
NAT hides the local addresses from other networks, so attackers cannot learn the real address of a
host.
NAT can resolve IP routing problems by supporting overlapping IP addresses.
Figure 12-1 shows a typical NAT scenario, with a private network on the inside. When the inside user
sends a packet to a web server on the Internet, the local source address of the packet is changed to a
routable global address. When the web server responds, it sends the response to the global address, and
the security appliance receives the packet. The security appliance then translates the global address to
the local address before sending it on to the user.
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Figure 12-1
NAT Example
Web Server
www.example.com
Outside
209.165.201.2
Originating
Packet
Responding
Packet
Source Addr Translation

10.1.2.27
209.165.201.10

209.165.201.10
10.1.2.27
10.1.2.1
10.1.2.27
92405
Inside
How Data Moves Through the Security Appliance in Routed Firewall Mode
This section describes how data moves through the security appliance in routed firewall mode, and
An Inside User Visits a Web Server, page 12-4
An Outside User Visits a Web Server on the DMZ, page 12-5
An Inside User Visits a Web Server on the DMZ, page 12-6
An Outside User Attempts to Access an Inside Host, page 12-7
A DMZ User Attempts to Access an Inside Host, page 12-8

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An Inside User Visits a Web Server

Figure 12-2 shows an inside user accessing an outside web server.
Figure 12-2
Inside to Outside
www.example.com
Outside
209.165.201.2
Source Addr Translation
10.1.2.27
209.165.201.10
10.1.2.1
10.1.1.1
DMZ
User
10.1.2.27
Web Server
10.1.1.3
92404
Inside
The following steps describe how data moves through the security appliance (see Figure 12-2):
1.
The user on the inside network requests a web page from www.example.com.
2.
The security appliance receives the packet and because it is a new session, the security appliance
verifies that the packet is allowed according to the terms of the security policy (access lists, filters,
AAA).
For multiple context mode, the security appliance first classifies the packet according to either a
unique interface or a unique destination address associated with a context; the destination address
is associated by matching an address translation in a context. In this case, the interface would be
unique; the www.example.com IP address does not have a current address translation in a context.
3.
The security appliance translates the local source address (10.1.2.27) to the global address
209.165.201.10, which is on the outside interface subnet.
The global address could be on any subnet, but routing is simplified when it is on the outside
interface subnet.
4.
The security appliance then records that a session is established and forwards the packet from the
outside interface.
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5.
When www.example.com responds to the request, the packet goes through the security appliance,
and because the session is already established, the packet bypasses the many lookups associated
with a new connection. The security appliance performs NAT by translating the global destination
address to the local user address, 10.1.2.27.
6.
The security appliance forwards the packet to the inside user.
An Outside User Visits a Web Server on the DMZ

Figure 12-3 shows an outside user accessing the DMZ web server.
Figure 12-3
Outside to DMZ
User
Outside
209.165.201.2
Inside
10.1.1.1
DMZ
Web Server
10.1.1.3
92406
10.1.2.1

10.1.1.13
209.165.201.3
1.
A user on the outside network requests a web page from the DMZ web server using the global
destination address of 209.165.201.3, which is on the outside interface subnet.
2.
AAA).
is associated by matching an address translation in a context. In this case, the classifier knows that
the DMZ web server address belongs to a certain context because of the server address translation.
3.
The security appliance translates the destination address to the local address 10.1.1.3.

OL-6721-02
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Chapter 12
4.
The security appliance then adds a session entry to the fast path and forwards the packet from the
DMZ interface.
5.
When the DMZ web server responds to the request, the packet goes through the security appliance
and because the session is already established, the packet bypasses the many lookups associated
with a new connection. The security appliance performs NAT by translating the local source address
to 209.165.201.3.
6.
The security appliance forwards the packet to the outside user.
An Inside User Visits a Web Server on the DMZ

Figure 12-4 shows an inside user accessing the DMZ web server.
Figure 12-4
Inside to DMZ
Outside
209.165.201.2
10.1.2.1
DMZ
92403
Inside
10.1.1.1
User
10.1.2.27
Web Server
10.1.1.3
1.
A user on the inside network requests a web page from the DMZ web server using the destination
address of 10.1.1.3.
2.
AAA).
is associated by matching an address translation in a context. In this case, the interface is unique;
the web server IP address does not have a current address translation.
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3.
The security appliance then records that a session is established and forwards the packet out of the
DMZ interface.
4.
When the DMZ web server responds to the request, the packet goes through the fast path, which lets
the packet bypass the many lookups associated with a new connection.
5.
An Outside User Attempts to Access an Inside Host

Figure 12-5 shows an outside user attempting to access the inside network.
Figure 12-5
Outside to Inside
www.example.com
Outside
209.165.201.2
Inside
User
10.1.2.27
10.1.1.1
DMZ
92407
10.1.2.1
1.
A user on the outside network attempts to reach an inside host (assuming the host has a routable
IP address).
If the inside network uses private addresses, no outside user can reach the inside network without
NAT. The outside user might attempt to reach an inside user by using an existing NAT session.
2.
verifies if the packet is allowed according to the security policy (access lists, filters, AAA).
3.
The packet is denied, and the security appliance drops the packet and logs the connection attempt.
If the outside user is attempting to attack the inside network, the security appliance employs many
technologies to determine if a packet is valid for an already established session.

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Transparent Mode Overview
A DMZ User Attempts to Access an Inside Host

Figure 12-6 shows a user in the DMZ attempting to access the inside network.
Figure 12-6
DMZ to Inside
Outside
209.165.201.2
10.1.2.1
10.1.1.1
DMZ
User
10.1.2.27
Web Server
10.1.1.3
92402
Inside
1.
A user on the DMZ network attempts to reach an inside host. Because the DMZ does not have to
route the traffic on the internet, the private addressing scheme does not prevent routing.
2.
verifies if the packet is allowed according to the security policy (access lists, filters, AAA).
3.
The packet is denied, and the security appliance drops the packet and logs the connection attempt.

This section describes transparent firewall mode, and includes the following topics:
Transparent Firewall Features, page 12-9
Using the Transparent Firewall in Your Network, page 12-10
Transparent Firewall Guidelines, page 12-10
Unsupported Features in Transparent Mode, page 12-11
How Data Moves Through the Transparent Firewall, page 12-12
12-8
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Transparent Firewall Features

Traditionally, a firewall is a routed hop and acts as a default gateway for hosts that connect to one of its
screened subnets. A transparent firewall, on the other hand, is a Layer 2 firewall that acts like a bump
in the wire, or a stealth firewall, and is not seen as a router hop to connected devices. The security
appliance connects the same network on its inside and outside ports. Because the firewall is not a routed
hop, you can easily introduce a transparent firewall into an existing network; IP readdressing is
unnecessary.
Maintenance is facilitated because there are no complicated routing patterns to troubleshoot and no NAT
configuration.
Even though transparent mode acts as a bridge, Layer 3 traffic, such as IP traffic, cannot pass through
the security appliance unless you explicitly permit it with an extended access list. The only traffic
allowed through the transparent firewall without an access list is ARP traffic. ARP traffic can be
controlled by ARP inspection.
In routed mode, some types of traffic cannot pass through the security appliance even if you allow it in
an access list. The transparent firewall, however, can allow any traffic through using either an extended
access list (for IP traffic) or an EtherType access list (for non-IP traffic).
Note
The transparent mode security appliance does not pass CDP packets.
For example, you can establish routing protocol adjacencies through a transparent firewall; you can
allow OSPF, RIP, EIGRP, or BGP traffic through based on an extended access list. Likewise, protocols
like HSRP or VRRP can pass through the security appliance.
Non-IP traffic (for example AppleTalk, IPX, BPDUs, and MPLS) can be configured to go through using
an EtherType access list.
For features that are not directly supported on the transparent firewall, you can allow traffic to pass
through so that upstream and downstream routers can support the functionality. For example, by using
an extended access list, you can allow DHCP traffic (instead of the unsupported DHCP relay feature) or
multicast traffic such as that created by IP/TV.
When the security appliance runs in transparent mode, the outgoing interface of a packet is determined
by performing a MAC address lookup instead of a route lookup. Route statements can still be configured,
but they only apply to security appliance-originated traffic. For example, if your syslog server is located
on a remote network, you must use a static route so the security appliance can reach that subnet.

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Using the Transparent Firewall in Your Network

Figure 12-7 shows a typical transparent firewall network where the outside devices are on the same
subnet as the inside devices. The inside router and hosts appear to be directly connected to the outside
router.
Figure 12-7
Transparent Firewall Network
Internet
10.1.1.1
Network A
Management IP
10.1.1.2
10.1.1.3
Network B
92411
192.168.1.2
Transparent Firewall Guidelines

Follow these guidelines when planning your transparent firewall network:
A management IP address is required; for multiple context mode, an IP address is required for each
context.
Unlike routed mode, which requires an IP address for each interface, a transparent firewall has an
IP address assigned to the entire device. The security appliance uses this IP address as the source
address for packets originating on the security appliance, such as system messages or AAA
communications.
The management IP address must be on the same subnet as the connected network. You cannot set
the subnet to a host subnet (255.255.255.255).
Note
If the management IP address is not configured, transient traffic does not pass through the
transparent firewall. For multiple context mode, transient traffic does not pass through virtual
contexts.
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The transparent security appliance uses an inside interface and an outside interface only. If your
platform includes a dedicated management interface, you can also configure the management
interface or subinterface for management traffic only.
In single mode, you can only use two data interfaces (and the dedicated management interface, if
available) even if your security appliance includes more than two interfaces.
Each directly connected network must be on the same subnet.
Do not specify the security appliance management IP address as the default gateway for connected
devices; devices need to specify the router on the other side of the security appliance as the default
gateway.
For multiple context mode, each context must use different interfaces; you cannot share an interface
across contexts.
For multiple context mode, each context typically uses a different subnet. You can use overlapping
subnets, but your network topology requires router and NAT configuration to make it possible from
a routing standpoint.
You must use an extended access list to allow Layer 3 traffic, such as IP traffic, through the security
appliance.
You can also optionally use an EtherType access list to allow non-IP traffic through.
Unsupported Features in Transparent Mode

The following features are not supported in transparent mode:
NAT
NAT is performed on the upstream router.
Dynamic routing protocols

You can, however, add static routes for traffic originating on the security appliance. You can also
allow dynamic routing protocols through the security appliance using an extended access list.
IPv6
DHCP relay
The transparent firewall can act as a DHCP server, but it does not support the DHCP relay
commands. DHCP relay is not required because you can allow DHCP traffic to pass through using
an extended access list.
Quality of Service
Multicast
You can, however, allow multicast traffic through the security appliance by allowing it in an
extended access list.
VPN termination for through traffic

The transparent firewall supports site-to-site VPN tunnels for management connections only. It does
not terminate VPN connections for traffic through the security appliance. You can pass VPN traffic
through the security appliance using an extended access list, but it does not terminate
non-management connections.

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How Data Moves Through the Transparent Firewall

Figure 12-8 shows a typical transparent firewall implementation with an inside network that contains a
public web server. The security appliance has an access list so that the inside users can access Internet
resources. Another access list lets the outside users access only the web server on the inside network.
Figure 12-8
Typical Transparent Firewall Data Path
www.example.com
Internet
209.165.201.2
Management IP
209.165.201.6
Host
209.165.201.3
Web Server
209.165.200.225
92412
209.165.200.230
This section describes how data moves through the security appliance, and includes the following topics:
An Inside User Visits a Web Server, page 12-13
An Outside User Visits a Web Server on the Inside Network, page 12-14
An Outside User Attempts to Access an Inside Host, page 12-15
12-12
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An Inside User Visits a Web Server

Figure 12-9 shows an inside user accessing an outside web server.
Figure 12-9
Inside to Outside
www.example.com
Internet
209.165.201.2
Host
209.165.201.3
92408
Management IP
209.165.201.6
1.
The user on the inside network requests a web page from www.example.com.
2.
The security appliance receives the packet and adds the source MAC address to the MAC address
table, if required. Because it is a new session, it verifies that the packet is allowed according to the
terms of the security policy (access lists, filters, AAA).
For multiple context mode, the security appliance first classifies the packet according to a unique
interface.
3.
The security appliance and records that a session is established.
4.
If the destination MAC address is in its table, the security appliance forwards the packet out of the
outside interface. The destination MAC address is that of the upstream router, 209.186.201.2.
If the destination MAC address is not in the security appliance table, the security appliance attempts
to discover the MAC address by sending an ARP request and a ping. The first packet is dropped.
5.
When the web server responds to the request, the security appliance adds the web server
MAC address to the MAC address table, if required, and because the session is already established,
the packet bypasses the many lookups associated with a new connection.
6.

OL-6721-02
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An Outside User Visits a Web Server on the Inside Network

Figure 12-10 shows an outside user accessing the inside web server.
Figure 12-10
Outside to Inside
Host
Internet
209.165.201.2
Management IP
209.165.201.6
209.165.201.1
Web Server
209.165.200.225
92409
209.165.200.230
1.
A user on the outside network requests a web page from the inside web server.
2.
table, if required. Because it is a new session, it verifies that the packet is allowed according to the
interface.
3.
The security appliance records that a session is established.
4.
If the destination MAC address is in its table, the security appliance forwards the packet out of the
inside interface. The destination MAC address is that of the downstream router, 209.186.201.1.
If the destination MAC address is not in the security appliance table, the security appliance attempts
to discover the MAC address by sending an ARP request and a ping. The first packet is dropped.
5.
When the web server responds to the request, the security appliance adds the web server
MAC address to the MAC address table, if required, and because the session is already established,
the packet bypasses the many lookups associated with a new connection.
6.
The security appliance forwards the packet to the outside user.
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An Outside User Attempts to Access an Inside Host

Figure 12-11 shows an outside user attempting to access a host on the inside network.
Figure 12-11
Outside to Inside
Host
Internet
209.165.201.2
92410
Management IP
209.165.201.6
Host
209.165.201.3
1.
A user on the outside network attempts to reach an inside host.
2.
table, if required. Because it is a new session, it verifies if the packet is allowed according to the
interface.
3.
The packet is denied, and the security appliance drops the packet.
4.
If the outside user is attempting to attack the inside network, the security appliance employs many
technologies to determine if a packet is valid for an already established session.

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13

This chapter describes how to identify traffic with access lists.
This chapter includes the following topics:
Access List Overview, page 13-1
Adding an Extended Access List, page 13-5
Adding an EtherType Access List, page 13-7
Adding a Standard Access List, page 13-9
Adding a Webtype Access List, page 13-10
Simplifying Access Lists with Object Grouping, page 13-10
Adding Remarks to Access Lists, page 13-16
Time Range Options, page 13-17
Logging Access List Activity, page 13-17
For information about IPv6 access lists, see the Configuring IPv6 Access Lists section on page 9-4.
Access List Overview

Access lists are made up of one or more Access Control Entries. An ACE is a single entry in an access
list that specifies a permit or deny rule, and is applied to a protocol, a source and destination IP address
or network, and optionally the source and destination ports.
Access lists are used in a variety of features. If your feature uses Modular Policy Framework, you can
use an access list to identify traffic within a traffic class map. For more information on Modular Policy
Framework, see Chapter 18, Using Modular Policy Framework.
Access List Types, page 13-2
Access Control Entry Order, page 13-2
Access Control Implicit Deny, page 13-3
IP Addresses Used for Access Lists When You Use NAT, page 13-3

OL-6721-02
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Chapter 13
Access List Types

Table 13-1 lists the types of access lists and some common uses for them.
Table 13-1
Access List Types and Common Uses
Access List Use
Access List Type
Description
Control network access for IP traffic

(routed and transparent mode)
Extended
The security appliance does not allow any traffic unless it

is explicitly permitted by an extended access list.
Identify traffic for AAA rules
Extended
AAA rules use access lists to identify traffic.
Control network access for IP traffic for a Extended,

given user
downloaded from a
AAA server per user
You can configure the RADIUS server to download a

dynamic access list to be applied to the user, or the server
can send the name of an access list that you already
configured on the security appliance.
Identify addresses for NAT (policy NAT

and NAT exemption)
Extended
Policy NAT lets you identify local traffic for address

translation by specifying the source and destination
addresses in an extended access list.
Establish VPN access
Extended
You can use an extended access list in VPN commands.
Identify traffic in a traffic class map for

Modular Policy
Extended
Access lists can be used to identify traffic in a class map,

which is used for features that support Modular Policy
Framework. Features that support Modular Policy
Framework include TCP and general connection settings,
and inspection.
For transparent firewall mode, control

network access for non-IP traffic
EtherType
You can configure an access list that controls traffic based

on its EtherType.
Identify OSPF route redistribution
Standard
Standard access lists include only the destination address.

You can use a standard access list to control the
redistribution of OSPF routes.
Filtering for WebVPN
Webtype
You can configure a Webtype access list to filter URLs.
EtherType
Access Control Entry Order

An access list is made up of one or more Access Control Entries. Depending on the access list type, you
can specify the source and destination addresses, the protocol, the ports (for TCP or UDP), the ICMP
type (for ICMP), or the EtherType.
Each ACE that you enter for a given access list name is appended to the end of the access list.
The order of ACEs is important. When the security appliance decides whether to forward or drop a
packet, the security appliance tests the packet against each ACE in the order in which the entries are
listed. After a match is found, no more ACEs are checked. For example, if you create an ACE at the
beginning of an access list that explicitly permits all traffic, no further statements are ever checked.
You can disable an ACE by specifying the keyword inactive in the access-list command.
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Access Control Implicit Deny

Access lists have an implicit deny at the end of the list, so unless you explicitly permit it, traffic cannot
pass. For example, if you want to allow all users to access a network through the security appliance
except for particular addresses, then you need to deny the particular addresses and then permit all others.
IP Addresses Used for Access Lists When You Use NAT

When you use NAT, the IP addresses you specify for an access list depend on the interface to which the
access list is attached; you need to use addresses that are valid on the network connected to the interface.
This guideline applies for both inbound and outbound access lists: the direction does not determine the
address used, only the interface does.
For example, you want to apply an access list to the inbound direction of the inside interface. You
configure the security appliance to perform NAT on the inside source addresses when they access outside
addresses. Because the access list is applied to the inside interface, the source addresses are the original
untranslated addresses. Because the outside addresses are not translated, the destination address used in
the access list is the real address (see Figure 13-1).
Figure 13-1 IP Addresses in Access Lists: NAT Used for Source Addresses
209.165.200.225
Outside
Inside
Inbound ACL
Permit from 10.1.1.0/24 to 209.165.200.225
10.1.1.0/24
209.165.201.4:port
PAT
104634
10.1.1.0/24
See the following commands for this example:

hostname(config)# access-list INSIDE extended permit ip 10.1.1.0 255.255.255.0 host
209.165.200.225
hostname(config)# access-group INSIDE in interface inside
If you want to allow an outside host to access an inside host, you can apply an inbound access list on the
outside interface. You need to specify the translated address of the inside host in the access list because
that address is the address that can be used on the outside network (see Figure 13-2).

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Figure 13-2 IP Addresses in Access Lists: NAT used for Destination Addresses
209.165.200.225
ACL
Permit from 209.165.200.225 to 209.165.201.5
Outside
10.1.1.34
209.165.201.5
Static NAT
104636
Inside

hostname(config)# access-list OUTSIDE extended permit ip host 209.165.200.225 host
209.165.201.5
hostname(config)# access-group OUTSIDE in interface outside
If you perform NAT on both interfaces, keep in mind the addresses that are visible to a given interface.
In Figure 13-3, an outside server uses static NAT so that a translated address appears on the inside
network.
Figure 13-3 IP Addresses in Access Lists: NAT used for Source and Destination Addresses
Static NAT
209.165.200.225
10.1.1.56
Outside
Inside
ACL
Permit from 10.1.1.0/24 to 10.1.1.56
10.1.1.0/24
209.165.201.4:port
PAT
104635
10.1.1.0/24
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Adding an Extended Access List

hostname(config)# access-list INSIDE extended permit ip 10.1.1.0 255.255.255.0 host
10.1.1.56
hostname(config)# access-group INSIDE in interface inside

This section describes how to add an extended access list, and includes the following sections:
Extended Access List Overview, page 13-5
Adding an Extended ACE, page 13-6
Extended Access List Overview

An extended access list is made up of one or more ACEs, in which you can specify the line number to
insert the ACE, source and destination addresses, and, depending on the ACE type, the protocol, the
ports (for TCP or UDP), or the ICMP type (for ICMP). You can identify all of these parameters within
the access-list command, or you can use object groups for each parameter. This section describes how
to identify the parameters within the command. To use object groups, see the Simplifying Access Lists
with Object Grouping section on page 13-10.
For information about logging options that you can add to the end of the ACE, see the Logging Access
List Activity section on page 13-17. For information about time range options, see Time Range
Options section on page 13-17.
For TCP and UDP connections, you do not need an access list to allow returning traffic, because the
FWSM allows all returning traffic for established, bidirectional connections. For connectionless
protocols such as ICMP, however, the security appliance establishes unidirectional sessions, so you
either need access lists to allow ICMP in both directions (by applying access lists to the source and
destination interfaces), or you need to enable the ICMP inspection engine. The ICMP inspection engine
treats ICMP sessions as bidirectional connections.
You can apply only one access list of each type (extended and EtherType) to each direction of an
interface. You can apply the same access lists on multiple interfaces. See Chapter 15, Permitting or
Denying Network Access, for more information about applying an access list to an interface.
Note
If you change the access list configuration, and you do not want to wait for existing connections to time
out before the new access list information is used, you can clear the connections using the clear
local-host command.
Allowing Special IP Traffic through the Transparent Firewall

In routed firewall mode, some types of IP traffic are blocked even if you allow them in an access list,
including unsupported dynamic routing protocols and DHCP (unless you configure DHCP relay).
Transparent firewall mode can allow any IP traffic through. Because these special types of traffic are
connectionless, you need to apply an extended access list to both interfaces, so returning traffic is
allowed through.

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Table 13-2 lists common traffic types that you can allow through the transparent firewall.
Table 13-2
Transparent Firewall Special Traffic
Traffic Type
Protocol or Port
Notes
BGP
TCP port 179
DHCP
UDP ports 67 and 68
If you enable the DHCP server, then the security

appliance does not pass DHCP packets.
EIGRP
Protocol 88
OSPF
Protocol 89
Multicast streams The UDP ports vary depending

on the application.
Multicast streams are always destined to a

Class D address (224.0.0.0 to 239.x.x.x).
RIP (v1 or v2)
UDP port 520
Adding an Extended ACE

When you enter the access-list command for a given access list name, the ACE is added to the end of
the access list unless you specify the line number.
To add an ACE, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# access-list access_list_name [line line_number] [extended]
{deny | permit} protocol source_address mask [operator port] dest_address mask
[operator port | icmp_type] [inactive]
If the entry that you are removing is the only entry in the access list, the entire access list is removed.
Tip
Enter the access list name in upper case letters so the name is easy to see in the configuration. You might
want to name the access list for the interface (for example, INSIDE), or for the purpose for which it is
created (for example, NO_NAT or VPN).
Typically, you identify the ip keyword for the protocol, but other protocols are accepted. For a list of
protocol names, see the Protocols and Applications section on page D-11.
Enter the host keyword before the IP address to specify a single address. In this case, do not enter a mask.
Enter the any keyword instead of the address and mask to specify any address.
You can specify the source and destination ports only for the tcp or udp protocols. For a list of permitted
keywords and well-known port assignments, see the TCP and UDP Ports section on page D-12. DNS,
Discard, Echo, Ident, NTP, RPC, SUNRPC, and Talk each require one definition for TCP and one for
UDP. TACACS+ requires one definition for port 49 on TCP.
Use an operator to match port numbers used by the source or destination. The permitted operators are
as follows:
ltless than
gtgreater than
eqequal to
neqnot equal to
rangean inclusive range of values. When you use this operator, specify two port numbers, for
example:
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range 100 200
You can specify the ICMP type only for the icmp protocol. Because ICMP is a connectionless protocol,
you either need access lists to allow ICMP in both directions (by applying access lists to the source and
destination interfaces), or you need to enable the ICMP inspection engine (see the Adding an ICMP
Type Object Group section on page 13-13). The ICMP inspection engine treats ICMP sessions as
stateful connections. To control ping, specify echo-reply (0) (security appliance to host) or echo (8)
(host to security appliance). See the Adding an ICMP Type Object Group section on page 13-13 for a
list of ICMP types.
When you specify a network mask, the method is different from the Cisco IOS software access-list
command. The security appliance uses a network mask (for example, 255.255.255.0 for a Class C mask).
The Cisco IOS mask uses wildcard bits (for example, 0.0.0.255).
To make an ACE inactive, use the inactive keyword. To reenable it, enter the entire ACE without the
inactive keyword. This feature lets you keep a record of an inactive ACE in your configuration to make
reenabling easier.
To remove an ACE, enter the no access-list command with the entire command syntax string as it
appears in the configuration:
hostname(config)# no access-list access_list_name [line line_number] [extended]
{deny | permit} protocol source_address mask [operator port] dest_address mask
[operator port | icmp_type] [inactive]
See the following examples:

The following access list allows all hosts (on the interface to which you apply the access list) to go
through the security appliance:
hostname(config)# access-list ACL_IN extended permit ip any any
The following sample access list prevents hosts on 192.168.1.0/24 from accessing the 209.165.201.0/27
network. All other addresses are permitted.
hostname(config)# access-list ACL_IN extended deny tcp 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0
209.165.201.0 255.255.255.224
If you want to restrict access to only some hosts, then enter a limited permit ACE. By default, all other
traffic is denied unless explicitly permitted.
hostname(config)# access-list ACL_IN extended permit ip 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0
209.165.201.0 255.255.255.224
The following access list restricts all hosts (on the interface to which you apply the access list) from
accessing a website at address 209.165.201.29. All other traffic is allowed.
hostname(config)# access-list ACL_IN extended deny tcp any host 209.165.201.29 eq www

Transparent firewall mode only
An EtherType ACE controls any EtherType identified by a 16-bit hexadecimal number. You can identify
some types by a keyword for convenience. If you add an ACE to an EtherType access list that specifically
denies all traffic, then that ACE also denies IP and ARP traffic, even if you have an extended access list
that allows IP traffic. The implicit deny at the end of all access lists allows IP and ARP through.

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EtherType ACEs do not allow IPv6 traffic, even if you specify the IPv6 EtherType.
Because EtherTypes are connectionless, you need to apply the access list to both interfaces if you want
traffic to pass in both directions. For example, you can permit or deny bridge protocol data units. By
default, all BPDUs are denied. The security appliance receives trunk port (Cisco proprietary) BPDUs
because security appliance ports are trunk ports. Trunk BPDUs have VLAN information inside the
payload, so the security appliance modifies the payload with the outgoing VLAN if you allow BPDUs.
If you use failover, you must allow BPDUs on both interfaces with an EtherType access list to avoid
bridging loops.
If you allow MPLS, ensure that Label Distribution Protocol and Tag Distribution Protocol TCP
connections are established through the security appliance by configuring both MPLS routers connected
to the security appliance to use the IP address on the security appliance interface as the router-id for LDP
or TDP sessions. (LDP and TDP allow MPLS routers to negotiate the labels (addresses) used to forward
packets.)
On Cisco IOS routers, enter the appropriate command for your protocol, LDP or TDP. The interface is
the interface connected to the security appliance.
hostname(config)# mpls ldp router-id interface force
Or
hostname(config)# tag-switching tdp router-id interface force
You can apply only one access list of each type (extended and EtherType) to each direction of an
interface. You can also apply the same access lists on multiple interfaces.
To add an EtherType ACE, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# access-list access_list_name ethertype {permit | deny} {ipx | bpdu |
mpls-unicast | mpls-multicast | any | hex_number}
The hex_number is any EtherType that can be identified by a 16-bit hexadecimal number greater than or
equal to 0x600. See RFC 1700, Assigned Numbers, at http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1700.txt for a list of
EtherTypes.
To remove an EtherType ACE, enter the no access-list command with the entire command syntax string
as it appears in the configuration:
ehostname(config)# no access-list access_list_name ethertype {permit | deny} {ipx | bpdu |
mpls-unicast | mpls-multicast | any | hex_number}
Note
If an EtherType access list is configured to deny all, all ethernet frames are discarded. Only physical
protocol traffic, such as auto-negotiation, is still allowed.
When you enter the access-list command for a given access list name, the ACE is added to the end of
the access list.
Tip
Enter the access_list_name in upper case letters so the name is easy to see in the configuration. You
might want to name the access list for the interface (for example, INSIDE), or for the purpose (for
example, MPLS or IPX).
For example, the following sample access list allows common EtherTypes originating on the inside
interface:
hostname(config)# access-list ETHER ethertype permit ipx
hostname(config)# access-list ETHER ethertype permit bpdu
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hostname(config)# access-list ETHER ethertype permit mpls-unicast

hostname(config)# access-group ETHER in interface inside
The following access list allows some EtherTypes through the security appliance, but denies IPX:
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
access-list ETHER ethertype deny ipx

access-list ETHER ethertype permit 0x1234
access-list ETHER ethertype permit bpdu
access-list ETHER ethertype permit mpls-unicast
access-group ETHER in interface inside
access-group ETHER in interface outside
The following access list denies traffic with EtherType 0x1256, but allows all others on both interfaces:
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
access-list nonIP ethertype deny 1256

access-list nonIP ethertype permit any

Single context mode only
Standard access lists identify the destination IP addresses of OSPF routes, and can be used in a route
map for OSPF redistribution. Standard access lists cannot be applied to interfaces to control traffic.
The following command adds a standard ACE. To add another ACE at the end of the access list, enter
another access-list command specifying the same access list name. Apply the access list using the
Adding a Route Map section on page 8-7.
To add an ACE, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# access-list access_list_name standard {deny | permit} {any | ip_address
mask}
The following sample access list identifies routes to 192.168.1.0/24:

hostname(config)# access-list OSPF standard permit 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0
To remove an ACE, enter the no access-list command with the entire command syntax string as it
hostname(config)# no access-list access_list_name standard {deny | permit} {any |
ip_address mask}

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To add an access list to the configuration that supports filtering for WebVPN, enter the following
command:
hostname(config)# access-list access_list_name webtype {deny
| permit} url [url_string | any]
To remove a Webtype access list, enter the no access-list command with the entire syntax string as it
hostname(config)# access-list access_list_name webtype {deny
| permit} url [url_string | any]
For information about logging options that you can add to the end of the ACE, see the Logging Access
List Activity section on page 13-17.
Simplifying Access Lists with Object Grouping

This section describes how to use object grouping to simplify access list creation and maintenance.
How Object Grouping Works, page 13-10
Adding Object Groups, page 13-11
Nesting Object Groups, page 13-14
Displaying Object Groups, page 13-16
Removing Object Groups, page 13-16
Using Object Groups with an Access List, page 13-15
How Object Grouping Works

By grouping like-objects together, you can use the object group in an ACE instead of having to enter an
ACE for each object separately. You can create the following types of object groups:
Protocol
Network
Service
ICMP type
For example, consider the following three object groups:
MyServicesIncludes the TCP and UDP port numbers of the service requests that are allowed
access to the internal network
TrustedHostsIncludes the host and network addresses allowed access to the greatest range of
services and servers
PublicServersIncludes the host addresses of servers to which the greatest access is provided
After creating these groups, you could use a single ACE to allow trusted hosts to make specific service
requests to a group of public servers.
You can also nest object groups in other object groups.
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Note
The ACE system limit applies to expanded access lists. If you use object groups in ACEs, the number of
actual ACEs that you enter is fewer, but the number of expanded ACEs is the same as without object
groups. In many cases, object groups create more ACEs than if you added them manually, because
creating ACEs manually leads you to summarize addresses more than an object group does. To view the
number of expanded ACEs in an access list, enter the show access-list access_list_name command.
Adding Object Groups

This section describes how to add object groups.
Adding a Protocol Object Group, page 13-11
Adding a Network Object Group, page 13-12
Adding a Service Object Group, page 13-12
Adding an ICMP Type Object Group, page 13-13
Adding a Protocol Object Group

To add or change a protocol object group, follow these steps. After you add the group, you can add more
objects as required by following this procedure again for the same group name and specifying additional
objects. You do not need to reenter existing objects; the commands you already set remain in place unless
you remove them with the no form of the command.
To add a protocol group, follow these steps:
Step 1
To add a protocol group, enter the following command:

hostname(config)# object-group protocol grp_id
The grp_id is a text string up to 64 characters in length.

The prompt changes to protocol configuration mode.
Step 2
(Optional) To add a description, enter the following command:

hostname(config-protocol)# description text
The description can be up to 200 characters.

Step 3
To define the protocols in the group, enter the following command for each protocol:
hostname(config-protocol)# protocol-object protocol
The protocol is the numeric identifier of the specific IP protocol (1 to 254) or a keyword identifier (for
example, icmp, tcp, or udp). To include all IP protocols, use the keyword ip. For a list of protocols you
can specify, see the Protocols and Applications section on page D-11.
For example, to create a protocol group for TCP, UDP, and ICMP, enter the following commands:
hostname(config)# object-group protocol tcp_udp_icmp
hostname(config-protocol)# protocol-object tcp
hostname(config-protocol)# protocol-object udp
hostname(config-protocol)# protocol-object icmp

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Adding a Network Object Group

To add or change a network object group, follow these steps. After you add the group, you can add more
Note
A network object group supports IPv4 and IPv6 addresses, depending on the type of access list. For more
information about IPv6 access lists, see Configuring IPv6 Access Lists section on page 9-4.
To add a network group, follow these steps:
Step 1
To add a network group, enter the following command:

hostname(config)# object-group network grp_id

The prompt changes to network configuration mode.
Step 2

hostname(config-network)# description text

Step 3
To define the networks in the group, enter the following command for each network or address:
hostname(config-network)# network-object {host ip_address | ip_address mask}
For example, to create network group that includes the IP addresses of three administrators, enter the
following commands:
hostname(config)# object-group network admins
hostname(config-network)# description Administrator Addresses
hostname(config-network)# network-object host 10.1.1.4
Adding a Service Object Group

To add or change a service object group, follow these steps. After you add the group, you can add more
To add a service group, follow these steps:
Step 1
To add a service group, enter the following command:

hostname(config)# object-group service grp_id {tcp | udp | tcp-udp}
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Specify the protocol for the services (ports) you want to add, either tcp, udp, or tcp-udp keywords.
Enter tcp-udp keyword if your service uses both TCP and UDP with the same port number, for example,
DNS (port 53).
The prompt changes to service configuration mode.
Step 2

hostname(config-service)# description text

Step 3
To define the ports in the group, enter the following command for each port or range of ports:
hostname(config-service)# port-object {eq port | range begin_port end_port}
For a list of permitted keywords and well-known port assignments, see the Protocols and Applications
section on page D-11.
For example, to create service groups that include DNS (TCP/UDP), LDAP (TCP), and RADIUS (UDP),
hostname(config)# object-group service services1 tcp-udp
hostname(config-service)# description DNS Group
hostname(config-service)# port-object eq domain
hostname(config-service)#
object-group service services2 udp

description RADIUS Group
port-object eq radius
port-object eq radius-acct
hostname(config-service)# object-group service services3 tcp

hostname(config-service)# description LDAP Group
hostname(config-service)# port-object eq ldap
Adding an ICMP Type Object Group

To add or change an ICMP type object group, follow these steps. After you add the group, you can add
more objects as required by following this procedure again for the same group name and specifying
additional objects. You do not need to reenter existing objects; the commands you already set remain in
place unless you remove them with the no form of the command.
To add an ICMP type group, follow these steps:
Step 1
To add an ICMP type group, enter the following command:

hostname(config)# object-group icmp-type grp_id

The prompt changes to ICMP type configuration mode.
Step 2

hostname(config-icmp-type)# description text

Step 3
To define the ICMP types in the group, enter the following command for each type:
hostname(config-icmp-type)# icmp-object icmp_type

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See the ICMP Types section on page D-15 for a list of ICMP types.
For example, to create an ICMP type group that includes echo-reply and echo (for controlling ping),
hostname(config)# object-group icmp-type ping
hostname(config-service)# description Ping Group
hostname(config-icmp-type)# icmp-object echo
hostname(config-icmp-type)# icmp-object echo-reply
Nesting Object Groups

To nest an object group within another object group of the same type, first create the group that you want
to nest according to the Adding Object Groups section on page 13-11. Then follow these steps:
Step 1
To add or edit an object group under which you want to nest another object group, enter the following
command:
hostname(config)# object-group {{protocol | network | icmp-type} grp_id | service grp_id
{tcp | udp | tcp-udp}}
Step 2
To add the specified group under the object group you specified in Step 1, enter the following command:
hostname(config-group_type)# group-object grp_id
The nested group must be of the same type.

You can mix and match nested group objects and regular objects within an object group.
For example, you create network object groups for privileged users from various departments:
hostname(config)# object-group network eng
hostname(config-network)# object-group network hr
hostname(config-network)# object-group network finance
You then nest all three groups together as follows:

hostname(config)# object-group network
hostname(config-network)# group-object
admin
eng
hr
finance
You only need to specify the admin object group in your ACE as follows:
hostname(config)# access-list ACL_IN extended permit ip object-group admin host
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Using Object Groups with an Access List

To use object groups in an access list, replace the normal protocol (protocol), network
(source_address mask, etc.), service (operator port), or ICMP type (icmp_type) parameter with
object-group grp_id parameter.
For example, to use object groups for all available parameters in the access-list {tcp | udp} command,
hostname(config)# access-list access_list_name [line line_number] [extended] {deny |
permit} {tcp | udp} object-group nw_grp_id [object-group svc_grp_id] object-group
nw_grp_id [object-group svc_grp_id] [log [[level] [interval secs] | disable | default]]
[inactive | time-range time_range_name]
You do not have to use object groups for all parameters; for example, you can use an object group for
the source address, but identify the destination address with an address and mask.
The following normal access list that does not use object groups restricts several hosts on the inside
network from accessing several web servers. All other traffic is allowed.
hostname(config)#
eq www
hostname(config)#
eq www
hostname(config)#
eq www
hostname(config)#
eq www
hostname(config)#
eq www
hostname(config)#
eq www
hostname(config)#
eq www
hostname(config)#
eq www
hostname(config)#
eq www
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
access-list ACL_IN extended deny tcp host 10.1.1.4 host 209.165.201.29

access-list ACL_IN extended permit ip any any
access-group ACL_IN in interface inside
If you make two network object groups, one for the inside hosts, and one for the web servers, then the
configuration can be simplified and can be easily modified to add more hosts:
hostname(config)# object-group network denied
hostname(config-network)#
object-group network web

network-object host 209.165.201.29
hostname(config-network)# access-list ACL_IN extended deny tcp object-group denied

object-group web eq www
hostname(config)# access-group ACL_IN in interface inside

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Displaying Object Groups

To display a list of the currently configured object groups, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# show object-group [protocol | network | service | icmp-type | id grp_id]
If you enter the command without any parameters, the system displays all configured object groups.
The following is sample output from the show object-group command:
hostname# show object-group
object-group network ftp_servers
description: This is a group of FTP servers
object-group network TrustedHosts
network-object 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0
group-object ftp_servers
Removing Object Groups

To remove an object group, enter one of the following commands.
Note
You cannot remove an object group or make an object group empty if it is used in an access list.
To remove a specific object group, enter the following command:

hostname(config)# no object-group grp_id
To remove all object groups of the specified type, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# clear object-group [protocol | network | services | icmp-type]
If you do not enter a type, all object groups are removed.

You can include remarks about entries in any access list, including extended, EtherType, and standard
access lists. The remarks make the access list easier to understand.
To add a remark after the last access-list command you entered, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# access-list access_list_name remark text
If you enter the remark before any access-list command, then the remark is the first line in the access list.
If you delete an access list using the no access-list access_list_name command, then all the remarks are
also removed.
The text can be up to 100 characters in length. You can enter leading spaces at the beginning of the text.
Trailing spaces are ignored.
For example, you can add remarks before each ACE, and the remark appears in the access list in this
location. Entering a dash (-) at the beginning of the remark helps set it apart from ACEs.
hostname(config)# access-list OUT remark - this is the inside admin address
hostname(config)# access-list OUT extended permit ip host 209.168.200.3 any
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Time Range Options
hostname(config)# access-list OUT remark - this is the hr admin address

Time Range Options

To implement a time-based access list, use the time-range command to define specific times of the day
and week. Then use the with the access-list extended command to bind the time range to an access list.
The following example binds an access list named Sales to a time range named New_York_Minute.
hostname(config)# access-list Sales line 1 extended deny tcp host 209.165.200.225 host
209.165.201.1 time-range New_York_Minute
hostname(config)#
Refer to the time-range command in the Cisco Security Appliance Command Reference for more
information about how to define a time range.
In place of the time range option, you can also choose to inactivate an ACE. Use the inactive keyword
to disable an Access Control Element.
Logging Access List Activity

This section describes how to configure access list logging for extended access lists and Webtype access
lists.
Access List Logging Overview, page 13-17
Configuring Logging for an Access Control Entry, page 13-18
Managing Deny Flows, page 13-19
Access List Logging Overview

By default, when traffic is denied by an extended ACE or a Webtype ACE, the security appliance
generates system message 106023 for each denied packet, in the following form:
%ASA|PIX-4-106023: Deny protocol src [interface_name:source_address/source_port] dst
interface_name:dest_address/dest_port [type {string}, code {code}] by access_group acl_id
If the security appliance is attacked, the number of system messages for denied packets can be very large.
We recommend that you instead enable logging using system message 106100, which provides statistics
for each ACE and lets you limit the number of system messages produced. Alternatively, you can disable
all logging.
Note
Only ACEs in the access list generate logging messages; the implicit deny at the end of the access list
does not generate a message. If you want all denied traffic to generate messages, add the implicit ACE
manually to the end of the access list, as follows.
hostname(config)# access-list TEST deny ip any any log

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The log options at the end of the extended access-list command lets you to set the following behavior:
Enable message 106100 instead of message 106023
Disable all logging
Return to the default logging using message 106023
System message 106100 is in the following form:

%ASA|PIX-n-106100: access-list acl_id {permitted | denied} protocol
interface_name/source_address(source_port) -> interface_name/dest_address(dest_port)
hit-cnt number ({first hit | number-second interval})
When you enable logging for message 106100, if a packet matches an ACE, the security appliance
creates a flow entry to track the number of packets received within a specific interval. The security
appliance generates a system message at the first hit and at the end of each interval, identifying the total
number of hits during the interval. At the end of each interval, the security appliance resets the hit count
to 0. If no packets match the ACE during an interval, the security appliance deletes the flow entry.
A flow is defined by the source and destination IP addresses, protocols, and ports. Because the source
port might differ for a new connection between the same two hosts, you might not see the same flow
increment because a new flow was created for the connection. See the Managing Deny Flows section
on page 13-19 to limit the number of logging flows.
Permitted packets that belong to established connections do not need to be checked against access lists;
only the initial packet is logged and included in the hit count. For connectionless protocols, such as
ICMP, all packets are logged even if they are permitted, and all denied packets are logged.
See the Cisco Security Appliance Logging Configuration and System Log Messages for detailed
information about this system message.
Configuring Logging for an Access Control Entry

To configure logging for an ACE, see the following information about the log option:
hostname(config)# access-list access_list_name [extended] {deny | permit}...[log [[level]
[interval secs] | disable | default]]
See the Adding an Extended Access List section on page 13-5 and Adding a Webtype Access List
section on page 13-10 for complete access-list command syntax.
If you enter the log option without any arguments, you enable system log message 106100 at the default
level (6) and for the default interval (300 seconds). See the following options:
levelA severity level between 0 and 7. The default is 6.
interval secsThe time interval in seconds between system messages, from 1 to 600. The default
is 300. This value is also used as the timeout value for deleting an inactive flow.
disableDisables all access list logging.
defaultEnables logging to message 106023. This setting is the same as having no log option.
For example, you configure the following access list:
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
access-list outside-acl permit ip host 1.1.1.1 any log 7 interval 600

access-list outside-acl permit ip host 2.2.2.2 any
access-list outside-acl deny ip any any log 2
access-group outside-acl in interface outside
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When a packet is permitted by the first ACE of outside-acl, the security appliance generates the
following system message:
%ASA|PIX-7-106100: access-list outside-acl permitted tcp outside/1.1.1.1(12345) ->
inside/192.168.1.1(1357) hit-cnt 1 (first hit)
Although 20 additional packets for this connection arrive on the outside interface, the traffic does not
have to be checked against the access list, and the hit count does not increase.
If one more connection by the same host is initiated within the specified 10 minute interval (and the
source and destination ports remain the same), then the hit count is incremented by 1 and the following
message is displayed at the end of the 10 minute interval:
%ASA|PIX-7-106100: access-list outside-acl permitted tcp outside/1.1.1.1(12345)->
inside/192.168.1.1(1357) hit-cnt 2 (600-second interval)
When a packet is denied by the third ACE, then the security appliance generates the following system
message:
%ASA|PIX-2-106100: access-list outside-acl denied ip outside/3.3.3.3(12345) ->
inside/192.168.1.1(1357) hit-cnt 1 (first hit)
20 additional attempts within a 5 minute interval (the default) result in the following message at the end
of 5 minutes:
%ASA|PIX-2-106100: access-list outside-acl denied ip outside/3.3.3.3(12345) ->
inside/192.168.1.1(1357) hit-cnt 21 (300-second interval)
Managing Deny Flows

When you enable logging for message 106100, if a packet matches an ACE, the security appliance
creates a flow entry to track the number of packets received within a specific interval. The security
appliance has a maximum of 32 K logging flows for ACEs. A large number of flows can exist
concurrently at any point of time. To prevent unlimited consumption of memory and CPU resources, the
security appliance places a limit on the number of concurrent deny flows; the limit is placed only on deny
flows (and not permit flows) because they can indicate an attack. When the limit is reached, the security
appliance does not create a new deny flow for logging until the existing flows expire.
For example, if someone initiates a DoS attack, the security appliance can create a large number of deny
flows in a short period of time. Restricting the number of deny flows prevents unlimited consumption of
memory and CPU resources.
When you reach the maximum number of deny flows, the security appliance issues system message
106100:
%ASA|PIX-1-106101: The number of ACL log deny-flows has reached limit (number).
To configure the maximum number of deny flows and to set the interval between deny flow alert
messages (106101), enter the following commands:
To set the maximum number of deny flows permitted per context before the security appliance stops
logging, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# access-list deny-flow-max number
The number is between 1 and 4096. 4096 is the default.
To set the amount of time between system messages (number 106101) that identify that the
maximum number of deny flows was reached, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# access-list alert-interval secs

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The seconds are between 1 and 3600, and 300 is the default.
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14
Applying NAT
This chapter describes Network Address Translation (NAT). In routed firewall mode, the security
appliance can perform NAT between each network.
Note
In transparent firewall mode, the security appliance does not support NAT.
NAT Overview, page 14-21
Configuring NAT Control, page 14-36
Using Dynamic NAT and PAT, page 14-37
Using Static NAT, page 14-46
Using Static PAT, page 14-47
Bypassing NAT, page 14-49
NAT Examples, page 14-53
NAT Overview
This section describes how NAT works on the security appliance, and includes the following topics:
Introduction to NAT, page 14-22
NAT Control, page 14-23
NAT Types, page 14-25
Policy NAT, page 14-29
NAT and Same Security Level Interfaces, page 14-33
Order of NAT Commands Used to Match Real Addresses, page 14-34
Mapped Address Guidelines, page 14-34
DNS and NAT, page 14-34

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Introduction to NAT
Address translation substitutes the real address in a packet with a mapped address that is routable on the
destination network. NAT is comprised of two steps: the process in which a real address is translated into
a mapped address, and then the process to undo translation for returning traffic.
The security appliance translates an address when a NAT rule matches the traffic. If no NAT rule
matches, processing for the packet continues. The exception is when you enable NAT control.
NAT control requires that packets traversing from a higher security interface (inside) to a lower security
interface (outside) match a NAT rule, or else processing for the packet stops. (See the Security Level
Overview section on page 6-1 for more information about security levels, and see NAT Control
section on page 14-23 for more information about NAT control).
Note
In this document, all types of translation are generally referred to as NAT. When discussing NAT, the
terms inside and outside are relative, and represent the security relationship between any two interfaces.
The higher security level is inside and the lower security level is outside; for example, interface 1 is at
60 and interface 2 is at 50, so interface 1 is inside and interface 2 is outside.
Some of the benefits of NAT are as follows:
Note
Internet. (See the Private Networks section on page D-2 for more information.)
NAT hides the real addresses from other networks, so attackers cannot learn the real address of a
host.
You can resolve IP routing problems such as overlapping addresses.
See Table 21-1 on page 21-4 for information about protocols that do not support NAT.
Figure 14-1 shows a typical NAT scenario, with a private network on the inside. When the inside host at
10.1.2.27 sends a packet to a web server, the real source address, 10.1.2.27, of the packet is changed to
a mapped address, 209.165.201.10. When the server responds, it sends the response to the mapped
address, 209.165.201.10, and the security appliance receives the packet. The security appliance then
undoes the translation of the mapped address, 209.165.201.10 back to the real address, 10.1.2.27 before
sending it on to the host.
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Figure 14-1
NAT Example
Web Server
www.cisco.com
Outside
209.165.201.2
Originating
Packet
Security
Appliance
Translation
10.1.2.27
209.165.201.10
Responding
Packet
Undo Translation
209.165.201.10
10.1.2.27
10.1.2.1
10.1.2.27
130023
Inside

hostname(config)# nat (inside) 1 10.1.2.0 255.255.255.0
hostname(config)# global (outside) 1 209.165.201.1-209.165.201.15
NAT Control
NAT control requires that packets traversing from an inside interface to an outside interface match a NAT
rule; for any host on the inside network to access a host on the outside network, you must configure NAT
to translate the inside host address (see Figure 14-2).
Figure 14-2
NAT Control and Outbound Traffic
Security
Appliance
10.1.1.1
NAT
209.165.201.1
Inside
Outside
132212
10.1.2.1 No NAT

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NAT Overview
Interfaces at the same security level are not required to use NAT to communicate. However, if you
configure dynamic NAT or PAT on a same security interface, then all traffic from the interface to a same
security interface or an outside interface must match a NAT rule (see Figure 14-3).
Figure 14-3
NAT Control and Same Security Traffic
Security
Appliance
Security
Appliance
10.1.1.1 Dyn. NAT

10.1.1.1 No NAT
209.165.201.1
10.1.1.1
10.1.2.1 No NAT
Level 50
Level 50
Level 50
or
Outside
132215
Level 50
Similarly, if you enable outside dynamic NAT or PAT, then all outside traffic must match a NAT rule
when it accesses an inside interface (see Figure 14-4).
NAT Control and Inbound Traffic
Security
Appliance
Security
Appliance
209.165.202.129 Dyn. NAT
209.165.202.129 No NAT
Outside
209.165.202.129
Inside
10.1.1.50
209.165.200.240 No NAT
Outside
Inside
132213
Figure 14-4
Static NAT does not cause these restrictions.

By default, NAT control is disabled, so you do not need to perform NAT on any networks unless you
choose to perform NAT. If you upgraded from an earlier version of software, however, NAT control
might be enabled on your system.
If you want the added security of NAT control but do not want to translate inside addresses in some cases,
you can apply a NAT exemption or identity NAT rule on those addresses. (See the Bypassing NAT
section on page 14-49 for more information).
To configure NAT control, see the Configuring NAT Control section on page 14-36.
Note
In multiple context mode, the packet classifier relies on the NAT configuration in some cases to assign
packets to contexts. If you do not perform NAT because NAT control is disabled, then the classifier might
require changes in your network configuration. See the How the Security Appliance Classifies Packets
section on page 3-3 for more information about the relationship between the classifier and NAT.
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NAT Types
This section describes the available NAT types. You can implement address translation as dynamic NAT,
Port Address Translation, static NAT, or static PAT or as a mix of these types. You can also configure
rules to bypass NAT, for example, if you enable NAT control but do not want to perform NAT. This
section includes the following topics:
Dynamic NAT, page 14-25
PAT, page 14-26
Static NAT, page 14-27
Static PAT, page 14-27
Bypassing NAT when NAT Control is Enabled, page 14-28
Dynamic NAT
Dynamic NAT translates a group of real addresses to a pool of mapped addresses that are routable on the
destination network. The mapped pool can include fewer addresses than the real group. When a host you
want to translate accesses the destination network, the security appliance assigns it an IP address from
the mapped pool. The translation is added only when the real host initiates the connection. The
translation is in place only for the duration of the connection, and a given user does not keep the same
IP address after the translation times out (see the timeout xlate command in the Cisco Security
Appliance Command Reference). Users on the destination network, therefore, cannot reliably initiate a
connection to a host that uses dynamic NAT (even if the connection is allowed by an access list), and the
security appliance rejects any attempt to connect to a real host address directly. See the following Static
NAT or Static PAT sections for reliable access to hosts.
Figure 14-5 shows a remote host attempting to connect to the real address. The connection is denied
because the security appliance only allows returning connections to the mapped address.
Figure 14-5
Remote Host Attempts to Connect to the Real Address
Web Server
www.example.com
Outside
209.165.201.2
Security
Appliance
Translation
10.1.2.27
209.165.201.10
10.1.2.27
10.1.2.1
132216
Inside
10.1.2.27

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Figure 14-6 shows a remote host attempting to initiate a connection to a mapped address. This address
is not currently in the translation table, so the security appliance drops the packet.
Figure 14-6
Remote Host Attempts to Initiate a Connection to a Mapped Address
Web Server
www.example.com
Outside
209.165.201.2
Security
Appliance
209.165.201.10
10.1.2.1
132217
Inside
10.1.2.27
Note
For the duration of the translation, a remote host can initiate a connection to the translated host if an
access list allows it. Because the address is unpredictable, a connection to the host is unlikely. However
in this case, you can rely on the security of the access list.
Dynamic NAT has these disadvantages:
If the mapped pool has fewer addresses than the real group, you could run out of addresses if the
amount of traffic is more than expected.
Use PAT if this event occurs often, because PAT provides over 64,000 translations using ports of a
single address.
You have to use a large number of routable addresses in the mapped pool; if the destination network
requires registered addresses, such as the Internet, you might encounter a shortage of usable
addresses.
The advantage of dynamic NAT is that some protocols cannot use PAT. For example, PAT does not work
with IP protocols that do not have a port to overload, such as GRE version 0. PAT also does not work
with some applications that have a data stream on one port and the control path on another and are not
open standard, such as some multimedia applications. See the Application Inspection Engines section
on page 21-1 for more information about NAT and PAT support.
PAT
PAT translates multiple real addresses to a single mapped IP address. Specifically, the security appliance
translates the real address and source port (real socket) to the mapped address and a unique port above
1024 (mapped socket). Each connection requires a separate translation, because the source port differs
for each connection. For example, 10.1.1.1:1025 requires a separate translation from 10.1.1.1:1026.
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After the connection expires, the port translation also expires after 30 seconds of inactivity. The timeout
is not configurable. Users on the destination network cannot reliably initiate a connection to a host that
uses PAT (even if the connection is allowed by an access list). Not only can you not predict the real or
mapped port number of the host, but the security appliance does not create a translation at all unless the
translated host is the initiator. See the following Static NAT or Static PAT sections for reliable access
to hosts.
PAT lets you use a single mapped address, thus conserving routable addresses. You can even use the
security appliance interface IP address as the PAT address. PAT does not work with some multimedia
applications that have a data stream that is different from the control path. See the Application
Inspection Engines section on page 21-1 for more information about NAT and PAT support.
Note
For the duration of the translation, a remote host can initiate a connection to the translated host if an
access list allows it. Because the port address (both real and mapped) is unpredictable, a connection to
the host is unlikely. However in this case, you can rely on the security of the access list.
Static NAT
Static NAT creates a fixed translation of real address(es) to mapped address(es).With dynamic NAT and
PAT, each host uses a different address or port for each subsequent translation. Because the mapped
address is the same for each consecutive connection with static NAT, and a persistent translation rule
exists, static NAT allows hosts on the destination network to initiate traffic to a translated host (if there
is an access list that allows it).
The main difference between dynamic NAT and a range of addresses for static NAT is that static NAT
allows a remote host to initiate a connection to a translated host (if there is an access list that allows it),
while dynamic NAT does not. You also need an equal number of mapped addresses as real addresses with
static NAT.
Static PAT
Static PAT is the same as static NAT, except it lets you specify the protocol (TCP or UDP) and port for
the real and mapped addresses.
This feature lets you identify the same mapped address across many different static statements, so long
as the port is different for each statement (you cannot use the same mapped address for multiple static
NAT statements).
For applications that require application inspection for secondary channels (FTP, VoIP, etc.), the security
appliance automatically translates the secondary ports.

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For example, if you want to provide a single address for remote users to access FTP, HTTP, and SMTP,
but these are all actually different servers on the real network, you can specify static PAT statements for
each server that uses the same mapped IP address, but different ports (see Figure 14-7).
Figure 14-7
Static PAT
Host
Undo Translation
209.165.201.3:21
10.1.2.27
Outside
Undo Translation
209.165.201.3:25
10.1.2.29
Undo Translation
209.165.201.3:80
10.1.2.28
Inside
SMTP server
10.1.2.29
HTTP server
10.1.2.28
130031
FTP server
10.1.2.27

hostname(config)# static (inside,outside) tcp 209.165.201.3 ftp 10.1.2.27 ftp netmask
255.255.255.255
hostname(config)# static (inside,outside) tcp 209.165.201.3 http 10.1.2.28 http netmask
255.255.255.255
hostname(config)# static (inside,outside) tcp 209.165.201.3 smtp 10.1.2.29 smtp netmask
255.255.255.255
You can also use static PAT to translate a well-known port to a non-standard port or vice versa. For
example, if your inside web servers use port 8080, you can allow outside users to connect to port 80, and
then undo translation to the original port 8080. Similarly, if you want to provide extra security, you can
tell your web users to connect to non-standard port 6785, and then undo translation to port 80.
Bypassing NAT when NAT Control is Enabled

If you enable NAT control, then inside hosts must match a NAT rule when accessing outside hosts. If
you do not want to perform NAT for some hosts, then you can bypass NAT for those hosts (alternatively,
you can disable NAT control). You might want to bypass NAT, for example, if you are using an
application that does not support NAT (see the Application Inspection Engines section on page 21-1
for information about inspection engines that do not support NAT).
You can configure traffic to bypass NAT using one of three methods. All methods achieve compatibility
with inspection engines. However, each method offers slightly different capabilities, as follows:
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Identity NAT (nat 0 command)When you configure identity NAT (which is similar to dynamic
NAT), you do not limit translation for a host on specific interfaces; you must use identity NAT for
connections through all interfaces. Therefore, you cannot choose to perform normal translation on
real addresses when you access interface A, but use identity NAT when accessing interface B.
Regular dynamic NAT, on the other hand, lets you specify a particular interface on which to translate
the addresses. Make sure that the real addresses for which you use identity NAT are routable on all
networks that are available according to your access lists.
For identity NAT, even though the mapped address is the same as the real address, you cannot initiate
a connection from the outside to the inside (even if the interface access list allows it). Use static
identity NAT or NAT exemption for this functionality.
Static identity NAT (static command)Static identity NAT lets you specify the interface on which
you want to allow the real addresses to appear, so you can use identity NAT when you access
interface A, and use regular translation when you access interface B. Static identity NAT also lets
you use policy NAT, which identifies the real and destination addresses when determining the real
addresses to translate (see the Policy NAT section on page 14-29 for more information about
policy NAT). For example, you can use static identity NAT for an inside address when it accesses
the outside interface and the destination is server A, but use a normal translation when accessing the
outside server B.
NAT exemption (nat 0 access-list command)NAT exemption allows both translated and remote
hosts to initiate connections. Like identity NAT, you do not limit translation for a host on specific
interfaces; you must use NAT exemption for connections through all interfaces. However,
NAT exemption does let you specify the real and destination addresses when determining the real
addresses to translate (similar to policy NAT), so you have greater control using NAT exemption.
However unlike policy NAT, NAT exemption does not consider the ports in the access list.
Policy NAT
Policy NAT lets you identify real addresses for address translation by specifying the source and
destination addresses in an extended access list. You can also optionally specify the source and
destination ports. Regular NAT can only consider the real addresses. For example, you can use translate
the real address to mapped address A when it accesses server A, but translate the real address to mapped
address B when it accesses server B.
When you specify the ports in policy NAT for applications that require application inspection for
secondary channels (FTP, VoIP, etc.), the security appliance automatically translates the secondary ports.
Note
All types of NAT support policy NAT except for NAT exemption. NAT exemption uses an access list to
identify the real addresses, but differs from policy NAT in that the ports are not considered. See the
Bypassing NAT section on page 14-49 for other differences. You can accomplish the same result as
NAT exemption using static identity NAT, which does support policy NAT.
Figure 14-8 shows a host on the 10.1.2.0/24 network accessing two different servers. When the host
accesses the server at 209.165.201.11, the real address is translated to 209.165.202.129. When the host
accesses the server at 209.165.200.225, the real address is translated to 209.165.202.130 so that the host
appears to be on the same network as the servers, which can help with routing.

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NAT Overview
Figure 14-8
Policy NAT with Different Destination Addresses
Server 1
209.165.201.11
Server 2
209.165.200.225
209.165.201.0/27
209.165.200.224/27
DMZ
Translation
10.1.2.27
209.165.202.129
Translation
10.1.2.27
209.165.202.130
Inside
Packet
Dest. Address:
209.165.201.11
10.1.2.27
Packet
Dest. Address:
209.165.200.225
130039
10.1.2.0/24

hostname(config)#
255.255.255.224
hostname(config)#
255.255.255.224
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
access-list NET1 permit ip 10.1.2.0 255.255.255.0 209.165.201.0

nat (inside) 1 access-list NET1
global (outside) 1 209.165.202.129
nat (inside) 2 access-list NET2
global (outside) 2 209.165.202.130
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Figure 14-9 shows the use of source and destination ports. The host on the 10.1.2.0/24 network accesses
a single host for both web services and Telnet services. When the host accesses the server for web
services, the real address is translated to 209.165.202.129. When the host accesses the same server for
Telnet services, the real address is translated to 209.165.202.130.
Figure 14-9
Policy NAT with Different Destination Ports
Web and Telnet server:

209.165.201.11
Internet
Translation
10.1.2.27:80
209.165.202.129
Translation
10.1.2.27:23
209.165.202.130
Inside
Web Packet
Dest. Address:
209.165.201.11:80
10.1.2.27
Telnet Packet
Dest. Address:
209.165.201.11:23
130040
10.1.2.0/24

hostname(config)# access-list WEB permit tcp 10.1.2.0 255.255.255.0 209.165.201.11
255.255.255.255 eq 80
hostname(config)# access-list TELNET permit tcp 10.1.2.0 255.255.255.0 209.165.201.11
255.255.255.255 eq 23
hostname(config)# nat (inside) 1 access-list WEB
hostname(config)# global (outside) 1 209.165.202.129
hostname(config)# nat (inside) 2 access-list TELNET
For policy static NAT (and for NAT exemption, which also uses an access list to identify traffic), both
translated and remote hosts can originate traffic. For traffic originated on the translated network, the
NAT access list specifies the real addresses and the destination addresses, but for traffic originated on
the remote network, the access list identifies the real addresses and the source addresses of remote hosts
who are allowed to connect to the host using this translation.

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Figure 14-10 shows a remote host connecting to a translated host. The translated host has a policy static
NAT translation that translates the real address only for traffic to and from the 209.165.201.0/27
network. A translation does not exist for the 209.165.200.224/27 network, so the translated host cannot
connect to that network, nor can a host on that network connect to the translated host.
Figure 14-10
Policy Static NAT with Destination Address Translation
209.165.201.11
209.165.200.225
209.165.201.0/27
209.165.200.224/27
DMZ
No Translation
Undo Translation
10.1.2.27
209.165.202.128
Inside
10.1.2.27
130037
10.1.2.0/27

hostname(config)# access-list NET1 permit ip 10.1.2.0 255.255.255.224 209.165.201.0
255.255.255.224
hostname(config)# static (inside,outside) 209.165.202.129 access-list NET1
Note
For policy static NAT, in undoing the translation, the ACL in the static command is not used. If the
destination address in the packet matches the mapped address in the static rule, the static rule is used to
untranslate the address.
Note
Policy NAT does not support SQL*Net, but it is supported by regular NAT. See the Application
Inspection Engines section on page 21-1 for information about NAT support for other protocols.
You cannot use policy static NAT to translate different real addresses to the same mapped address. For
example, Figure 14-11 shows two inside hosts, 10.1.1.1 and 10.1.1.2, that you want to be translated to
209.165.200.225. When outside host 209.165.201.1 connects to 209.165.200.225, then the connection
goes to 10.1.1.1. When outside host 209.165.201.2 connects to the same mapped address,
209.165.200.225, you want the connection to go to 10.1.1.2. However, only one source address in the
access list can be used. Since the first ACE is for 10.1.1.1, then all inbound connections sourced from
209.165.201.1 and 209.165.201.2 and destined to 209.165.200.255 will have their destination address
translated to 10.1.1.1.
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Figure 14-11
Real Addresses Cannot Share the Same Mapped Address
209.165.201.2
209.165.201.1
Outside
Undo Translation
209.165.200.225
10.1.1.1
No Undo Translation
209.165.200.225
10.1.1.2
10.1.1.1
10.1.1.2
242981
Inside
See the following commands for this example. (Although the second ACE in the example does allow
209.165.201.2 to connect to 209.165.200.225, it only allows 209.165.200.225 to be translated to
10.1.1.1.)
hostname(config)# static (in,out) 209.165.200.225 access-list policy-nat
hostname(config)# access-list policy-nat permit ip host 10.1.1.1 host 209.165.201.1
hostname(config)# access-list policy-nat permit ip host 10.1.1.2 host 209.165.201.2
NAT and Same Security Level Interfaces

NAT is not required between same security level interfaces even if you enable NAT control. You can
optionally configure NAT if desired. However, if you configure dynamic NAT when NAT control is
enabled, then NAT is required. See the NAT Control section on page 14-23 for more information. Also,
when you specify a group of IP address(es) for dynamic NAT or PAT on a same security interface, then
you must perform NAT on that group of addresses when they access any lower or same security level
interface (even when NAT control is not enabled). Traffic identified for static NAT is not affected.
See the Allowing Communication Between Interfaces on the Same Security Level section on page 6-5
to enable same security communication.
Note
The security appliance does not support VoIP inspection engines when you configure NAT on same
security interfaces. These inspection engines include Skinny, SIP, and H.323. See the Application
Inspection Engines section on page 21-1 for supported inspection engines.

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NAT Overview
Order of NAT Commands Used to Match Real Addresses

The security appliance matches real addresses to NAT commands in the following order:
1.
NAT exemption (nat 0 access-list)In order, until the first match. Identity NAT is not included in
this category; it is included in the regular static NAT or regular NAT category. We do not recommend
overlapping addresses in NAT exemption statements because unexpected results can occur.
2.
Static NAT and Static PAT (regular and policy) (static)In order, until the first match. Static
identity NAT is included in this category.
3.
Policy dynamic NAT (nat access-list)In order, until the first match. Overlapping addresses are
allowed.
4.
Regular dynamic NAT (nat)Best match. Regular identity NAT is included in this category. The
order of the NAT commands does not matter; the NAT statement that best matches the real address
is used. For example, you can create a general statement to translate all addresses (0.0.0.0) on an
interface. If you want to translate a subset of your network (10.1.1.1) to a different address, then you
can create a statement to translate only 10.1.1.1. When 10.1.1.1 makes a connection, the specific
statement for 10.1.1.1 is used because it matches the real address best. We do not recommend using
overlapping statements; they use more memory and can slow the performance of the security
appliance.
Mapped Address Guidelines

When you translate the real address to a mapped address, you can use the following mapped addresses:
Addresses on the same network as the mapped interface.

If you use addresses on the same network as the mapped interface (through which traffic exits the
security appliance), the security appliance uses proxy ARP to answer any requests for mapped
addresses, and thus intercepts traffic destined for a real address. This solution simplifies routing,
because the security appliance does not have to be the gateway for any additional networks.
However, this approach does put a limit on the number of available addresses used for translations.
For PAT, you can even use the IP address of the mapped interface.
Addresses on a unique network.

If you need more addresses than are available on the mapped interface network, you can identify
addresses on a different subnet. The security appliance uses proxy ARP to answer any requests for
mapped addresses, and thus intercepts traffic destined for a real address. If you use OSPF, and you
advertise routes on the mapped interface, then the security appliance advertises the mapped
addresses. If the mapped interface is passive (not advertising routes) or you are using static routing,
then you need to add a static route on the upstream router that sends traffic destined for the mapped
addresses to the security appliance.
DNS and NAT

You might need to configure the security appliance to modify DNS replies by replacing the address in
the reply with an address that matches the NAT configuration. You can configure DNS modification
when you configure each translation.
For example, a DNS server is accessible from the outside interface. A server, ftp.cisco.com, is on the
inside interface. You configure the security appliance to statically translate the ftp.cisco.com real address
(10.1.3.14) to a mapped address (209.165.201.10) that is visible on the outside network (see
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NAT Overview
Figure 14-12). In this case, you want to enable DNS reply modification on this static statement so that
inside users who have access to ftp.cisco.com using the real address receive the real address from the
DNS server, and not the mapped address.
When an inside host sends a DNS request for the address of ftp.cisco.com, the DNS server replies with
the mapped address (209.165.201.10). The security appliance refers to the static statement for the inside
server and translates the address inside the DNS reply to 10.1.3.14. If you do not enable DNS reply
modification, then the inside host attempts to send traffic to 209.165.201.10 instead of accessing
ftp.cisco.com directly.
Figure 14-12
DNS Reply Modification
DNS Server
1
DNS Query
ftp.cisco.com?
Outside
DNS Reply
209.165.201.10
Security
Appliance
3
209.165.201.10
10.1.3.14
Inside
4
DNS Reply
10.1.3.14
ftp.cisco.com
10.1.3.14
Static Translation
on Outside to:
209.165.201.10
130021
User
5
FTP Request
10.1.3.14
See the following command for this example:

hostname(config)# static (inside,outside) 209.165.201.10 10.1.3.14 netmask 255.255.255.255
dns

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Figure 14-13 shows a web server and DNS server on the outside. The security appliance has a static
translation for the outside server. In this case, when an inside user requests the address for ftp.cisco.com
from the DNS server, the DNS server responds with the real address, 209.165.20.10. Because you want
inside users to use the mapped address for ftp.cisco.com (10.1.2.56) you need to configure DNS reply
modification for the static translation.
Figure 14-13
DNS Reply Modification Using Outside NAT
ftp.cisco.com
209.165.201.10
Static Translation on Inside to:
10.1.2.56
DNS Server
7
FTP Request
209.165.201.10
1
DNS Query
ftp.cisco.com?
DNS Reply
209.165.201.10
Outside
6
Dest Addr. Translation
10.1.2.56
209.165.201.10
Security
Appliance

209.165.201.10
10.1.2.56
Inside
FTP Request
10.1.2.56
User
10.1.2.27
130022
DNS Reply
10.1.2.56
See the following command for this example:

hostname(config)# static (outside,inside) 10.1.2.56 209.165.201.10 netmask 255.255.255.255
dns

NAT control requires that packets traversing from an inside interface to an outside interface match a NAT
rule. See the NAT Control section on page 14-23 for more information.
To enable NAT control, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# nat-control
To disable NAT control, enter the no form of the command.
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Using Dynamic NAT and PAT

This section describes how to configure dynamic NAT and PAT, and includes the following topics:
Dynamic NAT and PAT Implementation, page 14-37
Configuring Dynamic NAT or PAT, page 14-43
Dynamic NAT and PAT Implementation

For dynamic NAT and PAT, you first configure a nat command identifying the real addresses on a given
interface that you want to translate. Then you configure a separate global command to specify the
mapped addresses when exiting another interface (in the case of PAT, this is one address). Each nat
command matches a global command by comparing the NAT ID, a number that you assign to each
command (see Figure 14-14).
Figure 14-14
nat and global ID Matching
Web Server:
www.cisco.com
Outside
Global 1: 209.165.201.3209.165.201.10
Translation
10.1.2.27
209.165.201.3
NAT 1: 10.1.2.0/24
130027
Inside
10.1.2.27


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You can enter a nat command for each interface using the same NAT ID; they all use the same global
command when traffic exits a given interface. For example, you can configure nat commands for Inside
and DMZ interfaces, both on NAT ID 1. Then you configure a global command on the Outside interface
that is also on ID 1. Traffic from the Inside interface and the DMZ interface share a mapped pool or a
PAT address when exiting the Outside interface (see Figure 14-15).
Figure 14-15
nat Commands on Multiple Interfaces
Web Server:
www.cisco.com
Translation
10.1.1.15
209.165.201.4
Outside
Global 1: 209.165.201.3209.165.201.10
NAT 1: 10.1.1.0/24
DMZ
Translation
10.1.2.27
209.165.201.3
10.1.1.15
NAT 1: 10.1.2.0/24
130028
Inside
10.1.2.27

hostname(config)# nat (dmz) 1 10.1.1.0 255.255.255.0
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You can also enter a global command for each interface using the same NAT ID. If you enter a global
command for the Outside and DMZ interfaces on ID 1, then the Inside nat command identifies traffic to
be translated when going to both the Outside and the DMZ interfaces. Similarly, if you also enter a nat
command for the DMZ interface on ID 1, then the global command on the Outside interface is also used
for DMZ traffic. (See Figure 14-16).
Figure 14-16
global and nat Commands on Multiple Interfaces
Web Server:
www.cisco.com
Translation
10.1.1.15
209.165.201.4
Outside
Global 1: 209.165.201.3209.165.201.10
Security
Appliance
NAT 1: 10.1.1.0/24
Global 1: 10.1.1.23
Translation
10.1.2.27
209.165.201.3
DMZ
10.1.1.15
NAT 1: 10.1.2.0/24
Inside
130024
Translation
10.1.2.27
10.1.1.23:2024
10.1.2.27

hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
nat (inside) 1 10.1.2.0 255.255.255.0

nat (dmz) 1 10.1.1.0 255.255.255.0
global (outside) 1 209.165.201.3-209.165.201.10
global (dmz) 1 10.1.1.23
If you use different NAT IDs, you can identify different sets of real addresses to have different mapped
addresses. For example, on the Inside interface, you can have two nat commands on two different
NAT IDs. On the Outside interface, you configure two global commands for these two IDs. Then, when
traffic from Inside network A exits the Outside interface, the IP addresses are translated to pool A
addresses; while traffic from Inside network B are translated to pool B addresses (see Figure 14-17). If
you use policy NAT, you can specify the same real addresses for multiple nat commands, as long as the
the destination addresses and ports are unique in each access list.

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Figure 14-17
Different NAT IDs
Web Server:
www.cisco.com
Outside
Global 1: 209.165.201.3209.165.201.10
Global 2: 209.165.201.11
Security
Appliance
192.168.1.14
Translation
209.165.201.11:4567
NAT 1: 10.1.2.0/24
Translation
10.1.2.27
209.165.201.3
NAT 2: 192.168.1.0/24
10.1.2.27
130025
Inside
192.168.1.14

hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
nat (inside) 1 10.1.2.0 255.255.255.0

nat (inside) 2 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0
global (outside) 1 209.165.201.3-209.165.201.10
global (outside) 2 209.165.201.11
You can enter multiple global commands for one interface using the same NAT ID; the security
appliance uses the dynamic NAT global commands first, in the order they are in the configuration, and
then uses the PAT global commands in order. You might want to enter both a dynamic NAT global
command and a PAT global command if you need to use dynamic NAT for a particular application, but
want to have a backup PAT statement in case all the dynamic NAT addresses are depleted. Similarly, you
might enter two PAT statements if you need more than the approximately 64,000 PAT sessions that a
single PAT mapped statement supports (see Figure 14-18).
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Figure 14-18
NAT and PAT Together
Web Server:
www.cisco.com
Translation
10.1.2.27
209.165.201.3
Outside
Global 1: 209.165.201.3209.165.201.4
Global 1: 209.165.201.5
10.1.2.29
Translation
209.165.201.5:6096
Translation
10.1.2.28
209.165.201.4
NAT 1: 10.1.2.0/24
Inside
10.1.2.29
130026
10.1.2.27
10.1.2.28

For outside NAT, you need to identify the nat command for outside NAT (the outside keyword). If you
also want to translate the same traffic when it accesses an inside interface (for example, traffic on a DMZ
is translated when accessing the Inside and the Outside interfaces), then you must configure a separate
nat command without the outside option. In this case, you can identify the same addresses in both
statements and use the same NAT ID (see Figure 14-19). Note that for outside NAT (DMZ interface to
Inside interface), the inside host uses a static command to allow outside access, so both the source and
destination addresses are translated.

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Figure 14-19
Outside NAT and Inside NAT Combined
Outside
Translation
10.1.1.15
209.165.201.4
Global 1: 209.165.201.3209.165.201.10
Outside NAT 1: 10.1.1.0/24
NAT 1: 10.1.1.0/24
DMZ
10.1.1.15
Global 1: 10.1.2.3010.1.2.40 Static to DMZ: 10.1.2.27
10.1.1.5
Translation
10.1.1.15
10.1.2.30
Inside
10.1.2.27
130038
Undo Translation
10.1.1.5
10.1.2.27

hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
nat (dmz) 1 10.1.1.0 255.255.255.0 outside

nat (dmz) 1 10.1.1.0 255.255.255.0
static (inside,dmz) 10.1.2.27 10.1.1.5 netmask 255.255.255.255
global (outside) 1 209.165.201.3-209.165.201.4
global (inside) 1 10.1.2.30-1-10.1.2.40
When you specify a group of IP address(es) in a nat command, then you must perform NAT on that group
of addresses when they access any lower or same security level interface; you must apply a global
command with the same NAT ID on each interface, or use a static command. NAT is not required for
that group when it accesses a higher security interface, because to perform NAT from outside to inside,
you must create a separate nat command using the outside keyword. If you do apply outside NAT, then
the NAT requirements preceding come into effect for that group of addresses when they access all higher
security interfaces. Traffic identified by a static command is not affected.
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Configuring Dynamic NAT or PAT

This section describes how to configure dynamic NAT or dynamic PAT. The configuration for dynamic
NAT and PAT are almost identical; for NAT you specify a range of mapped addresses, and for PAT you
specify a single address.
Figure 14-20 shows a typical dynamic NAT scenario. Only translated hosts can create a NAT session,
and responding traffic is allowed back. The mapped address is dynamically assigned from a pool defined
by the global command.
Figure 14-20
Dynamic NAT
Security
Appliance
209.165.201.1
10.1.1.2
209.165.201.2
130032
10.1.1.1
Inside Outside
Figure 14-21 shows a typical dynamic PAT scenario. Only translated hosts can create a NAT session, and
responding traffic is allowed back. The mapped address defined by the global command is the same for
each translation, but the port is dynamically assigned.
Figure 14-21
Dynamic PAT
209.165.201.1:2020
10.1.1.1:1026
209.165.201.1:2021
10.1.1.2:1025
209.165.201.1:2022
Inside Outside
130034
Security
Appliance
10.1.1.1:1025
For more information about dynamic NAT, see the Dynamic NAT section on page 14-25. For more
information about PAT, see the PAT section on page 14-26.
Note
If you change the NAT configuration, and you do not want to wait for existing translations to time out
before the new NAT information is used, you can clear the translation table using the clear xlate
command. However, clearing the translation table disconnects all current connections that use
translations.

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To configure dynamic NAT or PAT, perform the following steps:

Step 1
To identify the real addresses that you want to translate, enter one of the following commands:
Policy NAT:
hostname(config)# nat (real_interface) nat_id access-list acl_name [dns] [outside |
[norandomseq] [[tcp] tcp_max_conns [emb_limit]] [udp udp_max_conns]]
You can identify overlapping addresses in other nat commands. For example, you can identify
10.1.1.0 in one command, but 10.1.1.1 in another. The traffic is matched to a policy NAT command
in order, until the first match, or for regular NAT, using the best match.
See the following description about options for this command:
access-list acl_nameIdentify the real addresses and destination addresses using an extended
access list. Create the access list using the access-list command (see the Adding an Extended
Access List section on page 13-5). This access list should include only permit ACEs. You can
optionally specify the real and destination ports in the access list using the eq operator. Policy
NAT considers the inactive and time-range keywords, but it does not support ACL with all
inactive and time-range ACEs.
nat_idAn integer between 1 and 65535. The NAT ID should match a global command NAT
ID. See the Dynamic NAT and PAT Implementation section on page 14-37 for more
information about how NAT IDs are used. 0 is reserved for NAT exemption. (See the
Configuring NAT Exemption section on page 14-52 for more information about NAT
exemption.)
dnsIf your nat command includes the address of a host that has an entry in a DNS server, and
the DNS server is on a different interface from a client, then the client and the DNS server need
different addresses for the host; one needs the mapped address and one needs the real address.
This option rewrites the address in the DNS reply to the client. The translated host needs to be
on the same interface as either the client or the DNS server. Typically, hosts that need to allow
access from other interfaces use a static translation, so this option is more likely to be used with
the static command. (See the DNS and NAT section on page 14-34 for more information.)
outsideIf this interface is on a lower security level than the interface you identify by the
matching global statement, then you must enter outside to identify the NAT instance as
outside NAT.
norandomseq, tcp tcp_max_conns, udp udp_max_conns, and emb_limitThese keywords set
connection limits. However, we recommend using a more versatile method for setting
connection limits; see the Configuring Connection Limits and Timeouts section on page 19-9.
Regular NAT:
hostname(config)# nat (real_interface) nat_id real_ip [mask [dns] [outside |
[norandomseq] [[tcp] tcp_max_conns [emb_limit]] [udp udp_max_conns]]]
The nat_id is an integer between 1 and 2147483647. The NAT ID must match a global command
NAT ID. See the Dynamic NAT and PAT Implementation section on page 14-37 for more
information about how NAT IDs are used. 0 is reserved for identity NAT. See the Configuring
Identity NAT section on page 14-49 for more information about identity NAT.
See the preceding policy NAT command for information about other options.
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Step 2
To identify the mapped address(es) to which you want to translate the real addresses when they exit a
particular interface, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# global (mapped_interface) nat_id {mapped_ip[-mapped_ip] | interface}
This NAT ID should match a nat command NAT ID. The matching nat command identifies the addresses
that you want to translate when they exit this interface.
You can specify a single address (for PAT) or a range of addresses (for NAT). The range can go across
subnet boundaries if desired. For example, you can specify the following supernet:
192.168.1.1-192.168.2.254
For example, to translate the 10.1.1.0/24 network on the inside interface, enter the following command:
To identify a pool of addresses for dynamic NAT as well as a PAT address for when the NAT pool is
exhausted, enter the following commands:
To translate the lower security dmz network addresses so they appear to be on the same network as the
inside network (10.1.1.0), for example, to simplify routing, enter the following commands:
hostname(config)# nat (dmz) 1 10.1.2.0 255.255.255.0 outside dns
hostname(config)# global (inside) 1 10.1.1.45
To identify a single real address with two different destination addresses using policy NAT, enter the
following commands (see Figure 14-8 on page 14-30 for a related figure):
hostname(config)#
255.255.255.224
hostname(config)#
255.255.255.224
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#

nat (inside) 1 access-list NET1 tcp 0 2000 udp 10000
global (outside) 1 209.165.202.129
nat (inside) 2 access-list NET2 tcp 1000 500 udp 2000
global (outside) 2 209.165.202.130
To identify a single real address/destination address pair that use different ports using policy NAT, enter
the following commands (see Figure 14-9 on page 14-31 for a related figure):
hostname(config)# access-list WEB permit tcp 10.1.2.0 255.255.255.0 209.165.201.11
255.255.255.255 eq 80
hostname(config)# access-list TELNET permit tcp 10.1.2.0 255.255.255.0 209.165.201.11
255.255.255.255 eq 23
hostname(config)# nat (inside) 1 access-list WEB
hostname(config)# nat (inside) 2 access-list TELNET

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Using Static NAT
Using Static NAT

This section describes how to configure a static translation.
Figure 14-22 shows a typical static NAT scenario. The translation is always active so both translated and
remote hosts can originate connections, and the mapped address is statically assigned by the static
command.
Figure 14-22
Static NAT
10.1.1.1
209.165.201.1
10.1.1.2
209.165.201.2
Inside Outside
130035
Security
Appliance
You cannot use the same real or mapped address in multiple static commands between the same two
interfaces. Do not use a mapped address in the static command that is also defined in a global command
for the same mapped interface.
For more information about static NAT, see the Static NAT section on page 14-27.
Note
If you remove a static command, existing connections that use the translation are not affected. To remove
these connections, enter the clear local-host command.
You cannot clear static translations from the translation table with the clear xlate command; you must
remove the static command instead. Only dynamic translations created by the nat and global commands
can be removed with the clear xlate command.
To configure static NAT, enter one of the following commands.
For policy static NAT, enter the following command:

hostname(config)# static (real_interface,mapped_interface) {mapped_ip | interface}
access-list acl_name [dns] [norandomseq] [[tcp] tcp_max_conns [emb_limit]] [udp
udp_max_conns]
Create the access list using the access-list command (see the Adding an Extended Access List
section on page 13-5). This access list should include only permit ACEs. The source subnet mask
used in the access list is also used for the mapped addresses. You can also specify the real and
destination ports in the access list using the eq operator. Policy NAT does not consider the inactive
or time-range keywords; all ACEs are considered to be active for policy NAT configuration. See the
Policy NAT section on page 14-29 for more information.
If you specify a network for translation (for example, 10.1.1.0 255.255.255.0), then the security
appliance translates the .0 and .255 addresses. If you want to prevent access to these addresses, be
sure to configure an access list to deny access.
See the Configuring Dynamic NAT or PAT section on page 14-43 for information about the other
options.
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Using Static PAT
To configure regular static NAT, enter the following command:

hostname(config)# static (real_interface,mapped_interface) {mapped_ip | interface}
real_ip [netmask mask] [dns] [norandomseq] [[tcp] tcp_max_conns [emb_limit]]
[udp udp_max_conns]
See the Configuring Dynamic NAT or PAT section on page 14-43 for information about the
options.
For example, the following policy static NAT example shows a single real address that is translated to
two mapped addresses depending on the destination address (see Figure 14-8 on page 14-30 for a related
figure):
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
255.255.255.224
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
access-list NET1 permit ip host 10.1.2.27 209.165.201.0 255.255.255.224

access-list NET2 permit ip host 10.1.2.27 209.165.200.224
static (inside,outside) 209.165.202.129 access-list NET1
The following command maps an inside IP address (10.1.1.3) to an outside IP address (209.165.201.12):
The following command maps the outside address (209.165.201.15) to an inside address (10.1.1.6):
hostname(config)# static (outside,inside) 10.1.1.6 209.165.201.15 netmask 255.255.255.255
The following command statically maps an entire subnet:

hostname(config)# static (inside,dmz) 10.1.1.0 10.1.2.0 netmask 255.255.255.0
Using Static PAT

This section describes how to configure a static port translation. Static PAT lets you translate the real IP
address to a mapped IP address, as well as the real port to a mapped port. You can choose to translate
the real port to the same port, which lets you translate only specific types of traffic, or you can take it
further by translating to a different port.
Figure 14-23 shows a typical static PAT scenario. The translation is always active so both translated and
remote hosts can originate connections, and the mapped address and port is statically assigned by the
static command.
Figure 14-23
Static PAT
Security
Appliance
209.165.201.1:23
10.1.1.2:8080
209.165.201.2:80
Inside Outside
130044
10.1.1.1:23
For applications that require application inspection for secondary channels (FTP, VoIP, etc.), the security
appliance automatically translates the secondary ports.

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Using Static PAT
You cannot use the same real or mapped address in multiple static statements between the same two
interfaces. Do not use a mapped address in the static command that is also defined in a global command
for the same mapped interface.
For more information about static PAT, see the Static PAT section on page 14-27.
Note
To configure static PAT, enter one of the following commands.
For policy static PAT, enter the following command:

hostname(config)# static (real_interface,mapped_interface) {tcp | udp} {mapped_ip |
interface} mapped_port access-list acl_name [dns] [norandomseq] [[tcp] tcp_max_conns
[emb_limit]] [udp udp_max_conns]
section on page 13-5). The protocol in the access list must match the protocol you set in this
command. For example, if you specify tcp in the static command, then you must specify tcp in the
access list. Specify the port using the eq operator. This access list should include only permit ACEs.
The source subnet mask used in the access list is also used for the mapped addresses. Policy NAT
does not consider the inactive or time-range keywords; all ACEs are considered to be active for
policy NAT configuration.
If you specify a network for translation (for example, 10.1.1.0 255.255.255.0), then the security
appliance translates the .0 and .255 addresses. If you want to prevent access to these addresses, be
sure to configure an access list to deny access.
options.
To configure regular static PAT, enter the following command:

hostname(config)# static (real_interface,mapped_interface) {tcp | udp} {mapped_ip |
interface} mapped_port real_ip real_port [netmask mask] [dns] [norandomseq] [[tcp]
tcp_max_conns [emb_limit]] [udp udp_max_conns]
See the Configuring Dynamic NAT or PAT section on page 14-43 for information about the
options.
For example, for Telnet traffic initiated from hosts on the 10.1.3.0 network to the security appliance
outside interface (10.1.2.14), you can redirect the traffic to the inside host at 10.1.1.15 by entering the
following commands:
hostname(config)# access-list TELNET permit tcp host 10.1.1.15 eq telnet 10.1.3.0
255.255.255.0 eq telnet
hostname(config)# static (inside,outside) tcp 10.1.2.14 telnet access-list TELNET
For HTTP traffic initiated from hosts on the 10.1.3.0 network to the security appliance outside interface
(10.1.2.14), you can redirect the traffic to the inside host at 10.1.1.15 by entering:
hostname(config)# access-list HTTP permit tcp host 10.1.1.15 eq http 10.1.3.0
255.255.255.0 eq http
hostname(config)# static (inside,outside) tcp 10.1.2.14 http access-list HTTP
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Bypassing NAT
To redirect Telnet traffic from the security appliance outside interface (10.1.2.14) to the inside host at
10.1.1.15, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# static (inside,outside) tcp 10.1.2.14 telnet 10.1.1.15 telnet netmask
255.255.255.255
If you want to allow the preceding real Telnet server to initiate connections, though, then you need to
provide additional translation. For example, to translate all other types of traffic, enter the following
commands. The original static command provides translation for Telnet to the server, while the nat and
global commands provide PAT for outbound connections from the server.
255.255.255.255
If you also have a separate translation for all inside traffic, and the inside hosts use a different mapped
address from the Telnet server, you can still configure traffic initiated from the Telnet server to use the
same mapped address as the static statement that allows Telnet traffic to the server. You need to create
a more exclusive nat statement just for the Telnet server. Because nat statements are read for the best
match, more exclusive nat statements are matched before general statements. The following example
shows the Telnet static statement, the more exclusive nat statement for initiated traffic from the Telnet
server, and the statement for other inside hosts, which uses a different mapped address.
hostname(config)#
255.255.255.255
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
static (inside,outside) tcp 10.1.2.14 telnet 10.1.1.15 telnet netmask

nat (inside) 1 10.1.1.15 255.255.255.255
global (outside) 1 10.1.2.14
nat (inside) 2 10.1.1.0 255.255.255.0
global (outside) 2 10.1.2.78
To translate a well-known port (80) to another port (8080), enter the following command:
hostname(config)# static (inside,outside) tcp 10.1.2.45 80 10.1.1.16 8080 netmask
255.255.255.255
Bypassing NAT
This section describes how to bypass NAT. You might want to bypass NAT when you enable NAT control.
You can bypass NAT using identity NAT, static identity NAT, or NAT exemption. See the Bypassing
NAT when NAT Control is Enabled section on page 14-28 for more information about these methods.
Configuring Identity NAT, page 14-49
Configuring Static Identity NAT, page 14-50
Configuring NAT Exemption, page 14-52
Configuring Identity NAT

Identity NAT translates the real IP address to the same IP address. Only translated hosts can create
NAT translations, and responding traffic is allowed back.

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Bypassing NAT
Figure 14-24 shows a typical identity NAT scenario.

Figure 14-24
Identity NAT
Security
Appliance
209.165.201.1
209.165.201.2
209.165.201.2
130033
209.165.201.1
Inside Outside
Note
If you change the NAT configuration, and you do not want to wait for existing translations to time out
before the new NAT information is used, you can clear the translation table using the clear xlate
command. However, clearing the translation table disconnects all current connections that use
translations.
To configure identity NAT, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# nat (real_interface) 0 real_ip [mask [dns] [outside | [norandomseq]
[[tcp] tcp_max_conns [emb_limit]] [udp udp_max_conns]]]
See the Configuring Dynamic NAT or PAT section on page 14-43 for information about the options.
For example, to use identity NAT for the inside 10.1.1.0/24 network, enter the following command:
Configuring Static Identity NAT

Static identity NAT translates the real IP address to the same IP address. The translation is always active,
and both translated and remote hosts can originate connections. Static identity NAT lets you use
regular NAT or policy NAT. Policy NAT lets you identify the real and destination addresses when
determining the real addresses to translate (see the Policy NAT section on page 14-29 for more
information about policy NAT). For example, you can use policy static identity NAT for an inside address
when it accesses the outside interface and the destination is server A, but use a normal translation when
accessing the outside server B.
Figure 14-25 shows a typical static identity NAT scenario.
Figure 14-25
Static Identity NAT
209.165.201.1
209.165.201.1
209.165.201.2
209.165.201.2
Inside Outside
130036
Security
Appliance
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Bypassing NAT
Note
To configure static identity NAT, enter one of the following commands:
To configure policy static identity NAT, enter the following command:

hostname(config)# static (real_interface,mapped_interface) real_ip access-list acl_id
[dns] [norandomseq] [[tcp] tcp_max_conns [emb_limit]] [udp udp_max_conns]
section on page 13-5). This access list should include only permit ACEs. Make sure the source
address in the access list matches the real_ip in this command. Policy NAT does not consider the
inactive or time-range keywords; all ACEs are considered to be active for policy NAT
configuration. See the Policy NAT section on page 14-29 for more information.
options.
To configure regular static identity NAT, enter the following command:

hostname(config)# static (real_interface,mapped_interface) real_ip real_ip [netmask
mask] [dns] [norandomseq] [[tcp] tcp_max_conns [emb_limit]] [udp udp_max_conns]
Specify the same IP address for both real_ip arguments.

options.
For example, the following command uses static identity NAT for an inside IP address (10.1.1.3) when
accessed by the outside:
The following command uses static identity NAT for an outside address (209.165.201.15) when accessed
by the inside:
hostname(config)# static (outside,inside) 209.165.201.15 209.165.201.15 netmask
255.255.255.255
The following command statically maps an entire subnet:

The following static identity policy NAT example shows a single real address that uses identity NAT
when accessing one destination address, and a translation when accessing another:
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
255.255.255.224
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
access-list NET1 permit ip host 10.1.2.27 209.165.201.0 255.255.255.224

access-list NET2 permit ip host 10.1.2.27 209.165.200.224

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Bypassing NAT
Configuring NAT Exemption

NAT exemption exempts addresses from translation and allows both real and remote hosts to originate
connections. NAT exemption lets you specify the real and destination addresses when determining the
real traffic to exempt (similar to policy NAT), so you have greater control using NAT exemption than
identity NAT. However unlike policy NAT, NAT exemption does not consider the ports in the access list.
Use static identity NAT to consider ports in the access list.
Figure 14-26 shows a typical NAT exemption scenario.
Figure 14-26
NAT Exemption
209.165.201.1
209.165.201.1
209.165.201.2
209.165.201.2
Inside Outside
Note
130036
Security
Appliance
If you remove a NAT exemption configuration, existing connections that use NAT exemption are not
affected. To remove these connections, enter the clear local-host command.
To configure NAT exemption, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# nat (real_interface) 0 access-list acl_name [outside]
Create the access list using the access-list command (see the Adding an Extended Access List section
on page 13-5). This access list can include both permit ACEs and deny ACEs. Do not specify the real
and destination ports in the access list; NAT exemption does not consider the ports. NAT exemption
considers the inactive and time-range keywords, but it does not support ACL with all inactive and
time-range ACLs.
By default, this command exempts traffic from inside to outside. If you want traffic from outside to
inside to bypass NAT, then add an additional nat command and enter outside to identify the NAT
instance as outside NAT. You might want to use outside NAT exemption if you configure dynamic NAT
for the outside interface and want to exempt other traffic.
For example, to exempt an inside network when accessing any destination address, enter the following
command:
hostname(config)# access-list EXEMPT permit ip 10.1.2.0 255.255.255.0 any
hostname(config)# nat (inside) 0 access-list EXEMPT
To use dynamic outside NAT for a DMZ network, and exempt another DMZ network, enter the following
command:
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
nat (dmz) 1 10.1.2.0 255.255.255.0 outside dns

global (inside) 1 10.1.1.45
access-list EXEMPT permit ip 10.1.3.0 255.255.255.0 any
nat (dmz) 0 access-list EXEMPT
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NAT Examples
To exempt an inside address when accessing two different destination addresses, enter the following
commands:
255.255.255.224
255.255.255.224
hostname(config)# nat (inside) 0 access-list NET1
NAT Examples
This section describes typical scenarios that use NAT solutions, and includes the following topics:
Overlapping Networks, page 14-53
Redirecting Ports, page 14-55
Overlapping Networks
In Figure 14-27, the security appliance connects two private networks with overlapping address ranges.
Figure 14-27
Using Outside NAT with Overlapping Networks
192.168.100.2
192.168.100.2
outside
inside
192.168.100.0/24
192.168.100.3
10.1.1.1
dmz
192.168.100.0/24
192.168.100.3
130029
192.168.100.1
10.1.1.2
Two networks use an overlapping address space (192.168.100.0/24), but hosts on each network must
communicate (as allowed by access lists). Without NAT, when a host on the inside network tries to access
a host on the overlapping DMZ network, the packet never makes it past the security appliance, which
sees the packet as having a destination address on the inside network. Moreover, if the destination
address is being used by another host on the inside network, that host receives the packet.
To solve this problem, use NAT to provide non-overlapping addresses. If you want to allow access in
both directions, use static NAT for both networks. If you only want to allow the inside interface to access
hosts on the DMZ, then you can use dynamic NAT for the inside addresses, and static NAT for the DMZ
addresses you want to access. This example shows static NAT.
To configure static NAT for these two interfaces, perform the following steps. The 10.1.1.0/24 network
on the DMZ is not translated.

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Step 1
Translate 192.168.100.0/24 on the inside to 10.1.2.0 /24 when it accesses the DMZ by entering the
following command:
Step 2
Translate the 192.168.100.0/24 network on the DMZ to 10.1.3.0/24 when it accesses the inside by
entering the following command:
hostname(config)# static (dmz,inside) 10.1.3.0 192.168.100.0 netmask 255.255.255.0
Step 3
Configure the following static routes so that traffic to the dmz network can be routed correctly by the
security appliance:
hostname(config)# route dmz 192.168.100.128 255.255.255.128 10.1.1.2 1
hostname(config)# route dmz 192.168.100.0 255.255.255.128 10.1.1.2 1
The security appliance already has a connected route for the inside network. These static routes allow
the security appliance to send traffic for the 192.168.100.0/24 network out the DMZ interface to the
gateway router at 10.1.1.2. (You need to split the network into two because you cannot create a static
route with the exact same network as a connected route.) Alternatively, you could use a more broad route
for the DMZ traffic, such as a default route.
If host 192.168.100.2 on the DMZ network wants to initiate a connection to host 192.168.100.2 on the
inside network, the following events occur:
1.
The DMZ host 192.168.100.2 sends the packet to IP address 10.1.2.2.
2.
When the security appliance receives this packet, the security appliance translates the source address
from 192.168.100.2 to 10.1.3.2.
3.
Then the security appliance translates the destination address from 10.1.2.2 to 192.168.100.2, and
the packet is forwarded.
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NAT Examples
Redirecting Ports
Figure 14-28 illustrates a typical network scenario in which the port redirection feature might be useful.
Figure 14-28
Port Redirection Using Static PAT
Telnet Server
10.1.1.6
209.165.201.5
FTP Server
10.1.1.3
10.1.1.1
Web Server
10.1.1.5
Outside
209.165.201.15
130030
Web Server
10.1.1.7
Inside
209.165.201.25
In the configuration described in this section, port redirection occurs for hosts on external networks as
follows:
Telnet requests to IP address 209.165.201.5 are redirected to 10.1.1.6.
FTP requests to IP address 209.165.201.5 are redirected to 10.1.1.3.
HTTP request to security appliance outside IP address 209.165.201.25 are redirected to 10.1.1.5.
HTTP port 8080 requests to PAT address 209.165.201.15 are redirected to 10.1.1.7 port 80.
To implement this scenario, perform the following steps:

Step 1
Configure PAT for the inside network by entering the following commands:
hostname(config)# nat (inside) 1 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 0 0
Step 2
Redirect Telnet requests for 209.165.201.5 to 10.1.1.6 by entering the following command:
255.255.255.255
Step 3
Redirect FTP requests for IP address 209.165.201.5 to 10.1.1.3 by entering the following command:
hostname(config)# static (inside,outside) tcp 209.165.201.5 ftp 10.1.1.3 ftp netmask
255.255.255.255
Step 4
Redirect HTTP requests for the security appliance outside interface address to 10.1.1.5 by entering the
following command:
hostname(config)# static (inside,outside) tcp interface www 10.1.1.5 www netmask
255.255.255.255

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NAT Examples
Step 5
Redirect HTTP requests on port 8080 for PAT address 209.165.201.15 to 10.1.1.7 port 80 by entering
the following command:
hostname(config)# static (inside,outside) tcp 209.165.201.15 8080 10.1.1.7 www netmask
255.255.255.255
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15

This chapter describes how to control network access through the security appliance using access lists.
To create an extended access lists or an EtherType access list, see Chapter 13, Identifying Traffic with
Access Lists.
Note
You use ACLs to control network access in both routed and transparent firewall modes. In transparent
mode, you can use both extended ACLs (for Layer 3 traffic) and EtherType ACLs (for Layer 2 traffic).
Inbound and Outbound Access List Overview, page 15-1
Applying an Access List to an Interface, page 15-2
Inbound and Outbound Access List Overview

By default, all traffic from a higher-security interface to a lower-security interface is allowed. Access
lists let you either allow traffic from lower-security interfaces, or restrict traffic from higher-security
interfaces.
The security appliance supports two types of access lists:
Note
InboundInbound access lists apply to traffic as it enters an interface.
OutboundOutbound access lists apply to traffic as it exits an interface.
Inbound and outbound refer to the application of an access list on an interface, either to traffic
entering the security appliance on an interface or traffic exiting the security appliance on an interface.
These terms do not refer to the movement of traffic from a lower security interface to a higher security
interface, commonly known as inbound, or from a higher to lower interface, commonly known as
outbound.
An outbound access list is useful, for example, if you want to allow only certain hosts on the inside
networks to access a web server on the outside network. Rather than creating multiple inbound access
lists to restrict access, you can create a single outbound access list that allows only the specified hosts

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(see Figure 15-1). See the IP Addresses Used for Access Lists When You Use NAT section on
page 13-3 for information about NAT and IP addresses. The outbound access list prevents any other hosts
from reaching the outside network.
Figure 15-1
Outbound Access List
Web Server:
209.165.200.225
Security
appliance
Outside
ACL Outbound
Permit HTTP from 209.165.201.4, 209.165.201.6,
and 209.165.201.8 to 209.165.200.225
Deny all others
ACL Inbound
Permit from any to any
10.1.1.14
HR
ACL Inbound
209.165.201.4
Static NAT
10.1.2.67
209.165.201.6
Static NAT
Eng
ACL Inbound
10.1.3.34
209.165.201.8
Static NAT
132210
Inside

hostname(config)# access-list OUTSIDE extended permit tcp host 209.165.201.4
host 209.165.200.225 eq www
host 209.165.200.225 eq www
host 209.165.200.225 eq www
hostname(config)# access-group OUTSIDE out interface outside

To apply an extended access list to the inbound or outbound direction of an interface, enter the following
command:
hostname(config)# access-group access_list_name {in | out} interface interface_name
[per-user-override]
You can apply one access list of each type (extended and EtherType) to both directions of the interface.
See the Inbound and Outbound Access List Overview section on page 15-1 for more information about
access list directions.
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The per-user-override keyword allows dynamic access lists that are downloaded for user authorization
to override the access list assigned to the interface. For example, if the interface access list denies all
traffic from 10.0.0.0, but the dynamic access list permits all traffic from 10.0.0.0, then the dynamic
access list overrides the interface access list for that user. See the Configuring RADIUS Authorization
section for more information about per-user access lists. The per-user-override keyword is only
available for inbound access lists.
For connectionless protocols, you need to apply the access list to the source and destination interfaces
if you want traffic to pass in both directions. For example, you can allow BGP in an EtherType access
list in transparent mode, and you need to apply the access list to both interfaces.
The following example illustrates the commands required to enable access to an inside web server with
the IP address 209.165.201.12 (this IP address is the address visible on the outside interface after NAT):
hostname(config)# access-list ACL_OUT extended permit tcp any host 209.165.201.12 eq www
hostname(config)# access-group ACL_OUT in interface outside
You also need to configure NAT for the web server.

The following access lists allow any hosts to communicate between the inside and hr networks, but only
specific hosts (209.168.200.3 and 209.168.200.4) to access the outside network, as shown in the last line
below:
hostname(config)# access-list ANY extended permit ip any any
hostname(config)# access-group ANY in interface inside
hostname(config)# access-group ANY in interface hr
hostname(config)# access-group OUT out interface outside
For example, the following sample access list allows common EtherTypes originating on the inside
interface:
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
access-list ETHER ethertype permit ipx

The following access list allows some EtherTypes through the security appliance, but denies all others:
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
access-list ETHER ethertype permit 0x1234

The following access list denies traffic with EtherType 0x1256 but allows all others on both interfaces:
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
access-list nonIP ethertype deny 1256

access-list nonIP ethertype permit any

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16

This chapter describes how to enable AAA (pronounced triple A) for network access.
AAA Performance, page 16-1
Configuring Authentication for Network Access, page 16-1
Configuring Authorization for Network Access, page 16-6
Configuring Accounting for Network Access, page 16-12
Using MAC Addresses to Exempt Traffic from Authentication and Authorization, page 16-13
AAA Performance
The security appliance uses cut-through proxy to significantly improve performance compared to a
traditional proxy server. The performance of a traditional proxy server suffers because it analyzes every
packet at the application layer of the OSI model. The security appliance cut-through proxy challenges a
user initially at the application layer and then authenticates against standard RADIUS, TACACS+, or the
local database. After the security appliance authenticates the user, it shifts the session flow, and all traffic
flows directly and quickly between the source and destination while maintaining session state
information.
Configuring Authentication for Network Access

Authentication Overview, page 16-2
Enabling Network Access Authentication, page 16-3
Enabling Secure Authentication of Web Clients, page 16-4

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Authentication Overview
The security appliance lets you configure network access authentication using AAA servers.
A user at a given IP address only needs to authenticate one time for all rules and types, until the
authentication session expires. (See the timeout uauth command in the Cisco Security Appliance
Command Reference for timeout values.) For example, if you configure the security appliance to
authenticate Telnet and FTP and a user first successfully authenticates for Telnet, then as long as the
authentication session exists, the user does not also have to authenticate for FTP.
Although you can configure the security appliance to require authentication for network access to any
protocol or service, users can authenticate directly with HTTP(S), Telnet, or FTP only. A user must first
authenticate with one of these services before the security appliance allows other traffic requiring
authentication.
If you do not want to allow HTTP(S), Telnet, or FTP through the security appliance but want to
authenticate other types of traffic, you can configure virtual Telnet. With virtual Telnet, the user Telnets
to a given IP address configured on the security appliance and the security appliance provides a Telnet
prompt. For more information about the virtual telnet command, see the Cisco Security Appliance
Command Reference.
For Telnet, HTTP(S), and FTP, the security appliance generates an authentication prompt. If the
destination server also has its own authentication, the user enters another username and password.
For HTTP authentication, the security appliance checks local ports when static NAT is configured. If it
detects traffic destined for local port 80, regardless of the global port, the security appliance intercepts
the HTTP connection and enforces authentication.
For example, assume that outside TCP port 889 is translated to port 80 (www) and that any relevant
ACLs permit the traffic:
static (inside,outside) tcp 10.48.66.155 889 192.168.123.10 www netmask 255.255.255.255
then when users try to access 10.48.66.155 on port 889, the security appliance intercepts the traffic and
enforces HTTP authentication. Users see the HTTP authentication page in their web browsers before the
security appliance allows HTTP connection to complete.
If the local port is different than port 80, as in the following example:
static (inside,outside) tcp 10.48.66.155 889 192.168.123.10 111 netmask 255.255.255.255
then users do not see the authentication page. Instead, the security appliance sends to the web browser
an error message indicating that the user must be authenticated prior using the requested service.
Note
If you use HTTP authentication without using the aaa authentication secure-http-client command, the
username and password are sent in clear text to the destination web server, and not just to the AAA
server. For example, if you authenticate inside users when they access outside web servers, anyone on
the outside can learn valid usernames and passwords. We recommend that you use the aaa
authentication secure-http-client command whenever you enable HTTP authentication. For more
information about the aaa authentication secure-http-client command, see the Enabling Secure
Authentication of Web Clients section on page 16-4.
For FTP, a user has the option of entering the security appliance username followed by an at sign (@)
and then the FTP username (name1@name2). For the password, the user enters the security appliance
password followed by an at sign (@) and then the FTP password (password1@password2). For example,
enter the following text.
name> jamiec@jchrichton
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password> letmein@he110
This feature is useful when you have cascaded firewalls that require multiple logins. You can separate
several names and passwords by multiple at signs (@).
Enabling Network Access Authentication

To enable network access authentication, perform the following steps:
Step 1
Using the aaa-server command, identify your AAA servers. If you have already identified your AAA
servers, continue to the next step.
For more information about identifying AAA servers, see the Identifying AAA Server Groups and
Servers section on page 10-11.
Step 2
Using the access-list command, create an ACL that identifies the source addresses and destination
addresses of traffic you want to authenticate. For steps, see the Adding an Extended Access List
section on page 13-5.
The permit ACEs mark matching traffic for authentication, while deny entries exclude matching traffic
from authentication. Be sure to include the destination ports for either HTTP, Telnet, or FTP in the ACL
because the user must authenticate with one of these services before other services are allowed through
the security appliance.
Step 3
To configure authentication, enter the following command:

hostname/contexta(config)# aaa authentication match acl_name interface_name server_group
where acl_name is the name of the ACL you created in Step 2, interface_name is the name of the
interface as specified with the nameif command, and server_group is the AAA server group you created
in Step 1.
Note
Step 4
You can alternatively use the aaa authentication include command (which identifies traffic within the
command). However, you cannot use both methods in the same configuration. See the Cisco Security
Appliance Command Reference for more information.
(Optional) If you are using the local database for network access authentication and you want to limit
the number of consecutive failed login attempts that the security appliance allows any given user
account, use the aaa local authentication attempts max-fail command. For example:
hostname/contexta(config)# aaa local authentication attempts max-fail 7
Tip
To clear the lockout status of a specific user or all users, use the clear aaa local user lockout command.
For example, the following commands authenticate all inside HTTP traffic and SMTP traffic:
hostname/contexta(config)# aaa-server AuthOutbound protocol tacacs+
hostname/contexta(config)# access-list MAIL_AUTH extended permit tcp any any eq smtp
hostname/contexta(config)# access-list MAIL_AUTH extended permit tcp any any eq www

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hostname/contexta(config)# aaa authentication match MAIL_AUTH inside AuthOutbound
The following commands authenticate Telnet traffic from the outside interface to a particular server
(209.165.201.5):
hostname/contexta(config)# aaa-server AuthInbound protocol tacacs+
hostname/contexta(config)# access-list TELNET_AUTH extended permit tcp any host
209.165.201.5 eq telnet
hostname/contexta(config)# aaa authentication match TELNET_AUTH outside AuthInbound
Enabling Secure Authentication of Web Clients

The security appliance provides a method of securing HTTP authentication. Without securing HTTP
authentication, usernames and passwords provided to the security appliance would be passed to the
destination web server. By using the aaa authentication secure-http-client command, you enable the
exchange of usernames and passwords between a web client and the security appliance with HTTPS.
HTTPS encrypts the transmission, preventing the username and password from being passed to the
external web server by HTTP.
After enabling this feature, when a user accesses a web page requiring authentication, the security
appliance displays the Authentication Proxy Login Page shown in Figure 16-1.
Figure 16-1 Authentication Proxy Login Page
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Note
The Cisco Systems text field shown in this example was customized using the auth-prompt command.
For the detailed syntax of this command refer to the Cisco Security Appliance Command Reference. If
you do not enter a string using the auth-prompt command, this field will be blank.
After the user enters a valid username and password, an Authentication Successful page appears and
closes automatically. If the user fails to enter a valid username and password, an Authentication Failed
page appears.
Secured web-client authentication has the following limitations:
A maximum of 16 concurrent HTTPS authentication sessions are allowed. If all 16 HTTPS

authentication processes are running, a new connection requiring authentication will not succeed.
When uauth timeout 0 is configured (the uauth timeout is set to 0), HTTPS authentication might
not work. If a browser initiates multiple TCP connections to load a web page after HTTPS
authentication, the first connection is let through, but the subsequent connections trigger
authentication. As a result, users are continuously presented with an authentication page, even if the
correct username and password are entered each time. To work around this, set the uauth timeout
to 1 second with the timeout uauth 0:0:1 command. However, this workaround opens a 1-second
window of opportunity that might allow non-authenticated users to go through the firewall if they
are coming from the same source IP address.
Because HTTPS authentication occurs on the SSL port 443, users must not configure an access-list
command statement to block traffic from the HTTP client to HTTP server on port 443. Furthermore,
if static PAT is configured for web traffic on port 80, it must also be configured for the SSL port. In
the following example, the first line configures static PAT for web traffic and the second line must
be added to support the HTTPS authentication configuration.
static (inside,outside) tcp 10.132.16.200 www 10.130.16.10 www
static (inside,outside) tcp 10.132.16.200 443 10.130.16.10 443
HTTP users see a pop-up window generated by the browser itself if aaa authentication
secure-http-client is not configured. If aaa authentication secure-http-client is configured, a
form loads in the browser to collect username and password. In either case, if a user enters an
incorrect password, the user is prompted again. When the web server and the authentication server
are on different hosts, use the virtual command to get the correct authentication behavior.
To enable secure authentication of web clients, perform the following steps:

Step 1
Enable HTTP authentication. For more information about enabling authentication, see the Enabling
Network Access Authentication section on page 16-3.
Step 2
To enable secure authentication of web clients, enter this command:

aaa authentication secure-http-client
Note
Use of the aaa authentication secure-http-client command is not dependent upon enabling HTTP
authentication. If you prefer, you can enter this command before you enable HTTP authentication so that
if you later enable HTTP authentication, usernames and passwords are already protected by secured
web-client authentication.

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Configuring Authorization for Network Access

After a user authenticates for a given connection, the security appliance can use authorization to further
control traffic from the user.
Configuring TACACS+ Authorization, page 16-6
Configuring RADIUS Authorization, page 16-7
Configuring TACACS+ Authorization

You can configure the security appliance to perform network access authorization with TACACS+. You
identify the traffic to be authorized by specifying ACLs that authorization rules must match.
Alternatively, you can identify the traffic directly in authorization rules themselves.
Tip
Using ACLs to identify traffic to be authorized can greatly reduced the number of authorization
commands you must enter. This is because each authorization rule you enter can specify only one source
and destination subnet and service, whereas an ACL can include many entries.
Authentication and authorization statements are independent; however, any unauthenticated traffic
matched by an authorization statement will be denied. For authorization to succeed, a user must first
authenticate with the security appliance. Because a user at a given IP address only needs to authenticate
one time for all rules and types, if the authentication session hasnt expired, authorization can occur even
if the traffic is matched by an authentication statement.
After a user authenticates, the security appliance checks the authorization rules for matching traffic. If
the traffic matches the authorization statement, the security appliance sends the username to the
TACACS+ server. The TACACS+ server responds to the security appliance with a permit or a deny for
that traffic, based on the user profile. The security appliance enforces the authorization rule in the
response.
See the documentation for your TACACS+ server for information about configuring network access
authorizations for a user.
To configure TACACS+ authorization, perform the following steps:
Step 1
Enable authentication. For more information, see the Enabling Network Access Authentication section
on page 16-3. If you have already enabled authentication, continue to the next step.
Step 2
addresses of traffic you want to authorize. For steps, see the Adding an Extended Access List section
on page 13-5.
The permit ACEs mark matching traffic for authorization, while deny entries exclude matching traffic
from authorization. The ACL you use for authorization matching should contain rules that are equal to
or a subset of the rules in the ACL used for authentication matching.
Note
If you have configured authentication and want to authorize all the traffic being authenticated,
you can use the same ACL you created for use with the aaa authentication match command.
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Step 3
To enable authorization, enter the following command:

hostname/contexta(config)# aaa authorization match acl_name interface_name server_group
where acl_name is the name of the ACL you created in Step 2, interface_name is the name of the
interface as specified with the nameif command or by default, and server_group is the AAA server group
you created when you enabled authentication.
Note
Alternatively, you can use the aaa authorization include command (which identifies traffic
within the command) but you cannot use both methods in the same configuration. See the
Cisco Security Appliance Command Reference for more information.
The following commands authenticate and authorize inside Telnet traffic. Telnet traffic to servers other
than 209.165.201.5 can be authenticated alone, but traffic to 209.165.201.5 requires authorization.
hostname/contexta(config)# access-list TELNET_AUTH extended permit tcp any any eq telnet
hostname/contexta(config)# access-list SERVER_AUTH extended permit tcp any host
209.165.201.5 eq telnet
hostname/contexta(config)# aaa authentication match TELNET_AUTH inside AuthOutbound
hostname/contexta(config)# aaa authorization match SERVER_AUTH inside AuthOutbound
Configuring RADIUS Authorization

When authentication succeeds, the RADIUS protocol returns user authorizations in the access-accept
message sent by a RADIUS server. For more information about configuring authentication, see the
Configuring Authentication for Network Access section on page 16-1.
When you configure the security appliance to authenticate users for network access, you are also
implicitly enabling RADIUS authorizations; therefore, this section contains no information about
configuring RADIUS authorization on the security appliance. It does provide information about how the
security appliance handles ACL information received from RADIUS servers.
You can configure a RADIUS server to download an ACL to the security appliance or an ACL name at
the time of authentication. The user is authorized to do only what is permitted in the user-specific ACL.
Note
If you have used the access-group command to apply ACLs to interfaces, be aware of the following
effects of the per-user-override keyword on authorization by user-specific ACLs:
Without the per-user-override keyword, traffic for a user session must be permitted by both the
interface ACL and the user-specific ACL.
With the per-user-override keyword, the user-specific ACL determines what is permitted.
For more information, see the access-group command entry in the Cisco Security Appliance Command
Reference.

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Configuring a RADIUS Server to Send Downloadable Access Control Lists, page 16-8
Configuring a RADIUS Server to Download Per-User Access Control List Names, page 16-11
Configuring a RADIUS Server to Send Downloadable Access Control Lists

This section describes how to configure Cisco Secure ACS or a third-party RADIUS server, and includes
the following topics:
About the Downloadable ACL Feature and Cisco Secure ACS, page 16-8
Configuring Cisco Secure ACS for Downloadable ACLs, page 16-9
Configuring Any RADIUS Server for Downloadable ACLs, page 16-10
Converting Wildcard Netmask Expressions in Downloadable ACLs, page 16-11
About the Downloadable ACL Feature and Cisco Secure ACS

Downloadable ACLs is the most scalable means of using Cisco Secure ACS to provide the appropriate
ACLs for each user. It provides the following capabilities:
Unlimited ACL sizeDownloadable ACLs are sent using as many RADIUS packets as required to
transport the full ACL from Cisco Secure ACS to the security appliance.
Simplified and centralized management of ACLsDownloadable ACLs enable you to write a set of
ACLs once and apply it to many user or group profiles and distribute it to many security appliances.
This approach is most useful when you have very large ACL sets that you want to apply to more than
one Cisco Secure ACS user or group; however, its ability to simplify Cisco Secure ACS user and group
management makes it useful for ACLs of any size.
The security appliance receives downloadable ACLs from Cisco Secure ACS using the following
process:
1.
The security appliance sends a RADIUS authentication request packet for the user session.
2.
If Cisco Secure ACS successfully authenticates the user, Cisco Secure ACS returns a RADIUS
access-accept message that contains the internal name of the applicable downloadable ACL. The
Cisco IOS cisco-av-pair RADIUS VSA (vendor 9, attribute 1) contains the following attribute-value
pair to identify the downloadable ACL set:
ACS:CiscoSecure-Defined-ACL=acl-set-name
where acl-set-name is the internal name of the downloadable ACL, which is a combination of the
name assigned to the ACL by the Cisco Secure ACS administrator and the date and time that the
ACL was last modified.
3.
The security appliance examines the name of the downloadable ACL and determines if it has
previously received the named downloadable ACL.
If the security appliance has previously received the named downloadable ACL, communication
with Cisco Secure ACS is complete and the security appliance applies the ACL to the user
session. Because the name of the downloadable ACL includes the date and time it was last
modified, matching the name sent by Cisco Secure ACS to the name of an ACL previous
downloaded means that the security appliance has the most recent version of the downloadable
ACL.
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If the security appliance has not previously received the named downloadable ACL, it may have
an out-of-date version of the ACL or it may not have downloaded any version of the ACL. In
either case, the security appliance issues a RADIUS authentication request using the
downloadable ACL name as the username in the RADIUS request and a null password attribute.
In a cisco-av-pair RADIUS VSA, the request also includes the following attribute-value pairs:
AAA:service=ip-admission
AAA:event=acl-download
In addition, the security appliance signs the request with the Message-Authenticator attribute
(IETF RADIUS attribute 80).
4.
Upon receipt of a RADIUS authentication request that has a username attribute containing the name
of a downloadable ACL, Cisco Secure ACS authenticates the request by checking the
Message-Authenticator attribute. If the Message-Authenticator attribute is missing or incorrect,
Cisco Secure ACS ignores the request. The presence of the Message-Authenticator attribute
prevents malicious use of a downloadable ACL name to gain unauthorized network access. The
Message-Authenticator attribute and its use are defined in RFC 2869, RADIUS Extensions,
available at http://www.ietf.org.
5.
If the ACL required is less than approximately 4 KB in length, Cisco Secure ACS responds with an
access-accept message containing the ACL. The largest ACL that can fit in a single access-accept
message is slightly less than 4 KB because some of the message must be other required attributes.
Cisco Secure ACS sends the downloadable ACL in a cisco-av-pair RADIUS VSA. The ACL is
formatted as a series of attribute-value pairs that each contain an ACE and are numbered serially:
ip:inacl#1=ACE-1
ip:inacl#2=ACE-2
.
.
.
ip:inacl#n=ACE-n
An example of an attribute-value pair follows:

ip:inacl#1=permit tcp 10.1.0.0 255.0.0.0 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0
6.
If the ACL required is more than approximately 4 KB in length, Cisco Secure ACS responds with
an access-challenge message that contains a portion of the ACL, formatted as described above, and
an State attribute (IETF RADIUS attribute 24), which contains control data used by Cisco Secure
ACS to track the progress of the download. Cisco Secure ACS fits as many complete attribute-value
pairs into the cisco-av-pair RADIUS VSA as it can without exceeding the maximum RADIUS
message size.
The security appliance stores the portion of the ACL received and responds with another
access-request message containing the same attributes as the first request for the downloadable ACL
plus a copy of the State attribute received in the access-challenge message.
This repeats until Cisco Secure ACS sends the last of the ACL in an access-accept message.
Configuring Cisco Secure ACS for Downloadable ACLs

You can configure downloadable ACLs on Cisco Secure ACS as a shared profile component and then
assign the ACL to a group or to an individual user.
The ACL definition consists of one or more security appliance commands that are similar to the extended
access-list command (see the Adding an Extended Access List section on page 13-5), except without
the following prefix:
access-list acl_name extended

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The following example is a downloadable ACL definition on Cisco Secure ACS version 3.3:
+--------------------------------------------+
| Shared profile Components
|
|
|
|
Downloadable IP ACLs Content
|
|
|
| Name:
acs_ten_acl
|
|
|
|
ACL Definitions
|
|
|
| permit tcp any host 10.0.0.254
|
| permit udp any host 10.0.0.254
|
| permit icmp any host 10.0.0.254
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| permit ip any any
|
+--------------------------------------------+
For more information about creating downloadable ACLs and associating them with users, see the user
guide for your version of Cisco Secure ACS.
On the security appliance, the downloaded ACL has the following name:
#ACSACL#-ip-acl_name-number
The acl_name argument is the name that is defined on Cisco Secure ACS (acs_ten_acl in the preceding
example), and number is a unique version ID generated by Cisco Secure ACS.
The downloaded ACL on the security appliance consists of the following lines:
access-list
access-list
access-list
access-list
access-list
access-list
access-list
access-list
access-list
access-list
#ACSACL#-ip-asa-acs_ten_acl-3b5385f7
permit
permit
permit
permit
permit
permit
permit
permit
permit
permit
tcp any host 10.0.0.254

udp any host 10.0.0.254
icmp any host 10.0.0.254
ip any any
Configuring Any RADIUS Server for Downloadable ACLs

You can configure any RADIUS server that supports Cisco IOS RADIUS VSAs to send user-specific
ACLs to the security appliance in a Cisco IOS RADIUS cisco-av-pair VSA (vendor 9, attribute 1).
In the cisco-av-pair VSA, configure one or more ACEs that are similar to the access-list extended
command (see the Adding an Extended Access List section on page 13-5), except that you replace the
following command prefix:
access-list acl_name extended
with the following text:

ip:inacl#nnn=
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The nnn argument is a number in the range from 0 to 999999999 that identifies the order of the command
statement to be configured on the security appliance. If this parameter is omitted, the sequence value is
0, and the order of the ACEs inside the cisco-av-pair RADIUS VSA is used.
The following example is an ACL definition as it should be configured for a cisco-av-pair VSA on a
RADIUS server:
ip:inacl#1=permit tcp 10.1.0.0 255.0.0.0 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0
ip:inacl#99=deny tcp any any
ip:inacl#2=permit udp 10.1.0.0 255.0.0.0 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0
ip:inacl#100=deny udp any any
ip:inacl#3=permit icmp 10.1.0.0 255.0.0.0 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0
For information about making unique per user the ACLs that are sent in the cisco-av-pair attribute, see
the documentation for your RADIUS server.
On the security appliance, the downloaded ACL name has the following format:
AAA-user-username
The username argument is the name of the user that is being authenticated.
The downloaded ACL on the security appliance consists of the following lines. Notice the order based
on the numbers identified on the RADIUS server.
access-list
access-list
access-list
access-list
access-list
AAA-user-bcham34-79AD4A08
permit tcp 10.1.0.0 255.0.0.0 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0

permit udp 10.1.0.0 255.0.0.0 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0
permit icmp 10.1.0.0 255.0.0.0 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0
deny tcp any any
deny udp any any
Downloaded ACLs have two spaces between the word access-list and the name. These spaces serve to
differentiate a downloaded ACL from a local ACL. In this example, 79AD4A08 is a hash value
generated by the security appliance to help determine when ACL definitions have changed on the
RADIUS server.
Converting Wildcard Netmask Expressions in Downloadable ACLs

If a RADIUS server provides downloadable ACLs to Cisco VPN 3000 Series Concentrators as well as
to the security appliance, you may need the security appliance to convert wildcard netmask expressions
to standard netmask expressions. This is because Cisco VPN 3000 Series Concentrators support
wildcard netmask expressions but the security appliance only supports standard netmask expressions.
Configuring the security appliance to convert wildcard netmask expressions helps minimize the effects
of these differences upon how you configure downloadable ACLs on your RADIUS servers. Translation
of wildcard netmask expressions means that downloadable ACLs written for Cisco VPN 3000 Series
Concentrators can be used by the security appliance without altering the configuration of the
downloadable ACLs on the RADIUS server.
You configure ACL netmask conversion on a per server basis, using the acl-netmask-convert command,
available in the AAA-server configuration mode. For more information about configuring a RADIUS
server, see Identifying AAA Server Groups and Servers section on page 10-11. For more information
about the acl-netmask-convert command, see the Cisco Security Appliance Command Reference.
Configuring a RADIUS Server to Download Per-User Access Control List Names

To download a name for an ACL that you already created on the security appliance from the RADIUS
server when a user authenticates, configure the IETF RADIUS filter-id attribute (attribute number 11)
as follows:
filter-id=acl_name

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Note
In Cisco Secure ACS, the value for filter-id attributes are specified in boxes in the HTML interface,
omitting filter-id= and entering only acl_name.
For information about making unique per user the filter-id attribute value, see the documentation for your
RADIUS server.
See the Adding an Extended Access List section on page 13-5 to create an ACL on the security
appliance.

The security appliance can send accounting information to a RADIUS or TACACS+ server about any
TCP or UDP traffic that passes through the security appliance. If that traffic is also authenticated, then
the AAA server can maintain accounting information by username. If the traffic is not authenticated, the
AAA server can maintain accounting information by IP address. Accounting information includes when
sessions start and stop, username, the number of bytes that pass through the security appliance for the
session, the service used, and the duration of each session.
To configure accounting, perform the following steps:
Step 1
If you want the security appliance to provide accounting data per user, you must enable authentication.
For more information, see the Enabling Network Access Authentication section on page 16-3. If you
want the security appliance to provide accounting data per IP address, enabling authentication is not
necessary and you can continue to the next step.
Step 2
addresses of traffic you want accounted. For steps, see the Adding an Extended Access List section on
page 13-5.
The permit ACEs mark matching traffic for authorization, while deny entries exclude matching traffic
from authorization.
Note
Step 3
If you have configured authentication and want accounting data for all the traffic being
authenticated, you can use the same ACL you created for use with the aaa authentication match
command.
To enable accounting, enter the following command:

hostname/contexta(config)# aaa accounting match acl_name interface_name server_group
Note
Alternatively, you can use the aaa accounting include command (which identifies traffic within
the command) but you cannot use both methods in the same configuration. See the
Cisco Security Appliance Command Reference for more information.
The following commands authenticate, authorize, and account for inside Telnet traffic. Telnet traffic to
servers other than 209.165.201.5 can be authenticated alone, but traffic to 209.165.201.5 requires
authorization and accounting.
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hostname/contexta(config)# access-list TELNET_AUTH extended permit tcp any any eq telnet
hostname/contexta(config)# access-list SERVER_AUTH extended permit tcp any host
209.165.201.5 eq telnet
hostname/contexta(config)# aaa authentication match TELNET_AUTH inside AuthOutbound
hostname/contexta(config)# aaa authorization match SERVER_AUTH inside AuthOutbound
hostname/contexta(config)# aaa accounting match SERVER_AUTH inside AuthOutbound
Using MAC Addresses to Exempt Traffic from Authentication

and Authorization
The security appliance can exempt from authentication and authorization any traffic from specific MAC
addresses.
For example, if the security appliance authenticates TCP traffic originating on a particular network but
you want to allow unauthenticated TCP connections from a specific server, you would use the mac-list
command to create a rule permitting traffic from the MAC address of the server and then use the
aaa mac-exempt command to exempt from authentication and authorization any traffic from the server
specified by the MAC list.
Conversely, if traffic from a particular computer should never be permitted regardless of authentication,
you can use the MAC address of the computer in a mac-list command that denies traffic from the MAC
address. The use of the aaa mac-exempt command in this scenario would disallow traffic from the
computer even though authentication rules would otherwise permit the traffic.

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To use MAC addresses to exempt traffic from authentication and authorization, perform the following
steps:
Step 1
To configure a MAC list, enter the following command:

hostname/contexta(config)# mac-list id {deny | permit} mac macmask
where id is the hexadecimal number that you assign to the MAC list, mac is the MAC address of the
computer whose traffic you want to permit or deny, and macmask is a MAC address mask. For more
information about the mac-list command, see the Cisco Security Appliance Command Reference.
Step 2
To exempt traffic for the MAC addresses specified in a particular MAC list, enter the following
command:
hostname/contexta(config)# aaa mac-exempt match id
where id is the string identifying the MAC list containing the MAC addresses whose traffic is to be
exempt from authentication and authorization.
The following commands create two MAC lists, each consisting of a single MAC address. One permits
traffic from its MAC address while the other denies traffic from its MAC address. The final two
commands configure the security appliance to exempt from authentication and authorization any traffic
originating from the MAC addresses in the two lists.
hostname/contexta(config)#
mac-list adc permit 00a0.cp5d.0282 ffff.ffff.ffff

mac-list ac deny 0061.54ff.b440 ffff.ffff.ffff
aaa mac-exempt match adc
aaa mac-exempt match ac
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17

This chapter describes ways to filter web traffic to reduce security risks or prevent inappropriate use.
Filtering Overview, page 17-1
Filtering ActiveX Objects, page 17-2
Filtering Java Applets, page 17-3
Filtering with an External Server, page 17-4
Filtering HTTP URLs, page 17-7
Filtering HTTPS URLs, page 17-8
Filtering FTP Requests, page 17-9
Viewing Filtering Statistics and Configuration, page 17-10
Filtering Overview
This section describes how filtering can provide greater control over traffic passing through the security
appliance. Filtering can be used in two distinct ways:
Filtering ActiveX objects or Java applets
Filtering with an external filtering server
Instead of blocking access altogether, you can remove specific undesirable objects from HTTP traffic,
such as ActiveX objects or Java applets, that may pose a security threat in certain situations.
You can also use URL filtering to direct specific traffic to an external filtering server, such an N2H2
Sentian or Websense filtering server. Filtering servers can block traffic to specific sites or types of sites,
as specified by the security policy.
Because URL filtering is CPU-intensive, using an external filtering server ensures that the throughput of
other traffic is not affected. However, depending on the speed of your network and the capacity of your
URL filtering server, the time required for the initial connection may be noticeably slower when filtering
traffic with an external filtering server.

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Filtering ActiveX Objects
Filtering ActiveX Objects

This section describes how to apply filtering to remove ActiveX objects from HTTP traffic passing
through the firewall. This section includes the following topics:
Overview, page 17-2
Enabling ActiveX Filtering, page 17-2
Overview
ActiveX objects may pose security risks because they can contain code intended to attack hosts and
servers on a protected network. You can disable ActiveX objects with ActiveX filtering.
ActiveX controls, formerly known as OLE or OCX controls, are components you can insert in a web
page or other application. These controls include custom forms, calendars, or any of the extensive
third-party forms for gathering or displaying information. As a technology, ActiveX creates many
potential problems for network clients including causing workstations to fail, introducing network
security problems, or being used to attack servers.
The filter activex command blocks the HTML <object> commands by commenting them out within the
HTML web page. ActiveX filtering of HTML files is performed by selectively replacing the <APPLET>
and </APPLET> and <OBJECT CLASSID> and </OBJECT> tags with comments. Filtering of nested
tags is supported by converting top-level tags to comments.
Caution
This command also blocks any Java applets, image files, or multimedia objects that are embedded in
object tags .
If the <object> or </object> HTML tags split across network packets or if the code in the tags is longer
than the number of bytes in the MTU, security appliance cannot block the tag.
ActiveX blocking does not occur when users access an IP address referenced by the alias command.
Enabling ActiveX Filtering

This section describes how to remove ActiveX objects in HTTP traffic passing through the security
appliance. To remove ActiveX objects, enter the following command in global configuration mode:
hostname(config)# filter activex
port[-port] local_ip local_mask foreign_ip foreign_mask
To use this command, replace port with the TCP port to which filtering is applied. Typically, this is port
80, but other values are accepted. The http or url literal can be used for port 80. You can specify a range
of ports by using a hyphen between the starting port number and the ending port number.
The local IP address and mask identify one or more internal hosts that are the source of the traffic to be
filtered. The foreign address and mask specify the external destination of the traffic to be filtered.
You can set either address to 0.0.0.0 (or in shortened form, 0) to specify all hosts. You can use 0.0.0.0
for either mask (or in shortened form, 0) to specify all hosts.
The following example specifies that ActiveX objects are blocked on all outbound connections:
hostname(config)# filter activex 80 0 0 0 0
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Filtering Java Applets
This command specifies that the ActiveX object blocking applies to web traffic on port 80 from any local
host and for connections to any foreign host.
To remove the configuration, use the no form of the command, as in the following example:
hostname(config)# no filter activex 80 0 0 0 0
Filtering Java Applets

This section describes how to apply filtering to remove Java applets from HTTP traffic passing through
the firewall. This section includes the following topics:
Overview, page 17-3
Enabling Java Applet Filtering, page 17-3
Overview
Java applets may pose security risks because they can contain code intended to attack hosts and servers
on a protected network. You can remove Java applets with the filter java command.
The filter java command filters out Java applets that return to the security appliance from an outbound
connection. The user still receives the HTML page, but the web page source for the applet is commented
out so that the applet cannot execute.
Note
Use the filter activex command to remove Java applets that are embedded in <object> tags.
Enabling Java Applet Filtering

To remove Java applets in HTTP traffic passing through the firewall, enter the following command in
global configuration mode:
hostname(config)# filter java
port[-port] local_ip local_mask foreign_ip foreign_mask
To use this command, replace port with the TCP port to which filtering is applied. Typically, this is port
80, but other values are accepted. The http or url literal can be used for port 80. You can specify a range
of ports by using a hyphen between the starting port number and the ending port number.
The local IP address and mask identify one or more internal hosts that are the source of the traffic to be
filtered. The foreign address and mask specify the external destination of the traffic to be filtered.
The following example specifies that Java applets are blocked on all outbound connections:
hostname(config)# filter java 80 0 0 0 0
This command specifies that the Java applet blocking applies to web traffic on port 80 from any local
host and for connections to any foreign host.

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Filtering with an External Server
The following example blocks downloading of Java applets to a host on a protected network:
hostname(config)# filter java http 192.168.3.3 255.255.255.255 0 0
This command prevents host 192.168.3.3 from downloading Java applets.

To remove the configuration, use the no form of the command, as in the following example:
hostname(config)# no filter java http 192.168.3.3 255.255.255.255 0 0

This section provides an overview of filtering with an external server and describes the configuration
required regardless of the type of server you are using or the type of content you are filtering. This
section includes the following topics:
Filtering Overview, page 17-4
General Procedure, page 17-5
Identifying the Filtering Server, page 17-5
Buffering the Content Server Response, page 17-6
Caching Server Addresses, page 17-7
Filtering Overview
You can apply filtering to connection requests originating from a more secure network to a less secure
network. Although you can use ACLs to prevent outbound access to specific content servers, managing
usage this way is difficult because of the size and dynamic nature of the Internet. You can simplify
configuration and improve security appliance performance by using a separate server running one of the
following Internet filtering products:
Websense Enterprise for filtering HTTP, HTTPS, and FTP.
Sentian by N2H2 for filtering HTTP only. (Although some versions of Sentian support HTTPS, the
security appliance only supports filtering HTTP with Sentian.)
Although security appliance performance is less affected when using an external server, users may notice
longer access times to websites or FTP servers when the filtering server is remote from the security
appliance.
When filtering is enabled and a request for content is directed through the security appliance, the request
is sent to the content server and to the filtering server at the same time. If the filtering server allows the
connection, the security appliance forwards the response from the content server to the originating client.
If the filtering server denies the connection, the security appliance drops the response and sends a
message or return code indicating that the connection was not successful.
If user authentication is enabled on the security appliance, then the security appliance also sends the user
name to the filtering server. The filtering server can use user-specific filtering settings or provide
enhanced reporting regarding usage.
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General Procedure
The following steps summarize the procedure for enabling filtering with an external filtering server. To
enable filtering with an external filtering server, perform the following steps:
Step 1
Identify the filtering server. Refer to the following section:

Identifying the Filtering Server, page 17-5
Step 2
(Optional) Buffer responses from the content server. Refer to the following section:
Buffering the Content Server Response, page 17-6
Step 3
(Optional) Cache content server addresses to improve performance. Refer to the following section:
Caching Server Addresses, page 17-7
Step 4
Configure HTTP filtering and the different options available. Refer to the following section:
Configuring HTTP Filtering, page 17-7
Step 5
Configure HTTPS filtering (Websense only). Refer to the following section:

Filtering HTTPS URLs, page 17-8
Step 6
Configure FTP filtering (Websense only). Refer to the following section:

Filtering FTP Requests, page 17-9
Step 7
Configure the external filtering server. Refer to the following websites:
http://www.websense.com
http://www.n2h2.com
Identifying the Filtering Server

You can identify up to four filtering servers per context. The security appliance uses the servers in order
until a server responds. You can only configure a single type of server (Websense or N2H2) in your
configuration.
Note
You must add the filtering server before you can configure filtering for HTTP or HTTPS with the filter
command. If you remove the filtering servers from the configuration, then all filter commands are also
removed.
Identify the address of the filtering server using the url-server command:
For Websense:
hostname(config)# url-server (if_name) host local_ip [timeout seconds] [protocol TCP | UDP
version 1|4 [connections num_conns] ]
For N2H2:
hostname(config)# url-server (if_name) vendor n2h2 host local_ip[:port number] [timeout
seconds] [protocol TCP connections number | UDP [connections num_conns]]

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Replace if_name with the name of the security appliance interface that is connected to the filtering server
(the default is inside). Replace local_ip with the IP address of the filtering server. Replace seconds with
the number of seconds the security appliance should keep trying to connect to the filtering server.
Note
The default port is 4005. This is the default port used by the N2H2 server to communicate to the security
appliance via TCP or UDP. For information on changing the default port, please refer to the Filtering by
N2H2 Administrator's Guide.
For example, to identify a single Websense filtering server, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# url-server (perimeter) host 10.0.1.1 protocol TCP version 4
This identifies a Websense filtering server with the IP address 10.0.1.1 on a perimeter interface of the
security appliance.Version 4, which is enabled in this example, is recommended by Websense because it
supports caching.
To identify redundant N2H2 Sentian servers, enter the following commands:
hostname(config)# url-server (perimeter) vendor n2h2 host 10.0.1.1
hostname(config)# url-server (perimeter) vendor n2h2 host 10.0.1.2
This identifies two Sentian filtering servers, both on a perimeter interface of the security appliance.
Buffering the Content Server Response

When a user issues a request to connect to a content server, the security appliance sends the request to
the content server and to the filtering server at the same time. If the filtering server does not respond
before the content server, the server response is dropped. This delays the web server response from the
point of view of the web client because the client must reissue the request.
By enabling the HTTP response buffer, replies from web content servers are buffered and the responses
are forwarded to the requesting client if the filtering server allows the connection. This prevents the
delay that might otherwise occur.
To configure buffering for responses to HTTP or FTP requests, perform the following steps:
Step 1
To enable buffering of responses for HTTP or FTP requests that are pending a response from the filtering
server, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# url-block block block-buffer-limit
Replace block-buffer-limit with the maximum number of blocks that will be buffered.
Note
Step 2
Buffering URLs longer than 1159 bytes is only supported for the Websense filtering server.
To configure the maximum memory available for buffering pending URLs (and for buffering long URLs
with Websense), enter the following command:
hostname(config)# url-block url-mempool memory-pool-size
Replace memory-pool-size with a value from 2 to 10240 for a maximum memory allocation of 2 KB to
10 MB.
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Filtering HTTP URLs
Caching Server Addresses

After a user accesses a site, the filtering server can allow the security appliance to cache the server
address for a certain amount of time, as long as every site hosted at the address is in a category that is
permitted at all times. Then, when the user accesses the server again, or if another user accesses the
server, the security appliance does not need to consult the filtering server again.
Note
Requests for cached IP addresses are not passed to the filtering server and are not logged. As a result,
this activity does not appear in any reports. You can accumulate Websense run logs before using the
url-cache command.
Use the url-cache command if needed to improve throughput, as follows:
hostname(config)# url-cache dst | src_dst size
Replace size with a value for the cache size within the range 1 to 128 (KB).
Use the dst keyword to cache entries based on the URL destination address. Select this mode if all users
share the same URL filtering policy on the Websense server.
Use the src_dst keyword to cache entries based on both the source address initiating the URL request as
well as the URL destination address. Select this mode if users do not share the same URL filtering policy
on the Websense server.
Filtering HTTP URLs

This section describes how to configure HTTP filtering with an external filtering server. This section
Configuring HTTP Filtering, page 17-7
Enabling Filtering of Long HTTP URLs, page 17-8
Truncating Long HTTP URLs, page 17-8
Exempting Traffic from Filtering, page 17-8
Configuring HTTP Filtering

You must identify and enable the URL filtering server before enabling HTTP filtering.
When the filtering server approves an HTTP connection request, the security appliance allows the reply
from the web server to reach the originating client. If the filtering server denies the request, the security
appliance redirects the user to a block page, indicating that access was denied.
To enable HTTP filtering, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# filter url [http | port[-port] local_ip local_mask foreign_ip
foreign_mask] [allow] [proxy-block]
Replace port with one or more port numbers if a different port than the default port for HTTP (80) is
used. Replace local_ip and local_mask with the IP address and subnet mask of a user or subnetwork
making requests. Replace foreign_ip and foreign_mask with the IP address and subnet mask of a server
or subnetwork responding to requests.

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The allow option causes the security appliance to forward HTTP traffic without filtering when the
primary filtering server is unavailable. Use the proxy-block command to drop all requests to proxy
servers.
Enabling Filtering of Long HTTP URLs

By default, the security appliance considers an HTTP URL to be a long URL if it is greater than 1159
characters. For Websense servers, you can increase the maximum length allowed.
(Websense only) Configure the maximum size of a single URL with the following command:
hostname(config)# url-block url-size long-url-size
Replace long-url-size with a value from 2 to 4 for a maximum URL size of 2 KB to 4 KB. The default
value is 2.
Truncating Long HTTP URLs

By default, if a URL exceeds the maximum permitted size, then it is dropped. To avoid this, you can set
the security appliance to truncate a long URL by entering the following command:
hostname(config)# filter url [longurl-truncate | longurl-deny | cgi-truncate]
The longurl-truncate option causes the security appliance to send only the hostname or IP address
portion of the URL for evaluation to the filtering server when the URL is longer than the maximum
length permitted. Use the longurl-deny option to deny outbound URL traffic if the URL is longer than
the maximum permitted.
Use the cgi-truncate option to truncate CGI URLs to include only the CGI script location and the script
name without any parameters. Many long HTTP requests are CGI requests. If the parameters list is very
long, waiting and sending the complete CGI request including the parameter list can use up memory
resources and affect firewall performance.
Exempting Traffic from Filtering

To exempt specific traffic from filtering, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# filter url except source_ip source_mask dest_ip dest_mask
For example, the following commands cause all HTTP requests to be forwarded to the filtering server
except for those from 10.0.2.54.
hostname(config)# filter url http 0 0 0 0
hostname(config)# filter url except 10.0.2.54 255.255.255.255 0 0

You must identify and enable the URL filtering server before enabling HTTPS filtering.
Note
Filtering HTTPS URLs is only supported for Websense filtering servers.
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Because HTTPS content is encrypted, the security appliance sends the URL lookup without directory
and filename information. When the filtering server approves an HTTPS connection request, the security
appliance allows the completion of SSL connection negotiation and allows the reply from the web server
to reach the originating client. If the filtering server denies the request, the security appliance prevents
the completion of SSL connection negotiation. The browser displays an error message such as The Page
or the content cannot be displayed.
Note
The security appliance does not provide an authentication prompt for HTTPS, so a user must
authenticate with the security appliance using HTTP or FTP before accessing HTTPS servers.
To enable HTTPS filtering, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# filter https port localIP local_mask foreign_IP foreign_mask [allow]
Replace port with the port number if a different port than the default port for HTTPS (443) is used.
Replace local_ip and local_mask with the IP address and subnet mask of a user or subnetwork making
requests. Replace foreign_ip and foreign_mask with the IP address and subnet mask of a server or
subnetwork responding to requests.
The allow option causes the security appliance to forward HTTPS traffic without filtering when the
primary filtering server is unavailable.

You must identify and enable the URL filtering server before enabling FTP filtering.
Note
Filtering FTP URLs is only supported for Websense filtering servers.

When the filtering server approves an FTP connection request, the security appliance allows the
successful FTP return code to reach originating client. For example, a successful return code is 250:
CWD command successful. If the filtering server denies the request, alters the FTP return code to show
that the connection was denied. For example, the security appliance changes code 250 to 550 Requested
file is prohibited by URL filtering policy.
To enable FTP filtering, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# filter ftp port localIP local_mask foreign_IP foreign_mask [allow]
[interact-block]
Replace port with the port number if a different port than the default port for FTP (21) is used. Replace
local_ip and local_mask with the IP address and subnet mask of a user or subnetwork making requests.
Replace foreign_ip and foreign_mask with the IP address and subnet mask of a server or subnetwork
responding to requests.
The allow option causes the security appliance to forward HTTPS traffic without filtering when the
primary filtering server is unavailable.
Use the interact-block option to prevent interactive FTP sessions that do not provide the entire directory
path. An interactive FTP client allows the user to change directories without typing the entire path. For
example, the user might enter cd ./files instead of cd /public/files.

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Viewing Filtering Statistics and Configuration

This section describes how to monitor filtering statistics. This section includes the following topics:
Viewing Filtering Server Statistics, page 17-10
Viewing Buffer Configuration and Statistics, page 17-10
Viewing Caching Statistics, page 17-11
Viewing Filtering Performance Statistics, page 17-11
Viewing Filtering Configuration, page 17-12
Viewing Filtering Server Statistics

To show information about the filtering server, enter the following command:
hostname# show url-server
The following is sample output from the show url-server command:

hostname# show url-server
url-server (outside) vendor n2h2 host 128.107.254.202 port 4005 timeout 5 protocol TCP
To show information about the filtering server or to show statistics, enter the following command:
The following is sample output from the show url-server stats command, which shows filtering
statistics:
hostname# show url-server stats
URL Server Statistics:
---------------------Vendor
URLs total/allowed/denied
HTTPSs total/allowed/denied
FTPs total/allowed/denied
URL Server Status:
-----------------10.130.28.18
websense
50/35/15
1/1/0
3/1/2
UP
URL Packets Sent and Received Stats:

----------------------------------Message
Sent
Received
STATUS_REQUEST
65155
34773
LOOKUP_REQUEST
0
0
LOG_REQUEST
0
NA
-----------------------------------
Viewing Buffer Configuration and Statistics

The show url-block command displays the number of packets held in the url-block buffer and the
number (if any) dropped due to exceeding the buffer limit or retransmission.
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The following is sample output from the show url-block command:

hostname# show url-block
url-block url-mempool 128
url-block url-size 4
url-block block 128
This shows the configuration of the URL block buffer.

The following is sample output from the show url-block block statistics command:
hostname# show url-block block statistics
URL Pending Packet Buffer Stats with max block 128
----------------------------------------------------Cumulative number of packets held:
896
Maximum number of packets held (per URL):
3
Current number of packets held (global):
38
Packets dropped due to
exceeding url-block buffer limit:
7546
HTTP server retransmission:
10
Number of packets released back to client:
0
This shows the URL block statistics.
Viewing Caching Statistics

The following is sample output from the show url-cache stats command:
hostname# show url-cache stats
URL Filter Cache Stats
---------------------Size :
128KB
Entries :
1724
In Use :
456
Lookups :
45
Hits :
8
This shows how the cache is used.
Viewing Filtering Performance Statistics

The following is sample output from the show perfmon command:
hostname# show perfmon
PERFMON STATS:
Current
Xlates
0/s
Connections
0/s
TCP Conns
0/s
UDP Conns
0/s
URL Access
0/s
URL Server Req
0/s
TCP Fixup
0/s
TCPIntercept
0/s
HTTP Fixup
0/s
FTP Fixup
0/s
AAA Authen
0/s
AAA Author
0/s
AAA Account
0/s
Average
0/s
2/s
2/s
0/s
2/s
3/s
0/s
0/s
3/s
0/s
0/s
0/s
0/s

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This shows URL filtering performance statistics, along with other performance statistics. The filtering
statistics are shown in the URL Access and URL Server Req rows.
Viewing Filtering Configuration

The following is sample output from the show filter command:
hostname# show filter
filter url http 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0
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18

This chapter describes how to use Modular Policy Framework to create security policies for TCP and
general connection settings, inspections, IPS, and QoS.
Modular Policy Framework Overview, page 18-1
Identifying Traffic Using a Class Map, page 18-2
Defining Actions Using a Policy Map, page 18-4
Applying a Policy to an Interface Using a Service Policy, page 18-8
Modular Policy Framework Examples, page 18-8
Modular Policy Framework Overview

Modular Policy Framework provides a consistent and flexible way to configure security appliance
features in a manner similar to Cisco IOS software QoS CLI. For example, you can use Modular Policy
Framework to create a timeout configuration that is specific to a particular TCP application, as opposed
to one that applies to all TCP applications.
Modular Policy Framework is supported with these features:
IPS
TCP normalization, and connection limits and timeouts
QoS policing
QoS priority queue
Application inspection
Configuring Modular Policy Framework consists of three tasks:

1.
Identify the traffic to which you want to apply actions. See Identifying Traffic Using a Class Map
2.
Apply actions to the traffic. See Defining Actions Using a Policy Map section on page 18-4.
3.
Activate the actions on an interface. See Applying a Policy to an Interface Using a Service Policy

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Default Global Policy

By default, the configuration includes a policy that matches all default application inspection traffic and
applies inspection to the traffic on all interfaces (a global policy). You can only apply one global policy,
so if you want to alter the global policy, you need to either edit the default policy or disable it and apply
a new one.
The default policy configuration includes the following commands:
inspect dns maximum-length 512
inspect ftp
inspect h323 h225
inspect h323 ras
inspect rsh
inspect smtp
inspect sqlnet
inspect skinny
inspect sunrpc
inspect xdmcp
inspect sip
inspect netbios
inspect tftp

A class map identifies traffic to which you want to apply actions. The maximum number of class maps
is 255 in single mode or per context in multiple mode. The configuration includes a default class map
that the security appliance uses in the default global policy. It is called inspection_default and matches
the default inspection traffic:
To define a class map, perform the following steps:

Step 1
Create a class map by entering the following command:

hostname(config)# class-map class_map_name
where class_map_name is a string up to 40 characters in length.

Step 2
(Optional) Add a description to the class map by entering the following command:
hostname(config-cmap)# description string
Step 3
Define the traffic to include in the class by matching one of the following characteristics. Unless
otherwise specified, you can include only one match command in the class map.
Any trafficYou match the class to all traffic.

hostname(config-cmap)# match any
Access listYou can match the class to traffic specified by an extended access list. If the security
appliance is operating in transparent firewall mode, you can use an EtherType access list.
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hostname(config-cmap)# match access-list acl_ID
For more information about creating access lists, see the Adding an Extended Access List section
on page 13-5 or the Adding an EtherType Access List section on page 13-7.
For information about creating access lists with NAT, see the IP Addresses Used for Access Lists
When You Use NAT section on page 13-3.
TCP or UDP destination portsYou can match the class to a single port or a contiguous range of
ports.
hostname(config-cmap)# match port {tcp | udp} {eq port_num
Tip
| range port_num
port_num}
For applications that use multiple, non-contiguous ports, use the match access-list command
and define an ACE to match each port.
For a list of ports you can specify, see the TCP and UDP Ports section on page D-12.
For example, enter the following command to match TCP packets on port 80 (HTTP):
hostname(config-cmap)# match tcp eq 80
Default traffic for inspectionYou can match the class to the traffic that the security appliance
inspects by default.
hostname(config-cmap)# match default-inspection-traffic
The match default-inspection-traffic command specifies the protocols and ports that are inspected
by default. See this command in the Cisco Security Appliance Command Reference for a list of
default inspection traffic. The security appliance includes a default global policy that matches the
default inspection traffic, and applies inspection to the traffic on all interfaces.
You can specify a match access-list command along with the match default-inspection-traffic
command to narrow the matched traffic. The class excludes any protocol or port information
specified in the match access-list command that is already included in the match
default-inspection-traffic command.
DSCP value in an IP headerYou can match the class to up to eight DSCP values.
hostname(config-cmap)# match dscp value1 [value2] [...] [value8]
For example, enter the following:

hostname(config-cmap)# match dscp af43 cs1 ef
PrecedenceYou can match the class to up to four precedence values, represented by the TOS byte
in the IP header.
hostname(config-cmap)# match precedence value1 [value2] [value3] [value4]
where value1 through value4 can be 0 to 7, corresponding to the possible precedences.
RTP trafficYou can match the class to RTP traffic.

hostname(config-cmap)# match rtp starting_port range
The starting_port specifies an even-numbered UDP destination port between 2000 and 65534. The
range specifies the number of additional UDP ports to match above the starting_port, between 0 and
16383.
Tunnel group trafficYou can match the traffic for a tunnel group to which you want to apply QoS.
hostname(config-cmap)# match tunnel-group name

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You can also specify one other match command to refine the traffic match. You can specify any of
the preceding commands, except for the match any, match access-list, or match
default-inspection-traffic commands. Or you can enter the following command to police each
flow:
hostname(config-cmap)# match flow ip destination address
All traffic going to a unique IP destination address is considered a flow.
The following is an example for the class-map command:

hostname(config)# access-list udp permit udp any any
hostname(config)# access-list tcp permit tcp any any
hostname(config)# access-list host_foo permit ip any 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.255
hostname(config)# class-map all_udp
hostname(config-cmap)# description "This class-map matches all UDP traffic"
hostname(config-cmap)# match access-list udp
hostname(config-cmap)# exit
hostname(config)# class-map all_tcp
hostname(config-cmap)# description "This class-map matches all TCP traffic"
hostname(config-cmap)# match access-list tcp
hostname(config)# class-map all_http
hostname(config-cmap)# description "This class-map matches all HTTP traffic"
hostname(config-cmap)# match port tcp eq http
hostname(config)# class-map to_server
hostname(config-cmap)# description "This class-map matches all traffic to server 10.1.1.1"
hostname(config-cmap)# match access-list host_foo

This section describes how to associate actions with class maps by creating a policy map. This section
Policy Map Overview, page 18-4
Default Policy Map, page 18-6
Adding a Policy Map, page 18-6
Policy Map Overview

You can identify multiple class maps in a policy map, and you can assign multiple actions from one or
more feature types to each class map. Feature types include the following:
IPS
QoS policing
QoS priority queue
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A packet can match only one class map in the policy map for each feature type. When the packet matches
a class map for a feature type, the security appliance does not attempt to match it to any subsequent class
maps for that feature type. If the packet matches a subsequent class map for a different feature type,
however, then the security appliance also applies the actions for the subsequent class map.
For example, if a packet matches a class map for connection limits, and also matches a class map for
application inspection, then both class map actions are applied. If a packet matches a class map for
application inspection, but also matches another class map for application inspection, then the second
class map actions are not applied.
Actions are applied to traffic bidirectionally or unidirectionally depending on the feature. For features
that are applied bidirectionally, all traffic that enters or exits the interface to which you apply the policy
map is affected if the traffic matches the class map for both directions.
Note
When you use a global policy, all features are unidirectional; features that are normally bidirectionally
when applied to a single interface only apply to the ingress of each inteface when applied globally.
Because the policy is applied to all interfaces, the policy will be applied in both directions so
bidirectionality in this case is redundant.
For features that are applied unidirectionally, for example QoS, only traffic that exits the interface to
which you apply the policy map is affected. See Table 1 for the directionality of each feature.
Table 1
Feature Directionality
Feature
Single Interface Direction Global Direction
IPS
Bidirectional
Ingress
TCP normalization, and

Bidirectional
connection limits and timeouts
Ingress
QoS policing
Egress
Egress
QoS priority queue
Egress
Egress
Bidirectional
Ingress
The order in which different types of actions in a policy map are performed is independent of the order
in which the actions appear in the policy map. Actions are performed in the following order:
IPS
QoS policing
QoS priority queue
You can only assign one policy map per interface, but you can apply the same policy map to multiple
interfaces.

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Default Policy Map

The configuration includes a default policy map that the security appliance uses in the default global
policy. It is called global_policy and performs inspection on the default inspection traffic. You can only
apply one global policy, so if you want to alter the global policy, you need to either edit the default policy
or disable it and apply a new one.
The default policy map configuration includes the following commands:
inspect dns maximum-length 512
inspect ftp
inspect h323 h225
inspect h323 ras
inspect rsh
inspect smtp
inspect sqlnet
inspect skinny
inspect sunrpc
inspect xdmcp
inspect sip
inspect netbios
inspect tftp
Adding a Policy Map

To create a policy map, perform the following steps:
Step 1
Add the policy map by entering the following command:

hostname(config)# policy-map policy_map_name
Step 2
(Optional) Specify a description for the policy map:

hostname(config-pmap)# description text
Step 3
Specify a previously configured class maps using the following command:

hostname(config-pmap)# class class_map_name
See the Identifying Traffic Using a Class Map section on page 18-2 to add a class map.
Step 4
Specify one or more actions for this class map.
IPS. See the Configuring the AIP SSM section on page 19-1.
TCP normalization. See the Configuring TCP Normalization section on page 19-4.
Connection limits. See the Configuring Connection Limits and Timeouts section on page 19-9.
QoS policing and QoS priority. See Chapter 20, Applying QoS Policies.
Application inspection. See Chapter 21, Applying Application Layer Protocol Inspection.
Note
If there is no match default_inspection_traffic command in a class map, then at most one

inspect command is allowed to be configured under the class.
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Step 5
Repeat Step 4 for each class map you want to include in this policy map.
The following is an example of a policy-map command for connection policy. It limits the number of
connections allowed to the web server 10.1.1.1:
hostname(config)# access-list http-server permit tcp any host 10.1.1.1
hostname(config)# class-map http-server
hostname(config-cmap)# match access-list http-server
hostname(config)# policy-map global-policy
hostname(config-pmap)# description This policy map defines a policy concerning connection
to http server.
hostname(config-pmap)# class http-server
hostname(config-pmap-c)# set connection conn-max 256
The following example shows how multi-match works in a policy map:

hostname(config)# class-map inspection_default
hostname(config)# class-map http_traffic
hostname(config-cmap)# match port tcp eq 80
hostname(config)# policy-map outside_policy
hostname(config-pmap)# class inspection_default
hostname(config-pmap-c)# inspect http http_map
hostname(config-pmap-c)# inspect sip
hostname(config-pmap)# class http_traffic
hostname(config-pmap-c)# set connection timeout tcp 0:10:0
The following example shows how traffic matches the first available class map, and will not match any
subsequent class maps that specify actions in the same feature domain:
hostname(config)# class-map telnet_traffic
hostname(config)# class-map ftp_traffic
hostname(config)# class-map tcp_traffic
hostname(config-cmap)# match port tcp range 1 65535
hostname(config)# class-map udp_traffic
hostname(config-cmap)# match port udp range 0 65535
hostname(config)# policy-map global_policy
hostname(config-pmap)# class telnet_traffic
hostname(config-pmap)# class ftp_traffic
hostname(config-pmap)# class tcp_traffic
When a Telnet connection is initiated, it matches class telnet_traffic. Similarly, if an FTP connection is
initiated, it matches class ftp_traffic. For any TCP connection other than Telnet and FTP, it will match
class tcp_traffic. Even though a Telnet or FTP connection can match class tcp_traffic, the security
appliance does not make this match because they previously matched other classes.

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To activate the policy map, create a service policy that applies it to one or more interfaces or that applies
it globally to all interfaces. Interface service policies take precedence over the global service policy.
To create a service policy by associating a policy map with an interface, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# service-policy policy_map_name interface interface_name
To create a service policy that applies to all interfaces that do not have a specific policy, enter the
following command:
hostname(config)# service-policy policy_map_name global
By default, the configuration includes a global policy that matches all default application inspection
traffic and applies inspection to the traffic globally. You can only apply one global policy, so if you
want to alter the global policy, you need to either edit the default policy or disable it and apply a new
one.
The default service policy includes the following command:
For example, the following command enables the inbound_policy policy map on the outside interface:
hostname(config)# service-policy inbound_policy interface outside
The following commands disable the default global policy, and enables a new one called
new_global_policy on all other security appliance interfaces:
hostname(config)# no service-policy global_policy global
hostname(config)# service-policy new_global_policy global
Modular Policy Framework Examples

This section includes several Modular Policy Framework examples, and includes the following topics:
Applying Inspection and QoS Policing to HTTP Traffic, page 18-9
Applying Inspection to HTTP Traffic Globally, page 18-9
Applying Inspection and Connection Limits to HTTP Traffic to Specific Servers, page 18-10
Applying Inspection to HTTP Traffic with NAT, page 18-11
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Applying Inspection and QoS Policing to HTTP Traffic

In this example (see Figure 18-1), any HTTP connection (TCP traffic on port 80) that enters or exits the
security appliance through the outside interface is classified for HTTP inspection. Any HTTP traffic that
exits the outside interface is classified for policing.
Figure 18-1 HTTP Inspection and QoS Policing
Security
appliance
port 80
A
insp.
police
insp.
Host A
inside
outside
Host B
143356
port 80

hostname(config)# policy-map http_traffic_policy
hostname(config-pmap-c)# inspect http
hostname(config-pmap-c)# police 250000
hostname(config)# service-policy http_traffic_policy interface outside
Applying Inspection to HTTP Traffic Globally

In this example (see Figure 18-2), any HTTP connection (TCP traffic on port 80) that enters the security
appliance through any interface is classified for HTTP inspection. Because the policy is a global policy,
inspection occurs only as the traffic enters each interface.
Figure 18-2 Global HTTP Inspection
Security
appliance
port 80
A
Host A
inside
port 80 insp.
outside
Host B
143414
insp.


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hostname(config)# policy-map http_traffic_policy

hostname(config-pmap-c)# inspect http
hostname(config)# service-policy http_traffic_policy global
Applying Inspection and Connection Limits to HTTP Traffic to Specific Servers

In this example (see Figure 18-3), any HTTP connection destined for Server A (TCP traffic on port 80)
that enters the security appliance through the outside interface is classified for HTTP inspection and
maximum connection limits. Connections initiated from server A to Host A does not match the access
list in the class map, so it is not affected.
Any HTTP connection destined for Server B that enters the security appliance through the inside
interface is classified for HTTP inspection. Connections initiated from server B to Host B does not match
the access list in the class map, so it is not affected.
Figure 18-3 HTTP Inspection and Connection Limits to Specific Servers
Server A
ress: 192.168.1.2
dress: 209.165.201.1
Security
appliance
port 80
insp.
set conns
port 80
insp. inside
ost B
ss: 192.168.1.1
: 209.165.201.2:port
outside
Server B
209.165.200.227
143357
Host A
209.165.200.226

hostname(config)# access-list serverA extended permit tcp any host 192.168.1.1 eq 80
hostname(config)# access-list ServerB extended permit tcp any host 10.1.1.2 eq 80
hostname(config)# class-map http_serverA
hostname(config-cmap)# match access-list serverA
hostname(config)# class-map http_serverB
hostname(config-cmap)# match access-list serverB
hostname(config)# policy-map policy_serverA
hostname(config-pmap)# class http_serverA
hostname(config-pmap-c)# inspect http http_map_serverA
hostname(config)# policy-map policy_serverB
hostname(config-pmap)# class http_serverB
hostname(config-pmap-c)# inspect http http_map_serverB
hostname(config)# service-policy policy_serverB interface inside
hostname(config)# service-policy policy_serverA interface outside
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Applying Inspection to HTTP Traffic with NAT

In this example, the Host on the inside network has two addresses: one is the real IP address 192.168.1.1,
and the other is a mapped IP address used on the outside network, 209.165.200.225. Because the policy
is applied to the inside interface, where the real address is used, then you must use the real IP address in
the access list in the class map. If you applied it to the outside interface, you would use the mapped
addresss.
Figure 18-4 HTTP Inspection with NAT
port 80
insp. inside
outside
Host
Real IP: 192.168.1.1
Mapped IP: 209.165.200.225
Server
209.165.201.1
143416
Security
appliance

hostname(config)# static (inside,outside) 209.165.200.225 192.168.1.1
hostname(config)# access-list http_client extended permit tcp host 192.168.1.1 any eq 80
hostname(config)# class-map http_client
hostname(config-cmap)# match access-list http_client
hostname(config)# policy-map http_client
hostname(config-pmap)# class http_client
hostname(config-pmap-c)#inspect http
hostname(config)# service-policy http_client interface inside

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19

This chapter describes how to configure protection features to intercept and respond to network attacks.
These features include sending traffic to an AIP SSM, limiting TCP and UDP connections, configuring
TCP normalization, and many other protection features.
Configuring the AIP SSM, page 19-1
Configuring IP Audit for Basic IPS Support, page 19-4
Configuring TCP Normalization, page 19-4
Protecting Your Network Against Specific Attacks, page 19-7
Configuring the AIP SSM

The ASA 5500 series adaptive security appliance supports the AIP SSM, which runs advanced
IPS software that provides further security inspection either in inline mode or promiscuous mode (see
the following procedure for more information about these modes). The security appliance diverts packets
to the AIP SSM just before the packet exits the egress interface (or before VPN encryption occurs, if
configured) and after other firewall policies are applied. For example, packets that are blocked by an
access list are not forwarded to the AIP SSM.
Note
The AIP SSM is not supported in Cisco PIX 500 series security appliances.
Configuring the AIP SSM is a two-part process that involves configuration of the ASA 5500 series
adaptive security appliance first, and then configuration of the AIP SSM:
1.
On the ASA 5500 series adaptive security appliance, identify traffic to divert to the AIP SSM (as
described in the Configuring the ASA 5500 to Divert Traffic to the AIP SSM section on
page 19-2).
2.
On the AIP SSM, configure the inspection and protection policy, which determines how to inspect
traffic and what to do when an intrusion is detected. Because the IPS software that runs on the
AIP SSM is very robust and beyond the scope of this document, detailed configuration information
is available in the following separate documentation:
Configuring the Cisco Intrusion Prevention System Sensor Using the Command Line Interface
Cisco Intrusion Prevention System Command Reference

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Configuring the ASA 5500 to Divert Traffic to the AIP SSM

To identify traffic to divert from the security appliance to the AIP SSM, perform the following steps:
Step 1
To identify the traffic, add a class map using the class-map command according to Chapter 18, Using
Modular Policy Framework.
Step 2
To add or edit a policy map that sets the actions to take with the class map traffic, enter the following
command:
hostname(config)# policy-map name
Step 3
To identify the class map from Step 1 to which you want to assign an action, enter the following
command:
Step 4
To assign traffic to the AIP SSM, enter the following command:

hostname(config-pmap-c)# ips {inline | promiscuous} {fail-close | fail-open}
Where the inline keyword places the AIP SSM directly in the traffic flow. No traffic can continue
through the security appliance without first passing through, and being inspected by, the AIP SSM. This
mode is the most secure because every packet is analyzed before being allowed through. Also, the
AIP SSM can implement a blocking policy on a packet-by-packet basis. This mode, however, can affect
throughput.
The promiscuous keyword sends a duplicate stream of traffic to the AIP SSM. This mode is less secure,
but has little impact on traffic throughput. Unlike inline mode, the SSM can only block traffic by
instructing the security appliance to shun the traffic or by resetting a connection on the security
appliance. Moreover, while the AIP SSM is analyzing the traffic, a small amount of traffic might pass
through the security appliance before the AIP SSM can block it.
The fail-close keyword sets the security appliance to block all traffic if the AIP SSM is unavailable.
The fail-open keyword sets the security appliance to allow all traffic through, uninspected, if the AIP
SSM is unavailable.
Step 5
To activate the policy map on one or more interfaces, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# service-policy policymap_name {global | interface interface_name}
Where global applies the policy map to all interfaces, and interface applies the policy to one interface.
Only one global policy is allowed. You can override the global policy on an interface by applying a
service policy to that interface. You can only apply one policy map to each interface.
The following example diverts all IP traffic to the AIP SSM in promiscuous mode, and blocks all IP
traffic should the AIP SSM card fail for any reason:
hostname(config)# access-list IPS permit ip any any
hostname(config)# class-map my-ips-class
hostname(config-cmap)# match access-list IPS
hostname(config-cmap)# policy-map my-ips-policy
hostname(config-pmap)# class my-ips-class
hostname(config-pmap-c)# ips promiscuous fail-close
hostname(config-pmap-c)# service-policy my-ips-policy global
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Sessioning to the AIP SSM and Running Setup

After you have completed configuration of the ASA 5500 series adaptive security appliance to divert
traffic to the AIP SSM, session to the AIP SSM and run the setup utility for initial configuration.
Note
You can either session to the SSM from the adaptive security appliance (by using the session 1
command) or you can connect directly to the SSM using SSH or Telnet on its management interface.
Alternatively, you can use ASDM.
To session to the AIP SSM from the adaptive security appliance, perform the following steps:
Step 1
Enter the session 1 command to session from the ASA 5500 series adaptive security appliance to the
AIP SSM.
hostname# session 1
Opening command session with slot 1.
Connected to slot 1. Escape character sequence is 'CTRL-^X'.
Step 2
Enter the username and password. The default username and password are both cisco.
Note
The first time you log in to the AIP SSM you are prompted to change the default password.
Passwords must be at least eight characters long and not a dictionary word.
login: cisco
Password:
Last login: Fri Sep 2 06:21:20 from xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx
***NOTICE***
This product contains cryptographic features and is subject to United States
and local country laws governing import, export, transfer and use. Delivery
of Cisco cryptographic products does not imply third-party authority to import,
export, distribute or use encryption. Importers, exporters, distributors and
users are responsible for compliance with U.S. and local country laws. By using
this product you agree to comply with applicable laws and regulations. If you
are unable to comply with U.S. and local laws, return this product immediately.
A summary of U.S. laws governing Cisco cryptographic products may be found at:
http://www.cisco.com/wwl/export/crypto/tool/stqrg.html
If you require further assistance please contact us by sending email to
export@cisco.com.
***LICENSE NOTICE***
There is no license key installed on the system.
Please go to http://www.cisco.com/go/license
to obtain a new license or install a license.
AIP SSM#
Note
If you see the license notice above (which displays only in some versions of software), you can ignore
the message until you need to upgrade the signature files on the AIP SSM. The AIP SSM continues to
operate at the current signature level until a valid license key is installed. You can install the license key
at a later time. The license key does not affect the current functionality of the AIP SSM.

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Step 3
Enter the setup command to run the setup utility for initial configuration of the AIP SSM.
AIP SSM# setup
You are now ready to configure the AIP SSM for intrusion prevention. Refer to the following two guides
for AIP SSM configuration information:
Configuring the Cisco Intrusion Prevention System Sensor Using the Command Line Interface
Cisco Intrusion Prevention System Command Reference

The IP audit feature provides basic IPS support for a security appliance that does not have an AIP SSM.
It supports a basic list of signatures, and you can configure the security appliance to perform one or more
actions on traffic that matches a signature.
To enable IP audit, perform the following steps:
Step 1
To define an IP audit policy for informational signatures, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# ip audit name name info [action [alarm] [drop] [reset]]
Where alarm generates a system message showing that a packet matched a signature, drop drops the
packet, and reset drops the packet and closes the connection. If you do not define an action, then the
default action is to generate an alarm.
Step 2
To define an IP audit policy for attack signatures, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# ip audit name name attack [action [alarm] [drop] [reset]]
Where alarm generates a system message showing that a packet matched a signature, drop drops the
packet, and reset drops the packet and closes the connection. If you do not define an action, then the
default action is to generate an alarm.
Step 3
To assign the policy to an interface, enter the following command:

ip audit interface interface_name policy_name
Step 4
To disable signatures, or for more information about signatures, see the ip audit signature command in
the Cisco Security Appliance Command Reference.

The TCP normalization feature lets you specify criteria that identify abnormal packets, which the
security appliance drops when they are detected. This feature uses Modular Policy Framework, so that
implementing TCP normalization consists of identifying traffic, specifying the TCP normalization
criteria, and activating TCP normalization on an interface. See Chapter 18, Using Modular Policy
Framework, for more information.
To configure TCP normalization, perform the following steps:
Step 1
To specify the TCP normalization criteria that you want to look for, create a TCP map by entering the
following command:
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hostname(config)# tcp-map tcp-map-name
For each TCP map, you can specify one or more settings.
Step 2
Configure the TCP map criteria by entering commands for one or more of the following options:
Prevent inconsistent TCP retransmissions:

hostname(config-tcp-map)# check-retransmission
Verify the checksum:

hostname(config-tcp-map)# checksum-verification
Allow packets whose data length exceeds the TCP maximum segment size. The default is to drop
these packets, so use this command to allow them.
hostname(config-tcp-map)# exceed-mss {allow | drop}
Set the maximum number of out-of-order packets that can be queued for a TCP connection:
hostname(config-tcp-map)# queue-limit pkt_num
Where pkt_num specifies the maximum number of out-of-order packets. The range is 0 to 250 and
the default is 0.
Clear reserved bits in the TCP header, or drop packets with reserved bits set. The default is to allow
reserved bits, so use this command to clear them or drop the packets.
hostname(config-tcp-map)# reserved-bits {allow | clear | drop}
Where allow allows packets with the reserved bits in the TCP header. clear clears the reserved bits
in the TCP header and allows the packet. drop drops the packet with the reserved bits in the TCP
header.
Drop SYN packets with data. The default is to allow SYN packets with data, so use this command
to drop the packets.
hostname(config-tcp-map)# syn-data {allow | drop}
Clears the selective-ack, timestamps, or window-scale TCP options, or drops a range of TCP options
by number. The default is to allow packets with specified options, or to clear the options within the
range, so use this command to clear, allow, or drop them.
hostname(config-tcp-map)# tcp-options {selective-ack | timestamp | window-scale}
{allow | clear}
Or:
hostname(config-tcp-map)# tcp-options range lower upper {allow | clear | drop}
Where allow allows packets with the specified option. clear clears the option and allows the packet.
drop drops the packet.
The selective-ack keyword allows or clears the SACK option. The default is to allow the SACK
option.
The timestamp keyword allows or clears the timestamp option. Clearing the timestamp option
disables PAWS and RTT. The default is to allow the timestamp option.
The widow-scale keyword allows or clears the window scale mechanism option. The default is to
allow the window scale mechanism option.
The range keyword specifies a range of options.
The lower argument sets the lower end of the range as 6, 7, or 9 through 255.

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The upper argument sets the upper end of the range as 6, 7, or 9 through 255.
Disable the TTL evasion protection:

hostname(config-tcp-map)# ttl-evasion-protection
Do not enter this command it you want to prevent attacks that attempt to evade security policy.
For example, an attacker can send a packet that passes policy with a very short TTL. When the TTL
goes to zero, a router between the security appliance and the endpoint drops the packet. It is at this
point that the attacker can send a malicious packet with a long TTL that appears to the security
appliance to be a retransmission and is passed. To the endpoint host, however, it is the first packet
that has been received by the attacker. In this case, an attacker is able to succeed without security
preventing the attack.
Allow the URG pointer:

hostname(config-tcp-map)# urgent-flag {allow | clear}
The URG flag is used to indicate that the packet contains information that is of higher priority than
other data within the stream. The TCP RFC is vague about the exact interpretation of the URG flag,
therefore end systems handle urgent offsets in different ways, which may make the end system
vulnerable to attacks. The default behavior is to clear the URG flag and offset. Use this command
to allow the URB flag.
Drop a connection that has changed its window size unexpectedly. The default is to allow
connections, so use this command to drop them.
hostname(config-tcp-map)# window-variation {allow | drop}
The window size mechanism allows TCP to advertise a large window and to subsequently advertise
a much smaller window without having accepted too much data. From the TCP specification,
shrinking the window is strongly discouraged. When this condition is detected, the connection can
be dropped.
Configure the maximum number of out-of-order packets that can be queued for a TCP connection:
hostname(config-tcp-map)# queue-limit packets
The number of packets is from 0 to 250.

Step 3
To identify the traffic to which you want to apply TCP normalization, add a class map using the
class-map command. See the Identifying Traffic Using a Class Map section on page 18-2 for more
information.
Step 4
command:
Step 5
command:
Step 6
Apply the TCP map to the class map by entering the following command.
hostname(config-pmap-c)# set connection advanced-options tcp-map-name
Step 7
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For example, to allow urgent flag and urgent offset packets for all traffic sent to the range of TCP ports
between the well known FTP data port and the Telnet port, enter the following commands:
hostname(config)# tcp-map tmap
hostname(config-tcp-map)# urgent-flag allow
hostname(config-tcp-map)# class-map urg-class
hostname(config-cmap)# match port tcp range ftp-data telnet
hostname(config-cmap)# policy-map pmap
hostname(config-pmap)# class urg-class
hostname(config-pmap-c)# set connection advanced-options tmap
hostname(config-pmap-c)# service-policy pmap global

This section describes how to configure protection from certain attacks. This section includes the
following topics:
Preventing IP Spoofing, page 19-7
Configuring Connection Limits and Timeouts, page 19-9
Configuring the Fragment Size, page 19-10
Blocking Unwanted Connections, page 19-10
Preventing IP Spoofing
This section lets you enable Unicast Reverse Path Forwarding on an interface. Unicast RPF guards
against IP spoofing (a packet uses an incorrect source IP address to obscure its true source) by ensuring
that all packets have a source IP address that matches the correct source interface according to the
routing table.
Normally, the security appliance only looks at the destination address when determining where to
forward the packet. Unicast RPF instructs the security appliance to also look at the source address; this
is why it is called Reverse Path Forwarding. For any traffic that you want to allow through the security
appliance, the security appliance routing table must include a route back to the source address. See
RFC 2267 for more information.
For outside traffic, for example, the security appliance can use the default route to satisfy the
Unicast RPF protection. If traffic enters from an outside interface, and the source address is not known
to the routing table, the security appliance uses the default route to correctly identify the outside
interface as the source interface.
If traffic enters the outside interface from an address that is known to the routing table, but is associated
with the inside interface, then the security appliance drops the packet. Similarly, if traffic enters the
inside interface from an unknown source address, the security appliance drops the packet because the
matching route (the default route) indicates the outside interface.
Unicast RPF is implemented as follows:
ICMP packets have no session, so each packet is checked.

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UDP and TCP have sessions, so the initial packet requires a reverse route lookup. Subsequent
packets arriving during the session are checked using an existing state maintained as part of the
session. Non-initial packets are checked to ensure they arrived on the same interface used by the
initial packet.
To enable Unicast RPF, enter the following command:

hostname(config)# ip verify reverse-path interface interface_name
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Configuring Connection Limits and Timeouts

This section describes how to set maximum TCP and UDP connections, maximum embryonic
connections, connection timeouts, and how to disable TCP sequence randomization.
Limiting the number of connections and embryonic connections protects you from a DoS attack. The
security appliance uses the embryonic limit to trigger TCP Intercept, which protects inside systems from
a DoS attack perpetrated by flooding an interface with TCP SYN packets. An embryonic connection is
a connection request that has not finished the necessary handshake between source and destination.
Each TCP connection has two ISNs: one generated by the client and one generated by the server. The
security appliance randomizes the ISN of the TCP SYN passing in both the inbound and outbound
directions.
Randomizing the ISN of the protected host prevents an attacker from predecting the next ISN for a new
connection and potentially hijacking the new session.
TCP initial sequence number randomization can be disabled if required. For example:
Note
If another in-line firewall is also randomizing the initial sequence numbers, there is no need for both
firewalls to be performing this action, even though this action does not affect the traffic.
If you use eBGP multi-hop through the security appliance, and the eBGP peers are using MD5.
Randomization breaks the MD5 checksum.
You use a WAAS device that requires the security appliance not to randomize the sequence numbers
of connections.
You can also configure maximum connections, maximum embryonic connections, and TCP sequence
randomization in the NAT configuration. If you configure these settings for the same traffic using both
methods, then the security appliance uses the lower limit. For TCP sequence randomization, if it is
disabled using either method, then the security appliance disables TCP sequence randomization.
To set connection limits, perform the following steps:
Step 1
To identify the traffic, add a class map using the class-map command according to Chapter 18, Using
Modular Policy Framework.
Step 2
command:
Step 3
command:
Step 4
To set the maximum connections (both TCP and UDP), maximum embryonic connections, or whether to
disable TCP sequence randomization, enter the following command:
hostname(config-pmap-c)# set connection {[conn-max number] [embryonic-conn-max number]
[random-sequence-number {enable | disable}}
Where number is an integer between 0 and 65535. The default is 0, which means no limit on connections.
You can enter this command all on one line (in any order), or you can enter each attribute as a separate
command. The command is combined onto one line in the running configuration.

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Step 5
To set the timeout for connections, embryonic connections (half-opened), and half-closed connections,
hostname(config-pmap-c)# set connection {[embryonic hh[:mm[:ss]]]
[half-closed hh[:mm[:ss]]] [tcp hh[:mm[:ss]]]}
Where embryonic hh[:mm[:ss] is a time between 0:0:5 and 1192:59:59. The default is 0:0:30. You can
also set this value to 0, which means the connection never times out.
The half-closed hh[:mm[:ss] and tcp hh[:mm[:ss] values are a time between 0:5:0 and 1192:59:59. The
default for half-closed is 0:10:0 and the default for tcp is 1:0:0. You can also set these values to 0, which
means the connection never times out.
You can enter this command all on one line (in any order), or you can enter each attribute as a separate
command. The command is combined onto one line in the running configuration.
Step 6
Configuring the Fragment Size

By default, the security appliance allows up to 24 fragments per IP packet, and up to 200 fragments
awaiting reassembly. You might need to let fragments on your network if you have an application that
routinely fragments packets, such as NFS over UDP. However, if you do not have an application that
fragments traffic, we recommend that you do not allow fragments through the security appliance.
Fragmented packets are often used as DoS attacks. To set disallow fragments, enter the following
command:
hostname(config)# fragment chain 1 [interface_name]
Enter an interface name if you want to prevent fragmentation on a specific interface. By default, this
command applies to all interfaces.
Blocking Unwanted Connections

If you know that a host is attempting to attack your network (for example, system log messages show an
attack), then you can block (or shun) connections based on the source IP address and other identifying
parameters. No new connections can be made until you remove the shun.
Note
If you have an IPS that monitors traffic, such as the AIP SSM, then the IPS can shun connections
automatically.
To shun a connection manually, perform the following steps:
Step 1
If necessary, view information about the connection by entering the following command:
hostname# show conn
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The security appliance shows information about each connection, such as the following:
TCP out 64.101.68.161:4300 in 10.86.194.60:23 idle 0:00:00 bytes 1297 flags UIO
Step 2
To shun connections from the source IP address, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# shun src_ip [dst_ip src_port dest_port [protocol]] [vlan vlan_id]
If you enter only the source IP address, then all future connections are shunned; existing connections
remain active.
To drop an existing connection, as well as blocking future connections from the source IP address, enter
the destination IP address, source and destination ports, and the protocol. By default, the protocol is 0
for IP.
For multiple context mode, you can enter this command in the admin context, and by specifying a
VLAN ID that is assigned to a subinterface in other contexts, you can shun the connection in other
contexts.
Step 3
To remove the shun, enter the following command:

hostname(config)# no shun src_ip [vlan vlan_id]

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This chapter describes how to apply QoS policies, and contains the following sections:
Overview, page 20-1
QoS Concepts, page 20-2
Implementing QoS, page 20-2
Identifying Traffic for QoS, page 20-4
Defining a QoS Policy Map, page 20-5
Applying Rate Limiting, page 20-6
Activating the Service Policy, page 20-7
Applying Low Latency Queueing, page 20-8
Configuring QoS, page 20-9
Viewing QoS Configuration, page 20-12
Viewing QoS Statistics, page 20-13
Overview
Have you ever participated in a long-distance phone call that involved a satellite connection? The
conversation may be interrupted with brief, but perceptible, gaps at odd intervals. Those gaps are the
time, called the latency, between the arrival of packets being transmitted over the network. Some
network traffic, such as voice and streaming video, cannot tolerate long latency times. Quality of Service
(QoS) is a network feature that lets you give priority to these types of traffic.
As the Internet community of users upgrades their access points from modems to high-speed broadband
connections like DSL and cable, the likelihood increases that at any given time, a single user might be
able to absorb most, if not all, of the available bandwidth, thus starving the other users. To prevent any
one user or site-to-site connection from consuming more than its fair share of bandwidth, QoS provides
a policing feature that regulates the maximum bandwidth that any user can use.
QoS refers to the capability of a network to provide better service to selected network traffic over various
technologies for the best overall services with limited bandwidth of the underlying technologies.
The primary goal of QoS in the security appliance is to provide rate limiting on selected network traffic
for both individual flow or VPN tunnel flow to ensue that all traffic gets its fair share of limited
bandwidth.A flow can be defined in a number of ways. In the security appliance, QoS can apply to a
combination of source and destination IP addresses, source and destination port number, and the TOS
byte of the IP header.

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QoS Concepts
QoS Concepts
QoS is a traffic-management strategy that lets you allocate network resources for both mission-critical
and normal data, based on the type of network traffic and the priority you assign to that traffic. In short,
QoS ensures unimpeded priority traffic and provides the capability of rate-limiting (policing) default
traffic.
For example, video and voice over IP (VoIP) are increasingly important for interoffice communication
between geographically dispersed sites, using the infrastructure of the Internet as the transport
mechanism. Firewalls are key to securing networks by controlling access, which includes inspecting
VoIP protocols. QoS is the focal point to provide clear, uninterrupted voice and video communications,
while still providing a basic level of service for all other traffic passing through the device.
For voice and video to traverse IP networks in a secure, reliable, and toll-quality manner, QoS must be
enabled at all points of the network. Implementing QoS lets you:
Simplify network operations by collapsing all data, voice, and video network traffic onto a single
backbone using similar technologies.
Enable new network applications, such as integrated call center applications and video-based
training, that can help differentiate enterprises in their respective market spaces and increase
productivity.
Control resource use by controlling which traffic receives which resources. For example, you can
ensure that the most important, time-critical traffic receives the network resources (available
bandwidth and minimum delay) it needs, and that other applications using the link get their fair share
of service without interfering with mission-critical traffic.
QoS provides maximum rate control, or policing, for tunneled traffic for each individual user tunnel and
every site-to-site tunnel. In this release, there is no minimum bandwidth guarantee.
The security appliance can police individual user traffic within a LAN-to-LAN tunnel by configuring
class-maps that are not associated with the tunnel, but whose traffic eventually passes through the
LAN-to-LAN tunnel. The traffic before the LAN-to-LAN tunnel can then be specifically policed as it
passes through the tunnel and is policed again to the aggregate rate applied to the tunnel.
The security appliance achieves QoS by allowing two types of traffic queues for each interface: a
low-latency queue (LLQ) and a default queue. Only the default traffic is subject to rate limiting.
QoS is disabled by default.
Note
You must consider that in an ever-changing network environment, QoS is not a one-time deployment,
but an ongoing, essential part of network design.
Implementing QoS
In general, provisioning QoS policies requires the following steps:
1.
Specifying traffic classes.
2.
Associating actions with each traffic class to formulate policies.
3.
Activating the policies.
The specification of a classification policythat is, the definition of traffic classesis separate from the
specification of the policies that act on the results of the classification.
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Implementing QoS
A traffic class is a set of traffic that is identifiable by its packet content. For example, TCP traffic with
a port value of 23 might be classified as a Telnet traffic class.
An action is a specific activity taken to protect information or resources, in this case to perform QoS
functions. An action is typically associated with a specific traffic class.
Configuring a traditional QoS policy for the security appliance consists of the following steps:
Note
Defining traffic classes (class-map command).
Associating policies and actions with each class of traffic (policy-map command).
Attaching policies to logical or physical interfaces (service-policy command).
For detailed configuration steps, see the Configuring QoS section on page 20-9.
The class-map command defines a named object representing a class of traffic, specifying the packet
matching criteria that identifies packets that belong to this class. The basic form of the command is:
class-map
match
class-map
match
class-map-name-1
match-criteria-1
class-map-name-n
match-criteria-n
The policy-map command defines a named object that represents a set of policies to be applied to a set
of traffic classes. An example of such a policy is policing the traffic class to some maximum rate. The
basic form of the command is:
policy-map policy-map-name
class class-map-name-1
policy-1
policy-n
class class-map-name-n
policy-m
policy-m+1
The service-policy command attaches a policy-map and its associated policies to a target, named
interface.
Note
QoS-related policies under policy-map-name apply only to the outbound traffic, not to the inbound
traffic of the named interface.
The command also indicates whether the policies apply to packets coming from or sent to the target. For
example, an output policy (applied to packets exiting an interface) is applied as follows:
hostname(config)# service-policy policy-map-name interface outside
In addition, if you are differentiating between priority traffic and best-effort traffic, you must define a
low-latency queue (priority-queue command) on each named, physical interface transmitting
prioritized traffic.
The following example enables a default priority-queue with the default queue-limit and tx-ring-limit:
priority-queue name-interface
The following sections explain each of these uses in more detail.

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The class-map command classifies a set of traffic with which QoS actions are associated. You can use
various types of match criteria to classify traffic. The match commands identify the traffic included in
the traffic class for a class map. They include different criteria to define the traffic included in a
class-map. Define a traffic class using the class-map global configuration command as part of
configuring a security feature using Modular Policy Framework. From class-map configuration mode,
you can define the traffic to include in the class using the match command.
After a traffic class is applied to an interface, packets received on that interface are compared to the
criteria defined by the match statements in the class map. If the packet matches the specified criteria, it
is included in the traffic class and is subjected to any actions associated with that traffic class. Packets
that do not match any of the criteria in any traffic class are assigned to the default traffic class.
One such criterion is access-list. For example, in the following sequence, the class-map command
classifies all non-tunneled TCP traffic, using an access-list named tcp_traffic:
hostname(config)# access-list tcp_traffic permit tcp any any
hostname(config)# class-map tcp_traffic
hostname(config-cmap)# match access-list tcp_traffic
When a packet is matched against a class-map, the result is either a match or a no-match.
In the following example, other, more specific match criteria are used for classifying traffic for specific,
security-related tunnel groups. These specific match criteria stipulate that a match on tunnel-group (in
this case, the previously-defined Tunnel-Group-1) is required as the first match characteristic to classify
traffic for a specific tunnel, and it allows for an additional match line to classify the traffic (IP differential
services code point, expedited forwarding).
hostname(config)# class-map TG1-voice
hostname(config-cmap)# match tunnel-group Tunnel-Group-1
hostname(config-cmap)# match dscp ef
In the following example, the class-map command classifies both tunneled and non-tunneled traffic
according to the traffic type:
hostname(config)# access-list tunneled extended permit ip 10.10.34.0 255.255.255.0 20.20.10.0 255.255.255.0
hostname(config)# access-list non-tunneled extended permit tcp any any
hostname(config)# tunnel-group tunnel-grp1 type IPSec_L2L
hostname(config)# class-map browse
hostname(config-cmap)# description "This class-map matches all non-tunneled tcp traffic."
hostname(config-cmap)# match access-list non-tunneled
hostname(config-cmap)#
class-map TG1-voice
description "This class-map matches all dscp ef traffic for tunnel-grp 1."
match dscp ef
match tunnel-group tunnel-grp1
class-map TG1-BestEffort
description "This class-map matches all best-effort traffic for tunnel-grp1."
match flow ip destination-address
The following example shows a way of policing a flow within a tunnel, provided the classed traffic is
not specified as a tunnel, but does go through the tunnel. In this example, 192.168.10.10 is the address
of the host machine on the private side of the remote tunnel, and the access list is named host-over-l2l.
By creating a class-map (named host-specific), you can then police the host-specific class before the
LAN-to-LAN connection polices the tunnel. In this example, the host-specific traffic is rate-limited
before the tunnel, then the tunnel is rate-limited:
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hostname(config)# access-list host-over-l2l extended permit ip any host 192.168.10.10

hostname(config)# class-map host-specific
hostname(config-cmap)# match access-list host-over-l2l
The following table summarizes the match command criteria available and relevant to QoS. For the full
list of all match commands and their syntax, see Cisco Security Appliance Command Reference:
Command
Description
match access-list
Matches, by name or number, access list traffic within a class map.
match any
Identifies traffic that matches any of the criteria in the class map.
match dscp
Matches the IETF-defined DSCP value (in an IP header) in a class map. You
can specify up to 64 different dscp values, defining the class as composed of
packets that match any of the specified values.
match flow ip
destination-address
Enables flow-based policy actions. The criteria to define flow is the

destination IP address. All traffic going to a unique IP destination address is
considered a flow. Policy action is applied to each flow instead of the entire
class of traffic. This command always accompanies match tunnel group.
For remote-access VPNs, this command applies to each remote-access host
flow. For LAN-to-LAN VPNs, this command applies to the single
aggregated VPN flow identified by the local and remote tunnel address pair.
match port
Specifies the TCP/UDP ports as the comparison criteria for packets received
on that interface.
match precedence
Matches the precedence value represented by the TOS byte in the IP header.
You can specify up to 8 different precedence values, defining the class as
composed of packets that match any of the specified values.
match rtp
Matches traffic that uses a specific RTP port within a specified range. The
allowed range is targeted at capturing applications likely to be using RTP.
The packet matches the defined class only if the UDP port falls within the
specified range, inclusive, and the port number is an even number.
match tunnel group
Matches every tunnel within the specified tunnel group.
In addition to the user-defined classes, a system-defined class named class-default also exists. This
class-default represents all packets that do not match any of the user-defined classes, so that policies can
be defined for these packets.

The policy-map command configures various policies, such as security policies or QoS policies. A
policy is an association of a traffic class, specified by a class command, and one or more actions. This
section specifically deals with using the policy-map command to define the QoS policies for one or more
classes of packets.
When you enter a policy-map command you enter the policy-map configuration mode, and the prompt
changes to indicate this. In this mode, you can enter class and description commands. A policy-map
command can specify multiple policies. The maximum number of policy maps is 64.
After entering the policy-map command, you then enter a class command to specify the classification
of the packet traffic. The class command configures QoS policies for the class of traffic specified in the
given class-map. A traffic class is a set of traffic that is identifiable by its packet content. For example,

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TCP traffic with a port value of 23 can be classified as a Telnet traffic class. The class commands are
differentiated by their previously named and constructed class-map designations, and the associated
actions follow immediately after.
The security appliance evaluates class-maps in the order in which they were entered in the policy-map
configuration. It classifies a packet to the first class-map that matches the packet.
Note
The order in which different types of actions in a policy-map are performed is independent of the order
in which the actions appear in the command descriptions in this document.
The priority command provides low-latency queuing for delay-sensitive traffic, such as voice. This
command selects all packets that match the associated class (TG1-voice in the previous example) and
sends them to the low latency queue for priority processing.

Every users Bandwidth Limiting Traffic stream (BLT) can participate in maximum bandwidth limiting;
that is, strict policing, which rate-limits the individual users default traffic to some maximum rate. This
prevents any one individual users BLTs from overwhelming any other. LLQ traffic, however, is marked
and processed downstream in a priority queue. This traffic is not rate-limited.
Policing is a way of ensuring that no traffic exceeds the maximum rate (bits/second) that you configure,
thus ensuring that no one traffic flow can take over the entire resource. You use the police command to
specify the maximum rate (that is, the rate limit for this traffic flow); this is a value in the range
8000-2000000000, specifying the maximum speed (bits per second) allowed.
You also specify what action, drop or transmit, to take for traffic that conforms to the limit and for traffic
that exceeds the limit.
Note
You can specify the drop action, but it is not functional. The action is always to transmit, except when
the rate is exceeded, and even then, the action is to throttle the traffic to the maximum allowable speed.
The police command also configures the largest single burst of traffic allowed. A burst value in the range
1000-512000000 specifies the maximum number of instantaneous bytes allowed in a sustained burst
before throttling to the conforming rate value.
Note
Policing is applied only in the output direction.

You cannot enable both priority and policing together.
If a service policy is applied or removed from an interface that has existing VPN client/LAN-to-LAN or
non-tunneled traffic already established, the QoS policy is not applied or removed from the traffic
stream. To apply or remove the QoS policy for such connections, you must clear (that is, drop) the
connections and re-establish them.
Note
When policing is specified in the default class map, class-default, the police values of class-default are
applied to the aggregated LAN-to-LAN VPN flow if there is no police command defined for
tunnel-group of LAN-to-LAN VPN. In other words, the policing values of class-default are never applied
to the individual flow of a LAN-to-LAN VPN that exists before encryption.
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The following example builds on the configuration developed in the previous section. As in the previous
example, there are two named class-maps: tcp_traffic and TG1-voice. Adding a third class-map:
hostname(config)# class-map TG1-best-effort
hostname(config-cmap)# match tunnel-group Tunnel-Group-1
hostname(config-cmap)# match flow ip destination-address
provides a basis for defining a tunneled and non-tunneled QoS policy, as follows, which creates a simple
QoS policy for tunneled and non-tunneled traffic, assigning packets of the class TG1-voice to the low
latency queue and setting rate limits on the tcp_traffic and TG1-best-effort traffic flows.
Note
Best effort does not guarantee reliable packet delivery, in that it does not use a sophisticated
acknowledgement system. It does, however, make a best effort to deliver packets to the destination.
In this example, the maximum rate for traffic of the tcp_traffic class is 56,000 bits/second and a
maximum burst size of 10,500 bytes per second. For the TC1-BestEffort class, the maximum rate is
200,000 bits/second, with a maximum burst of 37,500 bytes/second. Traffic in the TC1-voice class has
no policed maximum speed or burst rate because it belongs to a priority class:
hostname(config)# policy-map qos
hostname(config-pmap)# class tcp_traffic
hostname(config-pmap-c)# police output 56000 10500
hostname(config-pmap-c)# class TG1-voice
hostname(config-pmap-c)# priority
hostname(config-pmap-c)# class TG1-best-effort
hostname(config-pmap-c)# class class-default
Note
You can have up to 256 policy-maps, and up to 256 classes in a policy map. The maximum number of
classes in all policy maps together is 256. For any class-map, you can have only one match statement
associated with it, with the exception of a tunnel class. For a tunnel class, an additional match
tunnel-group statement is allowed.
Note
The class class-default always exists. It does not need to be declared.

The service-policy command activates a policy-map command globally on all interfaces or on a targeted
interface. An interface can be a virtual (vlan) interface or a physical interface. Only one global
policy-map is allowed. If you specify the keyword interface and an interface name, the policy-map
applies only to that interface. An interface policy-map inherits rules from the global policy-map. For
rules that overlap with the global policy map, the interface policy rules will be applied. Only one
interface policy-map can be applied to an interface at any one time.
In general, a service-policy command can be applied to any interface that can be defined by the nameif
command.
Using the policy-map example in the previous section, the following service-policy command activates
the policy-map qos, defined in the previous section, for traffic on the outside interface:

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Applying Low Latency Queueing
hostname(config)# service-policy qos interface outside
Applying Low Latency Queueing

The security appliance allows two classes of traffic: low latency queuing (LLQ) for higher priority,
latency-sensitive traffic (such as voice and video) and best effort, the default, for all other traffic. These
two queues are built into the system. The security appliance recognizes QoS priority traffic and enforces
appropriate QoS policies.
Because queues are not of infinite size, they can fill and overflow. When a queue is full, any additional
packets cannot get into the queue and are dropped. This is tail drop. To avoid having the queue fill up,
you can use the queue-limit command to increase the queue buffer size.
You can configure the low latency (priority) queue to fine-tune the maximum number of packets allowed
into the transmit queue (using the tx-ring-limit command) and to size the depth of the priority queue
(using the queue-limit command). This lets you control the latency and robustness of the priority
queuing.
Note
The upper limit of the range of values for the queue-limit and tx-ring-limit commands is determined
dynamically at run time. To view this limit, enter help or ? on the command line. The key determinants
are the memory needed to support the queues and the memory available on the device. The range of
queue-limit values is 0 through 2048 packets. The range of tx-ring-limit values is 3 through 128 packets
on the PIX platform and 3 to 256 packets on the ASA platform.
Configuring Priority Queuing

You identify high priority traffic by using the priority command in Class mode. This command instructs
the security appliance to mark as high priority the traffic selected by the class map.
For priority queuing to occur, you must create a priority queue for named, physical interfaces that
transmit high priority traffic. To enable a priority queue on an interface, use the priority-queue
command in global configuration mode. You can apply one priority-queue command to each physical
interface defined by the nameif command. All other traffic is delivered on a best-effort basis.
In general, you can apply a priority-queue command to any physical interface that can be defined by
the nameif command. You cannot apply a priority-queue command to a VLAN interface. The
priority-queue command enters priority-queue mode, as shown by the prompt, which lets you configure
the maximum number of packets allowed in the transmit queue and the size of the priority queue.
Note
You cannot enable both priority queuing and policing together. In other words, only packets with normal
priority can be policed; packets with high priority are not policed.
Sizing the Priority Queue

The size that you specify for the priority queue affects both the low latency queue and the best-effort
queue. The queue-limit command specifies a maximum number of packets that can be queued to a
priority queue before it drops data. This limit must be in the range of 0 through 2048 packets.
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Reducing Queue Latency

The tx-ring-limit command lets you configure the maximum number of packets (that is, the depth)
allowed to be queued in the Ethernet transmit driver ring at any given time. This allows for fine-tuning
the transmit queue to reduce latency and offer better performance through the transmit driver. This limit
must be in the range 3 through 128 packets on the PIX platform, with a limit of 256 packets on the ASA
platform.
The default queue-limit is the number of average, 256-byte packets that the specified interface can
transmit in a 500-ms interval, with an upper limit of 2048 packets. A packet that stays more than 500 ms
in a network node might trigger a timeout in the end-to-end application. Such a packet can be discarded
in each network node.
The default tx-ring-limit is the number of maximum 1550-byte packets that the specified interface can
transmit in a 10-ms interval. This guarantees that the hardware-based transmit ring imposes no more than
10-ms of extra latency for a high-priority packet.
The following example establishes a priority queue on interface outside (the GigabitEthernet0/1
interface), with the default queue-limit and tx-ring-limit.
hostname(config)# priority-queue outside
The following example establishes a priority queue on the interface outside (the GigabitEthernet0/1
interface), sets the queue-limit to 2048 packets, and sets the tx-ring-limit to 256:
hostname(config-priority-queue)# queue-limit 2048
hostname(config-priority-queue)# tx-ring-limit 256
Note
When priority queuing is enabled, the security appliance empties all packets in higher priority queues
before transmitting packets in lower priority queues.
Configuring QoS
The following procedure provides steps for configuring a traffic class, a policy map, and a service policy
that implement QoS policing (rate limiting) or priority queuing. In addition, for priority queuing, it
includes steps for enabling priority queues on interfaces.
The number of traffic classes, policy maps, and service policies needed to implement QoS varies
depending upon the requirements of your network. Analyze your network and determine how many
traffic classes, policy maps, and service policies needed on the security appliance you are configuring,
and then use this procedure as applicable to your QoS deployment.
To configure QoS policing and priority queuing, perform the following steps:
Step 1
If you want to perform priority queuing, you must enable priority queues on interfaces.
For each interface on which you want the security appliance to perform priority queuing, perform the
following steps:
a.
Enter the priority-queue command:

hostname(config)# priority-queue interface
hostname(config-priority-queue)#

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where interface is the name assigned to the physical interface whose priority queue you want to
enable. VLAN interfaces do not support priority queuing. The CLI enters the priority-queue
configuration mode and the prompt changes accordingly
b.
(Optional) If you want to specify a non-default maximum number of priority packets that can be
queued, enter the queue-limit command, as follows:
hostname(config-priority-queue)# queue-limit number-of-packets
The default queue size is 2048 packets.

c.
(Optional) If you want specify a non-default maximum number of packets allowed into the transmit
queue, enter the tx-ring-limit command, as follows:
hostname(config-priority-queue)# tx-ring-limit number-of-packets
The default transmit queue size is 128 packets.

Step 2
Determine which traffic you want to police or mark for priority queuing. For a detailed discussion of
identifying QoS traffic, see the Identifying Traffic for QoS section on page 20-4.
Step 3
Create a class map or modify an existing class map to identify traffic that you want to police or to identify
as priority traffic. Use the class-map command to do so, as follows:
where class_map_name is the name of the traffic class. When you enter the class-map command, the
CLI enters class map configuration mode.
Step 4
Identify the traffic you determined in Step 2. To do so, use a match command. For a detailed discussion
of identifying QoS traffic, see the Identifying Traffic for QoS section on page 20-4.
If you need to identify two or more non-contiguous ports, create an access list with the access-list
extended command, add an ACE to match each port, and then use the match access-list command. The
following commands show how to use an access list to identify multiple TCP ports with an access list:
hostname(config)# access-list acl-name any any tcp eq port_number_1
hostname(config)# access-list acl-name any any tcp eq port_number_2
hostname(config-cmap)# match access-list acl-name
If you need to identify a single port, use the match port command, as follows:
hostname(config-cmap)# match port {tcp | udp} port_number
where port_number is the destination port of traffic that you want to configure the security appliance to
police or mark for priority queuing.
If you need to identify a range of contiguous ports, use match port command with the range keyword,
as follows:
hostname(config-cmap)# match port {tcp | udp} range begin_port_number end_port_number
where begin_port_number is the lowest port in the range of ports and end_port_number is the highest
port.
Step 5
Create a policy map or modify an existing policy map that you want to use to apply policing or priority
queuing to the traffic identified in Step 3. For more information about QoS policy maps, see the
Defining a QoS Policy Map section on page 20-5.
Use the policy-map command, as follows:
hostname(config-cmap)# policy-map policy_map_name
hostname(config-pmap)#
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where policy_map_name is the name of the policy map. The CLI enters the policy map configuration
mode and the prompt changes accordingly.
Step 6
Specify the class map, created in Step 3, that identifies the traffic to be policed or marked for priority
queuing. Use the class command to do so, as follows:
hostname(config-pmap-c)#
where class_map_name is the name of the class map you created in Step 3. The CLI enters the policy
map class configuration mode and the prompt changes accordingly.
Step 7
Configure the action for the class. You can either mark the traffic class as priority traffic or specify rate
limiting for the traffic class. Do one of the following:
If you want the traffic selected by the class map to be marked as priority traffic, enter the priority
command.
Note
Along with enabling priority queuing in Step 1, this command initiates priority queuing for
the class map you specified.
For details about priority queuing, see the Applying Low Latency Queueing section on page 20-8
and the priority command page in the Cisco Security Appliance Command Reference.
If you want the security appliance to police the traffic selected by the class map, enter the police
command.
hostname(config-pmap-c)# police [output] conform-rate [conform-burst] [conform-action
[drop | transmit] [exceed-action {drop | transmit}]]
For details about the use of the police command, see the Applying Rate Limiting section on
page 20-6 and the police command page in the Cisco Security Appliance Command Reference.
Step 8
Use the service-policy command to apply the policy map globally or to a specific interface, as follows:
hostname(config-pmap-c)# service-policy policy_map_name [global | interface interface_ID]
hostname(config)#
where policy_map_name is the policy map you configured in Step 5. If you want to apply the policy map
to traffic on all the interfaces, use the global option. If you want to apply the policy map to traffic on a
specific interface, use the interface interface_ID option, where interface_ID is the name assigned to the
interface with the nameif command.
The security appliance begins policing traffic and marking traffic for priority queuing, as specified.
The following example creates class maps for high priority (voice) and best effort traffic for a previously
configured tunnel group, named tunnel-grp1. The qos policy map includes the police command for
the best effort and the default traffic classes and the priority command for the voice class. The service
policy is then applied to the outside interface and the priority queue for the outside interface is enabled.
Example 20-1 Configuring QoS Policing and Priority Queuing
hostname(config-priority-queue)# queue-limit 2048
hostname(config-priority-queue)# tx-ring-limit 256

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Viewing QoS Configuration
hostname(config)# class-map TG1-voice

hostname(config-cmap)# description "This class-map matches all dscp ef traffic for tunnel-grp 1"
hostname(config-cmap)# match dscp ef
hostname(config-cmap)# match tunnel-group tunnel-grp1
class-map TG1-BestEffort
description "This class-map matches all best-effort traffic for tunnel-grp1"
match flow ip destination-address
hostname(config-cmap)# policy-map qos

hostname(config-pmap)# class TG1-voice
hostname(config-pmap-c)# class TG1-best-effort
hostname(config-pmap-c)# class class-default
hostname(config-pmap-c)# service-policy qos interface outside
Viewing QoS Configuration

Viewing QoS Policy Map Configuration, page 20-13
Viewing the Priority-Queue Configuration for an Interface, page 20-13
Viewing QoS Service Policy Configuration

To view all current service policies, including those that implement QoS policy maps, use the show
service-policy command in privileged EXEC mode. You can limit the output to policies that include the
police or priority commands by using the police or priority keywords.
Note
This is the same command you use to view priority and police statistics.
The following example shows the output of show service-policy with the police keyword:
hostname# show service-policy police
Global policy:
Service-policy: global_fw_policy
Interface outside:
Service-policy: qos
Class-map: browse
police Interface outside:
cir 56000 bps, bc 10500 bytes
conformed 10065 packets, 12621510 bytes; actions: transmit
exceeded 499 packets, 625146 bytes; actions: drop
conformed 5600 bps, exceed 5016 bps
Class-map: cmap2
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Viewing QoS Statistics

The following example shows the output of show service-policy with the priority keyword:
hostname# show service-policy priority
Global policy:
Interface outside:
Service-policy: qos
Class-map: TG1-voice
Priority:
Interface outside: aggregate drop 0, aggregate transmit 9383
Viewing QoS Policy Map Configuration

To view all policy maps, including those that include the police and priority commands, use the
following command in privileged EXEC mode:
hostname# show running-config policy-map
For the foregoing examples, the output of this command would look something like the following:
hostname# show running-config policy-map
!
policy-map test
class class-default
policy-map inbound_policy
class ftp-port
inspect ftp strict inbound_ftp
policy-map qos
class browse
police 56000 10500
class TG1-voice
priority
class TG1-BestEffort
police 200000 37500
Viewing the Priority-Queue Configuration for an Interface

To display the priority-queue configuration for an interface, enter the show running-config
priority-queue command in global configuration mode. The following example shows the priority-queue
configuration for the interface named test:
hostname(config)# show running-config priority-queue test
priority-queue test
queue-limit
2048
tx-ring-limit 256
hostname(config)#

Viewing QoS Police Statistics, page 20-14

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Chapter 20
Viewing QoS Priority Statistics, page 20-14
Viewing QoS Priority Queue Statistics, page 20-15
Viewing QoS Police Statistics

To view the QoS statistics for traffic policing, use the show service-policy command with the police
keyword, in privileged EXEC mode:
Note
This is the same command you use to view configuration of policies that include the police keyword.
For example, the following command displays service policies that include the police command and the
related statistics; for example:
Global policy:
Interface outside:
Service-policy: qos
Class-map: browse
Class-map: cmap2
Viewing QoS Priority Statistics

To view statistics for service policies implementing the priority command, use the show service-policy
command with the priority keyword, in privileged EXEC mode:
Note
This is the same command you use to view configuration of policies that include the priority keyword.
For example, the following command displays service policies that include the priority command and
the related statistics; for example:
Global policy:
Interface outside:
Service-policy: qos
Class-map: TG1-voice
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Priority:
Interface outside: aggregate drop 0, aggregate transmit 9383
Note
Aggregate drop denotes the aggregated drop in this interface; aggregate transmit denotes the
aggregated number of transmitted packets in this interface.
Viewing QoS Priority Queue Statistics

To display the priority-queue statistics for an interface, use the show priority-queue statistics command
in privileged EXEC mode. The results show the statistics for both the best-effort (BE) queue and the
low-latency queue (LLQ). The following example shows the use of the show priority-queue statistics
command for the interface named test, and the command output:
hostname# show priority-queue statistics test
Priority-Queue Statistics interface test
Queue Type
Packets Dropped
Packets Transmit
Packets Enqueued
Current Q Length
Max Q Length
=
=
=
=
=
=
BE
0
0
0
0
0
Queue Type
Packets Dropped
Packets Transmit
Packets Enqueued
Current Q Length
Max Q Length
hostname#
=
=
=
=
=
=
LLQ
0
0
0
0
0
In this statistical report, the meaning of the line items is as follows:
Packets Dropped denotes the overall number of packets that have been dropped in this queue.
Packets Transmit denotes the overall number of packets that have been transmitted in this queue.
Packets Enqueued denotes the overall number of packets that have been queued in this queue.
Current Q Length denotes the current depth of this queue.
Max Q Length denotes the maximum depth that ever occurred in this queue.

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21

This chapter describes how to use and configure application inspection. This chapter includes the
following sections:
Application Inspection Engines, page 21-1
Applying Application Inspection to Selected Traffic, page 21-5
Managing CTIQBE Inspection, page 21-10
Managing DNS Inspection, page 21-14
Managing FTP Inspection, page 21-22
Managing GTP Inspection, page 21-28
Managing H.323 Inspection, page 21-35
Managing HTTP Inspection, page 21-41
Managing IPSec Pass Through Inspection, page 21-45
Managing MGCP Inspection, page 21-46
Managing RTSP Inspection, page 21-52
Managing SIP Inspection, page 21-55
Managing Skinny (SCCP) Inspection, page 21-59
Managing SMTP and Extended SMTP Inspection, page 21-63
Managing SNMP Inspection, page 21-66
Managing Sun RPC Inspection, page 21-69
Application Inspection Engines

This section describes how application inspection engines work. This section includes the following
topics:
Overview, page 21-2
How Inspection Engines Work, page 21-2
Supported Protocols, page 21-3

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Overview
The Adaptive Security Algorithm, used by the security appliance for stateful application inspection,
ensures the secure use of applications and services. Some applications require special handling by the
security appliance and specific application inspection engines are provided for this purpose.
Applications that require special application inspection engines are those that embed IP addressing
information in the user data packet or open secondary channels on dynamically assigned ports.
Application inspection engines work with NAT to help identify the location of embedded addressing
information. This allows NAT to translate these embedded addresses and to update any checksum or
other fields that are affected by the translation.
Each application inspection engine also monitors sessions to determine the port numbers for secondary
channels. Many protocols open secondary TCP or UDP ports to improve performance. The initial session
on a well-known port is used to negotiate dynamically assigned port numbers. The application inspection
engine monitors these sessions, identifies the dynamic port assignments, and permits data exchange on
these ports for the duration of the specific session.
How Inspection Engines Work

As illustrated in Figure 21-1, the security appliance uses three databases for its basic operation:
Access lists Used for authentication and authorization of connections based on specific networks,
hosts, and services (TCP/UDP port numbers).
InspectionsContains a static, predefined set of application-level inspection functions.
Connections (XLATE and CONN tables)Maintains state and other information about each
established connection. This information is used by the Adaptive Security Algorithm and
cut-through proxy to efficiently forward traffic within established sessions.
Figure 21-1
Basic Adaptive Security Algorithm Operations
ACL
Client
XLATE
CONN
Server
Inspection
67564
Security
appliance
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In Figure 21-1, operations are numbered in the order they occur, and are described as follows:
1.
A TCP SYN packet arrives at the security appliance to establish a new connection.
2.
The security appliance checks the access list database to determine if the connection is permitted.
3.
The security appliance creates a new entry in the connection database (XLATE and CONN tables).
4.
The security appliance checks the Inspections database to determine if the connection requires
application-level inspection.
5.
After the application inspection engine completes any required operations for the packet, the
security appliance forwards the packet to the destination system.
6.
The destination system responds to the initial request.
7.
The security appliance receives the reply packet, looks up the connection in the connection database,
and forwards the packet because it belongs to an established session.
The default configuration of the security appliance includes a set of application inspection entries that
associate supported protocols with specific TCP or UDP port numbers and that identify any special
handling required. For certain applications some inspection engines do not support NAT or PAT because
of the constraints imposed by the applications. You can change the port assignments for some
applications, while other applications have fixed port assignments that you cannot change. Table 21-1
summarizes this information about the application inspection engines provided with the security
appliance.
Supported Protocols
Table 21-1 summarizes the type of application inspections that is provided for each protocol supported
by the security appliance. The following inspection engines are described in this chapter:
CTIQBESee the Managing CTIQBE Inspection section on page 21-10
DNSSee the Managing DNS Inspection section on page 21-14
FTPSee the Managing FTP Inspection section on page 21-22
GTPSee the Managing GTP Inspection section on page 21-28
H.323See the Managing H.323 Inspection section on page 21-35
HTTPSee the Managing HTTP Inspection section on page 21-41
MGCPSee the Managing MGCP Inspection section on page 21-46
RTSPSee the Managing RTSP Inspection section on page 21-52
SIPSee the Managing SIP Inspection section on page 21-55
SkinnySee the Managing Skinny (SCCP) Inspection section on page 21-59
SMTP/ESMTPSee the Managing SMTP and Extended SMTP Inspection section on page 21-63
SNMPSee the Managing SNMP Inspection section on page 21-66
Sun RPCSee the Managing Sun RPC Inspection section on page 21-69
For more information about the inspection engines that are not discussed in this chapter, see the
appropriate inspect command pages in the Cisco Security Appliance Command Reference.

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Table 21-1
Application
PAT?
NAT (1-1)?
Configure
Port?
Default Port Standards
Comments
CTIQBE
Yes
Yes
Yes
TCP/2748
Yes
Yes
No
UDP/53
RFC 1123
Only forward NAT. No PTR

records are changed.
FTP
Yes
Yes
Yes
TCP/21
RFC 959
GTP
Yes
Yes
Yes
UDP/3386
UDP/2123
Requires a special license.
H.323
Yes
Yes
Yes
TCP/1720
ITU-T H.323,
UDP/1718 H.245, H225.0,
UDP (RAS) Q.931, Q.932
1718-1719
HTTP
Yes
Yes
Yes
TCP/80
RFC 2616
Beware of MTU limitations

stripping ActiveX and Java.2
ICMP
Yes
Yes
No
ICMP ERROR
Yes
Yes
No
ILS (LDAP)
Yes
Yes
Yes
MGCP
Yes
Yes
Yes
2427, 2727
RFC 2705bis-05
NBDS / UDP
Yes
Yes
No
UDP/138
NBNS / UDP
No
No
No
UDP/137
No WINS support.
NetBIOS over
IP3
No
No
No
PPTP
Yes
Yes
Yes
1723
RFC 2637
RSH
Yes
Yes
Yes
TCP/514
Berkeley UNIX
RTSP
No
No
Yes
TCP/554
RFC 2326, 2327, No handling for HTTP cloaking.

1889
SIP
Yes
Yes
Yes
TCP/5060
UDP/5060
RFC 2543
SKINNY
(SCCP)
Yes
Yes
Yes
TCP/2000
Does not handle TFTP uploaded

Cisco IP Phone configurations
under certain circumstances.
SMTP/ESMTP
Yes
Yes
Yes
TCP/25
RFC 821, 1123
SNMP
No
No
Yes
161, 162
RFC 1155, 1157, v.2 RFC 1902-1908; v.3 RFC

1212, 1213, 1215 2570-2580.
SQL*Net
Yes
Yes
Yes
TCP/1521
v.1 and v.2.
Sun RPC
No
Yes
No
UDP/111
TCP/111
Payload not NATed.
XDCMP
No
No
No
UDP/177
DNS
1. No NAT support is available for name resolution through WINS.

2. If the MTU is too small to allow the Java or ActiveX tag to be included in one packet, stripping may not occur.
3. NetBIOS is supported by performing NAT of the packets for NBNS UDP port 137 and NBDS UDP port 138.
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Applying Application Inspection to Selected Traffic

This section describes how to identify traffic to which you want to apply an inspection engine, how to
associate the inspection engine with a particular security policy, and how to apply the policy to one or
more interfaces on the security appliance. This section includes the following topics:
Overview, page 21-5
Identifying Traffic with a Traffic Class Map, page 21-6
Using an Application Inspection Map, page 21-8
Defining Actions with a Policy Map, page 21-9
Applying a Security Policy to an Interface, page 21-10
Overview
Application inspection is enabled by default for many protocols, while it is disabled for other protocols.
In most cases, you can change the port on which the application inspection listens for traffic. To change
the default configuration for application inspection for any application inspection engine, use the
Modular Policy Framework CLI.
Modular Policy Framework provides a consistent and flexible way to configure security appliance
features in a manner to similar to Cisco IOS software Modular Quality of Server (QoS) CLI.
To use Modular Policy Framework to enable application inspection, perform the following steps:
Step 1
(Optional) Define a traffic class by entering the class-map command.

A traffic class is a set of traffic that is identifiable by its packet content. You only need to perform this
step if you want to change the default port assignments for application inspection or identify traffic to
be subjected to application inspection using other criteria, such as the IP address. For a list of default
port assignments used for application inspection, see Table 21-1.
Step 2
Create a policy map by associating the traffic class with one or more actions by entering the policy-map
command.
An action is a security feature, such as application inspection, that helps protect information or resources
on one or more protected network interfaces. Application inspection for a specific protocol is one type
of action that can be applied using Modular Policy Framework.
Step 3
(Optional) Use an application inspection map to change the parameters used for certain application
inspection engines.
The application inspection map command enables the configuration mode for a specific application
inspection engine, from where you can enter the commands required to change the configuration. The
supported application inspection map commands include the following:
ftp-mapSee Managing FTP Inspection, page 21-22.
gtp-mapSee Managing GTP Inspection, page 21-28.
http-mapSee Managing HTTP Inspection, page 21-41.
mgcp-mapSee Managing MGCP Inspection, page 21-46.
snmp-mapSee Managing SNMP Inspection, page 21-66.
For detailed information about the syntax for each of these commands, see the Cisco Security Appliance
Command Reference.

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Step 4
Create a security policy by associating the policy map with one or more interfaces by entering the
service-policy command.
A security policy associates a previously defined traffic class with a security-related action and applies
it to a specific interface.
You can associate more than one traffic class with a single action and more than one action with a
specific traffic class. You can associate all interfaces with a traffic class by entering the global option,
or multiple interfaces by entering the service-policy command on separate interfaces.
Identifying Traffic with a Traffic Class Map

A traffic class map contains a name and one match command. The match command identifies the traffic
included in the traffic class. The name can be any string of alphanumeric characters.
Match commands can include different criteria to define the traffic included in the class map. For
example, you can use one or more access lists to identify specific types of traffic. The permit command
in an access control entry causes the traffic to be included, while a deny command causes the traffic to
be excluded from the traffic class map. For more information about configuring access lists, see Chapter
9, Identifying Traffic with Access Control Lists, in the Cisco Security Appliance Command Line
Configuration Guide.
After a traffic class is applied to an interface, packets received on that interface are compared to the
criteria defined by the match commands in the class map.
If the packet matches the specified criteria, it is included in the traffic class and is subjected to any
action, such as application inspection, that is associated with that traffic class. Packets that do not match
any of the criteria in any traffic class are assigned to the default traffic class.
To define a traffic class map, perform the following steps:
Step 1
To use an access list to define the traffic class, define the access list in global configuration mode, as in
the following example:
hostname(config)# access-list http_acl permit tcp any any eq 80
The http_acl access list in this example includes traffic on port 80. To enable traffic on more than one
non-contiguous port, enter the access-list command to create an access control entry for each port.
For the complete syntax of the access-list command see the access-list command page in the
Cisco Security Appliance Command Reference.
Step 2
Name the traffic class by entering the following command in global configuration mode:
Replace class_map_name with the name of the traffic class, as in the following example:
hostname(config)# class-map http_port
When you enter the class-map command, the CLI enters the class map configuration mode, and the
prompt changes, as in the following example:
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Step 3
In the class map configuration mode, define the traffic to include in the class by entering the following
command:
hostname(config-cmap)# match any | access-list acl_ID | {port tcp | udp {eq port_num
range port_num port_num}}
Use the any option to include all traffic in the traffic class. Use the access-list option
to match the criteria defined in a specific access list. Use the port option to identify a
specific port number or a range of port numbers.
Note
For applications that use multiple ports that are not within a continuous range, enter the
access-list option and define an access control entry to match each port.
The following example uses the port option to assign the default port to the current traffic class:
The following example uses the access-list option to assign traffic identified by the access control
entries in the http_acl access list:
hostname(config-cmap)# match access-list http_acl
You can also enter the match command to identify traffic based on IP precedence, DSCP (QoS) value,
RTP port, or tunnel group. For the complete syntax of the match command, see the Cisco Security
Appliance Command Reference.
Step 4
To apply application inspection to the default port assignments for every application and protocol, enter
This command overrides any other port assignments made by entering another match command.
However, it can be used with another match command that specifies other criteria, such as destination
or source IP address. Table 21-2 lists the default port assignments for different protocols.
Table 21-2
Default Port Assignments
Protocol Name
Protocol
Port
ctiqbe
tcp
2748
dns
udp
53
ftp
tcp
21
gtp
udp
2123,3386
h323 h225
tcp
1720
h323 ras
udp
1718-1719
http
tcp
80
icmp
icmp
N/A
ils
tcp
389
mgcp
udp
2427,2727
netbios
udp
N/A
sunrpc
udp
111
rsh
tcp
514

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Table 21-2
Step 5
Default Port Assignments (continued)
Protocol Name
Protocol
Port
rtsp
tcp
554
sip
tcp, udp
5060
skinny
tcp
2000
smtp
tcp
25
sqlnet
tcp
1521
tftp
udp
69
xdmcp
udp
177
To return to global configuration mode, enter the following command:

hostname(config)#
Using an Application Inspection Map

Some application inspection engines have configurable parameters that are used to control application
inspection. The default value of these parameters may work without modification, but if you need to fine
tune control of the application inspection engine, use an application inspection map. The following
procedure provides the general steps required to create an application inspection map.
To use an application inspection map, perform the following steps:
Step 1
Create an application inspection map by entering the following command:

hostname(config)# application-map application_map_name
Replace application with the type of application inspection. Replace application_map_name with the
name of the application inspection map, for example:
hostname(config)# http-map inbound_http
This example causes the system to enter HTTP map configuration mode and the CLI prompt changes as
follows:
hostname(config-http-map)#
Step 2
Define the configuration of the application inspection map by entering any of the supported commands.
To display a list of the supported commands, type a question mark (?) from within the application.
hostname(config-http-map)# ?
Http-map configuration commands:
content-length
Content length range inspection
content-type-verification Content type inspection
max-header-length
Maximum header size inspection
max-uri-length
Maximum URI size inspection
no
Negate a command or set its defaults
port-misuse
request-method
Request method inspection
strict-http
Strict HTTP inspection
transfer-encoding
Transfer encoding inspection
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hostname(config-http-map)# strict-http
Step 3
Return to global configuration mode:

hostname(config-http-map)# exit
hostname(config)#
Defining Actions with a Policy Map

You use a policy map to associate a traffic class map with a specific action, such as application
inspection for a particular protocol. To define a policy map, assign a name to the policy with the
policy-map command and then list one or more traffic class maps and one or more actions that should
be taken on packets that belong to the given traffic class.
Note
A packet is assigned to the first matching traffic class in the policy map.
To create a policy map by associating an action with a traffic class, perform the following steps:
Step 1
Name the policy map by entering the following command:

For example, the following command creates or modifies the sample_policy policy map:
(config)# policy-map sample_policy
The CLI enters the policy map configuration mode and the prompt changes accordingly, as follows:
Step 2
Specify one or more traffic classes to be included in the traffic policy, as in the following example:
For example, the following command creates the http_port policy map:
hostname(config-pmap)# class http_port
The CLI enters the class map configuration mode and the prompt changes accordingly, as follows:
Step 3
Enable application inspection by entering the following command:

hostname(config-pmap-c)# inspect protocol application_inspection_map
Use application_inspection_map if you are enabling a protocol that uses an application map for setting
configurable parameters. For example, the following command enables HTTP application inspection
using the parameters defined using the http_traffic application inspection map.
hostname(config-pmap-c)# inspect http http_traffic
Step 4
To return to policy map configuration mode, enter the following command:

hostname(config-pmap-c)# exit

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Managing CTIQBE Inspection
Step 5
To return to global configuration mode, enter the following command:

Applying a Security Policy to an Interface

After defining the policy map, apply the policy map to one or more interfaces on the security appliance
by entering the service-policy command in global configuration mode. You can enter the service-policy
command to activate a policy map globally on all the security appliance interfaces or on a specific
interface.
For example, the following command enables the sample_policy service policy on the outside interface:
hostname(config)# service-policy sample_policy interface outside
To enable the sample_policy service policy on all the security appliance interfaces, enter the following
command:
hostname(config)# service-policy sample_policy global

This section describes how to enable CTIQBE application inspection and change the default port
configuration. This section includes the following topics:
CTIQBE Inspection Overview, page 21-10
Limitations and Restrictions, page 21-10
Enabling and Configuring CTIQBE Inspection, page 21-11
Verifying and Monitoring CTIQBE Inspection, page 21-13
CTIQBE Inspection Overview

The inspect ctiqbe 2748 command enables CTIQBE protocol inspection, which supports NAT, PAT,
and bidirectional NAT. This enables Cisco IP SoftPhone and other Cisco TAPI/JTAPI applications to
work successfully with Cisco CallManager for call setup across the security appliance.
TAPI and JTAPI are used by many Cisco VoIP applications. CTIQBE is used by Cisco TSP to
communicate with Cisco CallManager.
Limitations and Restrictions

The following summarizes limitations that apply when using CTIQBE application inspection:
CTIQBE application inspection does not support configurations with the alias command.
Stateful Failover of CTIQBE calls is not supported.
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Entering the debug ctiqbe command may delay message transmission, which may have a
performance impact in a real-time environment. When you enable this debugging or logging and
Cisco IP SoftPhone seems unable to complete call setup through the security appliance, increase the
timeout values in the Cisco TSP settings on the system running Cisco IP SoftPhone.
The following summarizes special considerations when using CTIQBE application inspection in specific
scenarios:
If two Cisco IP SoftPhones are registered with different Cisco CallManagers, which are connected
to different interfaces of the security appliance, calls between these two phones fails.
When Cisco CallManager is located on the higher security interface compared to

Cisco IP SoftPhones, if NAT or outside NAT is required for the Cisco CallManager IP address, the
mapping must be static as Cisco IP SoftPhone requires the Cisco CallManager IP address to be
specified explicitly in its Cisco TSP configuration on the PC.
When using PAT or Outside PAT, if the Cisco CallManager IP address is to be translated, its TCP
port 2748 must be statically mapped to the same port of the PAT (interface) address for Cisco IP
SoftPhone registrations to succeed. The CTIQBE listening port (TCP 2748) is fixed and is not
user-configurable on Cisco CallManager, Cisco IP SoftPhone, or Cisco TSP.
Enabling and Configuring CTIQBE Inspection

To enable CTIQBE inspection or change the default port used for receiving CTIQBE traffic, perform the
following steps:
Step 1
Replace class_map_name with the name of the traffic class, For example:
hostname(config)# class-map ctiqbe_port
Step 2
In the class map configuration mode, define the match command, as in the following example:
hostname(config)#
To assign a range of continuous ports, enter the range keyword, as in the following example:
hostname(config-cmap)# match port tcp range 2748-2750
To assign more than one non-contiguous port for CTIQBE inspection, enter the access-list command
and define an access control entry to match each port. Then enter the match command to associate the
access lists with the CTIQBE traffic class.
Step 3

Replace policy_map_name with the name of the policy map, as in the following example:
hostname(config)# policy-map sample_policy

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Step 4
Specify the traffic class defined in Step 1 to be included in the policy map by entering the following
command:
For example, the following command assigns the ctiqbe_port traffic class to the current policy map:
hostname(config-pmap)# class ctiqbe_port
The CLI enters the policy map class configuration mode and the prompt changes accordingly, as follows:
Step 5
To enable CTIQBE application inspection, enter the following command:

hostname(config-pmap-c)# inspect ctiqbe
Step 6
Return to policy map configuration mode by entering the following command:

Step 7
Return to global configuration mode by entering the following command:

hostname(config-pmap)# exit
hostname(config)#
Step 8
Apply the policy map globally or to a specific interface by entering the following command:
hostname(config)# service-policy policy_map_name [global | interface interface_ID
Replace policy_map_name with the policy map you configured in Step 3, and identify all the interfaces
with the global option or a specific interface using the name assigned with the nameif command.
For example, the following command applies the sample_policy to the outside interface:
The following command applies the sample_policy to the all the security appliance interfaces:
Example 21-1 Enabling and Configuring CTIQBE Inspection
You enable the CTIQBE inspection engine as shown in the following example, which creates a class map
to match CTIQBE traffic on the default port (2748). The service policy is then applied to the outside
interface.
hostname(config)# class-map ctiqbe_port
hostname(config-pmap)# class ctiqbe_port
hostname(config-pmap-c)# inspect ctiqbe
To enable CTIQBE inspection for all interfaces, enter the global parameter in place of interface outside.
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Verifying and Monitoring CTIQBE Inspection

The show ctiqbe command displays information regarding the CTIQBE sessions established across the
security appliance. It shows information about the media connections allocated by the CTIQBE
inspection engine.
The following is sample output from the show ctiqbe command under the following conditions. There
is only one active CTIQBE session setup across the security appliance. It is established between an
internal CTI device (for example, a Cisco IP SoftPhone) at local address 10.0.0.99 and an external Cisco
CallManager at 172.29.1.77, where TCP port 2748 is the Cisco CallManager. The heartbeat interval for
the session is 120 seconds.
hostname# # show ctiqbe
Total: 1
LOCAL
FOREIGN
STATE
HEARTBEAT
--------------------------------------------------------------1
10.0.0.99/1117 172.29.1.77/2748
1
120
---------------------------------------------RTP/RTCP: PAT xlates: mapped to 172.29.1.99(1028 - 1029)
---------------------------------------------MEDIA: Device ID 27
Call ID 0
Foreign 172.29.1.99
(1028 - 1029)
Local
172.29.1.88
(26822 - 26823)
----------------------------------------------
The CTI device has already registered with the CallManager. The device internal address and RTP
listening port is PATed to 172.29.1.99 UDP port 1028. Its RTCP listening port is PATed to UDP 1029.
The line beginning with RTP/RTCP: PAT xlates: appears only if an internal CTI device has registered
with an external CallManager and the CTI device address and ports are PATed to that external interface.
This line does not appear if the CallManager is located on an internal interface, or if the internal CTI
device address and ports are NATed to the same external interface that is used by the CallManager.
The output indicates a call has been established between this CTI device and another phone at
172.29.1.88. The RTP and RTCP listening ports of the other phone are UDP 26822 and 26823. The other
phone locates on the same interface as the CallManager because the security appliance does not maintain
a CTIQBE session record associated with the second phone and CallManager. The active call leg on the
CTI device side can be identified with Device ID 27 and Call ID 0.
The following is sample output from the show xlate debug command for these CTIBQE connections:
hostname# show xlate debug
3 in use, 3 most used
Flags: D - DNS, d - dump, I - identity, i - inside, n - no random,
r - portmap, s - static
TCP PAT from inside:10.0.0.99/1117 to outside:172.29.1.99/1025 flags ri idle 0:00:22
timeout 0:00:30
UDP PAT from inside:10.0.0.99/16908 to outside:172.29.1.99/1028 flags ri idle 0:00:00
timeout 0:04:10
UDP PAT from inside:10.0.0.99/16909 to outside:172.29.1.99/1029 flags ri idle 0:00:23
timeout 0:04:10
The show conn state ctiqbe command displays the status of CTIQBE connections. In the output, the
media connections allocated by the CTIQBE inspection engine are denoted by a C flag. The following
is sample output from the show conn state ctiqbe command:
hostname# show conn state ctiqbe
hostname# show conn state ctiqbe detail
Flags: A - awaiting inside ACK to SYN, a - awaiting outside ACK to SYN,

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Managing DNS Inspection
B
E
G
i
M
q
R
s
initial SYN from outside, C - CTIQBE media, D - DNS, d - dump,

outside back connection, F - outside FIN, f - inside FIN,
group, g - MGCP, H - H.323, h - H.225.0, I - inbound data,
incomplete, J - GTP, j - GTP data, k - Skinny media,
SMTP data, m - SIP media, O - outbound data, P - inside back connection,
SQL*Net data, R - outside acknowledged FIN,
UDP RPC, r - inside acknowledged FIN, S - awaiting inside SYN,
awaiting outside SYN, T - SIP, t - SIP transient, U - up

This section describes how to manage DNS application inspection. This section includes the following
topics:
How DNS Application Inspection Works, page 21-14
How DNS Rewrite Works, page 21-15
Configuring DNS Rewrite, page 21-16
Configuring DNS Inspection, page 21-20
Verifying and Monitoring DNS Inspection, page 21-21
How DNS Application Inspection Works

DNS guard tears down the DNS session associated with a DNS query as soon as the DNS reply is
forwarded by the security appliance. DNS guard also monitors the message exchange to ensure that the
ID of the DNS reply matches the ID of the DNS query.
When DNS inspection is enabled, which it is the default, the security appliance performs the following
additional tasks:
Translates the DNS record based on the configuration completed using the alias, static and nat
commands (DNS rewrite). Translation only applies to the A-record in the DNS reply. Therefore,
reverse lookups, which request the PTR record, are not affected by DNS rewrite.
Note
DNS rewrite is not applicable for PAT because multiple PAT rules are applicable for each
A-record and the PAT rule to use is ambiguous.
Note
Enforces the maximum DNS message length (the default is 512 bytes and the maximum length is
65535 bytes). Reassembly is performed as necessary to verify that the packet length is less than the
maximum length configured. The packet is dropped if it exceeds the maximum length.
If you enter the inspect dns command without the maximum-length option, DNS packet size
is not checked
Enforces a domain-name length of 255 bytes and a label length of 63 bytes.
Verifies the integrity of the domain-name referred to by the pointer if compression pointers are
encountered in the DNS message.
Checks to see if a compression pointer loop exists.
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A single connection is created for multiple DNS sessions, as long as they are between the same two
hosts, and the sessions have the same 5-tuple (source/destination IP address, source/destination port, and
protocol). DNS identification is tracked by app_id, and the idle timer for each app_id runs
independently.
Because the app_id expires independently, a legitimate DNS response can only pass through the security
appliance within a limited period of time and there is no resource build-up. However, if you enter the
show conn command, you will see the idle timer of a DNS connection being reset by a new DNS session.
This is due to the nature of the shared DNS connection and is by design.
DNS port redirection can be enabled using the static command, as in the following example:
static (inside,outside) udp x.x.x.x 53 10.1.1.1 8053
In this example, the DNS server listens on port 8053 and the security appliance redirects DNS queries
on port 53 to port 8053. For this to work with DNS inspection, you must enable DNS inspection on port
8053. For configuration instructions, see theConfiguring DNS Inspection section on page 21-20.
How DNS Rewrite Works

When DNS inspection is enabled, DNS rewrite provides full support for NAT of DNS messages
originating from any interface.
If a client on an inside network requests DNS resolution of an inside address from a DNS server on an
outside interface, the DNS A-record is translated correctly. If the DNS inspection engine is disabled, the
A-record is not translated.
As long as DNS inspection remains enabled, you can configure DNS rewrite using the alias, static, or
nat commands. For details about the configuration required see the Configuring DNS Rewrite section
on page 21-16.
DNS rewrite performs two functions:
Translating a public address (the routable or mapped address) in a DNS reply to a private address
(the real address) when the DNS client is on a private interface.
Translating a private address to a public address when the DNS client is on the public interface.
In Figure 21-2, the DNS server resides on the external (ISP) network The real address of the server
(192.168.100.1) has been mapped using the static command to the ISP-assigned address
(209.165.200.5). A client on any interface can issue an HTTP request to a server. For configuration
instructions for this scenario, see the Configuring DNS Rewrite section on page 21-17.

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Figure 21-2
Translating the Address in a DNS Reply (DNS Rewrite)
DNS server
server.example.com IN A 209.165.200.5
Web server
server.example.com
192.168.100.1
ISP Internet
Web client
http://server.example.com
192.168.100.2
132406
Security appliance
192.168.100.1IN A 209.165.200.5
A client on any interface can issue a DNS request using server.example.com. When the DNS request
is sent to the external DNS server, the security appliance translates the non-routable source address in
the IP header and forwards the request to the ISP network on its outside interface. When the DNS reply
is returned, the security appliance applies address translation not only to the destination address, but also
to the embedded IP address of the web server, which is contained in the A-record in the DNS reply. As
a result, the web client on the inside network gets the correct address for connecting to the web server
on the inside network.
DNS rewrite also works if the client making the DNS request is on a DMZ network and the DNS server
is on an inside interface. For an illustration and configuration instructions for this scenario, see the DNS
Rewrite with Three NAT Zones section on page 21-18.
Configuring DNS Rewrite

You configure DNS rewrite using the alias, static, or nat commands. The alias and static command can
be used interchangeably. However, Cisco recommends using the static command for new deployments
because it is more precise and unambiguous. Also, DNS rewrite is optional when using the static
command.
This section describes how to use the alias and static commands to configure DNS rewrite. It provides
configuration procedures for using the static command in a simple scenario and in a more complex
scenario. Using the nat command is similar to using the static command except that DNS rewrite is
based on dynamic translation instead of a static mapping.
Using the Alias Command for DNS Rewrite, page 21-17
Using the Static Command for DNS Rewrite, page 21-17
Configuring DNS Rewrite, page 21-17
DNS Rewrite with Three NAT Zones, page 21-18
Configuring DNS Rewrite with Three NAT Zones, page 21-19
For detailed syntax and additional functions for the alias, nat, and static command, see the appropriate
command page in the Cisco Security Appliance Command Reference.
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Using the Alias Command for DNS Rewrite

The alias command causes addresses on an IP network residing on any interface to be translated into
addresses on another IP network connected through a different interface. The syntax for this command
is as follows:
hostname(config)# alias (inside) mapped-address real-address
For example:
hostname(config)# alias (inside) 209.165.200.5 192.168.100.10
This command specifies that the real address (192.168.100.10) on any interface except the inside
interface will be translated to the mapped address (209.165.200.5) on the inside interface. Note that the
location of 192.168.100.10 is not precisely defined.
Note
If you use the alias command to configure DNS rewrite, proxy ARP will be performed for the mapped
address. To prevent this, disable Proxy ARP by entering the sysopt noproxyarp internal_interface
command after entering the alias command.
Using the Static Command for DNS Rewrite

The static command causes addresses on an IP network residing on a specific interface to be translated
into addresses on another IP network on a different interface. The syntax for this command is as follows:
hostname(config)# static (inside,outside) mapped-address real-address dns
For example:
hostname(config)# static (inside,outside) 209.165.200.5 192.168.100.10 dns
This command specifies that the address 192.168.100.10 on the inside interface is translated into
209.165.200.5 on the outside interface.
Note
Using the nat command is similar to using the static command except that DNS rewrite is based on
dynamic translation instead of a static mapping.
Configuring DNS Rewrite

To implement the DNS rewrite scenario shown in Figure 21-2, perform the following steps:
Step 1
Create a static translation for the web server as shown in the following example:
hostname(config)# static (inside,outside) 209.165.200.5 192.168.100.1 netmask
255.255.255.255 dns
This command creates a static translation between the web server real address of 192.168.100.1 to the
global IP address 209.165.200.5.
Step 2
To grant access to anyone on the Internet to the web server on port 80, enter the following commands:
hostname(config)# access-list 101 permit tcp any host 209.165.200.5 eq www
hostname(config)# access-group 101 in interface outside
These commands permit any outside user to access the web server on port 80.

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Step 3
Configure DNS Inspection if it has been previously disabled or if you want to change the maximum DNS
packet length.
DNS application inspection is enabled by default with a maximum DNS packet length of 512 bytes. For
configuration instructions, see the Limitations and Restrictions section on page 21-10.
Step 4
On the public DNS server, add an A-record into the example.com zone, for example:
server.example.com. IN A 209.165.200.5
This DNS A-record binds the name server.example.com to the IP address 209.165.200.5.
DNS Rewrite with Three NAT Zones

Figure 21-3 provides a more complex scenario to illustrate how DNS inspection allows NAT to operate
transparently with a DNS server with minimal configuration. For configuration instructions for this
scenario, see the Configuring DNS Rewrite with Three NAT Zones section on page 21-19.
Figure 21-3
Configuring DNS Rewrite with Three NAT Zones
DNS server
erver.example.com IN A 209.165.200.5
Outside
Security
Web server
appliance
192.168.100.10
DMZ
192.168.100.1
Inside
Web client
10.10.10.25
10.10.10.1
132407
99.99.99.2
In Figure 21-3, a web server, server.example.com, has the real address 192.168.100.10 on the dmz
interface of the security appliance. A web client with the IP address 10.10.10.25 is on the inside interface
and a public DNS server is on the outside interface. The site NAT policies are as follows:
The outside DNS server holds the authoritative address record for server.example.com.
Hosts on the outside network can contact the web server with the domain name server.example.com
through the outside DNS server or with the IP address 209.165.200.5.
Clients on the inside network can access the web server with the domain name server.example.com
through the outside DNS server or with the IP address 192.168.100.10.
When a host or client on any interface accesses the DMZ web server, it queries the public DNS server
for the A-record of server.example.com. The DNS server returns the A-record showing that
server.example.com binds to address 209.165.200.5.
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When the request comes from the outside network, the sequence of events is as follows:
1.
The outside host accesses the DNS server using the IP address 209.165.200.5.
2.
The packet from the outside host reaches the security appliance at the outside interface to access
destination 209.165.200.5.
3.
The static rule translates the address 209.165.200.5 to 192.168.100.10 and the packet is directed to
the web server on the DMZ.
When the request comes from the inside network, the sequence of events is as follows:
1.
The DNS reply reaches the security appliance and is directed to the DNS application inspection
engine.
2.
The DNS application inspection engine does the following:

a. Searches for any NAT rule to undo the translation of the embedded A-record address
[outside]:209.165.200.5. In this example, it finds the following static configuration:

static (dmz,outside) 209.165.200.5 192.168.100.10 dns
b. Uses the static rule to rewrite the A-record as follows because the dns option is included:
[outside]:209.165.200.5 --> [dmz]:192.168.100.10
If the dns option were not included with the static command, DNS rewrite would not be
performed and other processing for the packet continues.
c. Searches for any NAT to translate the web server address, [dmz]:192.168.100.10, when
communicating with the inside web client.

No NAT rule is applicable, so application inspection completes.
If a NAT rule (nat or static) were applicable, the dns option must also be specified. If the dns
option were not specified, the A-record rewrite in step (b) would be reverted and other
processing for the packet continues.
Configuring DNS Rewrite with Three NAT Zones

To enable the NAT policies for the scenario in Figure 21-3, perform the following steps:
Step 1
Configure a NAT rule for the DMZ server and DNS rewrite for the DMZ server address.
hostname(config)# static (dmz,outside) 209.165.200.5 192.168.100.10 dns
This configuration states that hosts on the outside network can access the web server
dmz:192.168.100.10 using the address 209.165.200.5. Additionally, the dns option allows the static rule
to be used by DNS application inspection to rewrite the DNS A-record.
Step 2
Configure DNS Inspection if it has been previously disabled or if you want to change the maximum DNS
packet length.
DNS application inspection is enabled by default with a maximum DNS packet length of 512 bytes. For
configuration instructions, see the Limitations and Restrictions section on page 21-10.
Step 3
To grant access to anyone on the Internet to the web server on port 80, enter the following commands:
hostname(config)# access-list 101 permit tcp any host 209.165.200.5 eq www
hostname(config)# access-group 101 in interface outside
These commands permit any outside user to access the web server on port 80.
Step 4
On the public DNS server, add an A-record into the example.com zone, for example:

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server.example.com. IN A 209.165.200.5
This DNS A-record binds the name server.example.com to the IP address 209.165.200.5.
Configuring DNS Inspection

To enable DNS inspection (if it has been previously disabled) or to change the default port used for
receiving DNS traffic, perform the following steps:
Step 1
Replace class_map_name with the name of the traffic class, For example:
hostname(config)# class-map dns_port
Step 2
hostname(config-cmap)# match port udp eq 8053
hostname(config)#
Step 3

Step 4
command:
For example, the following command assigns the dns_port traffic class to the current policy map:
hostname(config-pmap)# class dns_port
Step 5
To enable DNS application inspection, enter the following command:

hostname(config-pmap-c)# inspect dns maximum-length [max-pkt-length]
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To change the maximum DNS packet length from the default (512), replace max-pkt-length with a
numeric value. Longer packets will be dropped. To disable checking the DNS packet length, enter the
inspect dns command without the maximum-length option.
Step 6

Step 7

hostname(config)#
Step 8
The following command applies the sample_policy to all the security appliance interfaces:
Example 21-2 Enabling and Configuring DNS Inspection
You enable the DNS inspection engine as shown in the following example, which creates a class map to
match DNS traffic on port 8053. The service policy is then applied to the outside interface.
hostname(config)# class-map dns_port
hostname(config-pmap)# class dns_port
hostname(config-pmap-c)# inspect dns maximum-length 1500
To configure DNS inspection for all interfaces, enter the global parameter in place of interface outside.
Verifying and Monitoring DNS Inspection

To view information about the current DNS connections, enter the following command:
hostname# show conn
For connections using a DNS server, the source port of the connection may be replaced by the IP address
of DNS server in the show conn command output.
A single connection is created for multiple DNS sessions, as long as they are between the same two
hosts, and the sessions have the same 5-tuple (source/destination IP address, source/destination port, and
protocol). DNS identification is tracked by app_id, and the idle timer for each app_id runs
independently.

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Managing FTP Inspection
Because the app_id expires independently, a legitimate DNS response can only pass through the security
appliance within a limited period of time and there is no resource build-up. However, when you enter
the show conn command, you will see the idle timer of a DNS connection being reset by a new DNS
session. This is due to the nature of the shared DNS connection and is by design.
To display the statistics for DNS application inspection, enter the show service-policy command. The
following is sample output from the show service-policy command:
hostname# show service-policy
Interface outside:
Service-policy: sample_policy
Class-map: dns_port
Inspect: dns maximum-length 1500, packet 0, drop 0, reset-drop 0

This section describes how the FTP inspection engine works and how you can change its configuration.
FTP Inspection Overview, page 21-22
Using the strict Option, page 21-22
Configuring FTP Inspection, page 21-23
Verifying and Monitoring FTP Inspection, page 21-26
FTP Inspection Overview

The FTP application inspection inspects the FTP sessions and performs four tasks:
Prepares dynamic secondary data connection
Tracks ftp command-response sequence
Generates an audit trail
NATs embedded IP address
FTP application inspection prepares secondary channels for FTP data transfer. The channels are
allocated in response to a file upload, a file download, or a directory listing event and must be
pre-negotiated. The port is negotiated through the PORT or PASV commands.
Note
If you disable FTP inspection engines with the no inspect ftp command, outbound users can start
connections only in passive mode, and all inbound FTP is disabled.
Using the strict Option

The strict option increases the security of protected networks by preventing web browsers from sending
embedded commands in FTP requests.
Note
To specify FTP commands that are not permitted to pass through the security appliance, create an FTP
map and enter the request-command deny command in FTP map configuration mode.
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After enabling the strict option on an interface, an ftp command must be acknowledged before a new
command is allowed. Connections sending embedded commands are dropped. The strict option restricts
an FTP server to generating the 227 command and restricts the FTP client to generating the PORT
command. The 227 and PORT commands are further checked to ensure they do not appear in an error
string.
Caution
Entering the strict option may break FTP clients that do not comply strictly to the RFC standards.
If the strict option is enabled, each ftp command and response sequence is tracked for the following
anomalous activity:
Truncated commandNumber of commas in the PORT and PASV reply command is checked to
see if it is five. If it is not five, then the PORT command is assumed to be truncated and the TCP
connection is closed.
Incorrect commandChecks the ftp command to see if it ends with <CR><LF> characters, as
required by the RFC. If it does not, the connection is closed.
Size of RETR and STOR commandsThese are checked against a fixed constant. If the size is
greater, then an error message is logged and the connection is closed.
Command spoofingThe PORT command should always be sent from the client. The TCP
connection is denied if a PORT command is sent from the server.
Reply spoofingPASV reply command (227) should always be sent from the server. The TCP
connection is denied if a PASV reply command is sent from the client. This prevents the security
hole when the user executes 227 xxxxx a1, a2, a3, a4, p1, p2.
TCP stream editing.
Invalid port negotiationThe negotiated dynamic port value is checked to see if it is less than 1024.
As port numbers in the range from 1 to 1024 are reserved for well-known connections, if the
negotiated port falls in this range, then the TCP connection is freed.
Command pipeliningThe number of characters present after the port numbers in the PORT and
PASV reply command is cross checked with a constant value of 8. If it is more than 8, then the TCP
connection is closed.
The security appliance replaces the FTP server response to the SYST command with a series of Xs.
to prevent the server from revealing its system type to FTP clients. To override this default behavior,
use the no mask-syst-reply command in FTP map configuration mode.
Configuring FTP Inspection

FTP application inspection is enabled default, so you only need to perform the procedures in this section
if you want to change the default FTP configuration, in any of the following ways:
Enable the strict option.
Identify specific FTP commands that are not permitted to pass through the security appliance.
Change the default port number.

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To change the default configuration for FTP inspection, perform the following steps:
Step 1
hostname(config)# class-map ftp_port
Step 2
hostname(config)#
To assign more than one non-contiguous port for FTP inspection, enter the access-list command and
define an access control entry to match each port. Then enter the match command to associate the access
lists with the FTP traffic class.
Step 3
Create an FTP map by entering the following command:

hostname(config)# ftp-map ftp_map_name
Replace ftp_map_name with the name of the FTP map, for example:
hostname(config)# ftp-map inbound_ftp
The system enters FTP map configuration mode and the CLI prompt changes as in the following
example:
hostname(config-ftp-map)#
Step 4
Define the configuration of the FTP map by entering the following command:
hostname(config-ftp-map)# request-command deny ftp_command
hostname(config-ftp-map)# exit
hostname(config)#
Replace ftp_command with one or more FTP commands that you want to restrict. See Table 21-3 for a
list of the FTP commands that you can restrict. For example, the following command prevents storing
or appending files:
hostname(config-inbound_ftp)# request-command deny put stou appe
Note
When FTP inspection is enabled, the security appliance replaces the FTP server response to the
SYST command with a series of Xs. This prevents the server from revealing its system type to
FTP clients. To change this default behavior, use the no mask-syst-reply command in FTP map
configuration mode.
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Step 5

Step 6
command:
For example, the following command assigns the ftp_port traffic class to the current policy map.
hostname(config-pmap)# class ftp_port
Step 7
To apply strict inspection to the traffic that matches the criteria defined in the traffic class, enter the
following command:
hostname(config-pmap-c)# inspect strict ftp
ftp_map_name
Replace ftp_map_name with the FTP map that you want to use. For example, the following command
causes the security appliance to use the FTP map created in the previous steps.
hostname(config-pmap-c)# inspect ftp strict inbound_ftp
Step 8

Step 9

hostname(config)#
Step 10

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Table 21-3
FTP Map request-command deny Options
request-command deny Option
Purpose
appe
Disallows the command that appends to a file.
cdup
Disallows the command that changes to the parent directory of the

current working directory.
dele
Disallows the command that deletes a file on the server.
get
Disallows the client command for retrieving a file from the server.
help
Disallows the command that provides help information.
mkd
Disallows the command that makes a directory on the server.
put
Disallows the client command for sending a file to the server.
rmd
Disallows the command that deletes a directory on the server.
rnfr
Disallows the command that specifies rename-from filename.
rnto
Disallows the command that specifies rename-to filename.
site
Disallows the command that are specific to the server system.

Usually used for remote administration.
stou
Disallows the command that stores a file using a unique file name.
The following complete example shows how to identify FTP traffic, define a FTP map, define a policy,
and apply the policy to the outside interface.
Example 21-3 Enabling and Configuring Strict FTP Inspection
hostname(config)# class-map ftp_port
hostname(config)# ftp-map inbound_ftp
hostname(config-ftp-map)# request-command deny put stou appe
hostname(config-ftp-map)# exit
hostname(config-pmap)# class ftp_port
hostname(config-pmap-c)# inspect ftp strict inbound_ftp
To enable FTP inspection for all interfaces, enter the global parameter in place of interface outside.
Verifying and Monitoring FTP Inspection

FTP application inspection generates the following log messages:
An Audit record 302002 is generated for each file that is retrieved or uploaded.
The ftp command is checked to see if it is RETR or STOR and the retrieve and store commands are
logged.
The username is obtained by looking up a table providing the IP address.
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The username, source IP address, destination IP address, NAT address, and the file operation are
logged.
Audit record 201005 is generated if the secondary dynamic channel preparation failed due to
memory shortage.
In conjunction with NAT, the FTP application inspection translates the IP address within the application
payload. This is described in detail in RFC 959.

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Managing GTP Inspection

This section describes how the GTP inspection engine works and how you can change its configuration.
Note
GTP Inspection Overview, page 21-28
Enabling and Configuring GTP Inspection, page 21-29
Enabling and Configuring GSN Pooling, page 21-32
Verifying and Monitoring GTP Inspection, page 21-34
GTP inspection requires a special license. If you enter GTP-related commands on a security appliance
without the required license, the security appliance displays an error message.
GTP Inspection Overview

GPRS provides uninterrupted connectivity for mobile subscribers between GSM networks and corporate
networks or the Internet. The GGSN is the interface between the GPRS wireless data network and other
networks. The SGSN performs mobility, data session management, and data compression (See
Figure 21-4).
Figure 21-4
GPRS Tunneling Protocol
Internet
Home PLMN
MS
SGSN
Gn
GGSN Gi
Corporate
network 2
Gp
Corporate
network 1
Roaming partner
(visited PLMN)
119935
GRX
The UMTS is the commercial convergence of fixed-line telephony, mobile, Internet and computer
technology. UTRAN is the networking protocol used for implementing wireless networks in this system.
GTP allows multi-protocol packets to be tunneled through a UMTS/GPRS backbone between a GGSN,
an SGSN and the UTRAN.
GTP does not include any inherent security or encryption of user data, but using GTP with the security
appliance helps protect your network against these risks.
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The SGSN is logically connected to a GGSN using GTP. GTP allows multiprotocol packets to be
tunneled through the GPRS backbone between GSNs. GTP provides a tunnel control and management
protocol that allows the SGSN to provide GPRS network access for a mobile station by creating,
modifying, and deleting tunnels. GTP uses a tunneling mechanism to provide a service for carrying user
data packets.
Note
When using GTP with failover, if a GTP connection is established and the active unit fails before data
is transmitted over the tunnel, the GTP data connection (with a j flag set) is not replicated to the
standby unit. This occurs because the active unit does not replicate embryonic connections to the standby
unit.
Enabling and Configuring GTP Inspection

GTP application inspection is disabled by default, so you need to complete the procedures described in
this section to enable GTP inspection.
Note
GTP inspection requires a special license. If you enter GTP-related commands on a security appliance
without the required license, the security appliance displays an error message.
To enable or change GTP configuration, perform the following steps:
Step 1
Define access control lists to identify the two ports required for receiving GTP traffic. For example, the
following commands identify the default ports for GTP inspection.
hostname(config)# access-list gtp_acl permit udp any any eq 3386
Step 2
Replace class_map_name with the name of the traffic class, for example:
hostname(config)# class-map gtp_port
Step 3
hostname(config-cmap)# match access-list gtp_acl
hostname(config)#
Step 4
(Optional) Create a GTP map by entering the following command:

hostname(config)# gtp-map gtp_map_name
Replace gtp_map_name with the name of the GTP map, for example:
hostname(config)# gtp-map inbound_gtp
This map is automatically enabled when you enable GTP without specifying a GTP map.

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The system enters GTP map configuration mode and the CLI prompt changes as in the following
example:
hostname(config-gtp)# gtp-map inbound_gtp
hostname(config-gtp-map)#
Step 5
(Optional) Change the default configuration as required by entering any of the supported GTP map
configuration commands, summarized in Table 21-3.
The default GTP map is used when you enable GTP without specifying a GTP map. This default GTP
map is preconfigured with the following default values:
Step 6
timeout tunnel 0:01:00
request-queue 200
timeout gsn 0:30:00
timeout pdp-context 0:30:00
timeout request 0:01:00
timeout signaling 0:30:00
tunnel-limit 500

hostname(config-gtp-map)# exit
Step 7
Specify the traffic class defined in Step 2 to be included in the policy may by entering the following
command:
For example, the following command assigns the gtp_port traffic class to the current policy map:
hostname(config-pmap)# class gtp_port
Step 8
To enable GTP application inspection using a GTP map, enter the following command:
hostname(config-pmap-c)# inspect gtp [gtp_map_name]
The default GTP map is used when you enable GTP without specifying a GTP map. To use a different
GTP map, replace gtp_map_name with the GTP map that you want to use. For example, the following
command causes the security appliance to use the GTP map created in the previous steps.
hostname(config-pmap-c)# inspect gtp inbound_gtp
Step 9

Step 10
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hostname(config)#
Step 11
The following example shows how to use access lists to identify GTP traffic, define a GTP map, define
a policy, and apply the policy to the outside interface.
Example 21-4 Enabling and Configuring GTP Inspection
hostname(config)# class-map gtp-traffic
hostname(config-cmap)# match access-list gtp_acl
hostname(config)# gtp-map inbound_gtp
hostname(config-gtp-map)# request-queue 300
hostname(config-gtp-map)# mcc 111 mnc 222
hostname(config-gtp-map)# message-length min 20 max 300
hostname(config-gtp-map)# drop message 20
hostname(config-gtp-map)# tunnel-limit 10000
hostname(config-pmap)# class gtp-traffic
hostname(config-pmap-c)# inspect gtp inbound_gtp
hostname(config)# service-policy sample_policy outside
Table 21-4 summarizes the configuration commands available in GTP map configuration mode. Refer
to the command page in the Cisco Security Appliance Command Reference for the detailed syntax of
each command.
Table 21-4
GTP Map Configuration Commands
Command
Description
description
Specifies the GTP configuration map description.
drop
Specifies the message ID, APN, or GTP version to drop.
help
Displays help for GTP map configuration commands.
mcc
Specifies the three-digit mobile country code (000 - 999) and the
two or three-digit mobile network code. One or two- digit entries are
prepended with 0s.
message-length
Specifies the message length min and max values.
permit errors
Permits packets with errors or different GTP versions.

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Note
Table 21-4
GTP Map Configuration Commands (continued)
Command
Description
permit response
Permits GSN load balancing. For more information, see Enabling

and Configuring GSN Pooling, page 21-32.
request-queue
Specifies the maximum requests allowed in the queue.
timeout
Specifies the idle timeout for the GSN, PDP context, requests,
signaling connections, and tunnels.
tunnel-limit
Specifies the maximum number of tunnels allowed.
The actions that you can specify for messages that fail the criteria set using the different configuration
commands include allow, reset, or drop. In addition to these actions, you can specify to log the event
or not.
Enabling and Configuring GSN Pooling

If the security appliance performs GTP inspection, by default the security appliance drops GTP
responses from GSNs that were not specified in the GTP request. This situation occurs when you use
load-balancing among a pool of GSNs to provide efficiency and scalability of GPRS.
You can enable support for GSN pooling by using the permit response command. This command
configures the security appliance to allow responses from any of a designated set of GSNs, regardless
of the GSN to which a GTP request was sent. You identify the pool of load-balancing GSNs as a network
object. Likewise, you identify the SGSN as a network object. If the GSN responding belongs to the same
object group as the GSN that the GTP request was sent to and if the SGSN is in a object group that the
responding GSN is permitted to send a GTP response to, the security appliance permits the response.
You add the permit response command to a GTP map configuration, which in turn is specified by the
inspect gtp command.
The following procedure provides steps for adding support for GSN pooling to an existing GTP
inspection configuration. For more information about configuring GTP inspection, see Enabling and
Configuring GTP Inspection section on page 21-29.
To enable GSN pooling for an existing GTP inspection configuration, perform the following steps:
Step 1
Create an object to represent the pool of load-balancing GSNs. To do so, perform the following steps:
a.
Use the object-group command to define a new network object group representing the pool of
load-balancing GSNs.
hostname(config)# object-group network GSN-pool-name
For example, the following command creates an object group named gsnpool32:
hostname(config)# object-group network gsnpool32
b.
Use the network-object command to specify the load-balancing GSNs. You can do so with one
network-object command per GSN, using the host keyword. You can also using network-object
command to identify whole networks containing GSNs that perform load balancing.
hostname(config-network)# network-object host IP-address
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For example, the following commands create three network objects representing individual hosts:
c.
Exit Network configuration mode.

hostname(config-network)# exit
hostname(config)#
Step 2
Create an object to represent the SGSN that the load-balancing GSNs are permitted to respond to. To do
so, perform the following steps:
a.
Use the object-group command to define a new network object group that will represent the SGSN
that sends GTP requests to the GSN pool.
hostname(config)# object-group network SGSN-name
For example, the following command creates an object group named sgsn32:
hostname(config)# object-group network sgsn32
b.
Use the network-object command with the host keyword to identify the SGSN.
hostname(config-network)# network-object host IP-address
For example, the following command creates a network objects representing the SGSN:
c.
Exit Network configuration mode.

hostname(config)#
Step 3
Enter GTP map configuration mode for the GTP map to which you want to add GSN pooling support.
hostname(config)# gtp-map GTP-map-name
hostname(config-gtp-map)#
For example, the following command enters GTP map configuration mode for the GTP map named
gtp-policy:
hostname(config)# gtp-map gtp-policy
Step 4
Use the permit response command to allow GTP responses from any GSN in the network object
representing the GSN pool, defined in Step 1, to the network object representing the SGSN, defined in
Step 2.
hostname(config-gtp-map)# permit response to-object-group SGSN-name from-object-group
GSN-pool-name
For example, the following command permits GTP responses from any host in the object group named
gsnpool32 to the host in the object group named sgsn32:
hostname(config-gtp-map)# permit response to-object-group sgsn32 from-object-group
gsnpool32

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Example 21-5 shows how to support GSN pooling by defining network objects for the GSN pool and the
SGSN. An entire Class C network is defined as the GSN pool but you can identify multiple individual
IP addresses, one per network-object command, instead of identifying whole networks. The example
then modifies a GTP map to permit responses from the GSN pool to the SGSN.
Example 21-5 Enabling GSN Pooling
hostname(config)# object-group network gsnpool32
hostname(config-network)# network-object 192.168.100.0 255.255.255.0
hostname(config)# object-group network sgsn32
hostname(config)# gtp-map gtp-policy
hostname(config-gtp-map)# permit response to-object-group sgsn32 from-object-group
gsnpool32
Verifying and Monitoring GTP Inspection

To display GTP configuration, enter the show service-policy inspect gtp command in privileged EXEC
mode. For the detailed syntax for this command, see the command page in the Cisco Security Appliance
Command Reference.
Use the show service-policy inspect gtp statistics command to show the statistics for GTP inspection.
The following is sample output from the show service-policy inspect gtp statistics command:
hostname# show service-policy inspect gtp statistics
GPRS GTP Statistics:
version_not_support
0
msg_too_short
unknown_msg
0
unexpected_sig_msg
unexpected_data_msg
0
ie_duplicated
mandatory_ie_missing
0
mandatory_ie_incorrect
optional_ie_incorrect
0
ie_unknown
ie_out_of_order
0
ie_unexpected
total_forwarded
0
total_dropped
signalling_msg_dropped
0
data_msg_dropped
signalling_msg_forwarded
0
data_msg_forwarded
total created_pdp
0
total deleted_pdp
total created_pdpmcb
0
total deleted_pdpmcb
pdp_non_existent
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
You can use the vertical bar (|) to filter the display. Type ?| for more display filtering options.
Use the show service-policy inspect gtp pdp-context command to display PDP context-related
information. The following is sample output from the show service-policy inspect gtp pdp-context
command:
hostname# show service-policy inspect gtp pdp-context detail
1 in use, 1 most used, timeout 0:00:00
Version TID
v1
1234567890123425
MS Addr
10.0.1.1
user_name (IMSI): 214365870921435

primary pdp: Y
sgsn_addr_signal:
10.0.0.2
ggsn_addr_signal:
10.1.1.1
sgsn control teid:
0x000001d1
ggsn control teid:
0x6306ffa0
seq_tpdu_up:
0
SGSN Addr
Idle
10.0.0.2 0:00:13
MS address:
nsapi: 2
sgsn_addr_data:
ggsn_addr_data:
sgsn data teid:
ggsn data teid:
seq_tpdu_down:
APN
gprs.cisco.com
1.1.1.1
10.0.0.2
10.1.1.1
0x000001d3
0x6305f9fc
0
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Managing H.323 Inspection
signal_sequence:
upstream_signal_flow:
downstream_signal_flow:
RAupdate_flow:
0
0
0
0
upstream_data_flow:
downstream_data_flow:
0
0
The PDP context is identified by the tunnel ID, which is a combination of the values for IMSI and
NSAPI. A GTP tunnel is defined by two associated PDP contexts in different GSN nodes and is
identified with a Tunnel ID. A GTP tunnel is necessary to forward packets between an external packet
data network and a MS user.
You can use the vertical bar (|) to filter the display, as in the following example:
hostname# show service-policy gtp statistics
grep gsn

This section describes how to enable H.323 application inspection and change the default port
H.323 Inspection Overview, page 21-35
How H.323 Works, page 21-35
Limitations and Restrictions, page 21-37
Enabling and Configuring H.323 Inspection, page 21-37
Configuring H.225 Timeout Values, page 21-39
Verifying and Monitoring H.323 Inspection, page 21-39
H.323 Inspection Overview

The inspect h323 command provides support for H.323 compliant applications such as Cisco
CallManager and VocalTec Gatekeeper. H.323 is a suite of protocols defined by the International
Telecommunication Union for multimedia conferences over LANs. The security appliance supports
H.323 through Version 4, including H.323 v3 feature Multiple Calls on One Call Signaling Channel.
With H323 inspection enabled, the security appliance supports multiple calls on the same call signaling
channel, a feature introduced with H.323 Version 3. This feature reduces call setup time and reduces the
use of ports on the security appliance.
The two major functions of H.323 inspection are as follows:
NAT the necessary embedded IPv4 addresses in the H.225 and H.245 messages. Because H.323
messages are encoded in PER encoding format, the security appliance uses an ASN.1 decoder to
decode the H.323 messages.
Dynamically allocate the negotiated H.245 and RTP/RTCP connections.
How H.323 Works

The H.323 collection of protocols collectively may use up to two TCP connection and four to six UDP
connections. FastConnect uses only one TCP connection, and RAS uses a single UDP connection for
registration, admissions, and status.

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An H.323 client may initially establish a TCP connection to an H.323 server using TCP port 1720 to
request Q.931 call setup. As part of the call setup process, the H.323 terminal supplies a port number to
the client to use for an H.245 TCP connection. In environments where H.323 gatekeeper is in use, the
initial packet is transmitted using UDP.
H.323 inspection monitors the Q.931 TCP connection to determine the H.245 port number. If the H.323
terminals are not using FastConnect, the security appliance dynamically allocates the H.245 connection
based on the inspection of the H.225 messages.
Within each H.245 message, the H.323 endpoints exchange port numbers that are used for subsequent
UDP data streams. H.323 inspection inspects the H.245 messages to identify these ports and dynamically
creates connections for the media exchange. RTP uses the negotiated port number, while RTCP uses the
next higher port number.
The H.323 control channel handles H.225 and H.245 and H.323 RAS. H.323 inspection uses the
following ports.
1718Gate Keeper Discovery UDP port
1719RAS UDP port
1720TCP Control Port
You must open an access list for the well-known H.323 port 1720 for the H.225 call signaling. However,
the H.245 signaling ports are negotiated between the endpoints in the H.225 signaling. When an H.323
gatekeeper is used, the security appliance opens an H.225 connection based on inspection of the ACF
message.
The security appliance dynamically allocates the H.245 channel after inspecting the H.225 messages and
then links to the H.245 channel to be fixed up as well. That means whatever H.245 messages pass
through the security appliance pass through the H.245 application inspection, NATing embedded IP
addresses and opening the negotiated media channels.
The H.323 ITU standard requires that a TPKT header, defining the length of the message, precede the
H.225 and H.245, before being passed on to the reliable connection. Because the TPKT header does not
necessarily need to be sent in the same TCP packet as the H.225/H.245 message, the security appliance
must remember the TPKT length to process/decode the messages properly. The security appliance keeps
a data structure for each connection and that data structure contains the TPKT length for the next
expected message.
If the security appliance needs to NAT any IP addresses, then it changes the checksum, the UUIE length,
and the TPKT, if included in the TCP packet with the H.225 message. If the TPKT is sent in a separate
TCP packet, then the security appliance proxy ACKs that TPKT and append a new TPKT to the H.245
message with the new length.
Note
The security appliance does not support TCP options in the Proxy ACK for the TPKT.
Each UDP connection with a packet going through H.323 inspection is marked as an H.323 connection
and times out with the H.323 timeout as configured with the timeout command.
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Limitations and Restrictions

The following are some of the known issues and limitations when using H.323 application inspection:
Static PAT may not properly translate IP addresses embedded in optional fields within H.323
messages. If you experience this kind of problem, do not use static PAT with H.323.
It has been observed that when a NetMeeting client registers with an H.323 gatekeeper and tries to
call an H.323 gateway that is also registered with the H.323 gatekeeper, the connection is
established but no voice is heard in either direction. This problem is unrelated to the security
appliance.
If you configure a network static address where the network static address is the same as a
third-party netmask and address, then any outbound H.323 connection fails.
Enabling and Configuring H.323 Inspection

To enable H.323 inspection or change the default port used for receiving H.323 traffic, perform the
following steps:
Step 1
Define access control lists to identify the two ports required for receiving H.323 traffic. For example,
the following commands identify the default ports for H.323 inspection.
hostname(config)# access-list h323_acl permit udp any any eq 1720
Step 2
hostname(config)# class-map h323_port
hostname(config-cmap)# match access-list h323_acl
hostname(config)#
To assign more than one non-contiguous port for H323 inspection, enter the access-list command and
lists with the H323 traffic class.
Step 3


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Step 4
command:
For example, the following command assigns the h323_port traffic class to the current policy map.
hostname(config-pmap)# class h323_port
Step 5
To enable H.323 traffic inspection, enter the following commands:

hostname(config-pmap-c)# inspect h323 ras
hostname(config-pmap-c)# inspect h323 h225

Step 6

hostname(config)#
Step 7
Example 21-6 Enabling and Configuring H.323 Inspection
You enable the H.323 inspection engine as shown in the following example, which creates a class map
to match H.323 traffic on the default port (1720). The service policy is then applied to the outside
interface.
hostname(config)# class-map h323-traffic
hostname(config-cmap)# match access-list h323_acl
hostname(config-pmap)# class h323_port
hostname(config-pmap-c)# inspect h323 ras
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hostname(config-pmap-c)# inspect h323 h225

To enable H.323 inspection for all interfaces, enter the global parameter in place of interface outside.
Configuring H.225 Timeout Values

To configure the idle time after which an H.225 signalling connection is closed, enter the following
command:
hostname(config)# timeout h225
The default is 1:00:00.

To configure the idle time after which an H.323 control connection is closed, enter the following
command:
hostname(config)# timeout h323
The default is 0:05:00.
Verifying and Monitoring H.323 Inspection

This section describes how to display information about H.323 sessions. This section includes the
following topics:
Monitoring H.225 Sessions, page 21-39
Monitoring H.245 Sessions, page 21-40
Monitoring H.323 RAS Sessions, page 21-40
Monitoring H.225 Sessions

The show h225 command displays information for H.225 sessions established across the security
appliance. Along with the debug h323 h225 event, debug h323 h245 event, and show local-host
commands, this command is used for troubleshooting H.323 inspection engine issues.
Before entering the show h225, show h245, or show h323-ras commands, we recommend that you
configure the pager command. If there are a lot of session records and the pager command is not
configured, it may take a while for the show command output to reach its end. If there is an abnormally
large number of connections, check that the sessions are timing out based on the default timeout values
or the values set by you. If they are not, then there is a problem that needs to be investigated.
The following is sample output from the show h225 command:
hostname# show h225
Total H.323 Calls: 1
1 Concurrent Call(s) for
Local:
10.130.56.3/1040
1. CRV 9861
Local:
10.130.56.3/1040
0 Concurrent Call(s) for
Local:
10.130.56.4/1050
Foreign: 172.30.254.203/1720
Foreign: 172.30.254.203/1720
Foreign: 172.30.254.205/1720

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This output indicates that there is currently 1 active H.323 call going through the security appliance
between the local endpoint 10.130.56.3 and foreign host 172.30.254.203, and for these particular
endpoints, there is 1 concurrent call between them, with a CRV for that call of 9861.
For the local endpoint 10.130.56.4 and foreign host 172.30.254.205, there are 0 concurrent calls. This
means that there is no active call between the endpoints even though the H.225 session still exists. This
could happen if, at the time of the show h225 command, the call has already ended but the H.225 session
has not yet been deleted. Alternately, it could mean that the two endpoints still have a TCP connection
opened between them because they set maintainConnection to TRUE, so the session is kept open until
they set it to FALSE again, or until the session times out based on the H.225 timeout value in your
configuration.
Monitoring H.245 Sessions

The show h245 command displays information for H.245 sessions established across the security
appliance by endpoints using slow start. Slow start is when the two endpoints of a call open another TCP
control channel for H.245. Fast start is where the H.245 messages are exchanged as part of the H.225
messages on the H.225 control channel.) Along with the debug h323 h245 event, debug h323 h225
event, and show local-host commands, this command is used for troubleshooting H.323 inspection
engine issues.
The following is sample output from the show h245 command:
hostname# show h245
Total: 1
LOCAL
TPKT
FOREIGN
TPKT
1
10.130.56.3/1041
0
172.30.254.203/1245
0
MEDIA: LCN 258 Foreign 172.30.254.203 RTP 49608 RTCP 49609
Local
10.130.56.3 RTP 49608 RTCP 49609
MEDIA: LCN 259 Foreign 172.30.254.203 RTP 49606 RTCP 49607
Local
10.130.56.3 RTP 49606 RTCP 49607
There is currently one H.245 control session active across the security appliance. The local endpoint is
10.130.56.3, and we are expecting the next packet from this endpoint to have a TPKT header because
the TPKT value is 0. The TKTP header is a 4-byte header preceding each H.225/H.245 message. It gives
the length of the message, including the 4-byte header. The foreign host endpoint is 172.30.254.203, and
we are expecting the next packet from this endpoint to have a TPKT header because the TPKT value is 0.
The media negotiated between these endpoints have an LCN of 258 with the foreign RTP IP address/port
pair of 172.30.254.203/49608 and an RTCP IP address/port of 172.30.254.203/49609 with a local RTP
IP address/port pair of 10.130.56.3/49608 and an RTCP port of 49609.
The second LCN of 259 has a foreign RTP IP address/port pair of 172.30.254.203/49606 and an RTCP
IP address/port pair of 172.30.254.203/49607 with a local RTP IP address/port pair of
10.130.56.3/49606 and RTCP port of 49607.
Monitoring H.323 RAS Sessions

The show h323-ras command displays information for H.323 RAS sessions established across the
security appliance between a gatekeeper and its H.323 endpoint. Along with the debug h323 ras event
and show local-host commands, this command is used for troubleshooting H.323 RAS inspection engine
issues.
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Managing HTTP Inspection
The show h323-ras command displays connection information for troubleshooting H.323 inspection
engine issues. The following is sample output from the show h323-ras command:
hostname# show h323-ras
Total: 1
GK
Caller
172.30.254.214 10.130.56.14
This output shows that there is one active registration between the gatekeeper 172.30.254.214 and its
client 10.130.56.14.

This section describes how the HTTP inspection engine works and how you can change its configuration.
HTTP Inspection Overview, page 21-41
Enabling and Configuring Advanced HTTP Inspection, page 21-42
HTTP Inspection Overview

Use the inspect http command to protect against specific attacks and other threats that may be
associated with HTTP traffic. HTTP inspection performs several functions:
Enhanced HTTP inspection
URL screening through N2H2 or Websense
Java and ActiveX filtering
The latter two features are configured in conjunction with the filter command. See the Applying
Filtering chapter.
Note
The no inspect http command also disables the filter url command.
The enhanced HTTP inspection feature, which is also known as an application firewall, verifies that
HTTP messages conform to RFC 2616, use RFC-defined methods, and comply with various other
criteria. This can help prevent attackers from using HTTP messages for circumventing network security
policy. In many cases, you can configure these criteria and the way the system responds when these
criteria are not met. The actions that you can specify for messages that fail the criteria set using the
different configuration commands include allow, reset, or drop. In addition to these actions, you can
specify to log the event or not.
The criteria that you can apply to HTTP messages include the following:
Does not include any method on a configurable list.
Specific transfer encoding method or application type.
HTTP transaction adheres to RFC specification.
Message body size is within configurable limits.
Request and response message header size is within a configurable limit.
URI length is within a configurable limit.
The content-type in the message body matches the header.

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The content-type in the response message matches the accept-type field in the request message.
MIME type is included on a predefined list.
Specified keywords are present or absent at specified positions in the message.
To enable enhanced HTTP inspection, enter the inspect http http-map command. The rules that this
applies to HTTP traffic are defined by the specific HTTP map, which you configure by entering the
http-map command and HTTP map configuration mode commands.
Note
When you enable HTTP inspection with an HTTP map, strict HTTP inspection with the action reset and
log is enabled by default. You can change the actions performed in response to inspection failure, but
you cannot disable strict inspection as long as the HTTP map remains enabled.
Enabling and Configuring Advanced HTTP Inspection

Use the procedures in this section to change the default HTTP configuration, in any of the following
ways:
Enable enhanced HTTP inspection (application firewall)
Change the default configuration for enhanced HTTP inspection
Change the default port number
To enable or configure enhanced HTTP inspection, perform the following steps:

Step 1
Step 2
hostname(config)#
To assign more than one non-contiguous port for HTTP inspection, enter the access-list command and
lists with the HTTP traffic class.
Step 3
Create an HTTP map by entering the following command:

hostname(config)# http-map http_map_name
Replace http_map_name with the name of the HTTP map, for example:
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The system enters HTTP map configuration mode and the CLI prompt changes as in the following
example:
Step 4
Change the default configuration as required by entering any of the supported HTTP map configuration
commands, summarized in Table 21-5.
Step 5

hostname(config)#
Step 6

Step 7
command:
For example, the following command assigns the http_port traffic class to the current policy map.
Step 8
following command:
hostname(config-pmap-c)# inspect http inbound_http
Step 9

Step 10

hostname(config)#
Step 11

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Example 21-7 Enabling and Configuring Enhanced HTTP Inspection
The following example shows how to use access lists to identify HTTP traffic, define an HTTP map,
define a policy, and apply the policy to the outside interface:
hostname(config-http-map)# content-length min 100 max 2000 action reset log
hostname(config-http-map)# content-type-verification match-req-rsp reset log
hostname(config-http-map)# max-header-length request bytes 100 action log reset
hostname(config-http-map)# max-uri-length 100 action reset log
hostname(config-pmap-c)# inspect http inbound_http
Table 21-5 summarizes the configuration commands available in HTTP map configuration mode. Refer
to the command page in the Cisco Security Appliance Command Reference for the detailed syntax of
each command.
Table 21-5
Note
HTTP Map Configuration Commands
Command
Description
content-length
Enables inspection based on the length of the HTTP content.
content-type-verification
Enables inspection based on the type of HTTP content.
max-header-length
Enables inspection based on the length of the HTTP header.
max-uri-length
Enables inspection based on the length of the URI.
no
Negates a command or sets a parameter to its default value.
port-misuse
Enables application firewall inspection.
request-method
Enables inspection based on the HTTP request method.
strict-http
Enables strict HTTP inspection.
transfer-encoding
Enables inspection based on the transfer encoding type.
The actions that you can specify for messages that fail the criteria set using the different configuration
commands include allow, reset, or drop. In addition to these actions, you can specify to log the event
or not.
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Managing IPSec Pass Through Inspection
Managing IPSec Pass Through Inspection

This section describes how the HTTP inspection engine works and how you can change its configuration.
IPSec Pass Through Inspection Overview, page 21-45
Enabling and Configuring IPSec Pass Through Inspection, page 21-45
IPSec Pass Through Inspection Overview

The IPSec Pass Through inspection engine lets the security appliance pass ESP (IP protocol 50) traffic
that is formed between two hosts because of successful IKE (UDP port 500) negotiation without the
requirement of specific ESP access lists.
The inspection engine works on IKE UDP port 500 to create the control flow. The inspect
ipsec-pass-thru command is attached to an UDP flow as defined in the MPF framework. When an ESP
packet between the two peers arrives at the device, or an UDP packet with either source or destination
port equal to 500, the packet is sent to the inspect module.
The ESP traffic is permitted by the inspection engine with the configured idle timeout if there is an
existing control flow and it is within the connection limit defined in the MPF framework. A new control
flow is created for IKE UDP port 500 traffic with the configured UDP idle timeout if there isnt one, or
it uses the existing flow.
To ensure that the packet arrives into the inspection engine, a hole is punched for all such traffic (ESP).
This inspect is attached to the control flow. The control flow is present as long as there is at least one
data flow (ESP) established, but the traffic always flows on the same connection. Since this IKE
connection is kept open as long as data flows, a rekey would always succeed. The flows are created
irrespective of NAT or no NAT.
Note
AH (IP protocol 51) is not supported. PAT is not supported.
Enabling and Configuring IPSec Pass Through Inspection

Inspect IPSec Pass Through is disabled by default. When enabled without using a parameter map, the
inspection uses the default IPSec Pass Through parameter map, which allows only ESP traffic with
unlimited connections and the default idle timeout of 10 minutes for the ESP connection.
The following example shows how to define an IPSec Pass Through map:
hostname(config)# access-list test-udp-acl extended permit udp any any eq 500
hostname(config)# class-map test-udp-class
hostname(config-cmap)# match access-list test-udp-acl
hostname(config)# policy-map test-udp-policy
hostname(config-pmap)# class test-udp-class
hostname(config-pmap-c)# inspect IPSec-pass-thru IPSec-map
This policy is applied on the interface that has the policy to permit UDP 500 traffic through initially. In
this example it is the outside interface.
To verify that the inspection engine opens the ESP data flows for IPSec Pass Through based on the IKE
control flow, use the show conn command:

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Managing MGCP Inspection
hostname(config)# show conn

ESP out 192.168.51.25 in 192.168.52.50 idle 0:00:00
ESP out 192.168.51.25 in 192.168.52.50 idle 0:00:10
UDP out 192.168.51.25:500 in 192.168.52.50:500 idle
ESP out 192.168.51.25 in 192.168.52.50 idle 0:00:00
ESP out 0.0.0.0 in 0.0.0.0 idle 0:00:10 bytes 0
bytes 864
bytes 0
0:00:00 flags bytes 864

This section describes how to enable and configure MGCP application inspection and change the default
port configuration. This section includes the following topics:
MGCP Inspection Overview, page 21-46
Configuring MGCP Call Agents and Gateways, page 21-48
Configuring and Enabling MGCP Inspection, page 21-48
Configuring MGCP Timeout Values, page 21-51
Verifying and Monitoring MGCP Inspection, page 21-51
MGCP Inspection Overview

MGCP is a master/slave protocol used to control media gateways from external call control elements
called media gateway controllers or call agents. A media gateway is typically a network element that
provides conversion between the audio signals carried on telephone circuits and data packets carried
over the Internet or over other packet networks. Using NAT and PAT with MGCP lets you support a
large number of devices on an internal network with a limited set of external (global) addresses.
Examples of media gateways are:
Trunking gateways, that interface between the telephone network and a Voice over IP network. Such
gateways typically manage a large number of digital circuits.
Residential gateways, that provide a traditional analog (RJ11) interface to a Voice over IP network.
Examples of residential gateways include cable modem/cable set-top boxes, xDSL devices,
broad-band wireless devices.
Business gateways, that provide a traditional digital PBX interface or an integrated soft PBX
interface to a Voice over IP network.
MGCP messages are transmitted over UDP. A response is sent back to the source address (IP address
and UDP port number) of the command, but the response may not arrive from the same address as the
command was sent to. This can happen when multiple call agents are being used in a failover
configuration and the call agent that received the command has passed control to a backup call agent,
which then sends the response. Figure 21-5 illustrates how NAT can be used with MGCP.
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Figure 21-5
Using NAT with MGCP
To PSTN
Cisco
PGW 2200
H.323
M
M
Cisco
CallManager
209.165.201.10
209.165.201.11
209.165.201.1
Gateway is told
to send its media
o 209.165.200.231
(public address
of the IP Phone)
209.165.200.231
MGCP
SCCP
RTP to 10.0.0.76
from 209.165.200.231
209.165.200.231
GW
GW
IP
IP
IP
10.0.0.76
Branch offices
119936
RTP to 209.165.201.1
from 209.165.200.231
MGCP endpoints are physical or virtual sources and destinations for data. Media gateways contain
endpoints on which the call agent can create, modify and delete connections to establish and control
media sessions with other multimedia endpoints. Also, the call agent can instruct the endpoints to detect
certain events and generate signals. The endpoints automatically communicate changes in service state
to the call agent.
MGCP transactions are composed of a command and a mandatory response. There are eight types of
commands:
CreateConnection
ModifyConnection
DeleteConnection
NotificationRequest
Notify
AuditEndpoint
AuditConnection
RestartInProgress
The first four commands are sent by the call agent to the gateway. The Notify command is sent by the
gateway to the call agent. The gateway may also send a DeleteConnection. The registration of the MGCP
gateway with the call agent is achieved by the RestartInProgress command. The AuditEndpoint and the
AuditConnection commands are sent by the call agent to the gateway.
All commands are composed of a Command header, optionally followed by a session description. All
responses are composed of a Response header, optionally followed by a session description.
To use MGCP, you usually need to configure at least two inspect commands: one for the port on which
the gateway receives commands, and one for the port on which the call agent receives commands.
Normally, a call agent sends commands to the default MGCP port for gateways (2427) while a gateway
sends commands to the default MGCP port for call agents (2727).

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Configuring MGCP Call Agents and Gateways

Use the call-agent command to specify a group of call agents that can manage one or more gateways.
The call agent group information is used to open connections for the call agents in the group (other than
the one a gateway sends a command to) so that any of the call agents can send the response. call agents
with the same group_id belong to the same group. A call agent may belong to more than one group. The
group_id option is a number from 0 to 4294967295. The ip_address option specifies the IP address of
the call agent.
To specify a group of call agents, enter the call-agent command in MGCP map configuration mode,
which is accessible by entering the mgcp-map command. To remove the configuration, enter the no
form of the command.
Use the gateway command to specify which group of call agents are managing a particular gateway. The
IP address of the gateway is specified with the ip_address option. The group_id option is a number from
0 to 4294967295 that must correspond with the group_id of the call agents that are managing the
gateway. A gateway may only belong to one group.
Note
MGCP call agents send AUEP messages to determine if MGCP end points are present. This establishes
a flow through the security appliance and allows MGCP end points to register with the call agent.
Configuring and Enabling MGCP Inspection

Use the mgcp-map command to identify a specific map for defining the parameters for MGCP
inspection. When you enter this command, the system enters a configuration mode that lets you enter the
different commands used for defining the specific map. After defining the MGCP map, you enter the
inspect mgcp command to enable the map. You use Modular Policy Framework to apply the inspect
command to a defined class of traffic and to apply the policy to a specific interface.
To enable and configure MGCP application inspection, perform the following steps:
Step 1
Define access control lists to identify the two ports required for receiving MGCP traffic. For example,
the following commands identify the default ports for MGCP inspection.
hostname(config)# access-list mgcp_acl permit udp any any eq 2427
hostname(config)# class-map mgcp-traffic
hostname(config-cmap)# match access-list mgcp_acl
hostname(config)# class-map mgcp_port
Step 2
hostname(config)#
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Step 3
(Optional) Create a MGCP map by entering the following command:

hostname(config)# mgcp-map policy_map_name
Note
An MGCP map is only required if the network has multiple call agents and gateways for which
the firewall has to open pinholes.
Replace mgcp_map_name with the name of the MGCP map, for example:
hostname(config)# mgcp-map inbound_mgcp
The system enters MGCP map configuration mode and the CLI prompt changes as in the following
example:
hostname(config-mgcp-map)#
Step 4
Configure the call agents, as in the following example:

Step 5
call-agent
call-agent
call-agent
call-agent
10.10.11.5
10.10.11.6
10.10.11.7
10.10.11.8
101
101
102
102
Configure the gateways, as in the following example:

hostname(config-mgcp-map)# gateway 10.10.10.115 101
Step 6
(Optional) To change the maximum number of commands allowed in the MGCP command queue, enter
hostname(config-mgcp-map)# command-queue command_limit
hostname(config-mgcp-map)# exit
hostname(config)#
Step 7

Step 8
command:
For example, the following command assigns the mgcp_port traffic class to the current policy map.
hostname(config-pmap)# class mgcp_port

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Step 9
(Optional) To change the default port used by the security appliance for receiving MGCP traffic, enter
hostname(config-pmap-c)# inspect mgcp inbound_mgcp
If you are not using an MGCP map, enter the following command:
hostname(config-pmap-c)# inspect mgcp
Step 10

Step 11

hostname(config)#
Step 12
Example 21-6 shows how to identify MGCP traffic, define a MGCP map, define a policy, and apply the
policy to the outside interface. This creates a class map to match MGCP traffic on the default ports (2427
and 2727). The service policy is then applied to the outside interface.
Example 21-8 Enabling and Configuring MGCP Inspection
hostname(config)# class-map mgcp-traffic
hostname(config-cmap)# match access-list mgcp_acl
hostname(config)# mgcp-map inbound_mgcp
hostname(config-mgcp-map)# call-agent 10.10.11.5 101
hostname(config-mgcp-map)# command-queue 150
hostname(config-mgcp-map)# exit
hostname(config-pmap)# class mgcp_port
hostname(config-pmap-c)# inspect mgcp inbound_mgcp
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This configuration allows call agents 10.10.11.5 and 10.10.11.6 to control gateway 10.10.10.115, and
allows call agents 10.10.11.7 and 10.10.11.8 to control both gateways 10.10.10.116 and 10.10.10.117.
The maximum number of MGCP commands that can be queued is 150.
To enable MGCP inspection for all interfaces, enter the global parameter in place of interface outside.
Configuring MGCP Timeout Values

The timeout mgcp command lets you set the interval for inactivity after which an MGCP media
connection is closed. The default is 5 minutes.
The timeout mgcp-pat command lets you set the timeout for PAT xlates. Because MGCP does not have
a keepalive mechanism, if you use non-Cisco MGCP gateways (call agents), the PAT xlates are torn
down after the default timeout interval, which is 30 seconds.
Verifying and Monitoring MGCP Inspection

The show mgcp commands command lists the number of MGCP commands in the command queue. The
show mgcp sessions command lists the number of existing MGCP sessions. The detail option includes
additional information about each command (or session) in the output. The following is sample output
from the show mgcp commands command:
hostname# show mgcp commands
1 in use, 1 most used, 200 maximum allowed
CRCX, gateway IP: host-pc-2, transaction ID: 2052, idle: 0:00:07
The following is sample output from the show mgcp detail command.
hostname# show mgcp commands detail
1 in use, 1 most used, 200 maximum allowed
CRCX, idle: 0:00:10
Gateway IP
host-pc-2
Transaction ID 2052
Endpoint name
aaln/1
Call ID
9876543210abcdef
Connection ID
Media IP
192.168.5.7
Media port
6058
The following is sample output from the show mgcp sessions command.
hostname# show mgcp sessions
Gateway IP host-pc-2, connection ID 6789af54c9, active 0:00:11
The following is sample output from the show mgcp sessions detail command.
hostname# show mgcp sessions detail
Session active 0:00:14
Gateway IP
host-pc-2
Call ID
9876543210abcdef
Connection ID
6789af54c9
Endpoint name
aaln/1
Media lcl port 6166
Media rmt IP
192.168.5.7
Media rmt port 6058

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Managing RTSP Inspection

This section describes how to enable RTSP application inspection and change the default port
RTSP Inspection Overview, page 21-52
Using RealPlayer, page 21-52
Restrictions and Limitations, page 21-53
Configuring RTSP Inspection, page 21-53
RTSP Inspection Overview

To configure RTSP application inspection or to change the ports to which the security appliance listens,
enter the inspect rtsp command in policy map class configuration mode, which is accessible by entering
the class command within policy map configuration mode. To remove the configuration, enter the no
form of the command. This command is enabled by default.
The inspect rtsp command lets the security appliance pass RTSP packets. RTSP is used by RealAudio,
RealNetworks, Apple QuickTime 4, RealPlayer, and Cisco IP/TV connections.
Note
For Cisco IP/TV, use RTSP TCP port 554 and TCP 8554.
RTSP applications use the well-known port 554 with TCP (rarely UDP) as a control channel. The
security appliance only supports TCP, in conformity with RFC 2326. This TCP control channel is used
to negotiate the data channels that is used to transmit audio/video traffic, depending on the transport
mode that is configured on the client.
The supported RDT transports are: rtp/avp, rtp/avp/udp, x-real-rdt, x-real-rdt/udp, and x-pn-tng/udp.
The security appliance parses Setup response messages with a status code of 200. If the response
message is travelling inbound, the server is outside relative to the security appliance and dynamic
channels need to be opened for connections coming inbound from the server. If the response message is
outbound, then the security appliance does not need to open dynamic channels.
Because RFC 2326 does not require that the client and server ports must be in the SETUP response
message, the security appliance keeps state and remembers the client ports in the SETUP message.
QuickTime places the client ports in the SETUP message and then the server responds with only the
server ports.
RTSP inspection does not support PAT or dual-NAT. Also, the security appliance cannot recognize
HTTP cloaking where RTSP messages are hidden in the HTTP messages.
Using RealPlayer
When using RealPlayer, it is important to properly configure transport mode. For the security appliance,
add an access-list command from the server to the client or vice versa. For RealPlayer, change transport
mode by clicking Options>Preferences>Transport>RTSP Settings.
If using TCP mode on the RealPlayer, select the Use TCP to Connect to Server and Attempt to use
TCP for all content check boxes. On the security appliance, there is no need to configure the inspection
engine.
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If using UDP mode on the RealPlayer, select the Use TCP to Connect to Server and Attempt to use
UDP for static content check boxes, and for live content not available via Multicast. On the security
appliance, add an inspect rtsp port command.
Restrictions and Limitations

The following restrictions apply to the inspect rtsp command. The security appliance does not support
multicast RTSP or RTSP messages over UDP.
PAT is not supported with the inspect rtsp command.
The security appliance does not have the ability to recognize HTTP cloaking where RTSP messages
are hidden in the HTTP messages.
The security appliance cannot perform NAT on RTSP messages because the embedded IP addresses
are contained in the SDP files as part of HTTP or RTSP messages. Packets could be fragmented and
security appliance cannot perform NAT on fragmented packets.
With Cisco IP/TV, the number of NATs the security appliance performs on the SDP part of the
message is proportional to the number of program listings in the Content Manager (each program
listing can have at least six embedded IP addresses).
You can configure NAT for Apple QuickTime 4 or RealPlayer. Cisco IP/TV only works with NAT
if the Viewer and Content Manager are on the outside network and the server is on the inside
network.
Configuring RTSP Inspection

To configure RTSP application inspection, perform the following steps:
Step 1
Define access control lists to identify the two ports required for receiving RTSP traffic. For example,
the following commands identify the default ports for RTSP inspection:
hostname(config)# access-list rtsp_acl permit tcp any any eq 554
Step 2
hostname(config)# class-map rtsp_port
Step 3
hostname(config-cmap)# match access-list rtsp_acl
hostname(config)#
Step 4


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Step 5
command:
For example, the following command assigns the rtsp_port traffic class to the current policy map.
hostname(config-pmap)# class rtsp_port
Step 6
(Optional) To change the default port used by the security appliance for receiving RTSP traffic, enter
hostname(config-pmap-c)# inspect rtsp
Step 7

Step 8

hostname(config)#
Step 9
Example 21-9 Enabling and Configuring RTSP Inspection
You enable the RTSP inspection engine as shown in the following example, which creates a class map
to match RTSP traffic on the default ports (554 and 8554). The service policy is then applied to the
outside interface.
hostname(config)# class-map rtsp-traffic
hostname(config-cmap)# match access-list rtsp_acl
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Managing SIP Inspection
hostname(config-pmap)# class rtsp_port

hostname(config-pmap-c)# inspect rtsp 554
hostname(config-pmap-c)# inspect rtsp 8554
To enable RTSP inspection for all interfaces, enter the global parameter in place of interface outside.

This section describes how to enable SIP application inspection and change the default port
SIP Inspection Overview, page 21-55
SIP Instant Messaging, page 21-56
Enabling and Configuring SIP Inspection, page 21-57
Configuring SIP Timeout Values, page 21-58
Verifying and Monitoring SIP Inspection, page 21-59
SIP Inspection Overview

SIP, as defined by the IETF, enables call handling sessions, particularly two-party audio conferences, or
calls. SIP works with SDP for call signalling. SDP specifies the ports for the media stream. Using SIP,
the security appliance can support any SIP VoIP gateways and VoIP proxy servers. SIP and SDP are
defined in the following RFCs:
SIP: Session Initiation Protocol, RFC 2543
SDP: Session Description Protocol, RFC 2327
To support SIP calls through the security appliance, signaling messages for the media connection
addresses, media ports, and embryonic connections for the media must be inspected, because while the
signaling is sent over a well-known destination port (UDP/TCP 5060), the media streams are
dynamically allocated. Also, SIP embeds IP addresses in the user-data portion of the IP packet. SIP
inspection applies NAT for these embedded IP addresses.
The following limitations and restrictions apply when using PAT with SIP:
If a remote endpoint tries to register with a SIP proxy on a network protected by the security
appliance, the registration will fail under very specific conditions. These conditions are when PAT
is configured for the remote endpoint, the SIP registrar server is on the outside network, and when
the port is missing in the contact field in the REGISTER message sent by the endpoint to the proxy
server.
When using PAT, if a SIP device transmits a packet in which the SDP portion has an IP address in
the owner/creator (o=) field that is different than the IP address in the connection field (c=), the IP
address in the o= field may not be properly translated. This is due to a limitation in the SIP protocol,
which does not provide a port value in the o= field.

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SIP Instant Messaging

Instant Messaging refers to the transfer of messages between users in near real-time. SIP supports the
Chat feature on Windows XP using Windows Messenger RTC Client version 4.7.0105 only. The
MESSAGE/INFO methods and 202 Accept response are used to support IM as defined in the following
RFCs:
Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)-Specific Event Notification, RFC 3265
Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Extension for Instant Messaging, RFC 3428
MESSAGE/INFO requests can come in at any time after registration/subscription. For example, two
users can be online at any time, but not chat for hours. Therefore, the SIP inspection engine opens
pinholes that time out according to the configured SIP timeout value. This value must be configured at
least five minutes longer than the subscription duration. The subscription duration is defined in the
Contact Expires value and is typically 30 minutes.
Because MESSAGE/INFO requests are typically sent using a dynamically allocated port other than port
5060, they are required to go through the SIP inspection engine.
Note
Only the Chat feature is currently supported. Whiteboard, File Transfer, and Application Sharing are not
supported. RTC Client 5.0 is not supported.
SIP inspection NATs the SIP text-based messages, recalculates the content length for the SDP portion
of the message, and recalculates the packet length and checksum. It dynamically opens media
connections for ports specified in the SDP portion of the SIP message as address/ports on which the
endpoint should listen.
SIP inspection has a database with indices CALL_ID/FROM/TO from the SIP payload that identifies the
call, as well as the source and destination. Contained within this database are the media addresses and
media ports that were contained in the SDP media information fields and the media type. There can be
multiple media addresses and ports for a session. RTP/RTCP connections are opened between the two
endpoints using these media addresses/ports.
The well-known port 5060 must be used on the initial call setup (INVITE) message. However,
subsequent messages may not have this port number. The SIP inspection engine opens signaling
connection pinholes, and marks these connections as SIP connections. This is done for the messages to
reach the SIP application and be NATed.
As a call is set up, the SIP session is considered in the transient state until the media address and media
port is received in a Response message from the called endpoint indicating the RTP port the called
endpoint listen on. If there is a failure to receive the response messages within one minute, the signaling
connection is torn down.
Once the final handshake is made, the call state is moved to active and the signaling connection remains
until a BYE message is received.
If an inside endpoint initiates a call to an outside endpoint, a media hole is opened to the outside interface
to allow RTP/RTCP UDP packets to flow to the inside endpoint media address and media port specified
in the INVITE message from the inside endpoint. Unsolicited RTP/RTCP UDP packets to an inside
interface does not traverse the security appliance, unless the security appliance configuration
specifically allows it.
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Enabling and Configuring SIP Inspection

To enable SIP inspection or change the default port used for receiving SIP traffic, perform the following
steps:
Step 1
hostname(config)# class-map sip_port
Step 2
hostname(config)#
To assign more than one non-contiguous port for SIP inspection, enter the access-list command and
lists with the SIP traffic class.
Step 3

Step 4
command:
For example, the following command assigns the sip_port traffic class to the current policy map.
hostname(config-pmap)# class sip_port
Step 5
(Optional) To change the default port used by the security appliance for receiving SIP traffic, enter the
following command:
hostname(config-pmap-c)# inspect sip

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Step 6

Step 7

hostname(config)#
Step 8
You enable the SIP inspection engine as shown in Example 21-8, which creates a class map to match
SIP traffic on the default port (5060). The service policy is then applied to the outside interface.
Example 21-10 Enabling SIP Application Inspection
hostname(config)# class-map sip_port
hostname(config-pmap)# class sip_port
hostname(config-pmap-c)# inspect sip 5060
To enable SIP inspection for all interfaces, enter the global parameter in place of interface outside.
Configuring SIP Timeout Values

The media connections are torn down within two minutes after the connection becomes idle. This is,
however, a configurable timeout and can be set for a shorter or longer period of time. To configure the
timeout for the SIP control connection, enter the following command:
timeout sip
This command configures the idle timeout after which a SIP control connection is closed.
To configure the timeout for the SIP media connection, enter the following command:
timeout sip_media
This command configures the idle timeout after which a SIP media connection is closed.
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Managing Skinny (SCCP) Inspection
Verifying and Monitoring SIP Inspection

The show sip command assists in troubleshooting SIP inspection engine issues and is described with the
inspect protocol sip udp 5060 command. The show timeout sip command displays the timeout value
of the designated protocol.
The show sip command displays information for SIP sessions established across the security appliance.
Along with the debug sip and show local-host commands, this command is used for troubleshooting
SIP inspection engine issues.
Note
We recommend that you configure the pager command before entering the show sip command. If there
are a lot of SIP session records and the pager command is not configured, it takes a while for the show
sip command output to reach its end.
The following is sample output from the show sip command:
hostname# show sip
Total: 2
call-id c3943000-960ca-2e43-228f@10.130.56.44
state Call init, idle 0:00:01
call-id c3943000-860ca-7e1f-11f7@10.130.56.45
state Active, idle 0:00:06
This sample shows two active SIP sessions on the security appliance (as shown in the Total field). Each
call-id represents a call.
The first session, with the call-id c3943000-960ca-2e43-228f@10.130.56.44, is in the state Call Init,
which means the session is still in call setup. Call setup is not complete until a final response to the call
has been received. For instance, the caller has already sent the INVITE, and maybe received a 100
Response, but has not yet seen the 200 OK, so the call setup is not complete yet. Any non-1xx response
message is considered a final response. This session has been idle for 1 second.
The second session is in the state Active, in which call setup is complete and the endpoints are
exchanging media. This session has been idle for 6 seconds.

This section describes how to enable SCCP application inspection and change the default port
SCCP Inspection Overview, page 21-60
Supporting Cisco IP Phones, page 21-60
Restrictions and Limitations, page 21-60
Verifying and Monitoring SCCP Inspection, page 21-62

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SCCP Inspection Overview

Skinny (SCCP) is a simplified protocol used in VoIP networks. Cisco IP Phones using SCCP can coexist
in an H.323 environment. When used with Cisco CallManager, the SCCP client can interoperate with
H.323 compliant terminals. Application layer functions in the security appliance recognize SCCP
Version 3.3. The functionality of the application layer software ensures that all SCCP signaling and
media packets can traverse the security appliance by providing NAT of the SCCP signaling packets.
There are five versions of the SCCP protocol: 2.4, 3.0.4, 3.1.1, 3.2, and 3.3.2. The security appliance
supports all versions through Version 3.3.2. The security appliance provides both PAT and NAT support
for SCCP. PAT is necessary if you have limited numbers of global IP addresses for use by IP phones.
Normal traffic between the Cisco CallManager and Cisco IP Phones uses SCCP and is handled by SCCP
inspection without any special configuration.The security appliance also supports DHCP options 150
and 66, which allow the security appliance to send the location of a TFTP server to Cisco IP Phones and
other DHCP clients. Cisco IP Phones might also include DHCP option 3 in their requests, which sets the
default route. For more information, see the Using Cisco IP Phones with a DHCP Server section in
Chapter 8, Configuring IP Networking.
Supporting Cisco IP Phones

In topologies where Cisco CallManager is located on the higher security interface with respect to the
Cisco IP Phones, if NAT is required for the Cisco CallManager IP address, the mapping must be static
because a Cisco IP Phone requires the Cisco CallManager IP address to be specified explicitly in its
configuration. An identity static entry allows the Cisco CallManager on the higher security interface to
accept registrations from the Cisco IP Phones.
Cisco IP Phones require access to a TFTP server to download the configuration information they need
to connect to the Cisco CallManager server.
When the Cisco IP Phones are on a lower security interface compared to the TFTP server, you must use
an access list to connect to the protected TFTP server on UDP port 69. While you do need a static entry
for the TFTP server, this does not have to be an identity static entry. When using NAT, an identity static
entry maps to the same IP address. When using PAT, it maps to the same IP address and port.
When the Cisco IP Phones are on a higher security interface compared to the TFTP server and
Cisco CallManager, no access list or static entry is required to allow the Cisco IP Phones to initiate the
connection.
Restrictions and Limitations

The following are limitations that apply to the current version of PAT and NAT support for SCCP:
Note
PAT does not work with configurations containing the alias command.
Outside NAT or PAT is not supported.
Stateful Failover of SCCP calls is now supported except for calls that are in the middle of call setup.
If the address of an internal Cisco CallManager is configured for NAT or PAT to a different IP address
or port, registrations for external Cisco IP Phones fail because the security appliance currently does not
support NAT or PAT for the file content transferred over TFTP. Although the security appliance does
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support NAT of TFTP messages, and opens a pinhole for the TFTP file to traverse the security appliance,
the security appliance cannot translate the Cisco CallManager IP address and port embedded in the Cisco
IP Phone configuration files that are being transferred using TFTP during phone registration.
To enable SCCP inspection or change the default port used for receiving SCCP traffic, perform the
following steps:
Step 1
hostname(config)# class-map sccp_port
Step 2
hostname(config)#
To assign more than one non-contiguous port for SCCP inspection, enter the access-list command and
lists with the SCCP traffic class.
Step 3

Step 4
command:
For example, the following command assigns the sccp_port traffic class to the current policy map:
hostname(config-pmap)# class sccp_port
Step 5
(Optional) To change the default port used by the security appliance for receiving SCCP traffic, enter
hostname(config-pmap-c)# inspect skinny

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Step 6

Step 7

hostname(config)#
Step 8
You enable the SCCP inspection engine as shown in Example 21-9, which creates a class map to match
SCCP traffic on the default port (2000). The service policy is then applied to the outside interface.
Example 21-11 Enabling SCCP Application Inspection
hostname(config)# class-map sccp_port
hostname(config-pmap)# class sccp_port
hostname(config-pmap-c)# inspect skinny
Verifying and Monitoring SCCP Inspection

The show skinny command assists in troubleshooting SCCP (Skinny) inspection engine issues. The
following is sample output from the show skinny command under the following conditions. There are
two active Skinny sessions set up across the security appliance. The first one is established between an
internal Cisco IP Phone at local address 10.0.0.11 and an external Cisco CallManager at 172.18.1.33.
TCP port 2000 is the CallManager. The second one is established between another internal Cisco IP
Phone at local address 10.0.0.22 and the same Cisco CallManager.
hostname# show skinny
LOCAL
FOREIGN
STATE
--------------------------------------------------------------1
10.0.0.11/52238
172.18.1.33/2000
1
MEDIA 10.0.0.11/22948
172.18.1.22/20798
2
10.0.0.22/52232
172.18.1.33/2000
1
MEDIA 10.0.0.22/20798
172.18.1.11/22948
The output indicates that a call has been established between two internal Cisco IP Phones. The RTP
listening ports of the first and second phones are UDP 22948 and 20798 respectively.
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Managing SMTP and Extended SMTP Inspection
The following is sample output from the show xlate debug command for these Skinny connections:
hostname# show xlate debug
Flags: D - DNS, d - dump, I - identity, i - inside, n - no random,
r - portmap, s - static
NAT from inside:10.0.0.11 to outside:172.18.1.11 flags si idle 0:00:16 timeout 0:05:00
NAT from inside:10.0.0.22 to outside:172.18.1.22 flags si idle 0:00:14 timeout 0:05:00

This section describes how to enable SMTP and ESMTP application inspection and change the default
port configuration. This section includes the following topics:
SMTP and Extended SMTP Inspection Overview, page 21-63
Enabling and Configuring SMTP and Extended SMTP Application Inspection, page 21-64
SMTP and Extended SMTP Inspection Overview

ESMTP application inspection provides improved protection against SMTP-based attacks by restricting
the types of SMTP commands that can pass through the security appliance and by adding monitoring
capabilities.
ESMTP is an enhancement to the SMTP protocol and is similar is most respects to SMTP. For
convenience, the term SMTP is used in this document to refer to both SMTP and ESMTP. The
application inspection process for extended SMTP is similar to SMTP application inspection and
includes support for SMTP sessions. Most commands used in an extended SMTP session are the same
as those used in an SMTP session but an ESMTP session is considerably faster and offers more options
related to reliability and security, such as delivery status notification.
The inspect esmtp command includes the functionality previously provided by the inspect smtp
command, and provides additional support for some extended SMTP commands. Extended SMTP
application inspection adds support for eight extended SMTP commands, including AUTH, EHLO,
ETRN, HELP, SAML, SEND, SOML and VRFY. Along with the support for seven RFC 821 commands
(DATA, HELO, MAIL, NOOP, QUIT, RCPT, RSET), the security appliance supports a total of fifteen
SMTP commands.
Other extended SMTP commands, such as ATRN, STARTLS, ONEX, VERB, CHUNKING, and private
extensions and are not supported. Unsupported commands are translated into Xs, which are rejected by
the internal server. This results in a message such as 500 Command unknown: 'XXX'. Incomplete
commands are discarded.
If you enter the inspect smtp command, the security appliance automatically converts the command into
the inspect esmtp command, which is the configuration that is shown if you enter the show
running-config command.
The inspect esmtp command changes the characters in the server SMTP banner to asterisks except for
the 2, 0, 0 characters. Carriage return (CR) and linefeed (LF) characters are ignored.
With SMTP inspection enabled, a Telnet session used for interactive SMTP may hang if the following
rules are not observed: SMTP commands must be at least four characters in length; must be terminated
with carriage return and line feed; and must wait for a response before issuing the next reply.

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An SMTP server responds to client requests with numeric reply codes and optional human-readable
strings. SMTP application inspection controls and reduces the commands that the user can use as well
as the messages that the server returns. SMTP inspection performs three primary tasks:
Restricts SMTP requests to seven basic SMTP commands and eight extended commands.
Monitors the SMTP command-response sequence.
Generates an audit trailAudit record 108002 is generated when invalid character embedded in the
mail address is replaced. For more information, see RFC 821.
SMTP inspection monitors the command and response sequence for the following anomalous signatures:
Truncated commands.
Incorrect command termination (not terminated with <CR><LR>).
The MAIL and RCPT commands specify who are the sender and the receiver of the mail. Mail
addresses are scanned for strange characters. The pipeline character (|) is deleted (changed to a blank
space) and < > are only allowed if they are used to define a mail address (> must be preceded
by <).
Unexpected transition by the SMTP server.
For unknown commands, the security appliance changes all the characters in the packet to X. In this
case, the server generates an error code to the client. Because of the change in the packed, the TCP
checksum has to be recalculated or adjusted.
TCP stream editing.
Command pipelining.
Enabling and Configuring SMTP and Extended SMTP Application Inspection

To enable SMTP and extended SMTP inspection or change the default port used for receiving SMTP
traffic, perform the following steps:
Step 1
hostname(config)# class-map smtp_port
Step 2
hostname(config)#
To assign more than one non-contiguous port for SMTP inspection, enter the access-list command and
lists with the SMTP traffic class.
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Step 3

Step 4
command:
For example, the following command assigns the smtp_port traffic class to the current policy map.
hostname(config-pmap)# class smtp_port
Step 5
(Optional) To change the default port used by the security appliance for receiving SMTP traffic, enter
hostname(config-pmap-c)# inspect esmtp
Step 6

Step 7

hostname(config)#
Step 8
Replace policy_map_name with the policy map you configured in Step 3. Identify all the security
appliance interfaces with the global option or identify a specific interface using the name assigned with
the nameif command.
For example, the following command applies the sample_policy policy map to the outside interface:
The following command applies the sample_policy policy map to the all the security appliance
interfaces:
You enable the SMTP inspection engine as shown in Example 21-10, which enables SMTP traffic on the
default port (25). The service policy is then applied to the outside interface.

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Managing SNMP Inspection
Example 21-12 Enabling and Configuring SMTP and ESMTP Inspection

hostname(config)# class-map smtp_port
hostname(config-pmap)# class smtp_port
hostname(config-pmap-c)# inspect esmtp 25
To enable SMTP inspection for all interfaces, enter the global parameter in place of interface outside.

This section describes how to enable SNMP application inspection and change the default port
SNMP Inspection Overview, page 21-66
Enabling and Configuring SNMP Application Inspection, page 21-66
SNMP Inspection Overview

Use the inspect snmp command to enable SNMP inspection, using the settings configured with an
SNMP map, which you create by entering the snmp-map command. Enter the deny version command
in SNMP map configuration mode to restrict SNMP traffic to a specific version of SNMP.
Earlier versions of SNMP are less secure, so denying SNMP Version 1 traffic may be required by your
security policy. To deny a specific version of SNMP, enter the deny version command within an SNMP
map, which you create by entering the snmp-map command. After configuring the SNMP map, you
enable the map by entering the inspect snmp command and then apply it to one or more interfaces by
entering the service-policy command.
Enabling and Configuring SNMP Application Inspection

To change the default configuration for SNMP inspection, perform the following steps:
Step 1
Define access control lists to identify the two ports required for receiving SNMP traffic:
hostname(config)# access-list snmp_acl permit snmp any any eq 161
hostname(config)# access-list snmp_acl permit snmp any any eq 162
Step 2
hostname(config)# class-map snmp_port
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Step 3
hostname(config-cmap)# match access-list snmp_acl
hostname(config)#
To assign a range of continuous ports, you can also enter the range keyword, as in the following
example:
hostname(config-cmap)# match port snmp range 161-162
In this case, you do not need to create access lists for defining the ports on which to enable SNMP
application inspection.
Step 4
Create an SNMP map by entering the following command:

hostname(config)# snmp-map snmp_map_name
Replace snmp_map_name with the name of the SNMP map, for example:
hostname(config)# snmp-map sample_policy
The system enters SNMP map configuration mode and the CLI prompt changes as in the following
example:
hostname(config-snmp-map)#
Step 5
Restrict the configuration of the SNMP map by entering the following command:
hostname(config-snmp-map)# deny version version
Replace version with one or more SNMP versions that you want to restrict, for example:
hostname(config-inbound_ftp)# deny version 1
Step 6

Step 7
command:
For example, the following command assigns the snmp_port traffic class to the current policy map.
hostname(config-pmap)# class snmp_port
Step 8
following command:
hostname(config-pmap-c)# inspect snmp snmp_map_name
Replace snmp_map_name with the SNMP map that you want to use. For example, the following
command causes the security appliance to use the SNMP map created in the previous steps:

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hostname(config-pmap-c)# inspect snmp sample_policy
Step 9

Step 10

hostname(config)#
Step 11
To enable strict SNMP application inspection for all interfaces, enter the global parameter in place of
interface outside.
The following example identifies SNMP traffic, defines an SNMP map, defines a policy, enables SNMP
inspection, and applies the policy to the outside interface:
Example 21-13 Configuring SNMP Application Inspection
hostname(config)# access-list snmp_acl permit snmp eq 161
hostname(config)# access-list snmp_acl permit snmp eq 162
hostname(config)# class-map snmp_port
hostname(config-cmap)# match access-list snmp_acl
hostname(config)# snmp-map sample_policy
hostname(config-snmp-map)# deny version 1
hostname(config-snmp-map)# exit
hostname(config-pmap)# class snmp_port
hostname(config-pmap-c)# inspect snmp sample_policy
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Managing Sun RPC Inspection

This section describes how to enable Sun RPC application inspection, change the default port
configuration, and manage the Sun RPC service table. This section includes the following topics:
Sun RPC Inspection Overview, page 21-69
Enabling and Configuring Sun RPC Inspection, page 21-69
Managing Sun RPC Services, page 21-71
Verifying and Monitoring Sun RPC Inspection, page 21-72
Sun RPC Inspection Overview

To enable Sun RPC application inspection or to change the ports to which the security appliance listens,
use the inspect sunrpc command in policy map class configuration mode, which is accessible by using
the class command within policy map configuration mode. To remove the configuration, use the no form
of this command.
The inspect sunrpc command enables or disables application inspection for the Sun RPC protocol. Sun
RPC is used by NFS and NIS. Sun RPC services can run on any port on the system. When a client
attempts to access an Sun RPC service on a server, it must find out which port that service is running on.
It does this by querying the portmapper process on the well-known port of 111.
The client sends the Sun RPC program number of the service, and gets back the port number. From this
point on, the client program sends its Sun RPC queries to that new port. When a server sends out a reply,
the security appliance intercepts this packet and opens both embryonic TCP and UDP connections on
that port.
Note
NAT or PAT of Sun RPC payload information is not supported.
Enabling and Configuring Sun RPC Inspection

Note
To enable or configure Sun RPC inspection over UDP, you do not have to define a separate traffic class
or a new policy map. You simply add the inspect sunrpc command into a policy map whose traffic class
is defined by the default traffic class. An example of this configuration is shown in Example 21-15 on
page 21-71.
To enable Sun RPC inspection or change the default port used for receiving Sun RPC traffic using TCP,
perform the following steps:
Step 1
hostname(config)# class-map sunrpc_port

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Step 2
hostname(config)#
To assign more than one non-contiguous port for Sun RPC inspection, enter the access-list command
and define an access control entry to match each port. Then enter the match command to associate the
access lists with the Sun RPC traffic class.
Step 3

Step 4
command:
For example, the following command assigns the sunrpc_port traffic class to the current policy map:
hostname(config-pmap)# class sunrpc_port
Step 5
To enable Sun RPC application inspection, enter the following command:

hostname(config-pmap-c)# inspect sunrpc
Step 6

Step 7

hostname(config)#
Step 8
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Example 21-14 Enabling and Configuring Sun RPC Inspection (TCP)
You enable the Sun RPC inspection engine as shown in the following example, which creates a class map
to match Sun RPC traffic on TCP port 111. The service policy is then applied to the outside interface.
hostname(config)# class-map sunrpc_port
hostname(config-pmap)# class sunrpc_port
To enable Sun RPC inspection for all interfaces, use the global parameter in place of interface outside.
Example 21-15 Enabling and Configuring Sun RPC Inspection (TCP)
To enable Sun RPC over UDP, simply add the inspect sunrpc command to a policy map whose traffic
class is defined by the default traffic class, as shown in the following example:
hostname(config)# policy-map asa_global_fw_policy
hostname(config-pmap)# class inspection_default
Managing Sun RPC Services

Use the Sun RPC services table to control Sun RPC traffic through the security appliance based on
established Sun RPC sessions. To create entries in the Sun RPC services table, use the sunrpc-server
command in global configuration mode. To remove Sun RPC services table entries from the
configuration, use the no form of this command.
You can use this command to specify the timeout after which the pinhole that was opened by Sun RPC
application inspection will be closed. For example, to create a timeout of 30 minutes to the Sun RPC
server with the IP address 192.168.100.2, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# sunrpc-server inside 192.168.100.2 255.255.255.255 service 100003
protocol tcp 111 timeout 00:30:00
This command specifies that the pinhole that was opened by Sun RPC application inspection will be
closed after 30 minutes. In this example, the Sun RPC server is on the inside interface using TCP port
111. You can also specify UDP, a different port number, or a range of ports. To specify a range of ports,
separate the starting and ending port numbers in the range with a hyphen (for example, 111-113).
The service type identifies the mapping between a specific service type and the port number used for the
service. To determine the service type, which in this example is 100003, use the sunrpcinfo command
at the UNIX or Linux command line on the Sun RPC server machine.

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To clear the Sun RPC configuration, enter the following command.

hostname(config)# clear configure sunrpc-server
This removes the configuration performed using the sunrpc-server command. The sunrpc-server
command allows pinholes to be created with a specified timeout.
To clear the active Sun RPC services, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# clear sunrpc-server active
This clears the pinholes that are opened by Sun RPC application inspection for specific services, such
as NFS or NIS.
Verifying and Monitoring Sun RPC Inspection

The sample output in this section is for a Sun RPC server with an IP address of 192.168.100.2 on the
inside interface and a Sun RPC client with an IP address of 209.168.200.5 on the outside interface.
To view information about the current Sun RPC connections, enter the show conn command. The
following is sample output from the show conn command:
hostname# show conn
UDP out 209.165.200.5:800 in 192.168.100.2:2049 idle 0:00:04 flags UDP out 209.165.200.5:714 in 192.168.100.2:111 idle 0:00:04 flags UDP out 209.165.200.5:712 in 192.168.100.2:647 idle 0:00:05 flags UDP out 192.168.100.2:0 in 209.165.200.5:714 idle 0:00:05 flags i
hostname(config)#
To display the information about the Sun RPC service table configuration, enter the show
running-config sunrpc-server command. The following is sample output from the show
running-config sunrpc-server command:
hostname(config)# show running-config sunrpc-server
sunrpc-server inside 192.168.100.2 255.255.255.255 service 100003 protocol UDP port 111
timeout 0:30:00
sunrpc-server inside 192.168.100.2 255.255.255.255 service 100005 protocol UDP port 111
timeout 0:30:00
This output shows that a timeout interval of 30 minutes is configured on UDP port 111 for the Sun RPC
server with the IP address 192.168.100.2 on the inside interface.
To display the pinholes open for Sun RPC services, enter the show sunrpc-server active command. The
following is sample output from show sunrpc-server active command:
hostname# show sunrpc-server active
LOCAL FOREIGN SERVICE TIMEOUT
----------------------------------------------1 209.165.200.5/0 192.168.100.2/2049 100003 0:30:00
2 209.165.200.5/0 192.168.100.2/2049 100003 0:30:00
3 209.165.200.5/0 192.168.100.2/647 100005 0:30:00
4 209.165.200.5/0 192.168.100.2/650 100005 0:30:00
The entry in the LOCAL column shows the IP address of the client or server on the inside interface, while
the value in the FOREIGN column shows the IP address of the client or server on the outside interface.
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To view information about the Sun RPC services running on a Sun RPC server, enter the rpcinfo -p
command from the Linux or UNIX server command line. The following is sample output from the
rpcinfo -p command:
sunrpcserver:~ # rpcinfo -p
program vers proto port
100000 2 tcp 111 portmapper
100000 2 udp 111 portmapper
100024 1 udp 632 status
100024 1 tcp 635 status
100003 2 udp 2049 nfs
100003 3 udp 2049 nfs
100003 2 tcp 2049 nfs
100003 3 tcp 2049 nfs
100021 1 udp 32771 nlockmgr
100021 1 tcp 32852 nlockmgr
100005 1 udp 647 mountd
100005 1 tcp 650 mountd
100005 2 udp 647 mountd
100005 2 tcp 650 mountd
100005 3 udp 647 mountd
100005 3 tcp 650 mountd
In this output, port 647 corresponds to the mountd daemon running over UDP. The mountd process
would more commonly be using port 32780. The mountd process running over TCP uses port 650 in this
example.

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Configuring ARP Inspection and Bridging

Parameters
Transparent Firewall Mode Only
This chapter describes how to enable ARP inspection and how to customize bridging operations for the
security appliance. In multiple context mode, the commands in this chapter can be entered in a security
context, but not the system.
Configuring ARP Inspection, page 22-1
Customizing the MAC Address Table, page 22-3

This section describes ARP inspection and how to enable it, and includes the following topics:
ARP Inspection Overview, page 22-1
Adding a Static ARP Entry, page 22-2
Enabling ARP Inspection, page 22-2
ARP Inspection Overview

By default, all ARP packets are allowed through the security appliance. You can control the flow of ARP
packets by enabling ARP inspection.
When you enable ARP inspection, the security appliance compares the MAC address, IP address, and
source interface in all ARP packets to static entries in the ARP table, and takes the following actions:
If the IP address, MAC address, and source interface match an ARP entry, the packet is passed
through.
If there is a mismatch between the MAC address, the IP address, or the interface, then the security
appliance drops the packet.
If the ARP packet does not match any entries in the static ARP table, then you can set the security
appliance to either forward the packet out all interfaces (flood), or to drop the packet.
Note
The dedicated management interface, if present, never floods packets even if this parameter
is set to flood.
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ARP inspection prevents malicious users from impersonating other hosts or routers (known as ARP
spoofing). ARP spoofing can enable a man-in-the-middle attack. For example, a host sends an
ARP request to the gateway router; the gateway router responds with the gateway router MAC address.
The attacker, however, sends another ARP response to the host with the attacker MAC address instead
of the router MAC address. The attacker can now intercept all the host traffic before forwarding it on to
the router.
ARP inspection ensures that an attacker cannot send an ARP response with the attacker MAC address,
so long as the correct MAC address and the associated IP address are in the static ARP table.
Adding a Static ARP Entry

ARP inspection compares ARP packets with static ARP entries in the ARP table. To add a static ARP
entry, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# arp interface_name ip_address mac_address
For example, to allow ARP responses from the router at 10.1.1.1 with the MAC address 0009.7cbe.2100
on the outside interface, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# arp outside 10.1.1.1 0009.7cbe.2100
Note
The transparent firewall uses dynamic ARP entries in the ARP table for traffic to and from the security
appliance, such as management traffic.
Enabling ARP Inspection

To enable ARP inspection, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# arp-inspection interface_name enable [flood | no-flood]
Where flood forwards non-matching ARP packets out all interfaces, and no-flood drops non-matching
packets.
Note
The default setting is to flood non-matching packets. To restrict ARP through the security appliance to
only static entries, then set this command to no-flood.
For example, to enable ARP inspection on the outside interface, and to drop all non-matching ARP
packets, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# arp-inspection outside enable no-flood
To view the current settings for ARP inspection on all interfaces, enter the show arp-inspection
command.
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Customizing the MAC Address Table

This section describes the MAC address table, and includes the following topics:
MAC Address Table Overview, page 22-3
Adding a Static MAC Address, page 22-3
Setting the MAC Address Timeout, page 22-3
Disabling MAC Address Learning, page 22-4
Viewing the MAC Address Table, page 22-4
MAC Address Table Overview

The security appliance learns and builds a MAC address table in a similar way as a normal bridge or
switch: when a device sends a packet through the security appliance, the security appliance adds the
MAC address to its table. The table associates the MAC address with the source interface so that the
security appliance knows to send any packets addressed to the device out the correct interface.
Because the security appliance is a firewall, if the destination MAC address of a packet is not in the table,
the security appliance does not flood the original packet on all interfaces as a normal bridge does.
Instead, it generates the following packets for directly connected devices or for remote devices:
Packets for directly connected devicesThe security appliance generates an ARP request for the
destination IP address, so that the security appliance can learn which interface receives the ARP
response.
Packets for remote devicesThe security appliance generates a ping to the destination IP address
so that the security appliance can learn which interface receives the ping reply.
The original packet is dropped.
Adding a Static MAC Address

Normally, MAC addresses are added to the MAC address table dynamically as traffic from a particular
MAC address enters an interface. You can add static MAC addresses to the MAC address table if desired.
One benefit to adding static entries is to guard against MAC spoofing. If a client with the same
MAC address as a static entry attempts to send traffic to an interface that does not match the static entry,
then the security appliance drops the traffic and generates a system message.
To add a static MAC address to the MAC address table, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# mac-address-table static interface_name mac_address
The interface_name is the source interface.
Setting the MAC Address Timeout

The default timeout value for dynamic MAC address table entries is 5 minutes, but you can change the
timeout. To change the timeout, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# mac-address-table aging-time timeout_value
The timeout_value (in minutes) is between 5 and 720 (12 hours). 5 minutes is the default.

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Disabling MAC Address Learning

By default, each interface automatically learns the MAC addresses of entering traffic, and the security
appliance adds corresponding entries to the MAC address table. You can disable MAC address learning
if desired, however, unless you statically add MAC addresses to the table, no traffic can pass through the
security appliance.
To disable MAC address learning, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# mac-learn interface_name disable
The no form of this command reenables MAC address learning. The clear configure mac-learn
command reenables MAC address learning on all interfaces.
Viewing the MAC Address Table

You can view the entire MAC address table (including static and dynamic entries for both interfaces), or
you can view the MAC address table for an interface. To view the MAC address table, enter the following
command:
hostname# show mac-address-table [interface_name]
The following is sample output from the show mac-address-table command that shows the entire table:
hostname# show mac-address-table
interface
mac address
type
Time Left
----------------------------------------------------------------------outside
0009.7cbe.2100
static
inside
0010.7cbe.6101
static
inside
0009.7cbe.5101
dynamic
10
The following is sample output from the show mac-address-table command that shows the table for the
inside interface:
hostname# show mac-address-table inside
interface
mac address
type
Time Left
----------------------------------------------------------------------inside
0010.7cbe.6101
static
inside
0009.7cbe.5101
dynamic
10
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Configuring VPN
C H A P T E R
23

This chapter describes how to configure the IPsec and ISAKMP standards to build virtual private
networks. It includes the following sections:
Tunneling Overview, page 23-1
IPsec Overview, page 23-2
Configuring ISAKMP, page 23-2
Configuring Certificate Group Matching, page 23-9
Configuring IPsec, page 23-11
Clearing Security Associations, page 23-27
Clearing Crypto Map Configurations, page 23-27
Tunneling Overview
Tunneling makes it possible to use a public TCP/IP network, such as the Internet, to create secure
connections between remote users and a private corporate network. Each secure connection is called a
tunnel.
The security appliance uses the ISAKMP and IPsec tunneling standards to build and manage tunnels.
ISAKMP and IPsec accomplish the following:
Negotiate tunnel parameters
Establish tunnels
Authenticate users and data
Manage security keys
Encrypt and decrypt data
Manage data transfer across the tunnel
Manage data transfer inbound and outbound as a tunnel endpoint or router
The security appliance functions as a bidirectional tunnel endpoint. It can receive plain packets from the
private network, encapsulate them, create a tunnel, and send them to the other end of the tunnel where
they are unencapsulated and sent to their final destination. It can also receive encapsulated packets from
the public network, unencapsulate them, and send them to their final destination on the private network.

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IPsec Overview
IPsec Overview
IPsec provides authentication and encryption services to prevent unauthorized viewing or modification
of data within your network or as it travels over an unprotected network, such as the public Internet. Our
implementation of the IPsec standard uses the ESP security protocol to provide authentication,
encryption, and anti-replay services.
The security appliance uses IPsec for LAN-to-LAN VPN connections, and provides the option of using
IPsec for client-to-LAN VPN connections. In IPsec terminology, a peer is a remote-access client or
another secure gateway. For both connection types, the security appliance supports only Cisco peers.
Because we adhere to VPN industry standards, ASAs may work with other vendors' peers; however, we
do not support them.
During tunnel establishment, the two peers negotiate security associations that govern authentication,
encryption, encapsulation, and key management. These negotiations involve two phases: first, to
establish the tunnel (the IKE SA); and second, to govern traffic within the tunnel (the IPsec SA).
A LAN-to-LAN VPN connects networks in different geographic locations. In IPsec LAN-to-LAN
connections, the security appliance can function as initiator or responder. In IPsec client-to-LAN
connections, the security appliance functions only as responder. Initiators propose SAs; responders
accept, reject, or make counter-proposalsall in accordance with configured SA parameters. To
establish a connection, both entities must agree on the SAs.
Configuring ISAKMP
This section describes the Internet Key Exchange protocol which is also called the Internet Security
Association and Key Management Protocol. The security appliance IKE commands use ISAKMP as a
keyword, which this guide echoes. ISAKMP works with IPsec to make VPNs more scalable. This section
ISAKMP Overview, page 23-2
Configuring ISAKMP Policies, page 23-5
Enabling ISAKMP on the Outside Interface, page 23-6
Disabling ISAKMP in Aggressive Mode, page 23-6
Determining an ID Method for ISAKMP Peers, page 23-6
Enabling IPsec over NAT-T, page 23-7
Enabling IPsec over TCP, page 23-8
Waiting for Active Sessions to Terminate Prior to Reboot, page 23-8
Alerting Peers Before Disconnecting, page 23-9
ISAKMP Overview
IKE, also called ISAKMP, is the negotiation protocol that lets two hosts agree on how to build an IPsec
security association. ISAKMP separates negotiation into two phases: Phase 1 and Phase 2.
Phase 1 creates the first tunnel, which protects later ISAKMP negotiation messages. Phase 2 creates the
tunnel that protects data.
To set the terms of the ISAKMP negotiations, you create an ISAKMP policy, which includes the
following:
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An authentication method, to ensure the identity of the peers.
An encryption method, to protect the data and ensure privacy.
A Hashed Message Authentication Codes (HMAC) method to ensure the identity of the sender, and
to ensure that the message has not been modified in transit.
A Diffie-Hellman group to determine the strength of the encryption-key-determination algorithm.

The security appliance uses this algorithm to derive the encryption and hash keys.
A limit for how long the security appliance uses an encryption key before replacing it.
Table 23-1 provides information about the ISAKMP policy keywords and their values.
Table 23-1
ISAKMP Policy Keywords for CLI Commands
Command
Keyword
Meaning
isakmp policy authentication
rsa-sig
A digital certificate
Specifies the authentication method the security
with keys generated
appliance uses to establish the identity of each
by the RSA signatures IPsec peer.
algorithm
dsa-sig
A digital certificate
Specifies Digital Signature Algorithm
with keys generated
signatures as the authentication method.
by the DSA signatures
algorithm
pre-share
Preshared keys
Preshared keys do not scale well with a growing

network but are easier to set up in a small
network.
des
56-bit DES-CBC
3des (default)
168-bit Triple DES
Specifies the symmetric encryption algorithm

that protects data transmitted between two IPsec
peers. The default is 168-bit Triple DES.
Description
(default)
isakmp policy encryption
aes
aes-192
aes-256
isakmp policy hash
The Advanced Encryption Standard supports

key lengths of 128, 192, 256 bits.
sha (default)
SHA-1 (HMAC
variant)
Specifies the hash algorithm used to ensure data

integrity. It ensures that a packet comes from
where it says it comes from, and that it has not
been modified in transit.
md5
MD5 (HMAC variant) The default is SHA-1. MD5 has a smaller digest
and is considered to be slightly faster than
SHA-1. A successful (but extremely difficult)
attack against MD5 has occurred; however, the
HMAC variant IKE uses prevents this attack.

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Table 23-1
ISAKMP Policy Keywords for CLI Commands (continued)
Command
Keyword
Meaning
Description
isakmp policy group
Group 1 (768-bit)
2 (default)
Group 2 (1024-bit)
Group 5 (1536-bit)
Specifies the Diffie-Hellman group identifier,

which the two IPsec peers use to derive a shared
secret without transmitting it to each other.
With the exception of Group 7, the lower the

Group 7 (Elliptical
Diffie-Hellman group no., the less CPU time it
curve field size is 163 requires to execute. The higher the
bits.)
Diffie-Hellman group no., the greater the
security.
Cisco VPN Client Version 3.x or higher requires
a minimum of Group 2. (If you configure DH
Group 1, the Cisco VPN Client cannot connect.)
AES support is available on security appliances
licensed for VPN-3DES only. To support the
large key sizes required by AES, ISAKMP
negotiation should use Diffie-Hellman (DH)
Group 5.
Designed for devices with low processing
power, such as PDAs and mobile telephones,
Group 7 provides the greatest security. The
Certicom Movian Client requires Group 7.
isakmp policy lifetime
integer value
(86400 =
default)
120 to 2147483647
seconds
Specifies the SA lifetime. The default is 86,400

seconds or 24 hours. As a general rule, a shorter
lifetime provides more secure ISAKMP
negotiations (up to a point). However, with
shorter lifetimes, the security appliance sets up
future IPsec SAs more quickly.
Each configuration supports a maximum of 20 ISAKMP policies, each with a different set of values.
Assign a unique priority to each policy you create. The lower the priority number, the higher the priority.
When ISAKMP negotiations begin, the peer that initiates the negotiation sends all of its policies to the
remote peer, and the remote peer tries to find a match. The remote peer checks all of the peer's policies
against each of its configured policies in priority order (highest priority first) until it discovers a match.
A match exists when both policies from the two peers contain the same encryption, hash, authentication,
and Diffie-Hellman parameter values, and when the remote peer policy specifies a lifetime less than or
equal to the lifetime in the policy the initiator sent. If the lifetimes are not identical, the security
appliance uses the shorter lifetime. If no acceptable match exists, ISAKMP refuses negotiation and the
SA is not established.
There is an implicit trade-off between security and performance when you choose a specific value for
each parameter. The level of security the default values provide is adequate for the security requirements
of most organizations. If you are interoperating with a peer that supports only one of the values for a
parameter, your choice is limited to that value.
Note
New ASA configurations do not have a default ISAKMP policy.
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Configuring ISAKMP Policies

To configure ISAKMP policies, in global configuration mode, use the isakmp policy command with its
various arguments. The syntax for ISAKMP policy commands is as follows:
isakmp policy priority attribute_name [attribute_value | integer]
You must include the priority in each of the ISAKMP commands. The priority number uniquely
identifies the policy, and determines the priority of the policy in ISAKMP negotiations.
To enable and configure ISAKMP, complete the following steps, using the examples as a guide:
Note
Step 1
If you do not specify a value for a given policy parameter, the default value applies.
Specify the encryption algorithm. The default is Triple DES. This example sets encryption to DES.
isakmp policy priority encryption [aes | aes-192 | aes-256 | des | 3des]
For example:
hostname(config)# isakmp policy 2 encryption des
Step 2
Specify the hash algorithm. The default is SHA-1. This example configures MD5.
isakmp policy priority hash [md5 | sha]
For example:
hostname(config)# isakmp policy 2 hash md5
Step 3
Specify the authentication method. The default is preshared keys. This example configures RSA
signatures.
isakmp policy priority authentication [pre-share | dsa-sig | rsa-sig]
For example:
hostname(config)# isakmp policy 2 authentication rsa-sig
Step 4
Specify the Diffie-Hellman group identifier. The default is Group 2. This example configures Group 5.
isakmp policy priority group [1 | 2 | 5 | 7]
For example:
hostname(config)# isakmp policy 2 group 5
Step 5
Specify the SA lifetime. This examples sets a lifetime of 4 hours (14400 seconds). The default is 86400
seconds (24 hours).
isakmp policy priority lifetime seconds
For example:
hostname(config)# isakmp policy 2 lifetime 14400

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Configuring ISAKMP
Enabling ISAKMP on the Outside Interface

You must enable ISAKMP on the interface that terminates the VPN tunnel. Typically this is the outside,
or public interface.
To enable ISAKMP, enter the following command:
isakmp enable interface-name
For example:
hostname(config)# isakmp enable outside
Disabling ISAKMP in Aggressive Mode

Phase 1 ISAKMP negotiations can use either main mode or aggressive mode. Both provide the same
services, but aggressive mode requires only two exchanges between the peers totaling 3 messages, rather
than three exchanges totaling 6 messages. Aggressive mode is faster, but does not provide identity
protection for the communicating parties. Therefore, the peers must exchange identification information
prior to establishing a secure SA. Aggressive mode is enabled by default.
Main mode is slower, using more exchanges, but it protects the identities of the communicating
peers.
Aggressive mode is faster, but does not protect the identities of the peers.
To disable ISAKMP in aggressive mode, enter the following command:

isakmp am-disable
For example:
hostname(config)# isakmp am-disable
If you have disabled aggressive mode, and want to revert to back to it, use the no form of the command.
For example:
hostname(config)# no isakmp am-disable
Note
Disabling aggressive mode prevents Cisco VPN clients from using preshared key authentication to
establish tunnels to the security appliance. However, they may use certificate-based authentication
(that is, ASA or RSA) to establish tunnels.
Determining an ID Method for ISAKMP Peers

During Phase I ISAKMP negotiations the peers must identify themselves to each other. You can choose
the identification method from the following options:
Address
Uses the IP addresses of the hosts exchanging ISAKMP identity information
Automatic
Determines ISAKMP negotiation by connection type:
IP address for preshared key
Cert Distinguished Name for certificate authentication
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Hostname
Uses the fully qualified domain name of the hosts exchanging ISAKMP identity
information (default). This name comprises the hostname and the domain name
Key ID
Uses the string the remote peer uses to look up the preshared key
The security appliance uses the Phase I ID to send to the peer. This is true for all VPN scenarios except
LAN-to-LAN connections in main mode that authenticate with preshared keys.
The default setting is hostname.
To change the peer identification method, enter the following command:
isakmp identity {address | hostname | key-id id-string | auto}
For example, the following command sets the identification method to automatic:
hostname(config)# isakmp identity auto
Enabling IPsec over NAT-T

NAT-T lets IPsec peers establish a connection through a NAT device. It does this by encapsulating IPsec
traffic in UDP datagrams, using port 4500, thereby providing NAT devices with port information. NAT-T
auto-detects any NAT devices, and only encapsulates IPsec traffic when necessary. This feature is
disabled by default.
The security appliance can simultaneously support standard IPsec, IPsec over TCP, NAT-T, and
IPsec over UDP, depending on the client with which it is exchanging data.
When both NAT-T and IPsec over UDP are enabled, NAT-T takes precedence.
When enabled, IPsec over TCP takes precedence over all other connection methods.
When you enable NAT-T, the security appliance automatically opens port 4500 on all IPsec enabled
interfaces.
The security appliance supports multiple IPsec peers behind a single NAT/PAT device operating in one
of the following networks, but not both:
LAN-to-LAN
Remote access
In a mixed environment, the remote access tunnels fail the negotiation because all peers appear to be
coming from the same public IP address, that of the NAT device. Also, remote access tunnels fail in a
mixed environment because they often use the same name as the LAN-to-LAN tunnel group (that is, the
IP address of the NAT device). This match can cause negotiation failures among multiple peers in a
mixed LAN-to-LAN and remote access network of peers behind the NAT device.
Using NAT-T
To use NAT-T you must perform three tasks:
1.
Enable IPsec over NAT-T globally on the security appliance.
2.
Select the before-fragmentation option for the IPsec fragmentation policy. This option lets traffic
travel across NAT devices that do not support IP fragmentation. It does not impede the operation of
NAT devices that do support IP fragmentation.
3.
Set a keepalive value, which can be from 10 to 3600 seconds. The default is 20 seconds.

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To enable NAT-T globally on the security appliance, enter the following command:
isakmp nat-traversal natkeepalive
This example enables NAT-T and sets the keepalive to one hour.
hostname(config)# isakmp nat-traversal 3600
Enabling IPsec over TCP

IPsec over TCP enables a Cisco VPN client to operate in an environment in which standard ESP or
ISAKMP cannot function, or can function only with modification to existing firewall rules. IPsec over
TCP encapsulates both the ISAKMP and IPsec protocols within a TCP-like packet, and enables secure
tunneling through both NAT and PAT devices and firewalls. This feature is disabled by default.
Note
This feature does not work with proxy-based firewalls.

IPsec over TCP works with remote access clients. You enable it globally, and it works on all ISAKMP
enabled interfaces. It is a client to security appliance feature only. It does not work for LAN-to-LAN
connections.
The security appliance can simultaneously support standard IPsec, IPsec over TCP, NAT-Traversal,
and IPsec over UDP, depending on the client with which it is exchanging data.
The VPN 3002 hardware client, which supports one tunnel at a time, can connect using standard
IPsec, IPsec over TCP, NAT-Traversal, or IPsec over UDP.
When enabled, IPsec over TCP takes precedence over all other connection methods.
You enable IPsec over TCP on both the security appliance and the client to which it connects.
You can enable IPsec over TCP for up to 10 ports that you specify. If you enter a well-known port, for
example port 80 (HTTP) or port 443 (HTTPS), the system displays a warning that the protocol associated
with that port no longer works on the public interface. The consequence is that you can no longer use a
browser to manage the security appliance through the public interface. To solve this problem,
reconfigure the HTTP/HTTPS management to different ports.
The default port is 10000.
You must configure TCP port(s) on the client as well as on the security appliance. The client
configuration must include at least one of the ports you set for the security appliance.
To enable IPsec over TCP globally on the security appliance, enter the following command:
isakmp ipsec-over-tcp [port port 1...port0]
This example enables IPsec over TCP on port 45:

hostname(config)# isakmp ctcp port 45
Waiting for Active Sessions to Terminate Prior to Reboot

You can schedule a security appliance reboot to occur only when all active sessions have terminated
voluntarily. This feature is disabled by default.
To enable waiting for all active sessions to voluntarily terminate before the security appliance reboots,
isakmp reload-wait
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For example:
hostname(config)# isakmp reload-wait
Use the reload command to reboot the security appliance. If you set the reload-wait command, you can
use the reload quick command to override the reload-wait setting. The reload and reload-wait
commands are available in Privileged EXEC mode; neither includes the isakmp prefix.
Alerting Peers Before Disconnecting

Remote access or LAN-to-LAN sessions can drop for several reasons, such as: a security appliance
shutdown or reboot, session idle timeout, maximum connection time exceeded, or administrator cut-off.
The security appliance can notify qualified peers (in LAN-to-LAN configurations), Cisco VPN Clients
and VPN 3002 hardware clients of sessions that are about to be disconnected. The peer or client
receiving the alert decodes the reason and displays it in the event log or in a pop-up panel. This feature
is disabled by default.
Qualified clients and peers include the following:
Security appliances with Alerts enabled.
Cisco VPN clients running version 4.0 or later software (no configuration required).
VPN 3002 hardware clients running version 4.0 or later software, and with Alerts enabled.
VPN 3000 Series concentrators running version 4.0 or later software, with Alerts enabled.
To enable disconnect notification to IPsec peers, enter the isakmp disconnect-notify command.
For example:
hostname(config)# isakmp disconnect-notify

Tunnel groups define user connection terms and permissions. Certificate group matching lets you match
a user to a tunnel group using either the Subject DN or Issuer DN of the user certificate.
To match users to tunnel groups based on these fields of the certificate, you must first create rules that
define a matching criteria, and then associate each rule with the desired tunnel group.
To create a certificate map, use the crypto ca certificate map command. To define a tunnel group, use
the tunnel-group command.
You must also configure a certificate group matching policy that sets one of the following methods for
identifying the permission groups of certificate users:
Match the group from the rules
Match the group from the organizational unit (OU) field
Use a default group for all certificate users
You can use any or all of these methods.

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Creating a Certificate Group Matching Rule and Policy

To configure the policy and rules by which certificate-based ISAKMP sessions map to tunnel groups,
and to associate the certificate map entries with tunnel groups, enter the tunnel-group-map command
in global configuration mode.
The syntax follows:
tunnel-group-map enable {rules | ou | ike-id | peer ip}
tunnel-group-map [rule-index] enable policy
policy
Specifies the policy for deriving the tunnel group name from the certificate.
Policy can be one of the following:
ike-idIndicates that if a tunnel-group is not determined based on a rule
lookup or taken from the ou, then the certificate-based ISAKMP sessions are
mapped to a tunnel group based on the content of the phase1 ISAKMP ID.
ouIndicates that if a tunnel-group is not determined based on a rule lookup,
then use the value of the OU in the subject distinguished name (DN).
peer-ipIndicates that if a tunnel-group is not determined based on a rule
lookup or taken from the ou or ike-id methods, then use the peer IP address.
rulesIndicates that the certificate-based ISAKMP sessions are mapped to a
tunnel group based on the certificate map associations configured by this
command.
rule index
Optional. Refers to parameters specified by the crypto ca certificate map

command. The values are 1 to 65535.
Be aware of the following:
You can invoke this command multiple times as long as each invocation is unique and you do not
reference a map index more than once.
Rules cannot be longer than 255 characters.
You can assign multiple rules to the same group. To do that, you add the rule priority and group first.
Then you define as many criteria statements as you need for each group. When multiple rules are
assigned to the same group, a match results for the first rule that tests true.
Create a single rule if you want to require all criteria to match before assigning a user to a specific
tunnel group. Requiring all criteria to match is equivalent to a logical AND operation. Alternatively,
create one rule for each criterion if you want to require that only one match before assigning a user
to a specific tunnel group. Requiring only one criterion to match is equivalent to a logical OR
operation.
The following example enables mapping of certificate-based ISAKMP sessions to a tunnel group based
on the content of the phase1 ISAKMP ID:
hostname(config)# tunnel-group-map enable ike-id
hostname(config)#
The following example enables mapping of certificate-based ISAKMP sessions to a tunnel group based
on the IP address of the peer:
hostname(config)# tunnel-group-map enable peer-ip
hostname(config)#
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The following example enables mapping of certificate-based ISAKMP sessions based on the
organizational unit (OU) in the subject distinguished name (DN):
hostname(config)# tunnel-group-map enable ou
hostname(config)#
The following example enables mapping of certificate-based ISAKMP sessions based on established
rules:
hostname(config)# tunnel-group-map enable rules
hostname(config)#
Using the Tunnel-group-map default-group Command

This command specifies a default tunnel group to use when the name cannot be derived by other
configured methods.
The syntax is tunnel-group-map [rule-index] default-group tunnel-group-name where the rule-index
is the priority for the rule, and tunnel-group name must be for a tunnel group that already exists.
Configuring IPsec
This section provides background information about IPsec and describes the procedures required to
configure the security appliance when using IPsec to implement a VPN. It contains the following topics:
Understanding IPsec Tunnels, page 23-11
Understanding Transform Sets, page 23-12
Defining Crypto Maps, page 23-12
Applying Crypto Maps to Interfaces, page 23-20
Using Interface Access Lists, page 23-20
Changing IPsec SA Lifetimes, page 23-22
Creating a Basic IPsec Configuration, page 23-23
Using Dynamic Crypto Maps, page 23-24
Providing Site-to-Site Redundancy, page 23-26
Viewing an IPsec Configuration, page 23-26
Understanding IPsec Tunnels

IPsec tunnels are sets of SAs that the security appliance establishes between peers. The SAs define the
protocols and algorithms to apply to sensitive data, and also specify the keying material the peers use.
IPsec SAs control the actual transmission of user traffic. SAs are unidirectional, but are generally
established in pairs (inbound and outbound).
The peers negotiate the settings to use for each SA. Each SA consists of the following:
Transform sets
Crypto maps
Access lists

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Tunnel groups
Pre fragmentation policies
Understanding Transform Sets

A transform set is a combination of security protocols and algorithms that define how the security
appliance protects data. You create multiple transform sets, and then specify up to six of them in a crypto
map.
During IPsec SA negotiations, the peers must identify a transform set that is the same at both peers. The
security appliance then applies the matching transform set to create an SA that protects data flows in the
access list for that crypto map.
If you change a transform set definition, the security appliance tears down the tunnel. See Clearing
Security Associations for further information.
Note
If you clear or delete the only element in a transform set, the security appliance automatically removes
the crypto map references to it.
Defining Crypto Maps

Crypto maps define the IPsec policy to be negotiated in the IPsec SA. They include the following:
Access list to identify the packets that the IPsec connection permits and protects.
Peer identification
Local address for the IPsec traffic (See Applying Crypto Maps to Interfaces for more details.)
Up to six transform sets with which to attempt to match the peer security settings.
A crypto map set consists of one or more crypto maps that have the same map name. You create a crypto
map set when you create its first crypto map. The following command syntax creates or adds to a crypto
map:
crypto map map-name seq-num match address access-list-name
You can continue to enter this command to add crypto maps to the crypto map set. In the following
example, mymap is the name of the crypto map set to which you might want to add crypto maps:
crypto map mymap 10 match address 101
Among crypto maps with the same name, the sequence number (seq-num) shown in the syntax above
distinguishes one from the other. The sequence number assigned to a crypto map also determines its
priority among the other crypto maps within a crypto map set. The lower the sequence number, the higher
the priority. After you assign a crypto map set to an interface, the security appliance evaluates all IP
traffic passing through the interface against the crypto maps in the set, beginning with the crypto map
with the lowest sequence number.
The access control list (ACL) assigned to a crypto map consists of all of the access control entries
(ACEs) that have the same access-list-name, as shown in the following command syntax:
access-list access-list-name {deny | permit} ip source source-netmask destination
destination-netmask
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Each ACL consists of one or more ACEs that have the same access-list-name. You create an ACL when
you create its first ACE. The following command syntax creates or adds to an ACL:
destination-netmask
In the following example, the security appliance applies the IPsec protections assigned to the crypto map
to all traffic flowing from the 10.0.0.0 subnet to the 10.1.1.0 subnet.
access-list 101 permit ip 10.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 10.1.1.0 255.255.255.0
The crypto map that matches the packet determines the security settings used in the SA negotiations.
If the local security appliance initiates the negotiation, it uses the policy specified in the static crypto
map to create the offer to send to the specified peer. If the peer initiates the negotiation, the security
appliance attempts to match the policy to a static crypto map, and if that fails, any dynamic crypto maps
in the crypto map set, to decide whether to accept or reject the peer offer.
For two peers to succeed in establishing an SA, they must have at least one compatible crypto map. To
be compatible, a crypto map must meet the following criteria:
The crypto map must contain compatible crypto ACLs (for example, mirror image ACLs). If the
responding peer uses dynamic crypto maps, so must the security appliance as a requirement to apply
IPsec.
Each crypto map identifies the other peer (unless the responding peer uses dynamic crypto maps).
The crypto maps have at least one transform set in common.
You can apply only one crypto map set to a single interface. Create multiple crypto maps for a particular
interface on the security appliance if any of the following conditions exist:
You want specific peers to handle different data flows.
You want different IPsec security to apply to different types of traffic.
For example, create a crypto map and assign an ACL to identify traffic between two subnets and assign
one transform set. Create another crypto map with a different ACL to identify traffic between another
two subnets and apply a transform set with different VPN parameters.
If you create more than one crypto map for an interface, specify a sequence number (seq-num) for each
map entry to determine its priority within the crypto map set.
Each ACE contains a permit or deny statement. Table 23-2 explains the special meanings of permit and
deny ACEs in ACLs applied to crypto maps.

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Table 23-2
Special Meanings of Permit and Deny in Crypto Access Lists Applied to Outbound
Traffic
Result of Crypto Map

Evaluation
Response
Match criterion in an ACE

Halt further evaluation of the packet against the remaining ACEs in the
containing a permit statement crypto map set, and evaluate the packet security settings against those in
the transform sets assigned to the crypto map. After matching the
security settings to those in a transform set, the security appliance
applies the associated IPsec settings. Typically for outbound traffic, this
means that it decrypts, authenticates, and routes the packet.
Match criterion in an ACE
containing a deny statement
Interrupt further evaluation of the packet against the remaining ACEs in

the crypto map under evaluation, and resume evaluation against the
ACEs in the next crypto map, as determined by the next seq-num
assigned to it.
Fail to match all tested permit Route the packet without encrypting it.
ACEs in the crypto map set
ACEs containing deny statements filter out outbound traffic that does not require IPsec protection
(for example, routing protocol traffic). Therefore, insert initial deny statements to filter outbound traffic
that should not be evaluated against permit statements in a crypto access list.
For an inbound, encrypted packet, the security appliance uses the source address and ESP SPI to
determine the decryption parameters. After the security appliance decrypts the packet, it compares the
inner header of the decrypted packet to the permit ACEs in the ACL associated with the packets SA.
If the inner header fails to match the proxy, the security appliance drops the packet. It the inner header
matches the proxy, the security appliance routes the packet.
When comparing the inner header of an inbound packet that was not encrypted, the security appliance
ignores all deny rules because they would prevent the establishment of a Phase 2 SA.
Note
To route inbound, unencrypted traffic as clear text, insert deny ACEs before permit ACEs.
Figure 23-1 shows an example LAN-to-LAN network of security appliances.
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Effect of Permit and Deny ACEs on Traffic (Conceptual Addresses)
A.1
B.1
C.1
A.2
A.3
Human Resources
B.2
B.3
C.2
C.3
Internet
143514
Figure 23-1
The simple address notation shown in this figure and used in the following explanation is an abstraction.
An example with real IP addresses follows the explanation.
The objective in configuring Security Appliances A, B, and C in this example LAN-to-LAN network is
to permit tunneling of all traffic originating from one of the hosts shown in Figure 23-1 and destined for
one of the other hosts. However, because traffic from Host A.3 contains sensitive data from the Human
Resources department, it requires strong encryption and more frequent rekeying than the other traffic.
So we want to assign a special transform set for traffic from Host A.3.
To configure Security Appliance A for outbound traffic, we create two crypto maps, one for traffic from
Host A.3 and the other for traffic from the other hosts in Network A, as shown in the following example:
Crypto Map Seq_No_1
deny packets from A.3 to B
deny packets from A.3 to C
permit packets from A to B
permit packets from A to C
Crypto Map Seq_No_2
permit packets from A.3 to B
permit packets from A.3 to C
After creating the ACLs, you assign a transform set to each crypto map to apply the required IPsec to
each matching packet.
Cascading ACLs involves the insertion of deny ACEs to bypass evaluation against an ACL and resume
evaluation against a subsequent ACL in the crypto map set. Because you can associate each crypto map
with different IPsec settings, you can use deny ACEs to exclude special traffic from further evaluation
in the corresponding crypto map, and match the special traffic to permit statements in another crypto
map to provide or require different security. The sequence number assigned to the crypto ACL
determines its position in the evaluation sequence within the crypto map set.

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Figure 23-2 shows the cascading ACLs created from the conceptual ACEs above. Each symbol in the
figure represents the following:
Crypto map within a crypto map set.
(Gap in a straight line) Exit from a crypto map when a packet

matches an ACE.
Packet that fits the description of one ACE. Each size ball
represents a different packet matching the respective ACE in the
figure. The differences in size merely represent differences in the
source and destination of each packet.
Redirection to the next crypto map in the crypto map set.
Response when a packet either matches an ACE or fails to match

all of the permit ACEs in a crypto map set.
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Figure 23-2
Cascading ACLs in a Crypto Map Set
Crypto Map 1
Deny
A.3 B
Deny
A.3 C
Permit
AB
Permit
AC
Apply IPSec assigned to Crypto Map 1
Crypto Map 2
Permit
A.3 C
Apply IPSec
assigned to
Crypto Map 2
Route as clear text
143513
Permit
A.3 B
Security Appliance A evaluates a packet originating from Host A.3 until it matches a permit ACE and
attempts to assign the IPsec security associated with the crypto map. Whenever the packet matches a
deny ACE, the security appliance ignores the remaining ACEs in the crypto map and resumes evaluation
against the next crypto map, as determined by the sequence number assigned to it. So in the example, if
Security Appliance A receives a packet from Host A.3, it matches the packet to a deny ACE in the first
crypto map and resumes evaluation of the packet against the next crypto map. When it matches the
packet to the permit ACE in that crypto map, it applies the associated IPsec security (strong encryption
and frequent rekeying).

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To complete the security appliance configuration in the example network, we assign mirror crypto maps
to Security Appliances B and C. However, because security appliances ignore deny ACEs when
evaluating inbound, encrypted traffic, we can omit the mirror equivalents of the deny A.3 B
and deny A.3 C ACEs, and therefore omit the mirror equivalents of Crypto Map 2. So the configuration
of cascading ACLs in Security Appliances B and C is unnecessary.
Table 23-3 shows the ACLs assigned to the crypto maps configured for all three security appliances in
Figure 23-1.
Table 23-3
Example Permit and Deny Statements (Conceptual)
Security Appliance A
Security Appliance B
Security Appliance C
Crypto Map
Sequence
No.
ACE Pattern
Crypto Map
Sequence
No.
ACE Pattern
Crypto Map
Sequence
No.
ACE Pattern
deny A.3 B
permit B A
permit C A
deny A.3 C
permit A B
permit A C
2
permit B C
permit C B
permit A.3 B
permit A.3 C
Figure 23-3 maps the conceptual addresses shown in Figure 23-1 to real IP addresses.
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Configuring IPsec
Effect of Permit and Deny ACEs on Traffic (Real Addresses)
A.1
192.168.3.1
B.1
192.168.12.1
A.2
192.168.3.2
A.3
192.168.3.3
Human Resources
C.1
192.168.201.1
B.2
192.168.12.3
A
192.168.3.0/26
C.2
192.168.201.2
B.2
192.168.12.2
C.3
192.168.201.3
B
192.168.12.0/29
C
192.168.201.0/27
Internet
143514
Figure 23-3
The tables that follow combine the IP addresses shown in Figure 23-3 to the concepts shown in
Table 23-3. The real ACEs shown in these tables ensure that all IPsec packets under evaluation within
this network receive the proper IPsec settings.
Table 23-4
Example Permit and Deny Statements for Security Appliance A
Security
Appliance
Crypto Map
Sequence
No.
ACE Pattern
Real ACEs
deny A.3 B
deny 192.168.3.3 255.255.255.192 192.168.12.0 255.255.255.248
deny A.3 C
deny 192.168.3.3 255.255.255.192 192.168.201.0 255.255.255.224
permit A B
permit 192.168.3.0 255.255.255.192 192.168.12.0 255.255.255.248
permit A C
permit 192.168.3.0 255.255.255.192 192.168.201.0 255.255.255.224
permit A.3 B
permit 192.168.3.3 255.255.255.192 192.168.12.0 255.255.255.248
permit A.3 C
permit 192.168.3.3 255.255.255.192 192.168.201.0 255.255.255.224
permit B A
permit 192.168.12.0 255.255.255.248 192.168.3.0 255.255.255.192
permit B C
permit 192.168.12.0 255.255.255.248 192.168.201.0 255.255.255.224
permit C A
permit 192.168.201.0 255.255.255.224 192.168.3.0 255.255.255.192
permit C B
permit 192.168.201.0 255.255.255.224 192.168.12.0 255.255.255.248
2
B
None needed
None needed
You can apply the same reasoning shown in the example network to use cascading ACLs to assign
different security settings to different hosts or subnets protected by a Cisco security appliance.

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Note
By default, the security appliance does not support IPsec traffic destined for the same interface from
which it enters. (Names for this type of traffic include U-turn, hub-and-spoke, and hairpinning.)
However, you might want IPsec to support U-turn traffic. To do so, insert an ACE to permit traffic to and
from the network. For example, to support U-turn traffic on Security Appliance B, add a conceptual
permit B B ACE to ACL1. The actual ACE would be as follows:
permit 192.168.12.0 255.255.255.248 192.168.12.0 255.255.255.248
Applying Crypto Maps to Interfaces

You must assign a crypto map set to each interface through which IPsec traffic flows. The security
appliance supports IPsec on all interfaces. Assigning the crypto map set to an interface instructs the
security appliance to evaluate all the traffic against the crypto map set and to use the specified policy
during connection or SA negotiation.
Assigning a crypto map to an interface also initializes run-time data structures, such as the SA database
and the security policy database. Reassigning a modified crypto map to the interface resynchronizes the
run-time data structures with the crypto map configuration. Also, adding new peers through the use of
new sequence numbers and reassigning the crypto map does not tear down existing connections.
Using Interface Access Lists

By default, the security appliance lets IPsec packets bypass interface ACLs. If you want to apply
interface access lists to IPsec traffic, use the no form of the sysopt connection permit-ipsec command.
The crypto map access list bound to the outgoing interface either permits or denies IPsec packets through
the VPN tunnel. IPsec authenticates and deciphers packets that arrive from an IPsec tunnel, and subjects
them to evaluation against the ACL associated with the tunnel.
Access lists define which IP traffic to protect. For example, you can create access lists to protect all IP
traffic between two subnets or two hosts. (These access lists are similar to access lists used with the
access-group command. However, with the access-group command, the access list determines which
traffic to forward or block at an interface.)
Before the assignment to crypto maps, the access lists are not specific to IPsec. Each crypto map
references the access lists and determines the IPsec properties to apply to a packet if it matches a permit
in one of the access lists.
Access lists assigned to IPsec crypto maps have four primary functions:
Select outbound traffic to be protected by IPsec (permit = protect).
Trigger an ISAKMP negotiation for data travelling without an established SA.
Process inbound traffic to filter out and discard traffic that should have been protected by IPsec.
Determine whether to accept requests for IPsec SAs when processing IKE negotiation from the peer.
(Negotiation applies only to ipsec-isakmp crypto map entries.) The peer must permit a data flow
associated with an ipsec-isakmp crypto map command entry to ensure acceptance during
negotiation.
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Regardless of whether the traffic is inbound or outbound, the security appliance evaluates traffic against
the access lists assigned to an interface. You assign IPsec to an interface as follows:
Step 1
Create the access lists to be used for IPsec.
Step 2
Map the lists to one or more crypto maps, using the same crypto map name.
Step 3
Map the transform sets to the crypto maps to apply IPsec to the data flows.
Step 4
Apply the crypto maps collectively as a crypto map set by assigning the crypto map name they share
to the interface.
In Figure 23-4, IPsec protection applies to traffic between Host 10.0.0.1 and Host 10.2.2.2 as the data
exits the outside interface on Security Appliance A toward Host 10.2.2.2.
Figure 23-4
How Crypto Access Lists Apply to IPsec

IPSec peers
Host
10.2.2.2
Internet
Host
10.0.0.1
outside
outside
Security
Appliance
Firewall A
Security
Appliance
Firewall B
IPSec Access List at "outside" interface:

access-list 101 permit ip host 10.0.0.1 host 10.2.2.2
Traffic exchanged between hosts 10.0.0.1 and 10.2.2.2 is protected between

Security Appliance Firewall A "outside" and Security Appliance Firewall B "outside"
92616

Security Appliance A evaluates traffic from Host 10.0.0.1 to Host 10.2.2.2, as follows:
source = host 10.0.0.1
dest = host 10.2.2.2
Security Appliance A also evaluates traffic from Host 10.2.2.2 to Host 10.0.0.1, as follows:
source = host 10.2.2.2
dest = host 10.0.0.1
The first permit statement that matches the packet under evaluation determines the scope of the
IPsec SA.
Note
If you delete the only element in an access list, the security appliance also removes the associated crypto
map.
If you modify an access list currently referenced by one or more crypto maps, use the crypto map
interface command to re initialize the run-time SA database. See the crypto map command for more
information.

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We recommend that for every crypto access list specified for a static crypto map that you define at the
local peer, you define a mirror image crypto access list at the remote peer. The crypto maps should
also support common transforms and refer to the other system as a peer. This ensures correct processing
of IPsec by both peers.
Note
Every static crypto map must define an access list and an IPsec peer. If either is missing, the crypto map
is incomplete and the security appliance drops any traffic that it has not already matched to an earlier,
complete crypto map. Use the show conf command to ensure that every crypto map is complete. To fix
an incomplete crypto map, remove the crypto map, add the missing entries, and reapply it.
We discourage the use of the any keyword to specify source or destination addresses in crypto access
lists because they cause problems. We strongly discourage the permit any any command statement
because it does the following:
Protects all outbound traffic, including all protected traffic sent to the peer specified in the
corresponding crypto map.
Requires protection for all inbound traffic.

In this scenario, the security appliance silently drops all inbound packets that lack IPsec protection.
Be sure that you define which packets to protect. If you use the any keyword in a permit statement,
preface it with a series of deny statements to filter out traffic that would otherwise fall within that permit
statement that you do not want to protect.
Changing IPsec SA Lifetimes

You can change the global lifetime values that the security appliance uses when negotiating new
IPsec SAs. You can override these global lifetime values for a particular crypto map.
IPsec SAs use a derived, shared, secret key. The key is an integral part of the SA; they time out together
to require the key to refresh. Each SA has two lifetimes: timed and traffic-volume. An SA expires
after the respective lifetime and negotiations begin for a new one. The default lifetimes are 28,800
seconds (eight hours) and 4,608,000 kilobytes (10 megabytes per second for one hour).
If you change a global lifetime, the security appliance drops the tunnel. It uses the new value in the
negotiation of subsequently established SAs.
When a crypto map does not have configured lifetime values and the security appliance requests a new
SA, it inserts the global lifetime values used in the existing SA into the request sent to the peer. When a
peer receives a negotiation request, it uses the smaller of either the lifetime value the peer proposes or
the locally configured lifetime value as the lifetime of the new SA.
The peers negotiate a new SA before crossing the lifetime threshold of the existing SA to ensure that a
new SA is ready when the existing one expires. The peers negotiate a new SA when about 5 to 15 percent
of the lifetime of the existing SA remains.
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Creating a Basic IPsec Configuration

The following steps cover basic IPsec configuration with static crypto maps.
Step 1
Create an access list to define the traffic to protect:

destination-netmask
For example:
access-list 101 permit ip 10.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 10.1.1.0 255.255.255.0
In this example, the permit keyword causes all traffic that matches the specified conditions to be
protected by crypto.
Step 2
Configure a transform set that defines how to protect the traffic. You can configure multiple transform
sets, and then specify one or more of these transform sets in a crypto map (Step 3c).
crypto ipsec transform-set transform-set-name transform1 [tcansform2, transform3]
For example:
crypto ipsec transform-set myset1 esp-des esp-sha-hmac
crypto ipsec transform-set myset2 esp-3des esp-sha-hmac
crypto ipsec transform-set aes_set esp-md5-hmac esp-aes-256
In this example, myset1 and myset2 and aes_set are the names of the transform sets.
Step 3
Create a crypto map by performing the following steps:

a.
Assign an access list to a crypto map:

crypto map map-name seq-num match address access-list-name
In the following example, mymap is the name of the crypto map set. The map set sequence number
10, which is used to rank multiple entries within one crypto map set. The lower the sequence
number, the higher the priority.
crypto map mymap 10 match address 101
In this example, the access list named 101 is assigned to crypto map mymap.
b.
Specify the peer to which the IPsec protected traffic can be forwarded:
crypto map map-name seq-num set peer ip-address
For example:
crypto map mymap 10 set peer 192.168.1.100
The security appliance sets ups an SA with the peer assigned the IP address 192.168.1.100.
Specify multiple peers by repeating this command.
c.
Specify which transform sets are allowed for this crypto map. List multiple transform sets in order
of priority (highest priority first). You can specify up to six transform sets.
crypto map map-name seq-num set transform-set transform-set-name1
[transform-set-name2, transform-set-name6]
For example:
crypto map mymap 10 set transform-set myset1 myset2

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In this example, when traffic matches access list 101, the SA can use either myset1 (first priority)
or myset2 (second priority) depending on which transform set matches the peers transform set.
d.
(Optional) Specify an SA lifetime for the crypto map if you want to override the global lifetime.
crypto map map-name seq-num set security-association lifetime {seconds seconds |
kilobytes kilobytes}
For example:
crypto map mymap 10 set security-association lifetime seconds 2700
This example shortens the timed lifetime for the crypto map mymap 10 to 2700 seconds
(45 minutes). The traffic volume lifetime is not changed.
e.
(Optional) Specify that IPsec require perfect forward secrecy when requesting new SA for this
crypto map, or require PFS in requests received from the peer:
crypto map map-name seq-num set pfs [group1 | group2 | group5 | group7]
For example:
crypto map mymap 10 set pfs group2
This example requires PFS when negotiating a new SA for the crypto map mymap 10.
The security appliance uses the 1024-bit Diffie-Hellman prime modulus group in the new SA.
Step 4
Apply a crypto map set to an interface for evaluating IPsec traffic:

crypto map map-name interface interface-name
For example:
crypto map mymap interface outside
In this example, the security appliance evaluates the traffic going through the outside interface against
the crypto map mymap to determine whether it needs to be protected.
Using Dynamic Crypto Maps

Dynamic crypto maps can ease IPsec configuration and we recommend them for use in networks where
the peers are not always predetermined. Use dynamic crypto maps for Cisco VPN clients (such as mobile
users) and routers that obtain dynamically assigned IP addresses.
Note
Use care when using the any keyword in permit entries in dynamic crypto maps. If the traffic covered
by such a permit entry could include multicast or broadcast traffic, insert deny entries for the
appropriate address range into the access list. Remember to insert deny entries for network and subnet
broadcast traffic, and for any other traffic that IPsec should not protect.
Dynamic crypto maps work only to negotiate SAs with remote peers that initiate the connection. The
security appliance cannot use dynamic crypto maps to initiate connections to a remote peer. With a
dynamic crypto map, if outbound traffic matches a permit entry in an access list and the corresponding
SA does not yet exist, the security appliance drops the traffic.
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A dynamic crypto map is essentially a crypto map without all the parameters configured. It acts as a
policy template where the missing parameters are later dynamically configured (as the result of an IPsec
negotiation) to match the peer requirements. Dynamic crypto maps let peers exchange IPsec traffic with
the security appliance even if the security appliance does not have a crypto map specifically configured
that meets all the peer requirements.
Note
A dynamic crypto map requires only the transform-set parameter.

A crypto map set may include a dynamic crypto map. Dynamic crypto map sets should be the lowest
priority crypto maps in the crypto map set (that is, they should have the highest sequence numbers) so
that the security appliance evaluates other crypto maps first. It examines the dynamic crypto map set only
when the other (static) map entries do not match.
Similar to static crypto map sets, a dynamic crypto map set consists of all of the dynamic crypto maps
with the same dynamic-map-name. The dynamic-seq-num differentiates the dynamic crypto maps in a
set. If you configure a dynamic crypto map, insert a permit ACL to identify the data flow of the IPsec
peer for the crypto access list. Otherwise the security appliance accepts any data flow identity the peer
proposes.
The procedure for using a crypto dynamic map entry is the same as the basic configuration described in
Creating a Basic IPsec Configuration, except that instead of creating a static crypto map, you create a
crypto dynamic map entry. You can also combine static and dynamic map entries within a single crypto
map set.
Create a crypto dynamic map entry by performing the following steps:
Step 1
(Optional) Assign an access list to a dynamic crypto map:

crypto dynamic-map dynamic-map-name dynamic-seq-num match address access-list-name
This determines which traffic should be protected and not protected.

For example:
crypto dynamic-map dyn1 10 match address 101
In this example, access list 101 is assigned to dynamic crypto map dyn1. The maps sequence number
is 10.
Step 2
Specify which transform sets are allowed for this dynamic crypto map. List multiple transform sets in
order of priority (highest priority first).
crypto dynamic-map dynamic-map-name dynamic-seq-num set transform-set transform-set-name1,
[transform-set-name2, transform-set-name9]
For example:
crypto dynamic-map dyn 10 set transform-set myset1 myset2
In this example, when traffic matches access list 101, the SA can use either myset1 (first priority) or
myset2 (second priority), depending on which transform set matches the peers transform sets.
Step 3
(Optional) Specify the SA lifetime for the crypto dynamic map entry if you want to override the global
lifetime value:
crypto dynamic-map dynamic-map-name dynamic-seq-num set security-association lifetime
{seconds seconds | kilobytes kilobytes}
For example:
crypto dynamic-map dyn1 10 set security-association lifetime seconds 2700

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This example shortens the timed lifetime for dynamic crypto map dyn1 10 to 2700 seconds
(45 minutes). The time volume lifetime is not changed.
Step 4
(Optional) Specify that IPsec ask for PFS when requesting new SAs for this dynamic crypto map, or
should demand PFS in requests received from the peer:
crypto dynamic-map dynamic-map-name dynamic-seq-num set pfs [group1 | group2 | group5 |
group7]
For example:
crypto dynamic-map dyn1 10 set pfs group5
Step 5
Add the dynamic crypto map set into a static crypto map set.
Be sure to set the crypto maps referencing dynamic maps to be the lowest priority entries (highest
sequence numbers) in a crypto map set.
crypto map map-name seq-num ipsec-isakmp dynamic dynamic-map-name
For example:
crypto map mymap 200 ipsec-isakmp dynamic dyn1
Providing Site-to-Site Redundancy

You can define multiple peers by using crypto maps to provide redundancy. This configuration is useful
for site-to-site VPNs.
If one peer fails, the security appliance establishes a tunnel to the next peer associated with the crypto
map. It sends data to the peer that it has successfully negotiated with, and that peer becomes the active
peer. The active peer is the peer that the security appliance keeps trying first for follow-on negotiations
until a negotiation fails. At that point the security appliance goes on to the next peer. The security
appliance cycles back to the first peer when all peers associated with the crypto map have failed.
Viewing an IPsec Configuration

Table 23-5 lists commands you can enter to view information about your IPsec configuration.
Table 23-5
Commands to View IPsec Configuration Information
Command
Purpose
show running-configuration crypto
Displays the entire crypto configuration,

including IPsec, crypto maps, dynamic crypto
maps, and ISAKMP.
show running-config crypto ipsec
Displays the complete IPsec configuration.
show running-config crypto isakmp
Displays the complete ISAKMP configuration.
show running-config crypto map
Displays the complete crypto map configuration.
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Table 23-5
Commands to View IPsec Configuration Information (continued)
Command
Purpose
show running-config crypto dynamic-map
Displays the dynamic crypto map configuration.
show all crypto map
View all of the configuration parameters,

including those with default values.

Certain configuration changes take effect only when negotiating subsequent SAs. If you want the new
settings to take effect immediately, clear the existing SAs to reestablish them with the changed
configuration. If the security appliance is actively processing IPsec traffic, it is desirable to clear only
the portion of the SA database that the configuration changes would affect. Reserve clearing the full SA
database for large-scale changes, or when the security appliance is processing a small amount of IPsec
traffic.
Table 23-6 lists commands you can enter to clear and reinitialize IPsec SAs.
Table 23-6
Commands to Clear and Reinitialize IPsec SAs
Command
Purpose
clear configure crypto
Removes an entire crypto configuration, including IPsec,

crypto maps, dynamic crypto maps, and ISAKMP.
clear configure crypto ca trustpoint
Removes all trustpoints.
clear configure crypto dynamic-map
Removes all dynamic crypto maps. Includes keywords that

let you remove specific dynamic crypto maps.
clear configure crypto map
Removes all crypto maps. Includes keywords that let you

remove specific crypto maps.
clear configure isakmp
Removes the entire ISAKMP configuration.
clear configure isakmp policy
Removes all ISAKMP policies or a specific policy.
clear isakmp sa
Removes the entire ISAKMP SA database.

The clear configure crypto command includes arguments that let you remove elements of the crypto
configuration, including IPsec, crypto maps, dynamic crypto maps, CA trustpoints, all certificates,
certificate map configurations, and ISAKMP.
Be aware that if you enter the clear configure crypto command without arguments, you remove the
entire crypto configuration, including all certificates.
For more information, see the clear configure crypto command in the Cisco Security Appliance
Command Reference.

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24

The security appliance implementation of virtual private networking includes useful features that do not
fit neatly into categories. This chapter describes some of these features. It includes the following
sections:
Configuring VPNs in Single, Routed Mode, page 24-1
Configuring IPSec to Bypass ACLs, page 24-1
Permitting Intra-Interface Traffic, page 24-2
Setting Maximum Active IPSec VPN Sessions, page 24-3
Configuring Client Update, page 24-3
Configuring VPNs in Single, Routed Mode

VPNs work only in single, routed mode. VPN functionality is unavailable in configurations that include
either security contexts, also referred to as multi-mode firewall, or Active/Active stateful failover.
The exception to this caveat is that you can configure and use one connection for administrative purposes
to (not through) the security appliance in transparent mode.
Configuring IPSec to Bypass ACLs

To permit any packets that come from an IPSec tunnel without checking ACLs for the source and
destination interfaces, enter the sysopt connection permit-ipsec command in global configuration
mode.
You might want to bypass interface ACLs for IPSec traffic if you use a separate VPN concentrator behind
the security appliance and want to maximize the security appliance performance. Typically, you create
an ACL that permits IPSec packets using the access-list command and apply it to the source interface.
Using an ACL is more secure because you can specify the exact traffic you want to allow through the
security appliance.
The syntax is sysopt connection permit-ipsec. The command has no keywords or arguments.
The following example enables IPSec traffic through the security appliance without checking ACLs:
hostname(config)# sysopt connection permit-ipsec

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Permitting Intra-Interface Traffic
Permitting Intra-Interface Traffic

The security appliance includes a feature that lets a VPN client send IPSec-protected traffic to another
VPN user by allowing such traffic in and out of the same interface. Also called hairpinning, this feature
can be thought of as VPN spokes (clients) connecting through a VPN hub (security appliance).
In another application, this feature can redirect incoming VPN traffic back out through the same
interface as unencrypted traffic. This would be useful, for example, to a VPN client that does not have
split tunneling but needs to both access a VPN and browse the Web.
Figure 24-1 shows VPN Client 1 sending secure IPSec traffic to VPN Client 2 while also sending
unencrypted traffic to a public Web server.
Figure 24-1
VPN Client Using Intra-Interface Feature for Hairpinning
To configure this feature, use the same-security-traffic command in global configuration mode with its
intra-interface argument.
The command syntax is same-security-traffic permit {inter-interface | intra-interface}.
The following example shows how to enable intra-interface traffic:
hostname(config)# same-security-traffic permit intra-interface
hostname(config)#
Note
You use the same-security-traffic command, but with the inter-interface argument, to permit
communication between interfaces that have the same security level. This feature is not specific to IPSec
connections. For more information, see the Configuring Interface Parameters chapter of this guide.
To use hairpinning, you must apply the proper NAT rules to the security appliance interface, as discussed
in the following section.
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NAT Considerations for Intra-Interface Traffic

For the security appliance to send unencrypted traffic back out through the interface, you must enable
NAT for the interface so that publicly routable addresses replace your private IP addresses (unless you
already use public IP addresses in your local IP address pool). The following example applies an
interface PAT rule to traffic sourced from the client IP pool:
hostname(config)# ip local pool clientpool 192.168.0.10-192.168.0.100
hostname(config)# global (outside) 1 interface
hostname(config)# nat (outside) 1 192.168.0.0 255.255.255.0
When the security appliance sends encrypted VPN traffic back out this same interface, however, NAT is
optional. The VPN-to-VPN hairpinning works with or without NAT. To apply NAT to all outgoing
traffic, implement only the commands above. To exempt the VPN-to-VPN traffic from NAT, add
commands (to the example above) that implement NAT exemption for VPN-to-VPN traffic, such as:
hostname(config)# access-list nonat permit ip 192.168.0.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.0.0
255.255.255.0
hostname(config)# nat (outside) 0 access-list nonat
For more information on NAT rules, see the Applying NAT chapter of this guide.

To limit VPN sessions to a lower value than the security appliance allows, enter the vpn-sessiondb
max-session-limit command in global configuration mode.
This command applies to all types of VPN sessions, including WebVPN.
This limit affects the calculated load percentage for VPN Load Balancing.
The syntax is vpn-sessiondb max-session-limit {session-limit}.

The following example shows how to set a maximum VPN session limit of 450:
hostname (config)# vpn-sessiondb max-session-limit 450
hostname (config)#

The client update feature lets administrators at a central location automatically notify VPN client users
when it is time to update the VPN client software and the VPN 3002 hardware client image.
To configure client update, enter the client-update command in tunnel-group ipsec-attributes
configuration mode. If the client is already running a software version on the list of revision numbers, it
does not need to update its software. If the client is not running a software version on the list, it should
update. You can specify up to 4 client update entries.

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The command syntax follows:

client-update type type {url url-string} {rev-nums rev-nums}
no client-update [type]
Syntax Description
rev-nums rev-nums
Specifies the software or firmware images for this client. Enter up to 4,

separated by commas.
type
Specifies the operating systems to notify of a client update. The list of

operating systems comprises the following:
url url-string
Windows: all windows-based platforms
WIN9X: Windows 95, Windows 98, and Windows ME platforms
WinNT: Windows NT 4.0, Windows 2000, and Windows XP platforms
vpn3002: VPN 3002 hardware client
Specifies the URL for the software/firmware image. This URL must point
to a file appropriate for the client.
The following example configures client update parameters for the remote-access tunnel-group called
remotegrp. It designates the revision number 4.6.1 and the URL for retrieving the update, which is
https://support/updates.
hostname(config)# tunnel-group remotegrp type ipsec_ra
hostname(config)# tunnel-group remotegrp ipsec-attributes
hostname(config-ipsec)# client-update type windows url https://support/updates/ rev-nums
4.6.1
hostname(config-ipsec)#
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25
Configuring Tunnel Groups, Group Policies, and

Users
This chapter describes how to configure VPN tunnel groups, group policies, and users. This chapter
includes the following sections.
Overview of Tunnel Groups, Group Policies, and Users, page 25-1
Configuring Tunnel Groups, page 25-4
Group Policies, page 25-10
Configuring Users, page 25-31
In summary, you first configure tunnel groups to set the values for the connection. Then you configure
group policies. These set values for users in the aggregate. Then you configure users, which can inherit
values from groups and configure certain values on an individual user basis. This chapter describes how
and why to configure these entities.

Groups and users are core concepts in managing the security of virtual private networks (VPNs) and in
configuring the security appliance. They specify attributes that determine user access to and use of the
VPN. A group is a collection of users treated as a single entity. Users get their attributes from group
policies. Tunnel groups identify the group policy for a specific connection. If you do not assign a
particular group policy to a user, the default group policy for the connection applies.
Tunnel groups and group policies simplify system management. To streamline the configuration task,
the security appliance provides a default LAN-to-LAN tunnel group (DefaultL2Lgroup), a default
remote access tunnel group (DefaultRAgroup), and a default group policy (DfltGrpPolicy). The default
tunnel groups and group policy provide settings that are likely to be common for many users. As you add
users, you can specify that they inherit parameters from a group policy. Thus you can quickly
configure VPN access for large numbers of users.
If you decide to grant identical rights to all VPN users, then you do not need to configure specific tunnel
groups or group policies, but VPNs seldom work that way. For example, you might allow a finance group
to access one part of a private network, a customer support group to access another part, and an MIS
group to access other parts. In addition, you might allow specific users within MIS to access systems
that other MIS users cannot access. Tunnel groups and group policies provide the flexibility to do so
securely.

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Note
The security appliance also includes the concept of object groups, which are a superset of network lists.
Object groups let you define VPN access to ports as well as networks. Object groups relate to ACLs
rather than to group policies and tunnel groups. For more information about using object groups, see
Chapter 13, Identifying Traffic with Access Lists.
Tunnel Groups
A tunnel group consists of a set of records that contain tunnel connection policies. Tunnel groups contain
a small number of attributes that pertain to creating the tunnel itself. Tunnel groups include a pointer to
a group policy that defines user-oriented attributes.
The security appliance provides two default tunnel groups, one for LAN-to-LAN connections, and one
for remote access connections. You can modify these default tunnel groups, but you cannot delete them.
You can also create one or more tunnel groups specific to your environment. Tunnel groups are local to
the security appliance and are not configurable on external servers.
Tunnel groups specify the following attributes:
General parameters
IPSec connection parameters
General Tunnel Group Parameters

The general parameters include the following:
Tunnel group nameBoth remote access and LAN-to-LAN clients select a tunnel group by its
name, as follows:
For IPSec clients that use preshared keys to authenticate, the tunnel group name is the same as
the group name that the IPSec client passes to the security appliance.
IPSec clients that use certificates to authenticate pass this name as part of the certificate, and
the security appliance extracts the name from the certificate.

Tunnel group records contain tunnel connection policy information. These records identify the
servers to which the tunnel user is authenticated, as well as the accounting servers to which
connection information is sent. They also identify a default group policy for the connection, and they
contain protocol-specific connection parameters.
Connection typeConnection types include remote access IPSec, and LAN-to-LAN IPSec. A
tunnel group can have only one connection type.
Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting serversThese parameters identify the server

groups or lists that the security appliance uses for the following purposes:
Authenticating users
Obtaining information about services users are authorized to access
Storing accounting records
A server group can consist of one or more servers.
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Default group policy for the connectionA group policy is a set of user-oriented attributes. The
default group policy is the group policy whose attributes the security appliance uses as defaults
when authenticating or authorizing a tunnel user.
Client address assignment methodThis method includes values for one or more DHCP servers or
address pools that the security appliance assigns to clients.
IPSec Connection Parameters

IPSec parameters include the following:
A client authentication method: preshared keys or certificates.
ISAKMP keepalive settings. This feature lets the security appliance monitor the continued presence
of a remote peer and report its own presence to that peer. If the peer becomes unresponsive, the
security appliance removes the connection. Enabling IKE keepalives prevents hung connections
when the IKE peer loses connectivity.
There are various forms of IKE keepalives. For this feature to work, both the security appliance and
its remote peer must support a common form. This feature works with the following peers:
Cisco VPN client (Release 3.0 and above)
Cisco VPN 3000 Client (Release 2.x)
Cisco VPN 3002 Hardware Client
Cisco VPN 3000 Series Concentrators
Cisco IOS software
Cisco Secure PIX Firewall
Non-Cisco VPN clients do not support IKE keepalives.

If you are configuring a group of mixed peers, and some of those peers support IKE keepalives and
others do not, enable IKE keepalives for the entire group. The feature does not affect the peers that
do not support it.
If you disable IKE keepalives, connections with unresponsive peers remain active until they time
out, so we recommend that you keep your idle timeout short. To change your idle timeout, see
Configuring Group Policies section on page 25-12.
Note
To reduce connectivity costs, disable IKE keepalives if this group includes any clients
connecting via ISDN lines. ISDN connections normally disconnect if idle, but the IKE
keepalives mechanism prevents connections from idling and therefore from disconnecting.
If you do disable IKE keepalives, the client disconnects only when either its IKE or IPSec keys
expire. Failed traffic does not disconnect the tunnel with the Peer Timeout Profile values as it
does when IKE keepalives are enabled.
Note
If you have a LAN-to-LAN configuration using IKE main mode, make sure that the two peers
have the same IKE keepalives configuration. Both peers must have IKE keepalives enabled or
both peers must have it disabled.
Values for defining authorization usernames.

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Configuring Tunnel Groups

The security appliance provides two default tunnel groups, one for remote access (DefaultRAGroup) and
one for LAN-to-LAN (DefaultL2LGroup). You can modify these groups, but you cannot delete them. To
see the current configured and default configuration of all your tunnel groups, including the default
tunnel group, enter the show running-config all tunnel-group command.
You can configure a new tunnel group as either an IPSec Remote Access (ipsec-ra) tunnel or an IPSec
LAN-to-LAN (ipsec-l2l) tunnel. The default is ipsec-ra. The subsequent parameters depend upon your
choice of tunnel type.
Default Remote Access Tunnel Group Configuration

The contents of the default remote-access tunnel group are as follows:
tunnel-group DefaultRAGroup type ipsec-ra
tunnel-group DefaultRAGroup general-attributes
no address-pool
authentication-server-group LOCAL
no authorization-server-group
no accounting-server-group
default-group-policy DfltGrpPolicy
no dhcp-server
no strip-realm
no strip-group
tunnel-group DefaultRAGroup ipsec-attributes
no pre-shared-key
no authorization-required
authorization-dn-attributes CN OU
peer-id-validate req
no radius-with-expiry
no chain
no trust-point
isakmp keepalive threshold 300 retry 2
Configuring Remote-Access Tunnel Groups

To configure a remote-access tunnel group, follow the steps in this section. An IPSec Remote Access
VPN tunnel group applies only to remote-access IPSec client connections.
Specify a Name and Type for the Remote-Access Tunnel Group

To assign a name and type for the tunnel group, enter the tunnel-group command to assign a name and
type for the tunnel group.
hostname(config)# tunnel-group tunnel_group_name type tunnel_type
For a remote-access tunnel, the type is ipsec-ra; for example:

hostname(config)# tunnel-group TunnelGroup1 type ipsec-ra
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Configure Remote-Access Tunnel Group General Attributes

To configure the tunnel group general attributes, specify the parameters in the following steps.
Step 1
Enter the config-general mode by specifying the tunnel-group command with the general-attributes
designator:
hostname(config)# tunnel-group tunnel_group_name general-attributes
This command enters config-general mode, in which you configure the tunnel-group general attributes.
Step 2
Specify the name of the authentication-server group, if any, to use. If you want to use the LOCAL
database for authentication if the specified server group fails, append the word LOCAL:
hostname(config-general)# authentication-server-group groupname [LOCAL]
You can also configure interface-specific authentication by including the name of an interface after the
group name. The following command configures interface-specific authentication for the interface
named test using the server servergroup1 for authentication:
hostname(config-general)# authentication-server-group test servergroup1
Step 3
Specify the name of the authorization-server group, if any, to use:

hostname(config-general)# authorization-server-group groupname
Step 4
Specify the name of the accounting-server group, if any, to use:

hostname(config-general)# accounting-server-group groupname
Step 5
Specify the name of the default group policy:

hostname(config-general)# default-group-policy policyname
The following example sets DfltGrpPolicy as the name of the group policy:
hostname(config)# default-group-policy DfltGrpPolicy
Step 6
Specify the name or IP address of the DHCP server (up to 10 servers), and the names of the DHCP
address pools (up to 6 pools). The defaults are no DHCP server and no address pool.
hostname(config-general)# dhcp-server server1 [...server10]
hostname(config-general)# address-pool [(interface name)] address_pool1 [...address_pool6]
Note
The interface name must be enclosed in parentheses.
You configure address pools with the ip local pool command in global configuration mode.
Step 7
Specify whether to strip the group or the realm from the username before passing it on to the AAA server.
The default is not to strip either the group name or the realm.
hostname(config-general)# strip-group
hostname(config-general)# strip-realm
Enter the strip-realm command to remove the realm qualifier of the username during authentication. If
you do so, authentication is based on the username alone. Otherwise, authentication is based on the full
username@realm string. You must enable strip realm if your server is unable to parse delimiters. If you
are using the Group Lookup feature and strip realm, do not use the @ character for the group delimiter.

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Step 8
Whether users must exist in the authorization database to connect.

hostname(config)# authorization-server-group groupname
Configure Remote-Access Tunnel Group IPSec Attributes

To configure the IPSec attributes, specify the following parameters:
Step 1
Specify the IPSec-attributes designator:

hostname(config)# tunnel-group tunnel-group-name ipsec-attributes
For example, the following command designates that the config-ipsec mode commands that follow
pertain to the tunnel group named TG1:
hostname(config)# tunnel-group TG1 ipsec-attributes
This command enters config-ipsec mode, in which you configure the tunnel-group IPSec attributes.
Step 2
Specify the attribute or attributes to use in deriving a name for an authorization query from a certificate.
This attribute specifies what part of the subject DN field to use as the username for authorization:
hostname(config-ipsec)# authorization-dn-attributes {primary-attribute
[secondary-attribute] | use-entire-name}
For example, the following command specifies the use of the CN attribute as the username for
authorization:
hostname(config-ipsec)# authorization-dn-attributes CN
The authorization-dn-attributes are C (Country), CN (Common Name), DNQ (DN qualifier), EA

(E-mail Address), GENQ (Generational qualifier), GN (Given Name), I (Initials), L (Locality),
N (Name), O (Organization), OU (Organizational Unit), SER (Serial Number), SN (Surname),
SP (State/Province), T (Title), and UID (User ID)
Step 3
Specify whether to require a successful authorization before allowing a user to connect. The default is
not to require authorization.
hostname(config-ipsec)# authorization-required
Step 4
Specify the client-update parameters; that is, the client type and the acceptable revision levels for that
client:
hostname(config-ipsec)# client-update type type url url-string rev-nums rev-numbers
The available client types are Win9X (includes Windows 95, Windows 98 and Windows ME platforms),
WinNT (includes Windows NT 4.0, Windows 2000 and Windows XP platforms), Windows (Includes
all Windows based platforms), and vpn3002 (VPN3002 hardware client).
If the client is already running a software version on the list of revision numbers, it does not need to
update its software. If the client is not running a software version on the list, it should update. You can
specify up to four of these client update entries.
The following example configures client update parameters for the remote-access tunnel-group. It
designates the revision number, 4.6.1 and the URL for retrieving the update, which is
https://support/updates:
hostname(config-ipsec)# client-update type windows url https://support/updates/ rev-nums
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Step 5
Specify the preshared key to support IKE connections based on preshared keys.
hostname(config-ipsec)# pre-shared-key xyzx
The preceding command specifies the preshared key xyzx to support IKE connections for an IPSec
remote access tunnel group:
Step 6
Specify whether to validate the identity of the peer using the peers certificate:
hostname(config-ipsec)# peer-id-validate option
The available options are req (required), cert (if supported by certificate), and nocheck (do not check).
The default is req.
Step 7
Specify whether to enable sending of a certificate chain. The following command includes the root
certificate and any subordinate CA certificates in the transmission:
hostname(config-ipsec)# chain
You can apply this attribute to all tunnel-group types.

Step 8
Specify the name of a trustpoint that identifies the certificate to be sent to the IKE peer:
hostname(config-ipsec)# trust-point trust-point-name
The following command specifies mytrustpoint as the name of the certificate to be sent to the IKE
peer:
hostname(config-ipsec)# trust-point mytrustpoint

Step 9
Specify whether to have the security appliance use MS-CHAPv2 to negotiate a password update with the
user during authentication:
hostname(config-ipsec)# radius-with-expiry
The security appliance ignores this command if RADIUS authentication has not been configured.
Step 10
ISAKMP keepalive threshold and the number of retries allowed.

hostname(config)# isakmp keepalive threshold <number> retry <number>
The threshold parameter specifies the number of seconds (10 through 3600) that the peer is allowed to
idle before beginning keepalive monitoring. The retry parameter is the interval (2 through 10 seconds)
between retries after a keepalive response has not been received. IKE keepalives are enabled by default.
To disable IKE keepalives, enter the no form of the isakmp command:
For example, the following command sets the IKE keepalive threshold value to 15 seconds and sets the
retry interval to 10 seconds:
hostname(config-ipsec)# isakmp keepalive threshold 15 retry 10
The default value for the threshold parameter is 300 for remote-access and 10 for LAN-to-LAN, and the
default value for the retry parameter is 2.

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Default LAN-to-LAN Tunnel Group Configuration

The contents of the default LAN-to-LAN tunnel group are as follows:
tunnel-group DefaultL2LGroup type ipsec-l2l
tunnel-group DefaultL2LGroup general-attributes
no accounting-server-group
tunnel-group DefaultL2LGroup ipsec-attributes
no pre-shared-key
peer-id-validate req
no chain
no trust-point
isakmp keepalive threshold 10 retry 2
LAN-to-LAN tunnel groups have fewer parameters than remote-access tunnel groups, and most of these
are the same for both groups. For your convenience in configuring the connection, they are listed
separately here.
Configuring LAN-to-LAN Tunnel Groups

An IPSec LAN-to-LAN VPN tunnel group applies only to LAN-to-LAN IPSec client connections. To
configure a LAN-to-LAN tunnel group, follow the steps in this section.
Specify a Name and Type for the LAN-to-LAN Tunnel Group

To specify a name and a type for a tunnel group, enter the tunnel-group command, as follows:
hostname(config)# tunnel-group tunnel_group_name type tunnel_type
For a LAN-to-LAN tunnel, the type is ipsec-l2l.; for example:

hostname(config)# tunnel-group TunnelGroup1 type ipsec-l2l
Configure LAN-to-LAN Tunnel Group General Attributes

To configure the tunnel group general attributes, specify the parameters in the following steps:
Step 1
Enter configuration-general mode by specifying the general-attributes designator:

hostname(config)# tunnel-group tunnel_group_tunnel-group-name general-attributes
hostname(config-general)#
The prompt changes to indicate that you are now in config-general mode, in which you configure the
tunnel-group general attributes.
Step 2
Specify the name of the accounting-server group, if any, to use:

hostname(config-general)# accounting-server-group groupname
For example, the following command specifies the use of the accounting-server group acctgserv1:
hostname(config-general)# accounting-server-group acctgserv1
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Step 3
Specify the name of the default group policy:

hostname(config-general)# default-group-policy policyname
For example, the following command specifies that the name of the default group policy is MyPolicy:
hostname(config-general)# default-group-policy MyPolicy
Configure LAN-to-LAN IPSec Attributes

To configure the IPSec attributes, do the following steps:
Step 1
To enter config-ipsec mode, in which you configure the tunnel-group IPSec attributes, enter the
tunnel-group command with the IPSec-attributes designator.
hostname(config)# tunnel-group tunnel-group-name ipsec-attributes
For example, the following command enters config-ipsec mode so you can configure the parameters for
the tunnel group named TG1:
hostname(config)# tunnel-group TG1 ipsec-attributes
hostname(config-ipsec)#
The prompt changes to indicate that you are now in config-ipsec mode.
Step 2
Specify the preshared key to support IKE connections based on preshared keys.
hostname(config-ipsec)# pre-shared-key key
For example, the following command specifies the preshared key XYZX to support IKE connections for
an IPSec remote access tunnel group:
hostname(config-ipsec)# pre-shared-key xyzx
Step 3
Specify whether to validate the identity of the peer using the peers certificate:
hostname(config-ipsec)# peer-id-validate option
The available options are req (required), cert (if supported by certificate), and nocheck (do not check).
The default is req. For example, the following command sets the peer-id-validate option to nocheck:
hostname(config-ipsec)# peer-id-validate nocheck
Step 4
Specify whether to enable sending of a certificate chain. This action includes the root certificate and any
subordinate CA certificates in the transmission:
hostname(config-ipsec)# chain

Step 5
Specify the name of a trustpoint that identifies the certificate to be sent to the IKE peer:
hostname(config-ipsec)# trust-point trust-point-name
For example, the following command sets the trustpoint name to mytrustpoint:
hostname(config-ipsec)# trust-point mytrustpoint

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Group Policies
Step 6
Specify the ISAKMP keepalive threshold and the number of retries allowed. The threshold parameter
specifies the number of seconds (10 through 3600) that the peer is allowed to idle before beginning
keepalive monitoring. The retry parameter is the interval (2 through 10 seconds) between retries after a
keepalive response has not been received. IKE keepalives are enabled by default. To disable IKE
keepalives, enter the no form of the isakmp command:
hostname(config)# isakmp keepalive threshold <number> retry <number>
For example, the following command sets the ISAKMP keepalive threshold to 15 seconds and sets the
retry interval to 10 seconds.:
hostname(config-ipsec)# isakmp keepalive threshold 15 retry 10
The default value for the threshold parameter for LAN-to-LAN is 10, and the default value for the retry
parameter is 2.
Group Policies
A group policy is a set of user-oriented attribute/value pairs for IPSec connections that are stored either
internally (locally) on the device or externally on a RADIUS server. The tunnel group refers to a group
policy that sets terms for user connections after the tunnel is established. Group policies let you apply
whole sets of attributes to a user or a group of users, rather than having to specify each attribute
individually for each user.
Enter the group-policy commands in global configuration mode to assign a group policy to users or to
modify a group policy for specific users.
The security appliance includes a default group policy. You can modify this default group policy, but you
cannot delete it. You can also create one or more group policies specific to your environment.
Group policies include the following attributes:
Identity
Defining servers
Client firewall settings
Tunneling protocols
IPSec settings
Hardware client settings
Filters
Client configuration settings
WebVPN functions
Connection settings
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Default Group Policy

The security appliance supplies a default group policy. You can modify this default group policy, but you
cannot delete it. A default group policy, named DfltGrpPolicy, always exists on the security appliance,
but this default group policy does not take effect unless you configure the security appliance to use it.To
view the default group policy, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# show running-config all group-policy DfltGrpPolicy
To configure the default group policy, enter the following command:

hostname(config)# group-policy DfltGrpPolicy internal
Note
The default group policy is internal. Despite the fact that the command syntax is
hostname(config)# group-policy DfltGrpPolicy {internal | external}, you cannot change the type
to external.
If you want to change any of the attributes of the group policy, use the group-policy attributes command
to enter attributes mode, then specify the commands to change whatever attributes that you want to
modify:
hostname(config)# group-policy DfltGrpPolicy attributes
Note
The attributes mode applies only for internal group policies.

The default group policy that the security appliance provides, DfltGrpPolicy, is as follows:
group-policy DfltGrpPolicy internal
group-policy DfltGrpPolicy attributes
wins-server none
dns-server none
vpn-access-hours none
vpn-idle-timeout 30
vpn-session-timeout none
vpn-filter none
vpn-tunnel-protocol IPSec
password-storage disable
ip-comp disable
re-xauth disable
group-lock none
pfs disable
banner none
ipsec-udp disable
ipsec-udp-port 10000
split-tunnel-policy tunnelall
split-tunnel-network-list none
default-domain none
split-dns none
secure-unit-authentication disable
user-authentication disable
user-authentication-idle-timeout 30
ip-phone-bypass disable
leap-bypass disable
nem disable
backup-servers keep-client-config
client-firewall none
client-access-rule none

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Group Policies
webvpn
functions url-entry
no html-content-filter
no homepage
no filter
no url-list
no port-forward
port-forward-name value Application Access
You can modify the default group policy, and you can also create one or more group policies specific to
your environment.
Configuring Group Policies

A group policy can apply to either remote-access or LAN-to-LAN IPSec tunnels. In each case, if you do
not explicitly define a parameter, the group takes the value from the default group policy. To configure
a group policy, follow these steps:
Step 1
Specify a name and type (internal or external) for the group policy:
hostname(config)# group-policy group_policy_name type
For example, the following command specifies that the group policy is named GroupPolicy1 and that
its type is internal:
hostname(config)# group-policy GroupPolicy1 internal
The default type is internal.

You can initialize the attributes of an internal group policy to the values of a preexisting group policy by
appending the keyword from and specifying the name of the existing policy:
hostname(config)# group-policy group_policy_name internal from group_policy_name
For an external group policy, you must identify the AAA server group that the security appliance can
query for attributes and specify the password to use when retrieving attributes from the external AAA
server group, as follows:
hostname(config)# group-policy name external server-group server_group password
server_password}
Note
Step 2
For an external group policy, RADIUS is the only supported AAA server type.
Enter the group-policy attributes mode, using the group-policy attributes command in global
configuration mode.
hostname(config)# group-policy name attributes
hostname(config-group-policy)#
The prompt changes to indicate the mode change. The group-policy-attributes mode lets you configure
attribute-value pairs for a specified group policy. In group-policy-attributes mode, explicitly configure
the attribute-value pairs that you do not want to inherit from the default group. The commands to do this
are described in the following steps.
Step 3
Specify the primary and secondary WINS servers:

hostname(config-group-policy)# wins-server value {ip_address [ip_address] | none}
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Group Policies
The first IP address specified is that of the primary WINS server. The second (optional) IP address is
that of the secondary WINS server. Specifying the none keyword instead of an IP address sets WINS
servers to a null value, which allows no WINS servers and prevents inheriting a value from a default or
specified group policy.
Every time that you enter the wins-server command, you overwrite the existing setting. For example, if
you configure WINS server x.x.x.x and then configure WINS server y.y.y.y, the second command
overwrites the first, and y.y.y.y becomes the sole WINS server. The same is true for multiple servers. To
add a WINS server rather than overwrite previously configured servers, include the IP addresses of all
WINS servers when you enter this command.
The following example shows how to configure WINS servers with the IP addresses 10.10.10.15 and
10.10.10.30 for the group policy named FirstGroup:
hostname(config)# group-policy FirstGroup attributes
hostname(config-group-policy)# wins-server value 10.10.10.15 10.10.10.30
Step 4
Specify the primary and secondary DNS servers:

hostname(config-group-policy)# dns-server value {ip_address [ip_address] | none}
The first IP address specified is that of the primary DNS server. The second (optional) IP address is that
of the secondary DNS server. Specifying the none keyword instead of an IP address sets DNS servers to
a null value, which allows no DNS servers and prevents inheriting a value from a default or specified
group policy.
Every time that you enter the dns-server command you overwrite the existing setting. For example, if
you configure DNS server x.x.x.x and then configure DNS server y.y.y.y, the second command
overwrites the first, and y.y.y.y becomes the sole DNS server. The same is true for multiple servers. To
add a DNS server rather than overwrite previously configured servers, include the IP addresses of all
DNS servers when you enter this command.
The following example shows how to configure DNS servers with the IP addresses 10.10.10.15, and
10.10.10.30 for the group policy named FirstGroup:
hostname(config-group-policy)# dns-server value 10.10.10.15 10.10.10.30
Step 5
Set the VPN access hours. To do this, you associate a group policy with a configured time-range policy,
using the vpn-access-hours command in group-policy configuration mode.
hostname(config-group-policy)# vpn-access-hours value {time-range | none}
A group policy can inherit a time-range value from a default or specified group policy. To prevent this
inheritance, enter the none keyword instead of the name of a time-range in this command. This keyword
sets VPN access hours to a null value, which allows no time-range policy.
The time-range variable is the name of a set of access hours defined in global configuration mode using
the time-range command. The following example shows how to associate the group policy named
FirstGroup with a time-range policy called 824:
hostname(config-group-policy)# vpn-access-hours value 824
Step 6
Specify the number of simultaneous logins allowed for any user, using the vpn-simultaneous-logins
command in group-policy configuration mode.
hostname(config-group-policy)# vpn-simultaneous-logins
integer

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The default value is 3. The range is an integer in the range 0 through 2147483647. A group policy can
inherit this value from another group policy. Enter 0 to disable login and prevent user access. The
following example shows how to allow a maximum of 4 simultaneous logins for the group policy named
FirstGroup:
hostname(config-group-policy)# vpn-simultaneous-logins 4
Note
Step 7
While there is no maximum limit to the number of simultaneous logins, allowing several could
compromise security and affect performance.
Configure the user timeout period by entering the vpn-idle-timeout command in group-policy
configuration mode or in username configuration mode:
hostname(config-group-policy)# vpn-idle-timeout {minutes | none}
The minimum time is 1 minute, and the maximum time is 35791394 minutes. The default is 30 minutes.
If there is no communication activity on the connection in this period, the security appliance terminates
the connection.
A group policy can inherit this value from another group policy. To prevent inheriting a value, enter the
none keyword instead of specifying a number of minutes with this command. The none keyword also
permits an unlimited idle timeout period. It sets the idle timeout to a null value, thereby disallowing an
idle timeout.
The following example shows how to set a VPN idle timeout of 15 minutes for the group policy named
FirstGroup:
hostname(config-group-policy)# vpn-idle-timeout 15
Step 8
Configure a maximum amount of time for VPN connections, using the vpn-session-timeout command
in group-policy configuration mode or in username configuration mode.
hostname(config-group-policy)# vpn-session-timeout {minutes | none}
The minimum time is 1 minute, and the maximum time is 35791394 minutes. There is no default value.
At the end of this period of time, the security appliance terminates the connection.
none keyword instead of specifying a number of minutes with this command. Specifying the none
keyword permits an unlimited session timeout period and sets session timeout with a null value, which
disallows a session timeout.
The following example shows how to set a VPN session timeout of 180 minutes for the group policy
named FirstGroup:
hostname(config-group-policy)# vpn-session-timeout 180
Step 9
Specify the name of the ACL to use for VPN connections, using the vpn-filter command in group policy
or username mode.
hostname(config-group-policy)# vpn-filter {value ACL name | none}
To remove the ACL, including a null value created by entering the vpn-filter none command, enter the
no form of this command. The no option allows inheritance of a value from another group policy.
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none keyword instead of specifying an ACL name. The none keyword indicates that there is no access
list and sets a null value, thereby disallowing an access list.
You configure ACLs to permit or deny various types of traffic for this group policy. You then enter the
vpn-filter command to apply those ACLs.
The following example shows how to set a filter that invokes an access list named acl_vpn for the
group policy named FirstGroup:
hostname(config-group-policy)# vpn-filter acl_vpn
Step 10
Specify the VPN tunnel type (IPSec or WebVPN) for this group policy.
hostname(config-group-policy)# vpn-tunnel-protocol {webvpn | IPSec}
The default is IPSec. To remove the attribute from the running configuration, enter the no form of this
command.
hostname(config-group-policy)# no vpn-tunnel-protocol [webvpn | IPSec]
The parameter values for this command follow:

IPSecNegotiates an IPSec tunnel between two peers (a remote access client or another secure
gateway). Creates security associations that govern authentication, encryption, encapsulation, and key
management.
webvpnProvides VPN services to remote users via an HTTPS-enabled web browser, and does not
require a client.
Enter this command to configure one or more tunneling modes. You must configure at least one tunneling
mode for users to connect over a VPN tunnel.
The following example shows how to configure the IPSec tunneling mode for the group policy named
FirstGroup:
hostname(config-group-policy)# vpn-tunnel-protocol IPSec
Step 11
Specify whether to let users store their login passwords on the client system, using the
password-storage command with the enable keyword in group-policy configuration mode. To disable
password storage, use the password-storage command with the disable keyword.
hostname(config-group-policy)# password-storage {enable | disable}
For security reasons, password storage is disabled by default. Enable password storage only on systems
that you know to be in secure sites.
To remove the password-storage attribute from the running configuration, enter the no form of this
command:
hostname(config-group-policy)# no password-storage
Specifying the no form enables inheritance of a value for password-storage from another group policy.
This command does not apply to interactive hardware client authentication or individual user
authentication for hardware clients.
The following example shows how to enable password storage for the group policy named FirstGroup:
hostname(config-group-policy)# password-storage enable

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Step 12
Specify whether to enable IP compression, which is disabled by default.

hostname(config-group-policy)# ip-comp {enable | disable}
To enable LZS IP compression, enter the ip-comp command with the enable keyword in group-policy
configuration mode. To disable IP compression, enter the ip-comp command with the disable keyword.
To remove the ip-comp attribute from the running configuration, enter the no form of this command.
This enables inheritance of a value from another group policy.
hostname(config-group-policy)# no ip-comp
Enabling data compression might speed up data transmission rates for remote dial-in users connecting
with modems.
Caution
Step 13
Data compression increases the memory requirement and CPU usage for each user session and
consequently decreases the overall throughput of the security appliance. For this reason, we recommend
that you enable data compression only for remote users connecting with a modem. Design a group policy
specific to modem users, and enable compression only for them.
Specify whether to require that users reauthenticate on IKE rekey by using the re-xauth command with
the enable keyword in group-policy configuration mode. To disable user reauthentication on IKE rekey,
enter the disable keyword.
hostname(config-group-policy)# re-xauth {enable | disable}
To remove the re-xauth attribute from the running configuration, enter the no form of this command.
This enables inheritance of a value for reauthentication on IKE rekey from another group policy.
hostname(config-group-policy)# no re-xauth
Reauthentication on IKE rekey is disabled by default.If you enable reauthentication on IKE rekey, the
security appliance prompts the user to enter a username and password during initial Phase 1 IKE
negotiation and also prompts for user authentication whenever an IKE rekey occurs. Reauthentication
provides additional security.
If the configured rekey interval is very short, users might find the repeated authorization requests
inconvenient. To avoid repeated authorization requests, disable reauthentication. To check the
configured rekey interval, in monitoring mode, enter the show crypto ipsec sa command to view the
security association lifetime in seconds and lifetime in kilobytes of data.
Note
Step 14
Reauthentication fails if there is no user at the other end of the connection.
Specify whether to restrict remote users to access through the tunnel group only, using the group-lock
command in group-policy configuration mode.
hostname(config-group-policy)# group-lock {value tunnel-grp-name | none}
hostname(config-group-policy)# no group-lock
The tunnel-grp-name variable specifies the name of an existing tunnel group that the security appliance
requires for the user to connect. Group-lock restricts users by checking if the group configured in the
VPN client is the same as the tunnel group to which the user is assigned. If it is not, the security appliance
prevents the user from connecting. If you do not configure group-lock, the security appliance
authenticates users without regard to the assigned group. Group locking is disabled by default.
To remove the group-lock attribute from the running configuration, enter the no form of this command.
This option allows inheritance of a value from another group policy.
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To disable group-lock, enter the group-lock command with the none keyword. The none keyword sets
group-lock to a null value, thereby allowing no group-lock restriction. It also prevents inheriting a
group-lock value from a default or specified group policy
Step 15
Specify whether to enable perfect forward secrecy by using the pfs command with the enable keyword
in group-policy configuration mode.
hostname(config-group-policy)# pfs {enable | disable}
In IPSec negotiations, PFS ensures that each new cryptographic key is unrelated to any previous key.
PFS is disabled by default.
To disable PFS, enter the disable keyword.
To remove the PFS attribute from the running configuration, enter the no form of this command. A group
policy can inherit a value for PFS from another group policy. To prevent inheriting a value, enter the no
form of this command.
hostname(config-group-policy)# no pfs
Step 16
Specify the banner, or welcome message, if any, that you want to display. The default is no banner. The
message that you specify is displayed on remote clients when they connect. To specify a banner, enter
the banner command in group-policy configuration mode. The banner text can be up to 510 characters
long. Enter the \n sequence to insert a carriage return.
Note
A carriage-return/line-feed included in the banner counts as two characters.
To delete a banner, enter the no form of this command. Be aware that using the no version of the
command deletes all banners for the group policy.
none keyword instead of specifying a value for the banner string, as follows:
hostname(config-group-policy)# banner {value banner_string | none}
The following example shows how to create a banner for the group policy named FirstGroup:
hostname(config-group-policy)# banner value Welcome to Cisco Systems 7.0.
Step 17
Specify whether to enable IPSec over UDP. To use IPSec over UDP, you must also configure the
ipsec-udp-port command, as follows:
hostname(config-group-policy)# ipsec-udp {enable | disable}
hostname(config-group-policy)# no ipsec-udp
IPSec over UDP, sometimes called IPSec through NAT, lets a Cisco VPN client or hardware client
connect via UDP to a security appliance that is running NAT. It is disabled by default. To enable IPSec
over UDP, configure the ipsec-udp command with the enable keyword in group-policy configuration
mode. To disable IPSec over UDP, enter the disable keyword. To remove the IPSec over UDP attribute
from the running configuration, enter the no form of this command. This enables inheritance of a value
for IPSec over UDP from another group policy.
The Cisco VPN client must also be configured to use IPSec over UDP (it is configured to use it by
default). The VPN 3002 requires no configuration to use IPSec over UDP.
IPSec over UDP is proprietary; it applies only to remote-access connections, and it requires mode
configuration. The security appliance exchanges configuration parameters with the client while
negotiating SAs. Using IPSec over UDP may slightly degrade system performance.

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The following example shows how to set IPSec over UDP for the group policy named FirstGroup:
hostname(config-group-policy)# ipsec-udp enable
If you enabled IPSec over UDP, you must also configure the ipsec-udp-port command in group-policy
configuration mode. This command sets a UDP port number for IPSec over UDP. In IPSec negotiations,
the security appliance listens on the configured port and forwards UDP traffic for that port even if other
filter rules drop UDP traffic. The port numbers can range from 4001 through 49151. The default port
value is 10000.
To disable the UDP port, enter the no form of this command. This enables inheritance of a value for the
IPSec over UDP port from another group policy.
hostname(config-group-policy)# ipsec-udp-port port
The following example shows how to set an IPSec UDP port to port 4025 for the group policy named
FirstGroup:
hostname(config-group-policy)# ipsec-udp-port 4025
Step 18
Set the rules for tunneling traffic by specifying the split-tunneling policy.
hostname(config-group-policy)# split-tunnel-policy {tunnelall | tunnelspecified |
excludespecified}
hostname(config-group-policy)# no split-tunnel-policy
The default is to tunnel all traffic. To set a split tunneling policy, enter the split-tunnel-policy command
in group-policy configuration mode. To remove the split-tunnel-policy attribute from the running
configuration, enter the no form of this command. This enables inheritance of a value for split tunneling
from another group policy.
Split tunneling lets a remote-access IPSec client conditionally direct packets over an IPSec tunnel in
encrypted form or to a network interface in clear text form. With split tunneling enabled, packets not
bound for destinations on the other side of the IPSec tunnel do not have to be encrypted, sent across the
tunnel, decrypted, and then routed to a final destination. This command applies this split tunneling policy
to a specific network.
The excludespecified keyword defines a list of networks to which traffic goes in the clear. This feature
is useful for remote users who want to access devices on their local network, such as printers, while they
are connected to the corporate network through a tunnel. This option applies only to the Cisco VPN
client.
The tunnelall keyword specifies that no traffic goes in the clear or to any other destination than the
security appliance. This, in effect, disables split tunneling. Remote users reach internet networks through
the corporate network and do not have access to local networks. This is the default option.
The tunnelspecified keyword tunnels all traffic from or to the specified networks. This option enables
split tunneling. It lets you create a network list of addresses to tunnel. Data to all other addresses travels
in the clear and is routed by the remote users Internet service provider.
Note
Split tunneling is primarily a traffic management feature, not a security feature. For optimum
security, we recommend that you do not enable split tunneling.
The following example shows how to set a split tunneling policy of tunneling only specified networks
for the group policy named FirstGroup:
hostname(config-group-policy)# split-tunnel-policy tunnelspecified
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Step 19
Create a network list for split tunneling using the split-tunnel-network-list command in group-policy
configuration mode.
hostname(config-group-policy)# split-tunnel-network-list {value access-list_name | none}
hostname(config-group-policy)# no split-tunnel-network-list value [access-list_name]
Split tunneling network lists distinguish networks that require traffic to travel across the tunnel from
those that do not require tunneling. The security appliance makes split tunneling decisions on the basis
of a network list, which is an ACL that consists of a list of addresses on the private network. Only
standard-type ACLs are allowed.
The value access-list name parameter identifies an access list that enumerates the networks to tunnel or
not tunnel.
The none keyword indicates that there is no network list for split tunneling; the security appliance
tunnels all traffic. Specifying the none keyword sets a split tunneling network list with a null value,
thereby disallowing split tunneling. It also prevents inheriting a default split tunneling network list from
a default or specified group policy.
To delete a network list, enter the no form of this command. To delete all split tunneling network lists,
enter the no split-tunnel-network-list command without arguments. This command deletes all
configured network lists, including a null list if you created one by entering the none keyword.
When there are no split tunneling network lists, users inherit any network lists that exist in the default
or specified group policy. To prevent users from inheriting such network lists, enter the
split-tunnel-network-list none command.
The following example shows how to set a network list called FirstList for the group policy named
FirstGroup:
hostname(config-group-policy)# split-tunnel-network-list FirstList
Step 20
Specify the default domain name. To set a default domain name for users of the group policy, enter the
default-domain command in group-policy configuration mode. To delete a domain name, enter the no
hostname(config-group-policy)# default-domain {value domain-name | none}
hostname(config-group-policy)# no default-domain [domain-name]
The security appliance passes the default domain name to the IPSec client to append to DNS queries that
omit the domain field. This domain name applies only to tunneled packets. When there are no default
domain names, users inherit the default domain name in the default group policy.
The value domain-name parameter identifies the default domain name for the group. To specify that
there is no default domain name, enter the none keyword. This command sets a default domain name
with a null value, which disallows a default domain name and prevents inheriting a default domain name
from a default or specified group policy.
To delete all default domain names, enter the no default-domain command without arguments. This
command deletes all configured default domain names, including a null list if you created one by
entering the default-domain command with the none keyword. The no form allows inheriting a domain
name.
The following example shows how to set a default domain name of FirstDomain for the group policy
named FirstGroup:
hostname(config-group-policy)# default-domain value FirstDomain

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Step 21
Note
Enter a list of domains to be resolved through the split tunnel. Enter the split-dns command in
group-policy configuration mode. To delete a list, enter the no form of this command.
The AnyConnect VPN client and the SSL VPN Client do not support split DNS.
When there are no split tunneling domain lists, users inherit any that exist in the default group policy.
To prevent users from inheriting such split tunneling domain lists, enter the split-dns command with the
none keyword.
To delete all split tunneling domain lists, enter the no split-dns command without arguments. This
deletes all configured split tunneling domain lists, including a null list created by issuing the split-dns
command with the none keyword.
The parameter value domain-name provides a domain name that the security appliance resolves through
the split tunnel. The none keyword indicates that there is no split DNS list. It also sets a split DNS list
with a null value, thereby disallowing a split DNS list, and prevents inheriting a split DNS list from a
default or specified group policy.
hostname(config-group-policy)# split-dns {value domain-name1 [domain-name2...
domain-nameN] | none}
hostname(config-group-policy)# no split-dns [domain-name domain-name2 domain-nameN]
Enter a single space to separate each entry in the list of domains. There is no limit on the number of
entries, but the entire string can be no longer than 255 characters. You can use only alphanumeric
characters, hyphens (-), and periods (.).
The following example shows how to configure the domains Domain1, Domain2, Domain3, and
Domain4 to be resolved through split tunneling for the group policy named FirstGroup:
hostname(config-group-policy)# split-dns value Domain1 Domain2 Domain3 Domain4
Step 22
Specify whether to enable secure unit authentication by entering the secure-unit-authentication

command with the enable keyword in group-policy configuration mode.
hostname(config-group-policy)# secure-unit-authentication {enable | disable}
hostname(config-group-policy)# no secure-unit-authentication
Secure unit authentication provides additional security by requiring VPN hardware clients to
authenticate with a username and password each time that the client initiates a tunnel. With this feature
enabled, the hardware client does not have a saved username and password. Secure unit authentication
To disable secure unit authentication, enter the disable keyword. To remove the secure unit
authentication attribute from the running configuration, enter the no form of this command. This option
allows inheritance of a value for secure unit authentication from another group policy.
Note
With this feature enabled, to bring up a VPN tunnel, a user must be present to enter the username
and password.
Secure unit authentication requires that you have an authentication server group configured for the
tunnel group the hardware client(s) use.
If you require secure unit authentication on the primary security appliance, be sure to configure it on any
backup servers as well.
The following example shows how to enable secure unit authentication for the group policy named
FirstGroup:
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hostname(config-group-policy)# secure-unit-authentication enable
Step 23
Specify whether to enable user authentication by entering the user-authentication command with the
enable keyword in group-policy configuration mode.
hostname(config-group-policy)# user-authentication {enable | disable}
hostname(config-group-policy)# no user-authentication
To disable user authentication, enter the disable keyword. To remove the user authentication attribute
from the running configuration, enter the no form of this command. This option allows inheritance of a
value for user authentication from another group policy.
User authentication is disabled by default. When enabled, user authentication requires that individual
users behind a hardware client authenticate to gain access to the network across the tunnel. Individual
users authenticate according to the order of authentication servers that you configure.
If you require user authentication on the primary security appliance, be sure to configure it on any
backup servers as well.
The following example shows how to enable user authentication for the group policy named
FirstGroup:
hostname(config-group-policy)# user-authentication enable
Step 24
Set an idle timeout for individual users behind hardware clients, using the
user-authentication-idle-timeout command in group-policy configuration mode.
hostname(config-group-policy)# user-authentication-idle-timeout {minutes | none}
hostname(config-group-policy)# no user-authentication-idle-timeout
The minutes parameter specifies the number of minutes in the idle timeout period.The minimum is 1
minute, the default is 30 minutes, and the maximum is 35791394 minutes.
To delete the idle timeout value, enter the no form of this command. This option allows inheritance of
an idle timeout value from another group policy.
To prevent inheriting an idle timeout value, enter the user-authentication-idle-timeout command with
the none keyword. This command sets the idle timeout with a null value, which disallows an idle timeout
and prevents inheriting an user authentication idle timeout value from a default or specified group policy.
If there is no communication activity by a user behind a hardware client in the idle timeout period, the
security appliance terminates the clients access.
Note
The user-authentication-idle-timeout command terminates only the clients access through the
VPN tunnel, not the VPN tunnel itself.
The following example shows how to set an idle timeout value of 45 minutes for the group policy named
FirstGroup:
hostname(config-group-policy)# user-authentication-idle-timeout 45
Step 25
To enable IP Phone Bypass, enter the ip-phone-bypass command with the enable keyword in
group-policy configuration mode. IP Phone Bypass lets IP phones behind hardware clients connect
without undergoing user authentication processes. IP Phone Bypass is disabled by default. If enabled,
secure unit authentication remains in effect.

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To disable IP Phone Bypass, enter the disable keyword. To remove the IP phone Bypass attribute from
the running configuration, enter the no form of this command. This option allows inheritance of a value
for IP Phone Bypass from another group policy.
hostname(config-group-policy)# ip-phone-bypass {enable | disable}
hostname(config-group-policy)# no ip-phone-bypass
Step 26
Specify whether to enable LEAP Bypass. To enable LEAP Bypass, enter the leap-bypass command with
the enable keyword in group-policy configuration mode. To disable LEAP Bypass, enter the disable
keyword. To remove the LEAP Bypass attribute from the running configuration, enter the no form of this
command. This option allows inheritance of a value for LEAP Bypass from another group policy.
hostname(config-group-policy)# leap-bypass {enable | disable}
hostname(config-group-policy)# no leap-bypass
When LEAP Bypass is enabled, LEAP packets from wireless devices behind a VPN hardware client
travel across a VPN tunnel prior to user authentication. This action lets workstations using Cisco
wireless access point devices establish LEAP authentication and then authenticate again per user
authentication. LEAP Bypass is disabled by default.
Note
IEEE 802.1X is a standard for authentication on wired and wireless networks. It provides
wireless LANs with strong mutual authentication between clients and authentication servers,
which can provide dynamic per-user, per session wireless encryption privacy (WEP) keys,
removing administrative burdens and security issues that are present with static WEP keys.
Cisco Systems has developed an 802.1X wireless authentication type called Cisco LEAP. LEAP
(Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol) implements mutual authentication between a
wireless client on one side of a connection and a RADIUS server on the other side. The
credentials used for authentication, including a password, are always encrypted before they are
transmitted over the wireless medium.
Cisco LEAP authenticates wireless clients to RADIUS servers. It does not include RADIUS
accounting services.
This feature does not work as intended if you enable interactive hardware client authentication.
Caution
There might be security risks to your network in allowing any unauthenticated traffic to traverse the
tunnel.
The following example shows how to set LEAP Bypass for the group policy named FirstGroup:
hostname(config-group-policy)# leap-bypass enable
Step 27
Enable network extension mode for hardware clients by entering the nem command with the enable
keyword in group-policy configuration mode.
hostname(config-group-policy)# nem {enable | disable}
hostname(config-group-policy)# no nem
Network Extension mode lets hardware clients present a single, routable network to the remote private
network over the VPN tunnel. IPSec encapsulates all traffic from the private network behind the
hardware client to networks behind the security appliance. PAT does not apply. Therefore, devices
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behind the security appliance have direct access to devices on the private network behind the hardware
client over the tunnel, and only over the tunnel, and vice versa. The hardware client must initiate the
tunnel, but after the tunnel is up, either side can initiate data exchange.
To disable NEM, enter the disable keyword. To remove the NEM attribute from the running
configuration, enter the no form of this command. This option allows inheritance of a value from another
group policy.
The following example shows how to set NEM for the group policy named FirstGroup:
hostname(config-group-policy)# nem enable
Step 28
Configure backup servers if you plan on using them. IPSec backup servers let a VPN client connect to
the central site when the primary security appliance is unavailable. To configure backup servers, enter
the backup-servers command in group-policy configuration mode.
hostname(config-group-policy)# backup-servers {server1 server2... server10 |
clear-client-config | keep-client-config}
When you configure backup servers, the security appliance pushes the server list to the client as the
IPSec tunnel is established. Backup servers do not exist until you configure them, either on the client or
on the primary security appliance.
To remove a backup server, enter the no form of this command. To remove the backup-servers attribute
from the running configuration and enable inheritance of a value for backup-servers from another group
policy, enter the no form of this command without arguments.
hostname(config-group-policy)# no backup-servers [server1 server2... server10 |
clear-client-config | keep-client-config]
The clear-client-config keyword specifies that the client uses no backup servers. The security appliance
pushes a null server list.
The keep-client-config keyword specifies that the security appliance sends no backup server
information to the client. The client uses its own backup server list, if configured. This is the default.
The server1 server 2.... server10 parameter list is a space-delimited, priority-ordered list of servers for
the VPN client to use when the primary security appliance is unavailable. This list identifies servers by
IP address or hostname. The list can be 500 characters long, but it can contain only 10 entries.
Configure backup servers either on the client or on the primary security appliance. If you configure
backup servers on the security appliance, it pushes the backup server policy to the clients in the group,
replacing the backup server list on the client if one is configured.
Note
If you are using hostnames, it is wise to have backup DNS and WINS servers on a separate
network from that of the primary DNS and WINS servers. Otherwise, if clients behind a
hardware client obtain DNS and WINS information from the hardware client via DHCP, and the
connection to the primary server is lost, and the backup servers have different DNS and WINS
information, clients cannot be updated until the DHCP lease expires. In addition, if you use
hostnames and the DNS server is unavailable, significant delays can occur.
The following example shows how to configure backup servers with IP addresses 10.10.10.1 and
192.168.10.14, for the group policy named FirstGroup:
hostname(config-group-policy)# backup-servers 10.10.10.1 192.168.10.14

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Step 29
Set personal firewall policies that the security appliance pushes to the VPN client during IKE tunnel
negotiation by using the client-firewall command in group-policy configuration mode. To delete a
firewall policy, enter the no form of this command.
To delete all firewall policies, enter the no client-firewall command without arguments. This command
deletes all configured firewall policies, including a null policy if you created one by entering the
client-firewall command with the none keyword.
When there are no firewall policies, users inherit any that exist in the default or other group policy. To
prevent users from inheriting such firewall policies, enter the client-firewall command with the none
keyword.
Enter the following commands to set the appropriate client firewall parameters. Table 25-1, following
this set of commands, explains the syntax elements of these commands:
hostname(config-group-policy)# client-firewall none
hostname(config-group-policy)# client-firewall opt | req custom vendor-id num product-id
num policy AYT | {CPP acl-in ACL acl-out ACL} [description string]
hostname(config-group-policy)# client-firewall opt | req zonelabs-zonealarm policy AYT |
{CPP acl-in ACL acl-out ACL}
hostname(config-group-policy)# client-firewall opt | req zonelabs-zonealarmorpro policy
AYT | {CPP acl-in ACL acl-out ACL}
client-firewall opt | req zonelabs-zonealarmpro policy AYT | {CPP acl-in ACL acl-out ACL}
hostname(config-group-policy)# client-firewall opt | req cisco-integrated acl-in ACL
acl-out ACL
hostname(config-group-policy)# client-firewall opt | req sygate-personal
hostname(config-group-policy)# client-firewall opt | req sygate-personal-pro
hostname(config-group-policy)# client-firewall opt | req sygate-security-agent
hostname(config-group-policy)# client-firewall opt | req networkice-blackice
hostname(config-group-policy)# client-firewall opt | req cisco-security-agent
Table 25-1
client-firewall Command Parameters
Parameter
Description
acl-in <ACL>
Provides the policy the client uses for inbound traffic.
acl-out <ACL>
Provides the policy the client uses for outbound traffic.
AYT
Specifies that the client PC firewall application controls the firewall

policy. The security appliance checks to make sure that the firewall
is running. It asks, Are You There? If there is no response, the
security appliance tears down the tunnel.
cisco-integrated
Specifies Cisco Integrated firewall type.
cisco-security-agent
Specifies Cisco Intrusion Prevention Security Agent firewall type.
CPP
Specifies Policy Pushed as source of the VPN client firewall policy.
custom
Specifies Custom firewall type.
description <string>
Describes the firewall.
networkice-blackice
Specifies Network ICE Black ICE firewall type.
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Table 25-1
client-firewall Command Parameters (continued)
none
Indicates that there is no client firewall policy. Sets a firewall policy

with a null value, thereby disallowing a firewall policy. Prevents
inheriting a firewall policy from a default or specified group policy.
opt
Indicates an optional firewall type.
product-id
Identifies the firewall product.
req
Indicates a required firewall type.
sygate-personal
Specifies Sygate Personal firewall type.
sygate-personal-pro
Specifies Sygate Personal Pro firewall type.
sygate-security-agent
Specifies Sygate Security Agent firewall type.
vendor-id
Identifies the firewall vendor.
zonelabs-zonealarm
Specifies Zone Labs Zone Alarm firewall type.
zonelabs-zonealarmorpro
policy
Specifies Zone Labs Zone Alarm or Pro firewall type.
zonelabs-zonealarmpro policy Specifies Zone Labs Zone Alarm Pro firewall type.
The following example shows how to set a client firewall policy that requires Cisco Intrusion Prevention
Security Agent for the group policy named FirstGroup:
hostname(config-group-policy)# client-firewall req cisco-security-agent
Step 30
Configure rules that limit the remote access client types and versions that can connect via IPSec through
the security appliance by using the client-access-rule command in group-policy configuration mode. To
delete a rule, enter the no form of this command. This command is equivalent to the following command:
hostname(config-group-policy)# client-access-rule 1 deny type "Cisco VPN Client" version
4.0
To delete all rules, enter the no client-access-rule command without arguments. This deletes all
configured rules, including a null rule if you created one by issuing the client-access-rule command with
the none keyword.
By default, there are no access rules. When there are no client access rules, users inherit any rules that
exist in the default group policy.
To prevent users from inheriting client access rules, enter the client-access-rule command with the none
keyword. The result of this command is that all client types and versions can connect.
hostname(config-group-policy)# client-access rule priority {permit | deny} type type
version {version | none}
hostname(config-group-policy)# no client-access rule [priority {permit | deny} type type
version version]

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Table 25-2 explains the meaning of the keywords and parameters in these commands.
Table 25-2
client-access rule Command Parameters
Parameter
Description
deny
Denies connections for devices of a particular type and/or version.
none
Allows no client access rules. Sets client-access-rule to a null value, thereby

allowing no restriction. Prevents inheriting a value from a default or
specified group policy.
permit
Permits connections for devices of a particular type and/or version.
priority
Determines the priority of the rule. The rule with the lowest integer has the
highest priority. Therefore, the rule with the lowest integer that matches a
client type and/or version is the rule that applies. If a lower priority rule
contradicts, the security appliance ignores it.
type type
Identifies device types via free-form strings, for example VPN 3002. A
string must match exactly its appearance in the show vpn-sessiondb
remote display, except that you can enter the * character as a wildcard.
version version
Identifies the device version via free-form strings, for example 7.0. A string
must match exactly its appearance in the show vpn-sessiondb remote
display, except that you can enter the * character as a wildcard.
Construct rules according to these guidelines:
If you do not define any rules, the security appliance permits all connection types.
When a client matches none of the rules, the security appliance denies the connection. If you define
a deny rule, you must also define at least one permit rule, or the security appliance denies all
connections.
For both software and hardware clients, type and version must match exactly their appearance in the
show vpn-sessiondb remote display.
The * character is a wildcard, which you can enter multiple times in each rule. For example,
client-access rule 3 deny type * version 3.* creates a priority 3 client access rule that denies all
client types running release versions 3.x software.
You can construct a maximum of 25 rules per group policy.
There is a limit of 255 characters for an entire set of rules.
You can enter n/a for clients that do not send client type and/or version.
The following example shows how to create client access rules for the group policy named FirstGroup.
These rules permit Cisco VPN clients running software version 4.x, while denying all Windows NT
clients:
hostname(config-group-policy)# client-access-rule 1 deny type WinNT version *
hostname(config-group-policy)# client-access-rule 2 permit Cisco VPN Client version 4.*
Note
The type field is a free-form string that allows any value, but that value must match the fixed
value that the client sends to the security appliance at connect time.
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Step 31
Customize a WebVPN configuration for specific users or group policies. Enter webvpn mode by using
the webvpn command in group-policy configuration mode. Webvpn commands for group policies define
access to files, MAPI proxy, URLs and TCP applications over WebVPN. They also identify ACLs and
types of traffic to filter. WebVPN is disabled by default.
To remove all commands entered in webvpn mode, enter the no form of this command. These webvpn
commands apply to the username or group policy from which you configure them.
hostname(config-group-policy)# webvpn
hostname(config-group-policy)# no webvpn
You do not need to configure WebVPN to use e-mail proxies.

WebVPN lets users establish a secure, remote-access VPN tunnel to the security appliance using a web
browser. There is no need for either a software or hardware client. WebVPN provides easy access to a
broad range of web resources and web-enabled applications from almost any computer that can reach
HTTPS Internet sites. WebVPN uses SSL and its successor, TLS1 to provide a secure connection
between remote users and specific, supported internal resources that you configure at a central site. The
security appliance recognizes connections that need to be proxied, and the HTTP server interacts with
the authentication subsystem to authenticate users.
Note
The webvpn mode that you enter from global configuration mode lets you configure global settings for
WebVPN. The webvpn mode described in this section, which you enter from group-policy mode, lets
you customize a WebVPN configuration for specific group policies.
In webvpn mode, you can customize the following parameters, each of which is described in the
subsequent steps:
functions url-entry
html-content-filter
homepage
filter
url-list
port-forward
The following example shows how to enter webvpn mode for the group policy named FirstGroup:
hostname(config-username-webvpn)#
Step 32
Configure the WebVPN functions that you want to enable. To configure file access and file browsing,
HTTP Proxy, MAPI Proxy, and URL entry over WebVPN for this group policy, enter the functions
command in webvpn mode.
hostname(config-username-webvpn)# functions {file-access | file-browsing | file-entry |
http-proxy | url-entry | mapi | none}
hostname(config-username-webvpn)# no functions [file-access | file-browsing | file-entry |
http-proxy | url-entry | mapi]
To remove a configured function, enter the no form of this command. These functions are disabled by
default.

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To remove all configured functions, including a null value created by issuing the functions none
command, enter the no form of this command without arguments. The no option allows inheritance of a
value from another group policy. To prevent inheriting function values, enter the functions none
command.
The following table describes the meaning of the keywords used in this command.
file-access
Enables or disables file access. When enabled, the WebVPN home page lists
file servers in the server list. You must enable file access to enable file
browsing and/or file entry.
file-browsing
Enables or disables browsing for file servers and shares. You must enable
file browsing to allow user entry of a file server.
file-entry
Enables of disables user ability to enter names of file servers.
http-proxy
Enables or disables the forwarding of an HTTP applet proxy to the client.

The proxy is useful for technologies that interfere with proper mangling,
such as Java, ActiveX, and Flash. It bypasses mangling while ensuring the
continued use of the security appliance. The forwarded proxy modifies the
browsers old proxy configuration automatically and redirects all HTTP and
HTTPS requests to the new proxy configuration. It supports virtually all
client side technologies, including HTML, CSS, JavaScript, VBScript,
ActiveX, and Java. The only browser it supports is Microsoft Internet
Explorer.
mapi
Enables or disables Microsoft Outlook/Exchange port forwarding.
none
Sets a null value for all WebVPN functions. Prevents inheriting functions
from a default or specified group policy
url-entry
Enables or disables user entry of URLs. When enabled, the security

appliance still restricts URLs with any configured URL or network ACLs.
When URL entry is disabled, the security appliance restricts WebVPN users
to the URLs on the home page.
The following example shows how to configure file access, file browsing, and MAPI Proxy for the group
policy named FirstGroup:
hostname(config-username-webvpn)# functions file-access file-browsing MAPI
Step 33
Specify whether to filter Java, ActiveX, images, scripts, and cookies for WebVPN sessions for this group
policy by using the html-content-filter command in webvpn mode. To remove a content filter, enter the
no form of this command. To remove all content filters, including a null value created by issuing the
html-content-filter command with the none keyword, enter the no form of this command without
arguments. The no option allows inheritance of a value from another group policy. To prevent inheriting
an html content filter, enter the html-content-filter command with the none keyword. HTML filtering
Using the command a second time overrides the previous setting.
hostname(config-username-webvpn)# html-content-filter {java | images | scripts | cookies |
none}
hostname(config-username-webvpn)# no html-content-filter [java | images | scripts |
cookies | none]
The following table describes the meaning of the keywords used in this command.
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cookies
Removes cookies from images, providing limited ad filtering and privacy.
images
Removes references to images (removes <IMG> tags).
java
Removes references to Java and ActiveX (removes <EMBED>,

<APPLET>, and <OBJECT> tags.
none
Indicates that there is no filtering. Sets a null value, thereby disallowing

filtering. Prevents inheriting filtering values.
scripts
Removes references to scripting (removes <SCRIPT> tags).
The following example shows how to set filtering of JAVA and ActiveX, cookies, and images for the
hostname(config-username-webvpn)# html-content-filter java cookies images
Step 34
Specify a URL for the web page that displays upon login for this WebVPN group policy by using the
homepage command in webvpn mode. To remove a configured home page, including a null value
created by issuing the homepage none command, enter the no form of this command. The no option
allows inheritance of a value from another group policy. To prevent inheriting a home page, enter the
homepage none command.
The none keyword indicates that there is no WebVPN home page. It sets a null value, thereby
disallowing a home page and prevents inheriting an home page.
The url-string variable following the keyword value provides a URL for the home page. The string must
begin with either http:// or https://.
There is no default home page.
hostname(config-username-webvpn)# homepage {value
hostname(config-username-webvpn)# no homepage
Step 35
url-string | none}
Specify the name of the access list to use for WebVPN connections for this group policy or username by
using the filter command in webvpn mode. To remove the access list, including a null value created by
issuing the filter none command, enter the no form of this command. The no option allows inheritance
of a value from another group policy. To prevent inheriting filter values, enter the filter value none
command.
WebVPN access lists do not apply until you enter the filter command to specify them.
You configure ACLs to permit or deny various types of traffic for this group policy. You then enter the
filter command to apply those ACLs for WebVPN traffic.
hostname(config-username-webvpn)# filter {value
hostname(config-username-webvpn)# no filter
ACLname | none}
The none keyword indicates that there is no webvpntype access list. It sets a null value, thereby
disallowing an access list and prevents inheriting an access list from another group policy.
The ACLname string following the keyword value provides the name of the previously configured access
list.
Note
WebVPN does not use ACLs defined in the vpn-filter command.

The following example shows how to set a filter that invokes an access list named acl_in for the group

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hostname(config-username-webvpn)# filter acl_in
Step 36
To apply a list of WebVPN servers and URLs to a particular group policy, enter the url-list command in
webvpn mode, which you enter from group-policy or username mode. To remove a list, including a null
value created by using the url-list command with the none keyword, enter the no form of this command.
The no option allows inheritance of a value from another group policy. To prevent inheriting a url list,
enter the url-list command with the none keyword.
hostname(config-username-webvpn)# url-list {listname
hostname(config-username-webvpn)# no url-list
displayname url | none}
The following table describes the meaning of the keywords and variables used in this command.
displayname
Specifies a name for the URL. This name appears on the WebVPN end user
interface.
listname
Identifies a name by which to group URLs.
none
Indicates that there is no list of URLs. Sets a null value, thereby disallowing
a URL list. Prevents inheriting URL list values.
url
Specifies a URL that WebVPN users can access.
There is no default URL list.

Before you can enter the url-list command in webvpn mode to identify a URL list that you want to
display on the WebVPN home page for a group policy, you must create the list. Enter the url-list
command in global configuration mode to create one or more lists.
The following example shows how to set a URL list called FirstGroupURLs for the group policy
named FirstGroup:
hostname(config-username-webvpn)# url-list value FirstGroupURLs
Step 37
Enable WebVPN application access for this group policy by using the port-forward command in
webvpn mode. To remove the port forwarding attribute from the configuration, including a null value
created by issuing the port-forward none command, enter the no form of this command. The no option
allows inheritance of a list from another group policy. To prevent inheriting a port forwarding list, enter
the port-forward command with the none keyword.
hostname(config-username-webvpn)# port-forward {value listname | none}
hostname(config-username-webvpn)# no port-forward
The none keyword indicates that there is no filtering. It sets a null value, thereby disallowing a filtering,
and prevents inheriting filtering values.
Port forwarding is disabled by default.
The listname string following the keyword value identifies the list of applications WebVPN users can
access. Enter the port-forward command in configuration mode to define the list.
Before you can enter the port-forward command in webvpn mode to enable application access, you
must define a list of applications that you want users to be able to use in a WebVPN connection. Enter
the port-forward command in global configuration mode to define this list.
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The following example shows how to set a portforwarding list called ports1 for the internal group policy
named FirstGroup:
hostname(config)# group-policy FirstGroup internal attributes
hostname(config-username-webvpn)# port-forward value ports1
Step 38
Configure the display name that identifies TCP port forwarding to end users for a particular user or group
policy by using the port-forward-name command in webvpn mode. To delete the display name,
including a null value created by using the port-forward-name none command, enter the no form of
the command. The no option restores the default name, Application Access. To prevent a display
name, enter the port-forward none command.
hostname(config-username-webvpn)# port-forward-name {value
hostname(config-username-webvpn)# no port-forward-name
name | none}
The following example shows how to set the name, Remote Access TCP Applications, for the internal
hostname(config)# group-policy FirstGroup internal attributes
hostname(config-username-webvpn)# port-forward-name value Remote Access TCP Applications
Configuring Users
By default, users inherit all user attributes from the assigned group policy. The security appliance also
lets you assign individual attributes at the user level, overriding values in the group policy that applies
to that user. For example, you can specify a group policy giving all users access during business hours,
but give a specific user 24-hour access.
Viewing the Username Configuration

To display the configuration for all usernames, including default values inherited from the group policy,
enter the all keyword with the show running-config username command, as follows:
hostname# show running-config all username
If you omit the all keyword, only explicitly configured values appear in this list. In this example, the
usernames are testuser and oliverw. The configuration for all configured users, including the
inherited values is as follows:
username testuser password 12RsxXQnphyr/I9Z encrypted privilege 15
username testuser attributes
vpn-group-policy testing
vpn-access-hours value averylongtime
vpn-idle-timeout 30
vpn-session-timeout none
vpn-filter value tunneled
no vpn-framed-ip-address
group-lock value test
webvpn
no functions
html-content-filter java images scripts cookies
no homepage

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no
no
no
no
filter
url-list
port-forward
port-forward-name
username oliverw password vt/qqEzfgfrXXya4 encrypted privilege 2

username oliverw attributes
no vpn-group-policy
vpn-tunnel-protocol webvpn
no vpn-framed-ip-address
webvpn
functions url-entry file-access file-entry file-browsing
no html-content-filter
no homepage
no filter
no url-list
no port-forward
no port-forward-name
username cisco password 3USUcOPFUiMCO4Jk encrypted privilege 15
username newuser nopassword privilege 15
Configuring Specific Users

To configure specific users, you assign a password (or no password) and attributes to a user using the
username command, which enters username mode. Any attributes that you do not specify are inherited
from the group policy.
The internal user authentication database consists of the users entered with the username command. The
login command uses this database for authentication. To add a user to the security appliance database,
enter the username command in global configuration mode. To remove a user, use the no version of this
command with the username you want to remove. To remove all usernames, use the clear configure
username command without appending a username.
Setting a User Password and Privilege Level

Use the username command to assign a password and a privilege level for a user. You can, instead, enter
the nopassword keyword to specify that this user does not require a password. If you do specify a
password, you can specify whether that password is stored in an encrypted form.
The optional privilege keyword lets you set a privilege level for this user. Privilege levels range from 0
(the lowest) through 15. System administrators generally have the highest privilege level. The default
level is 2.
hostname(config)# username name {nopassword | password password [encrypted]} [privilege
priv_level]}
hostname(config)# no username [name]
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The following table describes the meaning of the keywords and variables used in this command.
encrypted
Indicates that the password is encrypted.
name
Provides the name of the user.
nopassword
Indicates that this user needs no password.
password password
Indicates that this user has a password, and provides the password.
privilege priv_level
Sets a privilege level for this user. The range is from 0 to 15, with lower
numbers having less ability to use commands and administer the security
appliance. The default privilege level is 2. The typical privilege level for a
system administrator is 15.
By default, VPN users that you add with this command have no attributes or group policy association.
You must configure all values explicitly.
The following example shows how to configure a user named anyuser with a n encrypted password of
pw_12345678 and a privilege level of 12:
hostname(config)# username anyuser password pw_12345678 encrypted privilege 12
Configuring User Attributes

After configuring the users password (if any) and privilege level, you set the other attributes. These can
be in any order. To remove any attribute-value pair, enter the no form of the command.
Step 1
Enter username mode by entering the username command with the attributes keyword:
hostname(config)# username name attributes
hostname(config-username)#
The prompt changes to indicate the new mode. You can now configure the attributes.
Step 2
Specify the name of the group policy from which this user inherits attributes. By default, VPN users have
no group policy association.
hostname(config-username)# vpn-group-policy group-policy-name
hostname(config-username)# no vpn-group-policy group-policy-name
Using this command lets users inherit attributes that you have not configured at the username level.
You can override the value of an attribute in a group policy for a particular user by configuring it in
username mode, if that attribute is available in username mode.
The following example shows how to configure a user named anyuser to use attributes from the group
hostname(config)# username anyuser attributes
hostname(config-username)# vpn-group-policy FirstGroup
Step 3
Associate the hours that this user is allowed to access the system by specifying the name of a configured
time-range policy:
To remove the attribute from the running configuration, enter the no form of this command. This option
allows inheritance of a time-range value from another group policy. To prevent inheriting a value, enter
the vpn-access-hours none command. The default is unrestricted access.
hostname(config-username)# vpn-access-hours value {time-range | none}
hostname(config-username)# vpn-access-hours value none

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The following example shows how to associate the user named anyuser with a time-range policy called
824:
hostname(config-username)# vpn-access-hours 824
Step 4
Specify the maximum number of simultaneous logins allowed for this user. The range is 0 through
2147483647. The default is 3 simultaneous logins. To remove the attribute from the running
configuration, enter the no form of this command. Enter 0 to disable login and prevent user access.
hostname(config-username)# vpn-simultaneous-logins integer
hostname(config-username)# no vpn-simultaneous-logins
The following example shows how to allow a maximum of 4 simultaneous logins for the user named
anyuser:
hostname(config-username)# vpn-simultaneous-logins 4
Step 5
Specify the idle timeout period in minutes, or enter none to disable the idle timeout. If there is no
communication activity on the connection in this period, the security appliance terminates the
connection.
The range is 1 through 35791394 minutes. The default is 30 minutes. To allow an unlimited timeout
period, and thus prevent inheriting a timeout value, enter the vpn-idle-timeout command with the none
keyword. To remove the attribute from the running configuration, enter the no form of this command.
hostname(config-username)# vpn-idle-timeout {minutes | none}
hostname(config-username)# no vpn-idle-timeout
The following example shows how to set a VPN idle timeout of 15 minutes for the user named anyuser:
hostname(config-username)# vpn-idle-timeout 30
Step 6
Specify the maximum user connection time in minutes, or enter none to allow unlimited connection time
and prevent inheriting a value for this attribute. At the end of this period of time, the security appliance
terminates the connection.
The range is 1 through 35791394 minutes. There is no default timeout. To allow an unlimited timeout
period, and thus prevent inheriting a timeout value, enter the vpn-session-timeout command with the
none keyword. To remove the attribute from the running configuration, enter the no form of this
command.
hostname(config-username)# vpn-session-timeout {minutes | none}
hostname(config-username)# no vpn-session-timeout
The following example shows how to set a VPN session timeout of 180 minutes for the user named
anyuser:
hostname(config-username)# vpn-session-timeout 180
Step 7
Specify the name of a previously-configured, user-specific ACL to use a s a filter for VPN connections.
To disallow an access list and prevent inheriting an access list from the group policy, enter the vpn-filter
command with the none keyword. To remove the ACL, including a null value created by issuing the
vpn-filter none command, enter the no form of this command. The no option allows inheritance of a
value from the group policy. There are no default behaviors or values for this command.
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You configure ACLs to permit or deny various types of traffic for this user. You then use the vpn-filter
command to apply those ACLs.
hostname(config-username)# vpn-filter {value ACL name | none}
hostname(config-username)# no vpn-filter
Note
WebVPN does not use the ACL defined in the vpn-filter command.
The following example shows how to set a filter that invokes an access list named acl_vpn for the user
named anyuser:
hostname(config-username)# vpn-filter value acl_vpn
Step 8
Specify the IP address and netmask to assign to a particular user. To remove the IP address, enter the no
hostname(config-username)# vpn-framed-ip-address {ip_address}
hostname(config-username)# no vpn-framed-ip-address
The following example shows how to set an IP address of 10.92.166.7 for a user named anyuser:
hostname(config-username)# vpn-framed-ip-address 10.92.166.7
Step 9
Specify the network mask to use with the IP address specified in the previous step. If you used the
no vpn-framed-ip-address command, do not specify a network mask. To remove the subnet mask, enter
the no form of this command. There is no default behavior or value.
hostname(config-username)# vpn-framed-ip-netmask {netmask}
hostname(config-username)# no vpn-framed-ip-netmask
The following example shows how to set a subnet mask of 255.255.255. 254 for a user named anyuser:
hostname(config-username)# vpn-framed-ip-netmask 255.255.255.254
Step 10
Specify the VPN tunnel types (IPSec or WebVPN) that this user can use. The default is taken from the
default group policy, the default for which is IPSec. To remove the attribute from the running
configuration, enter the no form of this command.
hostname(config-username)# vpn-tunnel-protocol {webvpn | IPSec}
hostname(config-username)# no vpn-tunnel-protocol [webvpn | IPSec]
The parameter values for this command are as follows:
IPSecNegotiates an IPSec tunnel between two peers (a remote access client or another secure
gateway). Creates security associations that govern authentication, encryption, encapsulation, and
key management.
webvpnProvides VPN services to remote users via an HTTPS-enabled web browser, and does not
require a client
Enter this command to configure one or more tunneling modes. You must configure at least one tunneling
mode for users to connect over a VPN tunnel.
The following example shows how to configure WebVPN and IPSec tunneling modes for the user named
anyuser:
hostname(config-username)# vpn-tunnel-protocol webvpn
hostname(config-username)# vpn-tunnel-protocol IPSec

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Step 11
Configure the group-lock attribute with the value keyword to restrict remote users to access only
through the specified, preexisting tunnel group. To remove the group-lock attribute from the running
configuration, enter the no form of this command. This option allows inheritance of a value from the
group policy. To disable group-lock, and to prevent inheriting a group-lock value from a default or
specified group policy, enter the group-lock command with the none keyword.
Group-lock restricts users by checking whether the group configured in the VPN client is the same as
the tunnel group to which the user is assigned. If it is not, the security appliance prevents the user from
connecting. If you do not configure group-lock, the security appliance authenticates users without regard
to the assigned group.
hostname(config-username)# group-lock {value tunnel-grp-name | none}
hostname(config-username)# no group-lock
The following example shows how to set group lock for the user named anyuser:
hostname(config-username)# group-lock value tunnel group name
Step 12
Specify whether to let users store their login passwords on the client system. Password storage is
disabled by default. Enable password storage only on systems that you know to be in secure sites. To
disable password storage, enter the password-storage command with the disable keyword. To remove
the password-storage attribute from the running configuration, enter the no form of this command. This
enables inheritance of a value for password-storage from the group policy.
hostname(config-username)# password-storage {enable | disable}
hostname(config-username)# no password-storage
This command has no bearing on interactive hardware client authentication or individual user
authentication for hardware clients.
The following example shows how to enable password storage for the user named anyuser:
hostname(config-username)# password-storage enable
Step 13
Customize a WebVPN configuration for specific users. Enter webvpn mode by using the webvpn
command in username configuration mode. The webvpn commands for usernames define access to files,
MAPI proxy, URLs and TCP applications over WebVPN. They also identify ACLs and types of traffic
to filter. WebVPN is disabled by default.
To remove all commands entered in webvpn mode, use the no form of this command. These webvpn
commands apply to the username from which you configure them.
hostname(config-username)# webvpn
hostname(config-username)# no webvpn
You do not need to configure WebVPN to use e-mail proxies.

HTTPS Internet sites. WebVPN uses SSL and its successor, TLS1 to provide a secure connection
between remote users and specific, supported internal resources that you configure at a central site. The
security appliance recognizes connections that need to be proxied, and the HTTP server interacts with
the authentication subsystem to authenticate users.
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Note
The webvpn mode that you enter from global configuration mode lets you configure global settings for
WebVPN. The webvpn mode described in this section, which you enter from username mode, lets you
customize a WebVPN configuration for specific users.
In webvpn mode, you can customize the following parameters, each of which is described in the
subsequent steps:
functions url-entry
html-content-filter
homepage
filter
url-list
port-forward
The following example shows how to enter webvpn mode for the username anyuser attributes:
hostname(config-username-webvpn)#
Step 14
Configure the WebVPN functions you want to enable. To configure file access and file browsing,
HTTP Proxy, MAPI Proxy, and URL entry over WebVPN for this user, enter the functions command in
webvpn mode. To remove a configured function, enter the no form of this command. These functions are
disabled by default.
To remove all configured functions, including a null value created by issuing the functions none
command, enter the no form of this command without arguments. The no option allows inheritance of a
value from another group policy. To prevent inheriting function values, enter the functions none
command.
hostname(config-username-webvpn)# functions {file-access | file-browsing | file-entry |
http-proxy | url-entry | mapi | none}
hostname(config-username-webvpn)# no functions [file-access | file-browsing | file-entry |
http-proxy | url-entry | mapi]
The keywords used in this command are as follows:
file-accessEnables or disables file access. When enabled, the WebVPN home page lists file
servers in the server list. You must enable file access to enable file browsing and/or file entry.
file-browsingEnables or disables browsing for file servers and shares. You must enable file
browsing to allow user entry of a file server.
file-entryEnables of disables user ability to enter names of file servers.
http-proxyEnables or disables the forwarding of an HTTP applet proxy to the client. The proxy
is useful for technologies that interfere with proper mangling, such as Java, ActiveX, and Flash. It
bypasses mangling while ensuring the continued use of the security appliance. The forwarded proxy
modifies the browsers old proxy configuration automatically and redirects all HTTP and HTTPS
requests to the new proxy configuration. It supports virtually all client side technologies, including
HTML, CSS, JavaScript, VBScript, ActiveX, and Java. The only browser it supports is Microsoft
Internet Explorer.

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mapiEnables or disables Microsoft Outlook/Exchange port forwarding.
noneSets a null value for all WebVPN functions. Prevents inheriting functions from a default or
specified group policy
url-entryEnables or disables user entry of URLs. When enabled, the security appliance still
restricts URLs with any configured URL or network ACLs. When URL entry is disabled, the
security appliance restricts WebVPN users to the URLs on the home page.
The following example shows how to configure file access, file browsing, HTTP Proxy, and MAPI Proxy
for the user named anyuser:
hostname(config-username-webvpn)# functions file-access file-browsing MAPI
Step 15
To filter Java, ActiveX, images, scripts, and cookies for WebVPN sessions for this user, enter the
html-content-filter command in webvpn mode. To remove a content filter, enter the no form of this
command. To remove all content filters, including a null value created by issuing the html-content-filter
none command, enter the no form of this command without arguments. The no option allows inheritance
of a value from the group policy. To prevent inheriting an HTML content filter, enter the
html-content-filter none command. HTML filtering is disabled by default.
hostname(config-username-webvpn)# html-content-filter {java | images | scripts | cookies |
none}
hostname(config-username-webvpn)# no html-content-filter [java | images | scripts |
cookies | none]
The keywords used in this command are as follows:
cookiesRemoves cookies from images, providing limited ad filtering and privacy.
imagesRemoves references to images (removes <IMG> tags).
javaRemoves references to Java and ActiveX (removes <EMBED>, <APPLET>, and <OBJECT>
tags.
noneIndicates that there is no filtering. Sets a null value, thereby disallowing filtering. Prevents
inheriting filtering values.
scriptsRemoves references to scripting (removes <SCRIPT> tags).
The following example shows how to set filtering of JAVA and ActiveX, cookies, and images for the user
named anyuser:
hostname(config-username-webvpn)# html-content-filter java cookies images
Step 16
To specify a URL for the web page that displays upon login for this WebVPN user, enter the homepage
command in webvpn mode. To remove a configured home page, including a null value created by issuing
the homepage none command, enter the no form of this command. The no option allows inheritance of
a value from the group policy. To prevent inheriting a home page, enter the homepage none command.
The none keyword indicates that there is no WebVPN home page. It sets a null value, thereby
disallowing a home page and prevents inheriting a home page.
The url-string variable following the keyword value provides a URL for the home page. The string must
begin with either http:// or https://.
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There is no default home page.

hostname(config-username-webvpn)# homepage {value url-string | none}
hostname(config-username-webvpn)# no homepage
The following example shows how to specify www.example.com as the home page for the user named
anyuser:
hostname(config-username-webvpn)# homepage value www.example.com
Step 17
To specify the name of the access list to use for WebVPN connections for this user, enter the filter
command in webvpn mode. To remove the access list, including a null value created by issuing the filter
none command, enter the no form of this command. The no option allows inheritance of a value from
the group policy. To prevent inheriting filter values, enter the filter value none command.
WebVPN access lists do not apply until you enter the filter command to specify them.
You configure ACLs to permit or deny various types of traffic for this user. You then enter the filter
command to apply those ACLs for WebVPN traffic.
hostname(config-username-webvpn)# filter {value ACLname | none}
hostname(config-username-webvpn)# no filter
The none keyword indicates that there is no webvpntype access list. It sets a null value, thereby
disallowing an access list and prevents inheriting an access list from another group policy.
The ACLname string following the keyword value provides the name of the previously configured access
list.
Note
WebVPN does not use ACLs defined in the vpn-filter command.

The following example shows how to set a filter that invokes an access list named acl_in for the user
named anyuser:
hostname(config-username-webvpn)# filter acl_in
Step 18
To apply a list of WebVPN servers and URLs to a particular user, enter the url-list command in webvpn
mode. To remove a list, including a null value created by using the url-list none command, enter the no
form of this command. The no option allows inheritance of a value from the group policy. To prevent
inheriting a url list, enter the url-list none command.
hostname(config-username-webvpn)# url-list {listname displayname url | none}
hostname(config-username-webvpn)# no url-list
The keywords and variables used in this command are as follows:
displaynameSpecifies a name for the URL. This name appears on the WebVPN end user interface.
listnameIdentifies a name by which to group URLs.
noneIndicates that there is no list of URLs. Sets a null value, thereby disallowing a URL list.
Prevents inheriting URL list values.
urlSpecifies a URL that WebVPN users can access.
There is no default URL list.


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Before you can enter the url-list command in webvpn mode to identify a URL list that you want to
display on the WebVPN home page for a user, you must create the list. Enter the url-list command in
global configuration mode to create one or more lists.
The following example shows how to set a URL list called AnyuserURLs for the user named
anyuser:
hostname(config-username-webvpn)# url-list value AnyuserURLs
Step 19
To enable WebVPN application access for this user, enter the port-forward command in webvpn mode.
To remove the port forwarding attribute from the configuration, including a null value created by issuing
the port-forward none command, enter the no form of this command. The no option allows inheritance
of a list from the group policy. To disallow filtering and prevent inheriting a port forwarding list, enter
the port-forward command with the none keyword.
Port forwarding is disabled by default.
hostname(config-username-webvpn)# port-forward {value listname | none}
hostname(config-username-webvpn)# no port-forward
The listname string following the keyword value identifies the list of applications WebVPN users can
access. Enter the port-forward command in configuration mode to define the list.
Before you can enter the port-forward command in webvpn mode to enable application access, you
must define a list of applications that you want users to be able to use in a WebVPN connection. Enter
the port-forward command in global configuration mode to define this list.
The following example shows how to configure a portforwarding list called ports1:
hostname(config-username-webvpn)# port-forward value ports1
Step 20
Configure the display name that identifies TCP port forwarding to end users for a particular user by using
the port-forward-name command in webvpn mode. To delete the display name, including a null value
created by using the port-forward-name none command, enter the no form of the command. The no
option restores the default name, Application Access. To prevent a display name, enter the
port-forward none command.
hostname(config-username-webvpn)# port-forward-name {value
hostname(config-username-webvpn)# no port-forward-name
name | none}
The following example shows how to configure the port-forward name test:
hostname(config-username-webvpn)# port-forward-name value test
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This chapter describes IP address assignment methods.
IP addresses make internetwork connections possible. They are like telephone numbers: both the sender
and receiver must have an assigned number to connect. But with VPNs, there are actually two sets of
addresses: the first set connects client and server on the public network. Once that connection is made,
the second set connects client and server through the VPN tunnel.
In security appliance address management, we are dealing with the second set of IP addresses: those
private IP addresses that connect a client with a resource on the private network, through the tunnel, and
let the client function as if it were directly connected to the private network. Furthermore, we are dealing
only with the private IP addresses that get assigned to clients. The IP addresses assigned to other
resources on your private network are part of your network administration responsibilities, not part of
VPN management. Therefore, when we discuss IP addresses here, we mean those IP addresses available
in your private network addressing scheme that let the client function as a tunnel endpoint.
Configuring an IP Address Assignment Method, page 1
Configuring Local IP Address Pools, page 2
Configuring AAA Addressing, page 2
Configuring DHCP Addressing, page 3

The security appliance can use one or more of the following methods for assigning IP addresses to
remote access clients. If you configure more than one address assignment method, the security appliance
searches each of the options until it finds an IP address. By default, all methods are enabled. To view the
current configuration, enter the show running-config all vpn-addr-assign command.
aaaRetrieves addresses from an external authentication server on a per-user basis. If you are using
an authentication server that has IP addresses configured, we recommend using this method.
dhcpObtains IP addresses from a DHCP server. If you want to use DHCP, you must configure a
DHCP server. You must also define the range of IP addresses that the DHCP server can use.
localUse an internal address pool. Internally configured address pools are the easiest method of
address pool assignment to configure. If you choose local, you must also use the ip-local-pool
command to define the range of IP addresses to use.
To specify a method for assigning IP addresses to remote access clients, enter the vpn-addr-assign
command in global configuration mode. The syntax is vpn-addr-assign {aaa | dhcp | local}.

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Configuring Local IP Address Pools

To configure IP address pools to use for VPN remote access tunnels, enter the ip local pool command
in global configuration mode. To delete address pools, enter the no form of this command.
The security appliance uses address pools based on the tunnel group for the connection. If you configure
more than one address pool for a tunnel group, the security appliance uses them in the order in which
they are configured.
If you assign addresses from a non-local subnet, we suggest that you add pools that fall on subnet
boundaries to make adding routes for these networks easier.
A summary of the configuration of local address pools follows:
hostname(config)# vpn-addr-assign local
hostname(config)# ip local pool firstpool 10.20.30.40-10.20.30.50 mask 255.255.255.0
hostname(config)
Step 1
To configure IP address pools as the address assignment method, enter the vpn-addr-assign command
with the local argument:
hostname(config)# vpn-addr-assign local
hostname(config)#
Step 2
To configure an address pool, enter the ip local pool command. The syntax is ip local pool poolname
first-addresslast-address mask mask.
The following example configures an IP address pool named firstpool. The starting address is
10.20.30.40 and the ending address is 10.20.30.50. The network mask is 255.255.255.0.
hostname(config)# ip local pool firstpool 10.20.30.40-10.20.30.50 mask 255.255.255.0
hostname(config)
Configuring AAA Addressing

To use a AAA server to assign addresses for VPN remote access clients, you must first configure a AAA
server or server group. See the aaa-server protocol command in the Cisco Security Appliance Command
Reference and Identifying AAA Server Groups and Servers, in Chapter 10, Configuring AAA Servers
and the Local Database of this guide.
In addition, the user must match a tunnel group configured for RADIUS authentication.
The following examples illustrate how to define a AAA server group called RAD2 for the tunnel group
named firstgroup. It includes one more step than is necessary, in that previously you might have named
the tunnel group and define the tunnel group type. This step appears in the following example as a
reminder that you have no access to subsequent tunnel-group commands until you set these values.
A summary of the configuration that these examples create follows:
hostname(config)# vpn-addr-assign aaa
hostname(config)# tunnel-group firstgroup type ipsec-ra
hostname(config)# tunnel-group firstgroup general-attributes
hostname(config-general)# authentication-server-group RAD2
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To configure AAA for IP addressing, perform the following steps:

Step 1
To configure AAA as the address assignment method, enter the vpn-addr-assign command with the aaa
argument:
hostname(config)# vpn-addr-assign aaa
hostname(config)#
Step 2
To establish the tunnel group called firstgroup as a remote access or LAN-to-LAN tunnel group, enter
the tunnel-group command with the type keyword. The following example configures a remote access
tunnel group.
hostname(config)#
Step 3
To enter general-attributes configuration mode, which lets you define a AAA server group for the tunnel
group called firstgroup, enter the tunnel-group command with the general-attributes argument.
Step 4
To specify the AAA server group to use for authentication, enter the authentication-server-group
command.
hostname(config-general)# authentication-server-group RAD2
This command has more arguments that this example includes. For more information, see the
Configuring DHCP Addressing

To use DHCP to assign addresses for VPN clients, you must first configure a DHCP server and the range
of IP addresses that the DHCP server can use. Then you define the DHCP server on a tunnel group basis.
Optionally, you can also define a DHCP network scope in the group policy associated with the tunnel
group or username. This is either an IP network number or IP Address that identifies to the DHCP server
which pool of IP addresses to use.
The following examples define the DHCP server at IP address 172.33.44.19 for the tunnel group named
firstgroup. They also define a DHCP network scope of 192.86.0.0 for the group policy called
remotegroup. (The group policy called remotegroup is associated with the tunnel group called
firstgroup). If you do not define a network scope, the DHCP server assigns IP addresses in the order of
the address pools configured. It goes through the pools until it identifies an unassigned address.
The following configuration includes more steps than are necessary, in that previously you might have
named and defined the tunnel group type as remote access, and named and identified the group policy
as internal or external. These steps appear in the following examples as a reminder that you have no
access to subsequent tunnel-group and group-policy commands until you set these values.
A summary of the configuration that these examples create follows:
hostname(config)# vpn-addr-assign dhcp
hostname(config-general)# dhcp-server 172.33.44.19
hostname(config-general)# exit
hostname(config)# group-policy remotegroup internal

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hostname(config)# group-policy remotegroup attributes

hostname(config-group-policy)# dhcp-network-scope 192.86.0.0
To define a DHCP server for IP addressing, perform the following steps.

Step 1
To configure DHCP as the address assignment method, enter the vpn-addr-assign command with the
dhcp argument:
hostname(config)# vpn-addr-assign dhcp
hostname(config)#
Step 2
To establish the tunnel group called firstgroup as a remote access or LAN-to-LAN tunnel group, enter
the tunnel-group command with the type keyword. The following example configures a remote access
tunnel group.
hostname(config)#
Step 3
To enter general-attributes configuration mode, which lets you configure a DHCP server, enter the
tunnel-group command with the general-attributes argument.
hostname(config)#
Step 4
To define the DHCP server, enter the dhcp-server command. The following example configures a DHCP
server at IP address 172.33.44.19.
hostname(config-general)# dhcp-server 172.33.44.19
Step 5
Exit tunnel-group mode.

hostname(config-general)# exit
hostname(config)#
Step 6
To define the group policy called remotegroup as an internally or externally configured group, enter the
group-policy command with the internal or external argument. The following example configures an
internal group.
hostname(config)# group-policy remotegroup internal
hostname(config)#
Step 7
(Optional) To enter group-policy attributes configuration mode, which lets you configure a subnetwork
of IP addresses for the DHCP server to use, enter the group-policy command with the attributes
keyword.
hostname(config)# group-policy remotegroup attributes
Step 8
(Optional) To specify the range of IP addresses the DHCP server should use to assign addresses to users
of the group policy called remotegroup, enter the dhcp-network-scope command. The following example
configures at network scope of 192.86.0.0.
hostname(config-group-policy)# dhcp-network-scope 192.86.0.0
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Remote access VPNs let single users connect to a central site through a secure connection over a TCP/IP
network such as the Internet.
This chapter describes how to build a remote access VPN connection. It includes the following sections:
Summary of the Configuration, page 27-1
Configuring Interfaces, page 27-2
Configuring ISAKMP Policy and Enabling ISAKMP on the Outside Interface, page 27-3
Configuring an Address Pool, page 27-4
Adding a User, page 27-4
Creating a Transform Set, page 27-4
Defining a Tunnel Group, page 27-5
Creating a Dynamic Crypto Map, page 27-6
Creating a Crypto Map Entry to Use the Dynamic Crypto Map, page 27-7

This chapter uses the following configuration to explain how to configure a remote access connection.
Later sections provide step-by-step instructions.
hostname(config)# interface ethernet0
hostname(config-if)# nameif outside
hostname(config)# no shutdown
hostname(config)# isakmp policy 1 authentication pre-share
hostname(config)# isakmp policy 1 encryption 3des
hostname(config)# isakmp policy 1 hash sha
hostname(config)# ip local pool testpool 192.168.0.10-192.168.0.15
hostname(config)# username testuser password 12345678
hostname(config)# crypto ipsec transform set FirstSet esp-3des esp-md5-hmac
hostname(config)# tunnel-group testgroup type ipsec-ra
hostname(config)# tunnel-group testgroup general-attributes
hostname(config-general)# address-pool testpool
hostname(config)# tunnel-group testgroup ipsec-attributes
hostname(config-ipsec)# pre-shared-key 44kkaol59636jnfx
hostname(config)# crypto dynamic-map dyn1 1 set transform-set FirstSet

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hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
crypto dynamic-map dyn1 1 set reverse-route

crypto map mymap 1 ipsec-isakmp dynamic dyn1
crypto map mymap interface outside
write memory
A security appliance has at least two interfaces, referred to here as outside and inside. Typically, the
outside interface is connected to the public Internet, while the inside interface is connected to a private
network and is protected from public access.
To begin, configure and enable two interfaces on the security appliance. Then assign a name, IP address
and subnet mask. Optionally, configure its security level, speed and duplex operation on the security
appliance.
To configure interfaces, perform the following steps, using the command syntax in the examples:
Step 1
To enter Interface configuration mode, in global configuration mode enter the interface command with
the default name of the interface to configure. In the following example the interface is ethernet0.
hostname(config-if)#
Step 2
To set the IP address and subnet mask for the interface, enter the ip address command. In the following
example the IP address is 10.10.4.100 and the subnet mask is 255.255.0.0.
Step 3
To name the interface, enter the nameif command, maximum of 48 characters. You cannot change this
name after you set it. In the following example the name of the ethernet0 interface is outside.
hostname(config-if)##
Step 4
To enable the interface, enter the no version of the shutdown command. By default, interfaces are
disabled.
Step 5
To save your changes, enter the write memory command.

hostname(config-if)# write memory
Step 6
To configure a second interface, use the same procedure.
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Configuring ISAKMP Policy and Enabling ISAKMP on the

Outside Interface
The Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol, also called IKE, is the negotiation
protocol that lets two hosts agree on how to build an IPSec Security Association. Each ISAKMP
negotiation is divided into two sections called Phase1 and Phase2.
Phase 1 creates the first tunnel to protect later ISAKMP negotiation messages. Phase 2 creates the tunnel
that protects data travelling across the secure connection.
To set the terms of the ISAKMP negotiations, you create an ISAKMP policy. It includes the following:
A Hashed Message Authentication Codes method to ensure the identity of the sender and to ensure
that the message has not been modified in transit.
A Diffie-Hellman group to set the size of the encryption key.
A time limit for how long the security appliance uses an encryption key before replacing it.
See on page 23-3 in the Configuring IPSec and ISAKMP chapter of this guide for detailed information
about the IKE policy keywords and their values.
To configure ISAKMP policies, in global configuration mode, enter the isakmp policy command with
its various arguments. The syntax for ISAKMP policy commands is
isakmp policy priority attribute_name [attribute_value | integer].
Perform the following steps and use the command syntax in the following examples as a guide.
Step 1
Set the authentication method. The following example configures preshared key. The priority is 1 in this
and all following steps.
hostname(config)#
Step 2
Set the encryption method. The following example configures 3DES.

hostname(config)#
Step 3
Set the HMAC method. The following example configures SHA-1.

hostname(config)#
Step 4
Set the Diffie-Hellman group. The following example configures Group 2.

hostname(config)#
Step 5
Set the encryption key lifetime. The following example configures 43,200 seconds (12 hours).
hostname(config)#
Step 6
Enable ISAKMP on the interface named outside.

hostname(config)#

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Step 7

hostname(config)# write memory
hostname(config)#

The security appliance requires a method for assigning IP addresses to users. A common method is using
address pools. The alternatives are having a DHCP server assign address or having an AAA server assign
them. The following example uses an address pool.
Step 1
To configure an address pool, enter the ip local pool command. The syntax is
ip local pool poolname first_address-last_address. In the following example the pool name is testpool.
hostname(config)# ip local pool testpool 192.168.0.10-192.168.0.15
hostname(config)#
Step 2
Save your changes.

hostname(config)#
Adding a User
To identify remote access users to the security appliance, configure usernames and passwords.
Step 1
To add users, enter the username command. The syntax is username username password password. In
the following example the username is testuser and the password is 12345678.
hostname(config)# username testuser password 12345678
hostname(config)#
Step 2
Repeat Step 1 for each additional user.

A transform set combines an encryption method and an authentication method. During the IPSec security
association negotiation with ISAKMP, the peers agree to use a particular transform set to protect a
particular data flow. The transform set must be the same for both peers.
You can create multiple transform sets, and then specify one or more of these transform sets in a crypto
map entry. The security appliance uses the transform set to protect the data flows for that crypto map
entry access list. For more overview information, including a table that lists valid encryption and
authentication methods, see Creating a Transform Set in Chapter 28, Configuring LAN-to-LAN VPNs
of this guide.
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Step 1
To configure a transform set, in global configuration mode enter the crypto ipsec transform-set
command. The syntax is:
crypto ipsec transform-set
transform-set-name encryption-method authentication-method
The following example configures a transform set with the name FirstSet, esp-3des encryption, and
esp-md5-hmac authentication:
hostname(config)#
Step 2
Save the changes.

hostname(config)#

A tunnel group is a set of records that contain tunnel connection policies. You configure a tunnel group
to identify AAA servers, specify connection parameters, and define a default group policy. The security
appliance stores tunnel groups internally.
There are two default tunnel groups in the security appliance system: DefaultRAGroup, which is the
default IPSec remote-access tunnel group, and DefaultL2Lgroup, which is the default IPSec
LAN-to-LAN tunnel group. You can change them but not delete them. The security appliance uses these
groups to configure default tunnel parameters for remote access and LAN-to-LAN tunnel groups when
there is no specific tunnel group identified during tunnel negotiation.
To establish a basic remote access connection, you must set three attributes for a tunnel group:
Step 1
Set the connection type to IPSec remote access.
Configure the address assignment method, in the following example, address pool.
Configure an authentication method, in the following example, preshared key.
To set the connection type to IPSec remote access, enter the tunnel-group command. The command
syntax is tunnel-group name type type, where name is the name you assign to the tunnel group, and type
is the type of tunnel. The tunnel types as you enter them in the CLI include the following:
ipsec-ra (IPSec remote access)
ipsec-l2l (IPSec LAN to LAN)
In the following example the name of the tunnel group is testgroup.

hostname(config)# tunnel-group testgroup type ipsec-ra
hostname(config)#
Step 2
To configure an authentication method for the tunnel group, enter the general-attributes mode and then
enter the address-pool command to create the address pool. In the following example the name of the
group is testgroup and the name of the address pool is testpool.
hostname(config)# tunnel-group testgroup general-attributes
hostname(config-general)# address-pool testpool

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Step 3
To configure the authentication method, enter the ipsec-attributes mode and then enter the
pre-shared-key command to create the preshared key. You need to use the same preshared key on both
the security appliance and the client.
Note
The size of the preshared key must be no larger than the preshared key used by the VPN client. In the
case of the Cisco VPN Client with a different preshared key size, when the client attempts to connect to
a security appliance, the client logs an error message indicating it failed to authenticate the peer.
The key is an alphanumeric string of 1-128 characters. In the following example the preshared key is
44kkaol59636jnfx.
hostname(config)# tunnel-group testgroup ipsec-attributes
Step 4
Save your changes.

hostname(config)#

The security appliance uses dynamic crypto maps to define a policy template where all the parameters
do not have to be configured. These dynamic crypto maps let the security appliance receive connections
from peers without known IP addresses. Remote access clients fall in this category.
Dynamic crypto map entries identify the transform set for the connection. You also enable reverse
routing, which lets the security appliance learn routing information for connected clients, and advertise
it via RIP or OSPF.
Step 1
To specify a transform set for a dynamic crypto map entry, enter the crypto dynamic-map set
transform-set command.
The syntax is crypto dynamic -map dynamic-map-name seq-num set transform-set
transform-set-name. In the following example the name of the dynamic map is dyn1, the sequence
number is 1, and the transform set name is FirstSet.
hostname(config)# crypto dynamic-map dyn1 1 set transform-set FirstSet
hostname(config)#
Step 2
To enable RRI for any connection based on this crypto map entry, enter the crypto dynamic-map set
reverse route command.
hostname(config)# crypto dynamic-map dyn1 1 set reverse-route
hostname(config)#
Step 3
Save your changes.

hostname(config)#
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Next create a crypto map entry that lets the security appliance use the dynamic crypto map to set the
parameters of IPSec security associations.
In the following examples for this command, the name of the crypto map is mymap, the sequence number
is 1, and the name of the dynamic crypto map is dyn1, which you created in the previous section,
Creating a Dynamic Crypto Map. Enter these commands in global configuration mode.
Step 1
To create a crypto map entry that uses a dynamic crypto map, enter the crypto map command. The
syntax is crypto map map-name seq-num ipsec-isakmp dynamic dynamic-map-name.
hostname(config)# crypto map mymap 1 ipsec-isakmp dynamic dyn1
hostname(config)#
Step 2
To apply the crypto map to the outside interface, enter the crypto map interface command.
The syntax is crypto map map-name interface interface-name
hostname(config)# crypto map mymap interface outside
hostname(config)#

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28

A LAN-to-LAN VPN connects networks in different geographic locations.
Note
The ASA supports LAN-to-LAN IPsec connections with Cisco peers, and with third-party peers that
comply with all relevant standards.
This chapter describes how to build a LAN-to-LAN VPN connection. It includes the following sections:
Summary of the Configuration, page 28-1
Configuring Interfaces, page 28-2
Configuring ISAKMP Policy and Enabling ISAKMP on the Outside Interface, page 28-2
Creating a Transform Set, page 28-4
Configuring an ACL, page 28-4
Defining a Tunnel Group, page 28-5
Creating a Crypto Map and Applying It To an Interface, page 28-6

This section provides a summary of the example LAN-to-LAN configuration this chapter creates. Later
sections provide step-by-step instructions.
hostname(config)# access-list l2l_list extended permit ip 192.168.0.0 255.255.0.0
150.150.0.0 255.255.0.0
hostname(config)# tunnel-group 10.10.4.108 type ipsec-l2l
hostname(config)# tunnel-group 10.10.4.108 ipsec-attributes
hostname(config)# crypto map abcmap 1 match address l2l_list
hostname(config)# crypto map abcmap 1 set peer 10.10.4.108
hostname(config)# crypto map abcmap 1 set transform-set FirstSet

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hostname(config)# crypto map abcmap interface outside

A security appliance has at least two interfaces, referred to here as outside and inside. Typically, the
outside interface is connected to the public Internet, while the inside interface is connected to a private
network and is protected from public access.
To begin, configure and enable two interfaces on the security appliance. Then, assign a name, IP address
and subnet mask. Optionally, configure its security level, speed, and duplex operation on the security
appliance.
To configure interfaces, perform the following steps, using the command syntax in the examples:
Step 1
To enter Interface configuration mode, in global configuration mode enter the interface command with
the default name of the interface to configure. In the following example the interface is ethernet0.
Step 2
To set the IP address and subnet mask for the interface, enter the ip address command. In the following
example the IP address is 10.10.4.100 and the subnet mask is 255.255.0.0.
Step 3
To name the interface, enter the nameif command, maximum of 48 characters. You cannot change this
name after you set it. In the following example the name of the ethernet0 interface is outside.
hostname(config-if)##
Step 4
To enable the interface, enter the no version of the shutdown command. By default, interfaces are
disabled.
Step 5

hostname(config-if)# write memory
Step 6
To configure a second interface, use the same procedure.
Configuring ISAKMP Policy and Enabling ISAKMP on the

Outside Interface
The Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol, also called IKE, is the negotiation
protocol that lets two hosts agree on how to build an IPsec security association. Each ISAKMP
negotiation is divided into two sections called Phase1 and Phase 2.
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Phase 1 creates the first tunnel, which protects later ISAKMP negotiation messages. Phase 2 creates the
tunnel that protects data travelling across the secure connection.
To set the terms of the ISAKMP negotiations, you create an ISAKMP policy, which includes the
following:
A Hashed Message Authentication Codes method to ensure the identity of the sender and to ensure
that the message has not been modified in transit.
A Diffie-Hellman group to establish the strength of the encryption-key-determination algorithm.

The security appliance uses this algorithm to derive the encryption and hash keys.
A time limit for how long the security appliance uses an encryption key before replacing it.
See on page 23-3 in the Configuring IPsec and ISAKMP chapter of this guide for detailed information
about the IKE policy keywords and their values.
To configure ISAKMP policies, in global configuration mode use the isakmp policy command with its
various arguments. The syntax for ISAKMP policy commands is as follows:
isakmp policy priority attribute_name [attribute_value | integer].
Perform the following steps and use the command syntax in the following examples as a guide.
Step 1
Set the authentication method. The following example configures a preshared key. The priority is 1 in
this and all following steps.
hostname(config)#
Step 2
Set the encryption method. The following example configures 3DES.

hostname(config)#
Step 3
Set the HMAC method. The following example configures SHA-1.

hostname(config)#
Step 4
Set the Diffie-Hellman group. The following example configures Group 2.

hostname(config)#
Step 5
Set the encryption key lifetime. The following example configures 43,200 seconds (12 hours).
hostname(config)#
Step 6
Enable ISAKMP on the interface named outside.

hostname(config)#
Step 7

hostname(config)#

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A transform set combines an encryption method and an authentication method. During the IPsec security
association negotiation with ISAKMP, the peers agree to use a particular transform set to protect a
particular data flow. The transform set must be the same for both peers.
You can create multiple transform sets, and then specify one or more of these transform sets in a crypto
map entry. The security appliance uses the transform set to protect the data flows for that crypto map
entry access list.
Table 28-1 lists valid encryption and authentication methods.
Table 28-1
Encryption and Authentication Methods
Valid Encryption Methods
Valid Authentication Methods
esp-des
esp-md5-hmac
esp-3des (default)
esp-sha-hmac (default)
esp-aes (128-bit encryption)

esp-aes-192
esp-aes-256
esp-null
Tunnel Mode is the usual way to implement IPsec between two security appliances that are connected
over an untrusted network, such as the public Internet. Tunnel mode is the default and requires no
configuration.
To configure a transform set, perform the following steps:
Step 1
In global configuration mode enter the crypto ipsec transform-set command. The following example
configures a transform set with the name FirstSet, esp-3des encryption, and esp-md5-hmac
authentication. The syntax is as follows:
crypto ipsec transform-set transform-set-name encryption-method authentication-method
hostname(config)# crypto ipsec transform-set FirstSet esp-3des esp-md5-hmac
hostname(config)#
Step 2
Save your changes.

hostname(config)#
Configuring an ACL
The security appliance uses access control lists to control network access. By default, the security
appliance denies all traffic. You need to configure an ACL that permits traffic.
The ACLs that you configure for this LAN-to-LAN VPN control connections are based on the source
and destination IP addresses. Configure ACLs that mirror each other on both sides of the connection.
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To configure an ACL, perform the following steps:

Step 1
Enter the access-list extended command. The following example configures an ACL named l2l_list that
lets traffic from IP addresses in the 192.168.0.0 network travel to the 150.150.0.0 network. The syntax
is access-list listname extended permit ip source-ipaddress source-netmask destination-ipaddress
destination-netmask.
hostname(config)# access-list l2l_list extended permit ip 192.168.0.0 255.255.0.0
150.150.0.0 255.255.0.0
hostname(config)#
Step 2
Configure an ACL for the security appliance on the other side of the connection that mirrors the ACL
above. In the following example the prompt for the peer is hostname2.
hostname2(config)# access-list l2l_list extended permit ip 150.150.0.0 255.255.0.0
192.168.0.0 255.255.0.0
hostname(config)#

A tunnel group is a set of records that contain tunnel connection policies. You configure a tunnel group
to identify AAA servers, specify connection parameters, and define a default group policy. The security
appliance stores tunnel groups internally.
There are two default tunnel groups in the security appliance system: DefaultRAGroup, which is the
default IPsec remote-access tunnel group, and DefaultL2Lgroup, which is the default IPsec
LAN-to-LAN tunnel group. You can modify them but not delete them. You can also create one or more
new tunnel groups to suit your environment. The security appliance uses these groups to configure
default tunnel parameters for remote access and LAN-to-LAN tunnel groups when there is no specific
tunnel group identified during tunnel negotiation.
To establish a basic LAN-to-LAN connection, you must set two attributes for a tunnel group:
Step 1
Set the connection type to IPsec LAN-to-LAN.
Configure an authentication method, in the following example, preshared key.
To set the connection type to IPsec LAN-to-LAN, enter the tunnel-group command. The syntax is
tunnel-group name type type, where name is the name you assign to the tunnel group, and type is the
type of tunnel. The tunnel types as you enter them in the CLI are:
ipsec-ra (IPsec remote access)
ipsec-l2l (IPsec LAN to LAN)
In the following example the name of the tunnel group is the IP address of the LAN-to-LAN peer,
10.10.4.108.
hostname(config)# tunnel-group 10.10.4.108 type ipsec-l2l
hostname(config)#

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Step 2
To set the authentication method to preshared key, enter the ipsec-attributes mode and then enter the
pre-shared-key command to create the preshared key. You need to use the same preshared key on both
security appliances for this LAN-to-LAN connection.
The key is an alphanumeric string of 1-128 characters. In the following example the preshared key is
44kkaol59636jnfx.
hostname(config)# tunnel-group 10.10.4.108 ipsec-attributes
Step 3
Save your changes.

hostname(config)#

Crypto map entries pull together the various elements of IPsec security associations, including the
following:
Which traffic IPsec should protect, which you define in an access list.
Where to send IPsec-protected traffic, by identifying the peer.
What IPsec security applies to this traffic, which a transform set specifies.
The local address for IPsec traffic, which you identify by applying the crypto map to an interface.
For IPsec to succeed, both peers must have crypto map entries with compatible configurations. For two
crypto map entries to be compatible, they must, at a minimum, meet the following criteria:
The crypto map entries must contain compatible crypto access lists (for example, mirror image
access lists). If the responding peer uses dynamic crypto maps, the entries in the security appliance
crypto access list must be permitted by the peers crypto access list.
The crypto map entries each must identify the other peer (unless the responding peer is using a
dynamic crypto map).
The crypto map entries must have at least one transform set in common.
If you create more than one crypto map entry for a given interface, use the sequence number (seq-num)
of each entry to rank it: the lower the seq-num, the higher the priority. At the interface that has the crypto
map set, the security appliance evaluates traffic against the entries of higher priority maps first.
Create multiple crypto map entries for a given interface if either of the following conditions exist:
Different peers handle different data flows.
You want to apply different IPsec security to different types of traffic (to the same or separate peers),
for example, if you want traffic between one set of subnets to be authenticated, and traffic between
another set of subnets to be both authenticated and encrypted. In this case, define the different types
of traffic in two separate access lists, and create a separate crypto map entry for each crypto access
list.
To create a crypto map and apply it to the outside interface in global configuration mode, enter several
of the crypto map commands. These commands use a variety of arguments, but the syntax for all of them
begin with crypto map map-name-seq-num. In the following example the map-name is abcmap, the
sequence number is 1.
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Enter these commands in global configuration mode:

Step 1
To assign an access list to a crypto map entry, enter the crypto map match address command.
The syntax is crypto map map-name seq-num match address aclname. In the following example the
map name is abcmap, the sequence number is 1, and the access list name is l2l_list.
hostname(config)# crypto map abcmap 1 match address l2l_list
hostname(config)#
Step 2
To identify the peer (s) for the IPsec connection, enter the crypto map set peer command.
The syntax is crypto map map-name seq-num set peer {ip_address1 | hostname1}[... ip_address10 |
hostname10]. In the following example the peer name is 10.10.4.108.
hostname(config)# crypto map abcmap 1 set peer 10.10.4.108
hostname(config)#
Step 3
To specify a transform set for a crypto map entry, enter the crypto map set transform-set command.
The syntax is crypto map map-name seq-num set transform-set transform-set-name. In the following
example the transform set name is FirstSet.
hostname(config)# crypto map abcmap 1 set transform-set FirstSet
hostname(config)#
Applying Crypto Maps to Interfaces

You must apply a crypto map set to each interface through which IPsec traffic travels. The security
appliance supports IPsec on all interfaces. Applying the crypto map set to an interface instructs the
security appliance to evaluate all interface traffic against the crypto map set and to use the specified
policy during connection or security association negotiations.
Binding a crypto map to an interface also initializes the runtime data structures, such as the security
association database and the security policy database. When you later modify a crypto map in any way,
the security appliance automatically applies the changes to the running configuration. It drops any
existing connections and reestablishes them after applying the new crypto map.
Step 1
To apply the configured crypto map to the outside interface, enter the crypto map interface command.
The syntax is crypto map map-name interface interface-name.
hostname(config)# crypto map abcmap interface outside
hostname(config)#
Step 2
Save your changes.

hostname(config)#

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29
Configuring WebVPN
This chapter describes WebVPN. WebVPN lets users establish a secure, remote-access VPN tunnel to a
security appliance using a web browser. There is no need for either a software or hardware client.
WebVPN provides easy access to a broad range of web resources and web-enabled applications from
almost any computer on the Internet. These include secure access to the following resources:
Internal websites
Web-enabled applications
NT/Active Directory file shares
Email proxies, including POP3S, IMAP4S, and SMTPS
MS Outlook Web Access
MAPI
Port forwarding for access to other TCP-based applications.
WebVPN uses Secure Sockets Layer Protocol and its successor, Transport Layer Security to provide a
secure connection between remote users and specific, supported internal resources that you configure at
a central site. The security appliance recognizes connections that need to be proxied, and the HTTP
server interacts with the authentication subsystem to authenticate users.
The network administrator provides access to WebVPN resources to users on a group basis. Users have
no direct access to resources on the internal network.
Using SSL to Access the Central Site
Enabling Features for Group Policies and Users
Configuring Email
Understanding WebVPN End User Set-up
Recovering from hosts File Errors in Application Access

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Configuring WebVPN
Capturing WebVPN Data

WebVPN connections on the security appliance are very different from remote access IPSec
connections, particularly with respect to how they interact with SSL-enabled servers, and precautions to
reduce security risks.
In a WebVPN connection, the security appliance acts as a proxy between the end user web browser and
target web servers. When a WebVPN user connects to an SSL-enabled web server, the security appliance
establishes a secure connection and validates the server SSL certificate. The end user browser never
receives the presented certificate, so therefore cannot examine and validate the certificate.
The current implementation of WebVPN on the security appliance does not permit communication with
sites that present expired certificates. Nor does the security appliance perform trusted CA certificate
validation. Therefore, WebVPN users cannot analyze the certificate an SSL-enabled web-server presents
before communicating with it.
To minimize the risks involved with SSL certificates:
1.
Configure a group policy that consists of all users who need WebVPN access and enable the
WebVPN feature only for that group policy.
2.
Limit Internet access for WebVPN users. One way to do this is to disable URL entry. Then configure
links to specific targets within the private network that you want WebVPN users to be able to access.
3.
Educate users. If an SSL-enabled site is not inside the private network, users should not visit this
site over a WebVPN connection. They should open a separate browser window to visit such sites,
and use that browser to view the presented certificate.

The security appliance does not support the following features for WebVPN connections:
Active/Active or Active/Standby Stateful Failover, letting you configure two security appliances so
that one takes over operation if the first one fails.
Inspection features under the Modular Policy Framework, inspecting configuration control.
Functionality the filter configuration commands provide, including the vpn-filter command.
NAT, reducing the need for globally unique IP addresses.
PAT, permitting multiple outbound sessions appear to originate from a single IP address.
QoS, rate limiting using the police command and priority-queue command.
Connection limits, checking either via the static or the Modular Policy Framework set connection
command.
The established command, allowing return connections from a lower security host to a higher
security host if there is already an established connection from the higher level host to the lower
level host.
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WebVPN uses SSL and its successor, TLS1 to provide a secure connection between remote users and
specific, supported internal resources at a central site. This section includes the following topics:
Using HTTPS for WebVPN Sessions
Setting WebVPN HTTP/HTTPS Proxy
Using HTTPS for WebVPN Sessions

Establishing WebVPN sessions requires the following:
Using HTTPS to access the security appliance or load balancing cluster. In a web browser, users
enter the security appliance IP address in the format https:// address where address is the IP address
or DNS hostname of the security appliance interface.
Enabling WebVPN sessions on the security appliance interface that users connect to.
To permit WebVPN sessions on an interface, perform the following steps:

Step 1
In global configuration mode, enter the webvpn command to enter webvpn mode.
Step 2
Enter the enable command with the name of the interface that you want to use for WebVPN sessions.
For example, to enable WebVPN sessions on the interface called outside, enter the following:
hostname(config)# webvpn
hostname(config-webvpn)# enable outside
Note
ASA supports either WebVPN or an ASDM administrative session on an interface, but not both
simultaneously. To use ASDM and WebVPN at the same time, configure them on different interfaces.
Setting WebVPN HTTP/HTTPS Proxy

The security appliance can terminate HTTPS connections and forward HTTP/HTTPS requests to HTTP
and HTTPS proxy servers. These servers act as intermediaries between users and the Internet. Requiring
all Internet access via a server that the organization controls provides another opportunity for filtering
to assure secure Internet access and administrative control.
To set values for HTTP and HTTPS proxy, enter the http-proxy and https-proxy commands in webvpn
mode.

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Configuring WebVPN

When you set SSL/TLS encryption protocols, be aware of the following:
Make sure that the security appliance and the browser you use allow the same SSL/TLS encryption
protocols.
If you configure email proxy, do not set the security appliance SSL version to TLSv1 Only. MS
Outlook and MS Outlook Express do not support TLS.
TCP Port Forwarding requires Sun Microsystems Java Runtime Environment (JRE) version 1.4.x
and 1.5.x. Port forwarding does not work when a WebVPN user connects with some SSL versions,
as follows:
Negotiate SSLv3
Java downloads
Negotiate SSLv3/TLSv1
Java downloads
Negotiate TLSv1
Java does NOT download
TLSv1Only
SSLv3Only

SSL uses digital certificates for authentication. The security appliance creates a self-signed SSL server
certificate when it boots; or you can install in the security appliance an SSL certificate that has been
issued in a PKI context. For HTTPS, this certificate must then be installed on the client. You need to
install the certificate from a given security appliance only once.
Restrictions for authenticating users with digital certificates include the following:
Port forwarding does not work for WebVPN users who authenticate using digital certificates. JRE
does not have the ability to access the web browser keystore. Therefore JAVA cannot use a certificate
that the browser uses to authenticate a user, so it cannot start.
Email proxy supports certificate authentication with Netscape 7.x email clients only. Other email
clients such as MS Outlook, MS Outlook Express, and Eudora lack the ability to access the
certificate store.

Browser cookies are required for the proper operation of WebVPN. When cookies are disabled on the
web browser, the links from the web portal home page open a new window prompting the user to log in
once more.
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Configuring WebVPN

In general, the tunnel group and group policy commands for IPSec sessions do not apply for WebVPN.
For WebVPN, use these same commands in global webvpn mode. The exceptions to this are:
WebVPN commands from the group policy WebVPN mode apply.
The banner, if any, that the client applies to WebVPN sessions.
The vpn-idletimeout, vpn-tunnel-protocol, and vpn-session-timeout commands apply.
Web VPN uses authentication, authorization, and accounting settings specific to WebVPN, which you
configure with the global webvpn commands. Table 29-1 lists the commands specific to WebVPN for
these features:
Table 29-1
Commands Specific to WebVPN
Command
accounting-server-group
authentication-server-group1
authorization-server-group
authorization-dn-attributes
authoriziation-required
1. In Version 7.0.x, WebVPN does not support RADIUS
with Expiry authentication.

WebVPN users that authenticate using digital certificates do not use global authentication and
authorization settings. Instead, they use an authorization server to authenticate once the certificate
validation occurs.
Configuring DNS Globally

WebVPN does not use the DNS settings of the group policy with which it has connected. WebVPN
follows the security appliance global DNS settings. Ensure that the global DNS settings of the security
appliance are configured properly.

Table 29-2 lists WebVPN attributes that apply globally to WebVPN users:
Table 29-2
Global WebVPN Attributes
Function
Command
Default Value
Specifies the previously configured accounting

servers to use with WebVPN.
None
Specifies the authentication method(s) for

WebVPN users.
authentication
AAA

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Table 29-2
Global WebVPN Attributes (continued)
Function
Command
Default Value
Specifies the previously configured

authentication servers to use with WebVPN.
authentication-server-group LOCAL
Specifies the previously configured authorization authorization-server-group

None
Requires users to authorize successfully to

connect.
authorization-required
Disabled
Identifies the DN of the peer certificate to use as

a username for authorization.
Primary attribute: CN
Specifies the name of the group policy to use.
default-group-policy
DfltGrpPolicy
Specifies the default idle timeout (in seconds).
default-idle-timeout
1800 seconds (30 minutes)
Enables WebVPN on the specified interface.
enable
Disabled
Identifies the proxy server for HTTP requests.
http-proxy
None
Identifies the proxy server for HTTPS requests.
https-proxy
None
Secondary attribute: OU
Configures the HTML text that prompts a user to login-message

log in.
Please enter your username and

password.
Specifies the logo image that displays on the

WebVPN login and home pages.
Cisco logo
logo
Configures the HTML text the security appliance logout-message

presents to a user logging out.
Goodbye.
Identifies the NetBIOS Name Service server for

CIFS name resolution.
nbns-server
None
Configures the prompt for a username at initial

login to WebVPN.
username-prompt
Login:
Configures the prompt for the password at initial password-prompt

login to WebVPN.
Password:
Configures the HTML title string that is in the

WebVPN browser title and on the title bar.
WebVPN Service
title
Configures the color of the title bars on the login, title-color

home and file access pages.
HTML #999CC, a lavender color
Configures the color of the text bars on the login, text-color

home, and file access pages.
White
Configures the color of the secondary title bars on secondary-color

the login, home and file access pages.
HTML #CCCCFF, a lavender color
Configures the color of the secondary text bars on secondary-text-color

the login, home and file access pages.
Black
You enter these WebVPN commands in webvpn mode. To enter webvpn mode, in global configuration
mode, enter the webvpn command.
To reset all commands entered with the webvpn command to default values, use the no webvpn
command.
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Configuring WebVPN
Creating and Applying WebVPN Policies
Creating and Applying WebVPN Policies

Creating and applying WebVPN policies that govern access to resources at the central site includes the
following tasks:
Assigning Lists to Group Policies and Users in Group-Policy or User Mode
Assigning Users to Group Policies
Use the port forward, url-list, and access-list commands in global configuration mode to configure the
lists of ports to forward and URLs to present to WebVPN users, and their level of access.
Assigning Lists to Group Policies and Users in Group-Policy or User Mode

After you configure port forwarding and URL lists, use the port forward and url-list, and filter
commands in webvpn group-policy or user mode to assign lists to group policies and/or users.

To enable features for group policies and users, issue the functions command in group-policy or user
configuration mode.
Assigning Users to Group Policies

Assigning users to group policies simplifies configuration, by letting you apply policies to many users,
rather than configuring policies for each user individually.There are two ways to assign users to group
policies:
Using a RADIUS Server

Using a RADIUS server to authenticate users, assign users to group policies by following these steps:
Step 1
Authenticate the user with RADIUS and use the Class attribute to assign that user to a particular group
policy.
Step 2
Set the class attribute to the group policy name in the format OU=group_name
For example, to set a WebVPN user to the SSL_VPN group, set the RADIUS Class Attribute to a value
of OU=SSL_VPN; (Do not omit the semicolon.)

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Using the Security Appliance Authentication Server

You can also configure users to authenticate to the security appliance internal authentication server, and
assign these users to a group policy on the security appliance.

Table 29-3 lists all WebVPN group policy and user attributes:
Table 29-3
WebVPN Group Policy Attributes
Function
Command
Default Value
Configures the name of the webtype access list.
filter
The security appliance does not enforce WebVPN

access lists until you enter this command
Enables some or all of these WebVPN features:

file access, file browsing, file entry, URL entry,
port forwardng, MAPI proxy.
functions
Disabled
Sets the URL of the web page that displays upon homepage
login.
None
Configures the content and objects to filter from

the HTML for this group policy.
html-content-filter
No filtering
Applies a list of WebVPN TCP ports to forward.

The user interface displays the applications on
this list.
port-forward
None
Configures the name of the port forwarding

applet.
port-forward-name
Application Access
Applies a list of WebVPN servers and URLs that url-list

the user interface displays for end user access.
None
Configuring Email
WebVPN supports several ways to access email. This section includes the following methods:
Configuring Email Proxies
Configuring MAPI
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Configuring Email
Configuring Email Proxies

WebVPN supportsIMAP4S, POP3S, and SMTPS email proxies. Table 29-4 lists attributes that apply
globally to Email proxy users:
Table 29-4
Global Email proxy Attributes
Function
Command
Default Value
Specifies the previously configured accounting

servers to use with Email proxy.
None
Specifies the authentication method(s) for Email

proxy users.
authentication
IMAP4S: Mailhost (required)

POP3S Mailhost (required)
SMTPS: AAA
Specifies the previously configured

authentication servers to use with Email proxy.
authentication-server-group
LOCAL
Specifies the previously configured authorization authorization-server-group

None
Requires users to authorize successfully to

connect.
authorization-required
Disabled
Identifies the DN of the peer certificate to use as

a username for authorization.
Primary attribute: CN
Specifies the name of the group policy to use.
default-group-policy
DfltGrpPolicy
Enables Email proxy on the specified interface.
enable
Disabled
Secondary attribute: OU
Defines the separator between the email and VPN name-separator

usernames and passwords.
: (colon)
Configures the maximum number of outstanding

non-authenticated sessions.
outstanding
20
Sets the port the email proxy listens to.
port
IMAP4S:993
POP3S: 995
SMTPS: 9881
Specifies the default email server.
server
None.
Defines the separator between the email and

server names.
server-separator
1. With the Eudora email client, SMTPS works only on port 465, even though the default port for SMTPS connections is 988.
Email Proxy Certificate Authentication

Certificate authentication for email proxy connections works with Netscape 7x email clients. Other
email clients such as MS Outlook, MS Outlook Express, and Eudora lack the ability to access the
certificate store.

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Configuring MAPI
MAPI, also called MS Outlook Exchange proxy, has the following requirements:
MS Outlook Exchange must be installed on the remote computer.
You must enable MS Outlook Exchange Proxy on a security appliance interface. You do this by
entering the functions command, which is a group-policy web vpn command. For example:
hostname(config)# group-policy group_policy_name attributes
hostname(config-group-webvpn)# functions mapi
Provide the Exchange server NetBIOS name. The Exchange server must be on the same domain as
the security appliance DNS server. For example:
hostname(config)# domain domain_name
hostname(config)#
Note
An open MS Outlook client connected via MS Outlook Exchange Mail Proxy is always checking for mail
on the Exchange Server, which keeps the connection open. As long as Outlook is open, the connection
never times out, regardless of the settings.

Web email is MS Outlook Web Access for Exchange 2000, Exchange 5.5, and Exchange 2003. It requires
an MS Outlook Exchange Server at the central site. It also requires that users perform the following
tasks:
Enter the URL of the mail server in a browser in your WebVPN session.
When prompted, enter the email server username in the format domain\username.
Enter the email password.

This section is for the system administrator who sets up WebVPN for end users. It describes how to
customize the end-user interface.
This section summarizes configuration requirements and tasks for a remote system. It specifies
information to communicate to users to get them started using WebVPN. It includes the following topics:
Defining the End User Interface
Requiring Usernames and Passwords
Communicating Security Tips
Configuring Remote Systems to Use WebVPN Features
Defining the End User Interface

The WebVPN end user interface is a series of html panels. A user logs on to WebVPN by entering the
IP address of a security appliance interface in the format https://address. The first panel that displays is
the login screen.
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Viewing the WebVPN Home Page

After the user logs in, the WebVPN home page displays (Figure 29-1).
Figure 29-1
WebVPN Home Page
The home page displays all of the WebVPN features you have configured, and its appearance reflects the
logo, text, and colors you have selected. This sample home page includes all available WebVPN features
with the exception of identifying specific file shares. It lets users browse the network, enter URLs, access
specific websites, and use port forwarding to access TCP applications.
Viewing the WebVPN Application Access Panel

To start port forwarding, also called application access, a user clicks the Start TCP application access
link. The Application Access Panel opens (Figure 29-2).
Figure 29-2
WebVPN Application Access Panel

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This panel displays the TCP applications configured for this WebVPN connection. To use an application,
with this panel open, the user starts the application in the normal way.
Viewing the Floating Toolbar

WebVPN also includes a floating toolbar (Figure 29-3).
Figure 29-3
WebVPN Floating Toolbar
Be aware of the following characteristics of the floating toolbar:
The toolbar lets you enter URLs, browse file locations, and choose preconfigured web connections
without interfering with the main browser window.
If you configure your browser to block popups, the floating toolbar cannot display.
The floating toolbar represents the current WebVPN session. If you click the Close button, the
security appliance prompts you to confirm that you want to end the WebVPN session.
See Table 29-6 on page 14 for detailed information about using WebVPN.
Requiring Usernames and Passwords

Depending on your network, during a remote session users might have to log in to any or all of the
following: the computer itself, an Internet servicde provider, WebVPN, mail or file servers, or corporate
applications. Users might have to authenticate in many different contexts, requiring different
information, such as a unique username, password, or pincode.
Table 29-5 lists the type of usernames and passwords that WebVPN users might need to know.
Table 29-5
Usernames and Passwords to Tell WebVPN Users
Login Username/
Password Type
Purpose
Entered When
Computer
Access the computer
Starting the computer
Internet Service Provider
Access the Internet
Connecting to an Internet service provider
WebVPN
Access remote network
Starting WebVPN
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Table 29-5
Usernames and Passwords to Tell WebVPN Users (continued)
Login Username/
Password Type
Purpose
Entered When
File Server
Access remote file server
Using the WebVPN file browsing feature to access

a remote file server
Corporate Application Login Access firewall-protected internal server Using the WebVPN web browsing feature to access
an internal protected website
Mail Server
Access remote mail server via WebVPN
Sending or receiving email messages
Communicating Security Tips

Advise users always to log out from the WebVPN session. (To log out of WebVPN, click the logout icon
on the WebVPN toolbar or close the browser.)
Advise users that using WebVPN does not ensure that communication with every site is secure. WebVPN
ensures the security of data transmission between the remote PC or workstation and the security
appliance on the corporate network. If the user then accesses a non-HTTPS web resource (located on the
Internet or on the internal network), the communication from the corporate security appliance to the
destination web server is not secure.
Configuring Remote Systems to Use WebVPN Features

Table 29-6 includes information about setting up remote systems to use WebVPN. It includes the
following tasks:
Starting WebVPN
Using the WebVPN Floating Toolbar
Web Browsing
Network Browsing and File Management
Using Applications (Port Forwarding)
Using Email via Port Forwarding
Using Email via Web Access
Using Email via email proxy
Table 29-6 also provides information about the following:
WebVPN requirements, by feature
WebVPN supported applications
Client application installation and configuration requirements
Information you might need to provide end users
Tips and use suggestions for end users
It is possible you have configured user accounts differently and that different WebVPN features are
available to each user. We have organized the information in Table 29-6 by feature, so you can skip over
the information for unavailable features.

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Table 29-6
WebVPN Remote System Configuration and End User Requirements
Task
Remote System or End User Requirements
Specifications or Use Suggestions
Starting WebVPN
A connection to the Internet
Any Internet connection is supported, including:
A WebVPN-supported browser
Home DSL, cable, or dial-ups
Public kiosks
Hotel hook-ups
Airport wireless nodes
Internet cafes
We recommend the following browsers for

WebVPN. Other browsers might not fully support
WebVPN features.
On Microsoft Windows:
Internet Explorer version 6.0
Netscape version 7.2
Mozilla version 1.7 and above
Firefox 1.x
On Linux:
Mozilla version 1.7
Firefox 1.x
On Solaris:
On Macintosh OS X:
Cookies enabled on browser

The URL for WebVPN
Safari version 1.0
Firefox 1.x
Cookies must be enabled on the browser in order to

access applications via port forwarding.
An https address in the following form:
https://address
where address is the IP address or DNS hostname
of an interface of the security appliance (or load
balancing cluster) on which WebVPN is enabled.
For example: https://10.89.192.163 or
https://cisco.example.com.
A WebVPN username and password

[Optional] A local printer
WebVPN does not support printing from a web

browser to a network printer. Printing to a local
printer is supported.
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Table 29-6
WebVPN Remote System Configuration and End User Requirements (continued)
Task
Using the WebVPN

Floating Toolbar

A floating toolbar is available to simplify the use
of WebVPN. The toolbar lets you enter URLs,
browse file locations, and choose preconfigured
web connections without interfering with the main
browser window.
If you configure your browser to block popups, the
floating toolbar cannot display.
The floating toolbar represents the current
WebVPN session. If you click the Close button, the
security appliance prompts you to confirm that you
want to close the WebVPN session.
Tip
Web Browsing
Usernames and passwords for protected

websites
TIP: To paste text into a text field, use

Ctrl-V. Right-clicking is disabled on the
WebVPN toolbar.
Using WebVPN does not ensure that

communication with every site is secure. See the
Communicating Security Tips section.
The look and feel of web browsing with WebVPN
might be different from what users are
accustomed to. For example, when using
WebVPN:
The WebVPN title bar appears above each web

page
You access websites by:

Entering the URL in the Enter Web
Address field on the WebVPN home page

Clicking on a preconfigured website link
on the WebVPN home page

Clicking a link on a webpage accessed via
one of the previous two methods

Also, depending on how you configured a
particular account, it might be that:
Some websites are blocked
Only the websites that appear as links on the

WebVPN home page are available

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Table 29-6
Task
Network Browsing and

File Management
File permissions configured for shared

remote access
Only shared folders and files are accessible via

WebVPN.
Server name and passwords for protected file

servers
Domain, workgroup, and server names
where folders and files reside
Users might not be familiar with how to locate

their files through your organization network.
Patience
Do not interrupt the Copy File to Server command

or navigate to a different screen while the copying
is in progress. Interrupting the operation can cause
an incomplete file to be saved on the server.
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Table 29-6
Task
Using Applications
Note
On Macintosh OS X, only the Safari browser supports this feature.

Because this feature requires installing Sun Microsystems Java Runtime Environment
and configuring the local clients, and because doing so requires administrator permissions
on the local system, it is unlikely that users will be able to use applications when they
connect from public remote systems.
(called Port Forwarding Note

or Application Access)
Caution
Users should always close the Application Access window when they finish using
applications by clicking theClose icon. Failure to quit the window properly can cause
Application Access or the applications themselves to be disabled. See Recovering from
hosts File Errors in Application Access for details.
Client applications installed

Cookies enabled on browser
Administrator privileges
Sun Microsystems Java Runtime

Environment (JRE) version 1.4.x and 1.5.x
installed.
Javascript must be enabled on the browser.
By default, it is enabled.
Client applications configured, if necessary.

Note
The Microsoft Outlook client does

not require this configuration step.
All non-Windows client applications require

configuration.
To see if configuration is necessary for a
Windows application, check the value of the
Remote Server.
Note
If the Remote Server contains the server

hostname, you do not need to configure
the client application.
If the Remote Server field contains an IP
address, you must configure the client
application.
User must be local administrator on the PC if you

use DNS names to specify servers. This is because
modifying the hosts file requires administrator
privileges.
If JRE is not installed, a pop-up window displays,
directing users to a site where it is available.
On rare occasions, the WebVPN port forwarding
applet fails with JAVA exception errors. If this
happens, do the following:
1.
Clear the browser cache and close the browser.
2.
Verify that no JAVA icons are in the computer

task bar. Close all instances of JAVA.
3.
Establish a WebVPN session and launch the

port forwarding JAVA applet.
To configure the client application, use the servers

locally mapped IP address and port number. To
find this information:
1.
Start WebVPN on the remote system and click

the Application Access link on the WebVPN
home page. The Application Access window
displays.
2.
In the Name column, find the name of the

server you want to use, then identify its
corresponding client IP address and port
number (in the Local column).
3.
Use this IP address and port number to

configure the client application. Configuration
steps vary for each client application.
When you use an application over WebVPN, for example Outlook over Port Forwarding,
if the application presents a URL, for example a URL within an email, clicking the URL
does not open the site over WebVPN. You must cut and paste the URL into the Enter
WebVPN (URL) Address box on the WebVPN home page to open the site in WebVPN.
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Table 29-6
Task
Using Email
via Application Access
Fulfill requirements for Application Access

(See Using Applications)
Note

To use mail, start Application Access from the
WebVPN home page. The mail client is then
available for use.
If you are using an IMAP client and you lose your mail server connection or are unable to
make a new connection, close the IMAP application and restart WebVPN.
Other mail clients
We have tested Microsoft Outlook Express

versions 5.5 and 6.0.
WebVPN should support other SMTPS, POP3S, or
IMAP4S email programs via port forwarding, such
as Netscape Mail, Lotus Notes, and Eudora, but we
have not verified them.
Using Email via

Web Access
Web-based email product installed
Supported:
Outlook Web Access

For best results, use OWA on Internet
Explorer 6.x or higher, Mozilla 1.7, or
Firefox 1.x.
Louts iNotes
Other web-based email products should also work,

but we have not verified them.
Using Email via
Email Proxy
SSL-enabled mail application installed

Do not set the security appliance SSL version
to TLSv1 Only. Outlook and Outlook
Express do not support TLS.
Supported mail applications:
Microsoft Outlook
Microsoft Outlook Express versions 5.5 and

6.0
Netscape Mail version 7
Eudora 4.2 for Windows 2000
Other SSL-enabled mail clients should also work,

but we have not verified them.
Mail application configured
See instructions and examples for your mail

application in the Configuring Email section.

It is very important to close the Application Access window properly. When you finish using Application
Access, click the close icon. If you do not close the window properly:
The next time you try to start Application Access, it might be disabled; you receive a Backup HOSTS
error message.
File Found
The applications themselves might be disabled or might malfunction, even when you are running
them locally.
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These errors can result from terminating the Application Access window in any improper way. For
example:
Your browser crashes while you are using Application Access.
A power outage or system shutdown occurs while you are using Application Access.
You minimize the Application Access window while you are working, then shut down your
computer with the window active (but minimized).
Understanding the hosts File
Stopping Application Access Improperly
Reconfiguring hosts Files
Understanding the hosts File

The hosts file on your local system maps IP addresses to host names. When you start Application Access,
WebVPN modifies the hosts file, adding WebVPN-specific entries. Stopping Application Access by
properly closing the Application Access window returns the file to its original state.
Before invoking Application Access...
hosts file is in original state.
When Application Access starts....
When Application Access stops...
After finishing Application Access...
Note
WebVPN copies the hosts file to

hosts.webvpn, thus creating a backup.
WebVPN then edits the hosts file, inserting

WebVPN-specific information.
WebVPN copies the backup file to the hosts

file, thus restoring the hosts file to its original
state.
WebVPN deletes hosts.webvpn.
hosts file is in original state.
Microsoft anti-spyware software blocks changes that the port forwarding JAVA applet makes to the hosts
file. See www.microsoft.com for information on how to allow hosts file changes when using
anti-spyware software.
Stopping Application Access Improperly

Once Application Access terminates abnormally, the hosts file is left in a WebVPN-customized state.
WebVPN checks for this possibility the next time you start Application Access by searching for a
hosts.webvpn file. If it finds one, you receive a Backup HOSTS File Found error message(see
Figure 29-4), and Application Access is temporarily disabled.

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Once you shut down Application Access improperly, you leave your remote access client/server
applications in limbo. If you try to start these applications without using WebVPN, they might
malfunction. You might find that hosts that you normally connect to are unavailable. This situation could
commonly occur if you run applications remotely from home, fail to quit the Application Access window
before shutting down the computer, then try to run the applications later from the office.
Reconfiguring hosts Files

To reenable Application Access or malfunctioning applications:
If you are able to connect to your remote access server, follow the steps in the section
Reconfiguring hosts File Automatically Using WebVPN.
If you are unable to connect to your remote access server from your current location or if you have
made custom edits to the hosts file, follow the steps in the section Reconfiguring hosts File
Manually.
Reconfiguring hosts File Automatically Using WebVPN

If you are able to connect to your remote access server, follow these steps to reconfigure the hosts file
and reenable both Application Access and the applications.
Step 1
Start WebVPN and log in. The home page opens.
Step 2
Click the Applications Access link. A Backup HOSTS File Found message displays. (See Figure 29-4.)
Figure 29-4
Backup HOSTS File Found Message

IPSec peers
Host
10.0.0.1
outside
PIX Firewall A
outside
PIX Firewall B
34791
Host
10.2.2.2
Internet

Step 3
Choose one of the following options:
Restore from backup = WebVPN forces a proper shutdown. WebVPN copies the hosts.webvpn
backup file to the hosts file, restoring it to its original state, then deletes hosts.webvpn. You then
have to restart Application Access.
Do nothing = Application Access does not start. You return to your remote access home page.
Delete backup = WebVPN deletes the hosts.webvpn file, leaving the hosts file in its
WebVPN-customized state. The original hosts file settings are lost. Then Application Access starts,
using the WebVPN-customized hosts file as the new original. Choose this option only if you are
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unconcerned about losing hosts file settings. If you or a program you use might have edited the hosts
file after Application Access has shut down improperly, choose one of the other options, or edit the
hosts file manually. (See the Reconfiguring hosts File Manually section.)
Reconfiguring hosts File Manually

If you are not able to connect to your remote access server from your current location, or if you have
customized the hosts file and do not want to lose your edits, follow these steps to reconfigure the hosts
file and reenable both Application Access and the applications.
Step 1
Locate and edit your hosts file.
Step 2
Check to see if any lines contain the string: # added by WebVpnPortForward

If any lines contain this string, your hosts file is WebVPN-customized. If your hosts file is
WebVPN-customized, it looks similar to the following example:
123.0.0.3
123.0.0.3
123.0.0.4
123.0.0.4
123.0.0.5
123.0.0.5
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
server1 # added by WebVpnPortForward

server1.example.com vpn3000.com # added by WebVpnPortForward
server2.example.com.vpn3000.com # added by WebVpnPortForward
server3.example.com vpn3000.com # added by WebVpnPortForward
Copyright (c) 1993-1999 Microsoft Corp.

This is a sample HOSTS file used by Microsoft TCP/IP for Windows.
This file contains the mappings of IP addresses to host names. Each
entry should be kept on an individual line. The IP address should
be placed in the first column followed by the corresponding host name.
The IP address and the host name should be separated by at least one
space.
Additionally, comments (such as these) may be inserted on individual
lines or following the machine name denoted by a '#' symbol.
For example:
102.54.94.97
38.25.63.10
123.0.0.1
cisco.example.com
x.example.com
# source server
# x client host
localhost
Step 3
Delete the lines that contain the string: # added by WebVpnPortForward
Step 4
Save and close the file.
Step 5
Start WebVPN and log in. The home page appears.
Step 6
Click the Application Access link. The Application Access window appears. Application Access is now
enabled.

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WebVPN capture lets you log information about websites that do not display properly over a WebVPN
connection. The data recorded can help your Cisco customer support engineer troubleshoot problems.
Note
Enabling WebVPN capture affects the performance of the security appliance. Be sure to disable the
capture after you generate the capture files that you need for troubleshooting.
WebVPN Capture Files

When you enable WebVPN capture using the capture command, the security appliance stores the data
from the first URL visited in the following files:
capture name_ORIGINAL.000Contains the data exchanged between the security appliance and
the web server.
capture name_MANGLED.000Contains the data exchanged between the security appliance and
the browser.
For each subsequent capture, the security appliance generates additional pairs of matching
capture name_ORIGINAL.<nnn> and capture name_MANGLED.<nnn> files and increments the file
extensions. In the following example, the capture name sales was assigned to the capture, and the output
of the dir command displays three sets of files from three URL captures:
hostname# dir
Directory of disk0:/
2952
-rw10931
6
-rw5124096
3397
-rw5157
3398
-rw6396
3399
-rw4928
3400
-rw6167
3401
-rw5264
3402
-rw6503
hostname#
10:38:32
19:43:32
08:30:56
08:30:56
08:32:51
08:32:51
08:35:23
08:35:23
Jan
Jan
Feb
Feb
Feb
Feb
Feb
Feb
19
01
14
14
14
14
14
14
2005
2003
2005
2005
2005
2005
2005
2005
config
cdisk.bin
sales_ORIGINAL.000
sales_MANGLED.000
sales_ORIGINAL.001
sales_MANGLED.001
sales_ORIGINAL.002
sales_MANGLED.002
Activating the WebVPN Capture Tool

Note
When you activate WebVPN capture, the
icon appears in the WebVPN window.
To activate WebVPN capture, use the capture command from privileged EXEC mode.
capture capture-name type webvpn user webvpn-user [url url]
no capture capture-name
where:
capture-name is a name you assign to the capture, which is also prepended to the name of the capture
files.
webvpn-user is the username to match for capture.
url is the URL prefix to match for data capture. Use one of the following two URL formats:
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Use http://server/path to capture HTTP traffic to the server identified by server/path.

Use https://server/path to capture HTTPS traffic to the server identified by server/path.
If no URL is specified, all traffic is logged.

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The following example creates a capture designated hr, which is configured to capture HTTP traffic for
user2 visiting website wwwin.abcd.com/hr/people:
hostname# capture hr type webvpn user user2 url http://wwwin.abcd.com/hr/people
WebVPN capture started.
capture name
hr
user name
user2
url
/http/0/wwwin.abcd.com/hr/people
hostname#
Locating and Uploading the WebVPN Capture Tool Output Files

To locate the WebVPN capture tool output files, use the dir command. The following example shows the
output of the dir command including the ORIGINAL.000 and MANGLED.000 files that were generated:
hostname# dir
Directory of disk0:/
2952
-rw10931
6
-rw5124096
3397
-rw5157
3398
-rw6396
hostname#
10:38:32
19:43:32
08:30:56
08:30:56
Jan
Jan
Feb
Feb
19
01
14
14
2005
2003
2005
2005
config
cdisk.bin
hr_ORIGINAL.000
hr_MANGLED.000
You can upload the WebVPN capture tool output files to another computer using the copy flash
command. In the following example, the copy flash command is used to upload the hr_ORIGINAL.000
and hr_MANGLED.000 files via tftp:
hostname# copy flash:/hr_original.000 tftp://10.86.194.191/hr_original.000
Source filename [hr_original.000]?
Address or name of remote host [10.86.194.191]?
Destination filename [hr_original.000]?
!!!!!!
21601 bytes copied in 0.370 secs
hostname# copy flash:/hr_mangled.000 tftp://10.86.194.191/hr_mangled.000
Source filename [hr_mangled.000]?
Address or name of remote host [10.86.194.191]?
Destination filename [hr_mangled.000]?
!!!!!!
23526 bytes copied in 0.380 secs
hostname#
Note
To conserve flash memory, delete the capture files from the security appliance when you no longer need
them.
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30
This chapter describes how to configure certificates. CAs are responsible for managing certificate
requests and issuing digital certificates. A digital certificate contains information that identifies a user
or device. Some of this information can include a name, serial number, company, department, or IP
address. A digital certificate also contains a copy of the public key for the user or device. A CA can be
a trusted third party, such as VeriSign, or a private (in-house) CA that you establish within your
organization.
Public Key Cryptography, page 30-1
Certificate Configuration, page 30-4
Public Key Cryptography

About Public Key Cryptography, page 30-1
Certificate Scalability, page 30-2
About Key Pairs, page 30-2
About Trustpoints, page 30-3
About CRLs, page 30-3
Supported CA Servers, page 30-4
About Public Key Cryptography

Digital signatures, enabled by public key cryptography, provide a means to authenticate devices and
users. In public key cryptography, such as the RSA encryption system, each user has a key pair
containing both a public and a private key. The keys act as complements, and anything encrypted with
one of the keys can be decrypted with the other.
In simple terms, a signature is formed when data is encrypted with a private key. The signature is
attached to the data and sent to the receiver. The receiver applies the public key of the sender to the data.
If the signature sent with the data matches the result of applying the public key to the data, the validity
of the message is established.
This process relies on the receiver having a copy of the public key of the sender and having a high degree
of certainty that this key belongs to the sender, not to someone pretending to be the sender.

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Obtaining the public key of a sender is normally handled out-of-band or through an operation done at
installation. For instance, most web browsers are configured with the root certificates of several CAs by
default. For VPN, the IKE protocol, a component of IPSec, can use digital signatures to authenticate peer
devices before setting up security associations.
Certificate Scalability
Without digital certificates, you must manually configure each IPSec peer for every peer with which it
communicates, and every new peer you add to a network would thus require a configuration change on
every peer with which you need it to communicate securely.
When you use digital certificates, each peer is enrolled with a CA. When two peers attempt to
communicate, they exchange certificates and digitally sign data to authenticate each other. When a new
peer is added to the network, you enroll that peer with a CA and none of the other peers need
modification. When the new peer attempts an IPSec connection, certificates are automatically exchanged
and the peer can be authenticated.
With a CA, a peer authenticates itself to the remote peer by sending a certificate to the remote peer and
performing some public key cryptography. Each peer sends its unique certificate which was issued by
the CA. This process works because each certificate encapsulates the public key for the associated peer
and each certificate is authenticated by the CA, and all participating peers recognize the CA as an
authenticating authority. This is called IKE with an RSA signature.
The peer can continue sending its certificate for multiple IPSec sessions, and to multiple IPSec peers,
until the certificate expires. When its certificate expires, the peer administrator must obtain a new one
from the CA.
CAs can also revoke certificates for peers that no longer participate in IPSec. Revoked certificates are
not recognized as valid by other peers. Revoked certificates are listed in a CRL, which each peer may
check before accepting a certificate from another peer.
Some CAs have an RA as part of their implementation. An RA is a server that acts as a proxy for the CA
so that CA functions can continue when the CA is unavailable.
About Key Pairs

Key pairs can be either RSA keys or DSA keys. Support for these two types of keys differs as follows.
DSA keys cannot be used for SSH or SSL. To enable SSH or SSL access to a security appliance, you
must use RSA keys.
SCEP enrollment is only supported for the certification of RSA keys. If you use DSA keys,
enrollment must be performed manually.
For the purposes of generating keys, the maximum key modulus for RSA keys is 2048 while the
maximum key modulus for DSA keys is 1024. When you generate keys, the default size for either
key type is 1024.
For signature operations, the supported maximum key sizes are 4096 bits for RSA keys and 1024
bits for DSA keys.
You can generate a general purpose RSA key pair, used for both signing and encryption, or you can
generate separate RSA key pairs for each purpose. You can only generate a DSA key pair for signing
purposes.
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Separate signing and encryption keys helps reduce exposure of the keys. This is because SSL uses
a key for encryption but not signing but IKE uses a key for signing but not encryption. By using
separate keys for each, exposure of the keys is minimized.
About Trustpoints
Trustpoints let you manage and track CAs and certificates. A trustpoint is a representation of a CA or
identity pair. A trustpoint contains the identity of the CA, CA-specific configuration parameters, and an
association with one enrolled identity certificate.
After you have defined a trustpoint, you can reference it by name in commands requiring that you specify
a CA. You can configure many trustpoints.
Note
If a security appliance has trustpoints that share the same CA, only one trustpoint sharing the CA can be
used to validate user certificates. Use the support-user-cert-validation command to control which
trustpoint sharing a CA is used for validation of user certificates issued by that CA.
For automatic enrollment, a trustpoint must be configured with an enrollment URL and the CA that the
trustpoint represents must be available on the network and must support SCEP.
You can export and import the keypair and issued certificates associated with a trustpoint in PKCS12
format. This is useful if you wish to manually duplicate a trustpoint configuration on a different security
appliance.
About CRLs
CRLs provide the security appliance with a means of determining whether a certificate that is within its
valid time range has been revoked by its issuing CA. You can configure the security appliance to make
CRL checks mandatory when authenticating a certificate. You can also make the CRL check optional,
which allows the certificate authentication to succeed when the CA is unavailable to provide updated
CRL data.
CRL configuration is a part of the configuration of each trustpoint you define. The security appliance
can retrieve CRLs from CAs using HTTP, SCEP, or LDAP. CRLs retrieved for each trustpoint are cached
for a length of time configurable for each trustpoint.
When the security appliance has cached a CRL for more than the length of time it is configured to cache
CRLs, the security appliance considers the CRL too old to be reliable, or stale. The security appliance
attempts to retrieve a newer version of the CRL the next time a certificate authentication requires that
the stale CRL is checked.
The security appliance caches CRLs for a length of time determined by the following two factors:
The number of minutes specified with the cache-time command. The default value is 60 minutes.
The NextUpdate field in the CRLs retrieved, which may be absent from CRLs. You control whether
the security appliance requires and uses the NextUpdate field with the enforcenextupdate
command.

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Certificate Configuration
The security appliance uses these two factors as follows:
If the NextUpdate field is not required, the security appliance marks CRLs as stale after the length
of time defined by the cache-time command.
If the NextUpdate field is required, the security appliance marks CRLs as stale at the sooner of the
two times specified by the cache-time command and the NextUpdate field. For example, if the
cache-time command is set to 100 minutes and the NextUpdate field specifies that the next update
is 70 minutes away, the security appliance marks CRLs as stale in 70 minutes.
If the security appliance has insufficient memory to store all CRLs cached for a given trustpoint, it
deletes the least recently used CRL to make room for a newly retrieved CRL.
For information about configuring CRL behavior for a trustpoint, see the Configuring CRLs for a
Trustpoint section on page 30-12.
Supported CA Servers
The security appliance supports the following CA servers:
Cisco IOS CS
Baltimore Technologies
Entrust
Microsoft Certificate Services
Netscape CMS
RSA Keon
VeriSign
This section describes how to configure the security appliance with certificates and other procedures
related to certificate use and management.
Preparing for Certificates, page 30-4
Configuring Key Pairs, page 30-5
Configuring Trustpoints, page 30-6
Obtaining Certificates, page 30-8
Configuring CRLs for a Trustpoint, page 30-12
Exporting and Importing Trustpoints, page 30-14
Configuring CA Certificate Map Rules, page 30-15
Preparing for Certificates

Before you configure a security appliance with certificates, ensure that the security appliance is
configured properly to support certificates. An improperly configured security appliance can cause
enrollment to fail or for enrollment to request a certificate containing inaccurate information.
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To prepare a security appliance for certificates, perform the following steps:

Step 1
Ensure that the hostname and domain name of the security appliance are configured correctly. You can
use the show running-config command to view the hostname and domain name as currently configured.
For information about configuring the hostname, see the Setting the Hostname section on page 7-2.
For information about configuring the domain name, see the Setting the Domain Name section on
page 7-2.
Step 2
Be sure that the security appliance clock is set accurately before configuring the CA. Certificates have
a date and time that they become valid and that they expire. When the security appliance enrolls with a
CA and gets a certificate, the security appliance checks that the current time is within the valid range for
the certificate. If it is outside that range, enrollment fails.
For information about setting the clock, see the Setting the Date and Time section on page 7-2.
Configuring Key Pairs

Generating Key Pairs, page 30-5
Removing Key Pairs, page 30-6
Generating Key Pairs

Key pairs can be either RSA keys or DSA keys, as discussed in the About Key Pairs section on
page 30-2. You must generate key pairs for the types of certification you want to use.
To generate key pairs, perform the following steps:
Step 1
Generate the types of key pairs needed for your PKI implementation. To do so, perform the following
steps, as applicable:
a.
If you want to generate RSA key pairs, use the crypto key generate rsa command.
hostname/contexta(config)# crypto key generate rsa
If you do not use additional keywords this command generates one general purpose RSA key pair.
Because the key modulus is not specified, the default key modulus of 1024 is used. You can specify
other modulus sizes with the modulus keyword. You can also assign a label to each key pair using
the label keyword. The label is referenced by the trustpoint that uses the key pair. If you do not
assign a label, the key pair is automatically labeled <Default-RSA-Key>.
b.
If you want to generate DSA key pairs, use the crypto key generate dsa command.
hostname/contexta(config)# crypto key generate dsa label key-pair-label
This command generates one DSA key pair. Because the key modulus is not specified, the default
key modulus of 1024 is used. You can specify other modulus sizes with the modulus keyword. You
must assign a label to the key pair using the label keyword. When you configure a trustpoint, you
can specify a key pair using its label.

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Note
Step 2
When generating DSA keys, you may encounter a delay. On a Cisco PIX 515E Firewall, this
delay may extend up to few minutes.
(Optional) Use the show crypto key mypubkey command to view key pair(s). Use the rsa and dsa
keywords to specify which type of keys you want to view. The following example shows an RSA
general-purpose key:
hostname/contexta(config)# show crypto key mypubkey rsa
Key pair was generated at: 16:39:47 central Feb 10 2005
Key name: <Default-RSA-Key>
Usage: General Purpose Key
Modulus Size (bits): 1024
Key Data:
30819f30 0d06092a 864886f7 0d010101 05000381 8d003081
0781848f 78bccac2 4a1b5b8d 2f3e30b4 4cae9f86 f4485207
9eeb0f5d 45fd1811 3b4aafce 292b3b64 b4124a6f 7a777b08
5508e9e5 2c271245 7fd1c0c3 3aaf1e04 c7c4efa4 600f4c4a
e08407dd 45d9e36e 8cc0bfef 14f9e6ac eca141e4 276d7358
Key pair was generated at: 16:34:54 central Feb 10 2005
Step 3
89028181
159108c9
75b88df1
6afe56ad
f7f50d13
00ea51b7
f5e49103
8092a9f8
c1d2c01c
79020301 0001
Save the key pair you have generated. To do so, save the running configuration by entering the write
memory command.
Removing Key Pairs

To remove key pairs, use the crypto key zeroize command in global configuration mode.
The following example removes RSA key pairs:
hostname(config)# crypto key zeroize rsa
WARNING: All RSA keys will be removed.
WARNING: All device certs issued using these keys will also be removed.
Do you really want to remove these keys? [yes/no] y
hostname(config)#
Configuring Trustpoints
For information about trustpoints, see the About Trustpoints section on page 30-3.
To configure a trustpoint, perform the following steps:
Step 1
Create a trustpoint corresponding to the CA from which the security appliance needs to receive its
certificate.
hostname/contexta(config)# crypto ca trustpoint trustpoint
For example, to declare a trustpoint called Main:

hostname/contexta(config)# crypto ca trustpoint Main
hostname/contexta(config-ca-trustpoint)#
Upon entering this command, you enter the Crypto ca trustpoint configuration mode.
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Step 2
Specify the enrollment method to be used with this trustpoint.
Note
If the trustpoint uses DSA keys, enrollment must be manual. The security appliance does not
support automatic enrollment for certification with DSA keys.
To specify the enrollment method, do one of the following items:
To specify SCEP enrollment, use the enrollment url command to configure the URL to be used for
SCEP enrollment with the trustpoint you declared. For example, if the security appliance requests
certificates from trustpoint Main using the URL http://10.29.67.142:80/certsrv/mscep/mscep.dll,
then the command would be as follows:
hostname/contexta(config-ca-trustpoint)# enrollment url
http://10.29.67.142:80/certsrv/mscep/mscep.dll
Step 3
To specify manual enrollment, use the enrollment terminal command to indicate that you will paste
the certificate received from the CA into the terminal.
As needed, specify other characteristics for the trustpoint. The characteristics you need to define depend
upon your CA and its configuration. You can specify characteristics for the trustpoint using the following
commands. Refer to the Cisco Security Appliance Command Reference for complete descriptions and
usage guidelines of these commands.
crl required | optional | nocheckSpecifies CRL configuration options. When you enter the crl
command with the optional keyword included within the command statement, certificates from
peers can still be accepted by your security appliance even if the CRL is not accessible to your
security appliance.
Note
If you chose to enable required or optional CRL checking, be sure you configure the
trustpoint for CRL managemen2t, which should be completed after you have obtained
certificates. For details about configuring CRL management for a trustpoint, see the
Configuring CRLs for a Trustpoint section on page 30-12.
crl configureEnters CRL configuration mode.
default enrollmentReturns all enrollment parameters to their system default values. Invocations
of this command do not become part of the active configuration.
enrollment retry period (Optional) Specifies a retry period in minutes. This characteristic only
applies if you are using SCEP enrollment.
enrollment retry count(Optional) Specifies a maximum number of permitted retries. This

characteristic only applies if you are using SCEP enrollment.
enrollment terminalSpecifies cut and paste enrollment with this trustpoint.
enrollment url URLSpecifies automatic enrollment (SCEP) to enroll with this trustpoint and
configures the enrollment URL.
fqdn fqdnDuring enrollment, asks the CA to include the specified fully qualified domain name in
the Subject Alternative Name extension of the certificate.
email addressDuring enrollment, asks the CA to include the specified email address in the
Subject Alternative Name extension of the certificate.
subject-name X.500 nameDuring enrollment, asks the CA to include the specified subject DN in
the certificate.

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Step 4
serial-numberDuring enrollment, asks the CA to include the security appliance serial number in
the certificate.
ip-address ip-addressDuring enrollment, asks the CA to include the IP address of the security
appliance in the certificate.
password stringSpecifies a challenge phrase that is registered with the CA during enrollment.
The CA typically uses this phrase to authenticate a subsequent revocation request.
keypair nameSpecifies the key pair whose public key is to be certified.
id-cert-issuerIndicates whether the system accepts peer certificates issued by the CA associated
with this trustpoint.
accept-subordinatesIndicates whether CA certificates subordinate to the CA associated with the

trustpoint are accepted if delivered during phase one IKE exchange when not previously installed
on the device.
support-user-cert-validationIf enabled, the configuration settings to validate a remote user

certificate can be taken from this trustpoint, provided that this trustpoint is authenticated to the CA
that issued the remote certificate.
exitLeaves the mode.
Save the trustpoint configuration. To do so, save the running configuration by entering the write
memory command.
Obtaining Certificates
The security appliance needs a CA certificate for each trustpoint and one or two certificates for itself,
depending upon the configuration of the keys used by the trustpoint. If the trustpoint uses separate RSA
keys for signing and encryption, the security appliance needs two certificates, one for each purpose. In
other key configurations, only one certificate is needed.
The security appliance supports enrollment with SCEP and with manual enrollment, which lets you paste
a base-64-encoded certificate directly into the terminal. For site-to-site VPNs, you must enroll each
security appliance. For remote access VPNs, you must enroll each security appliance and each remote
access VPN client.
Obtaining Certificates with SCEP, page 30-8
Obtaining Certificates Manually, page 30-10
Obtaining Certificates with SCEP

This procedure provides steps for configuring certificates using SCEP. These steps should be repeated
for each trustpoint you configure for automatic enrollment. When you have completed this procedure,
the security appliance will have received a CA certificate for the trustpoint and one or two certificates
for signing and encryption purposes. If you use DSA keys, the certificate received is for signing only. If
you use general-purpose RSA keys, the certificate received is for signing and encryption. If you use
separate RSA keys for signing and encryption, the security appliance receives separate certificates for
each purpose.
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Note
Whether a trustpoint uses SCEP for obtaining certificates is determined by the use of the enrollment url
command when you configure the trustpoint (see the Configuring Trustpoints section on page 30-6).
To obtain certificates with SCEP, perform the following steps:
Step 1
Obtain the CA certificate for the trustpoint you configured.

hostname/contexta(config)# crypto ca authenticate trustpoint
For example, using trustpoint named Main, which represents a subordinate CA:
hostname/contexta(config)# crypto ca authenticate Main
INFO: Certificate has the following attributes:
Fingerprint:
3736ffc2 243ecf05 0c40f2fa 26820675
Do you accept this certificate? [yes/no]: y
Trustpoint 'Main' is a subordinate CA and holds a non self signed cert.
Trustpoint CA certificate accepted.
Step 2
Enroll the security appliance with the trustpoint. This process retrieves a certificate for signing data and,
depending upon the type of keys you configured, for encrypting data.
Step 3
To perform enrollment, use the crypto ca enroll command. Before entering this command, contact your
CA administrator because the administrator may need to authenticate your enrollment request manually
before the CA grants its certificates.
hostname(config)# crypto ca enroll trustpoint
If the security appliance does not receive a certificate from the CA within 1 minute (the default) of
sending a certificate request, it resends the certificate request. The security appliance continues sending
a certificate request every 1 minute until a certificate is received.
Note
If the fully qualified domain name configured for the trustpoint is not identical to the fully
qualified domain name of the security appliance, including the case of the characters, a warning
appears. If needed, you can exit the enrollment process, make any necessary corrections, and
enter the crypto ca enroll command again.
The following enrollment example performs enrollment with the trustpoint named Main:
hostname(config)# crypto ca enroll Main
%
% Start certificate enrollment ..
% Create a challenge password. You will need to verbally provide this
% password to the CA Administrator in order to revoke your certificate.
% For security reasons your password will not be saved in the configuration.
% Please make a note of it.
Password: 2b0rn0t2b
Re-enter password: 2b0rn0t2b
% The subject name in the certificate will be: securityappliance.example.com
% The fully-qualified domain name in the certificate will be:
securityappliance.example.com
% Include the device serial number in the subject name? [yes/no]: no
Request certificate from CA [yes/no]: yes
% Certificate request sent to Certificate authority.

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Note
The password is required if the certificate for the security appliance needs to be revoked, so it is
crucial that you remember this password. Note it and store it in a safe place.
You must enter the crypto ca enroll command for each trustpoint with which the security appliance
needs to enroll.
Note
Step 4
If your security appliance reboots after you issued the crypto ca enroll command but before you
received the certificate, reissue the crypto ca enroll command and notify the CA administrator.
Verify that the enrollment process was successful using the show crypto ca certificate command. For
example, to show the certificate received from trustpoint Main:
hostname/contexta(config)# show crypto ca certificate Main
The output of this command shows the details of the certificate issued for the security appliance and the
CA certificate for the trustpoint.
Step 5
Save the configuration using the write memory command:

hostname/contexta(config)# write memory
Obtaining Certificates Manually

This procedure provides steps for configuring certificates using manual certificate requests. These steps
should be repeated for each trustpoint you configure for manual enrollment. When you have completed
this procedure, the security appliance will have received a CA certificate for the trustpoint and one or
two certificates for signing and encryption purposes. If you use DSA keys, the certificate received is for
signing only. If you use general-purpose RSA keys, the certificate received is for signing and encryption.
If you use separate RSA keys for signing and encryption, the certificates received are used for each
purpose exclusively.
Note
Whether a trustpoint requires that you manually obtain certificates is determined by the use of the
enrollment terminal command when you configure the trustpoint (see the Configuring Trustpoints
section on page 30-6).
To obtain certificates manually, perform the following steps:
Step 1
Obtain a base-64 encoded CA certificate from the CA represented by the trustpoint.
Step 2
Import the CA certificate. To do so, use the crypto ca authenticate command. The following example
shows a CA certificate request for the trustpoint Main.
hostname (config)# crypto ca authenticate Main
Enter the base 64 encoded CA certificate.
End with a blank line or the word "quit" on a line by itself
MIIDRTCCAu+gAwIBAgIQKVcqP/KW74VP0NZzL+JbRTANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFADCB
[ certificate data omitted ]
/7QEM8izy0EOTSErKu7Nd76jwf5e4qttkQ==
quit
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INFO: Certificate has the following attributes:

Fingerprint:
24b81433 409b3fd5 e5431699 8d490d34
Do you accept this certificate? [yes/no]: y
Trustpoint CA certificate accepted.
% Certificate successfully imported
hostname (config)#
Step 3
Generate a certificate request. To do so, use the crypto ca enroll command. The following example
shows a certificate and encryption key request for the trustpoint Main, which is configured to use manual
enrollment and general-purpose RSA keys for signing and encryption.
hostname (config)# crypto ca enroll Main
% Start certificate enrollment ..
% Include the device serial number in the subject name? [yes/no]: n
Display Certificate Request to terminal? [yes/no]: y
Certificate Request follows:
MIIBoDCCAQkCAQAwIzEhMB8GCSqGSIb3DQEJAhYSRmVyYWxQaXguY2lzY28uY29t
[ certificate request data omitted ]
jF4waw68eOxQxVmdgMWeQ+RbIOYmvt8g6hnBTrd0GdqjjVLt
---End - This line not part of the certificate request--Redisplay enrollment request? [yes/no]: n
hostname (config)#
Note
If you use separate RSA keys for signing and encryption, the crypto ca enroll command
displays two certificate requests, one for each key. To complete enrollment, acquire a certificate
for all certificate requests generated by the crypto ca enroll command.
Step 4
For each request generated by the crypto ca enroll command, obtain a certificate from the CA
represented by the applicable trustpoint. Be sure the certificate is in base-64 format.
Step 5
For each certificate you receive from the CA, use the crypto ca import certificate command. The
security appliance prompts you to paste the certificate to the terminal in base-64 format.
Note
If you use separate RSA key pairs for signing and encryption, perform this step for each
certificate separately. The security appliance determines automatically whether the certificate is
for the signing or encryption key pair. The order in which you import the two certificates is
irrelevant.

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The following example manually imports a certificate for the trustpoint Main:
hostname (config)# crypto ca import Main certificate
Enter the base 64 encoded certificate.
End with a blank line or the word quit on a line by itself
[ certificate data omitted ]
quit
INFO: Certificate successfully imported
hostname (config)#
Step 6
Verify that the enrollment process was successful using the show crypto ca certificate command. For
example, to show the certificate received from trustpoint Main:
hostname/contexta(config)# show crypto ca certificate Main
The output of this command shows the details of the certificate issued for the security appliance and the
CA certificate for the trustpoint.
Step 7
Save the configuration using the write memory command:

hostname/contexta(config)# write memory
Configuring CRLs for a Trustpoint

If you want to use mandatory or optional CRL checking during certificate authentication, you must
perform CRL configuration for each trustpoint. For more information about CRLs, see the About
CRLs section on page 30-3.
To configure CRLs for a trustpoint, perform the following steps:
Step 1
Enter Crypto ca trustpoint configuration mode for the trustpoint whose CRL configuration you want to
modify. To do so, enter the crypto ca trustpoint command.
Step 2
If you have not already enabled CRLs, you can do so now by using the crl command with either the
required or optional keyword. If you specify the required keyword, certificate authentication with this
trustpoint cannot succeed if the CRL is unavailable.
Step 3
Enter the crl configure command.

hostname/contexta(config-ca-trustpoint)# crl configure
hostname/contexta(config-ca-crl)#
Upon entering this command, you enter the crl configuration mode for the current trustpoint.
Tip
To set all CRL configuration options to their default values, use the default command. At any
time while performing CRL configuration, if you want to start over, enter this command and
restart this procedure.
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Step 4
Configure the retrieval policy with the policy command. The following keywords for this command
determine the policy.
cdpCRLs are retrieved only from the CRL distribution points specified in authenticated
certificates.
Note
Step 5
SCEP retrieval is not supported by distribution points specified in certificates.
staticCRLs are retrieved only from URLs you configure.
bothCRLs are retrieved from CRL distribution points specified in authenticated certificates and
from URLs you configure.
If you used the keywords static or both when you configured the CRL policy, you need to configure
URLs for CRL retrieval, using the url command. You can enter up to 5 URLs, ranked 1 through 5.
hostname/contexta(config-ca-crl)# url n URL
where n is the rank assigned to the URL. To remove a URL, use the no url n command.
Step 6
Step 7
Configure the retrieval method with the protocol command. The following keywords for this command
determine the retrieval method.
httpSpecifies HTTP as the CRL retrieval method.
ldapSpecifies LDAP as the CRL retrieval method.
scepSpecifies SCEP as the CRL retrieval method.
Configure how long the security appliance caches CRLs for the current trustpoint. To specify the number
of minutes the security appliance waits before considering a CRL stale, enter the following command.
hostname/contexta(config-ca-crl)# cache-time n
where n is the number of minutes. For example, to specify that CRLs should be cached for seven hours,
enter the following command.
hostname/contexta(config-ca-crl)# cache-time 420
Step 8
Configure whether the security appliance requires the NextUpdate field in CRLs. For more information
about how the security appliance uses the NextUpdate field, see the About CRLs section on page 30-3.
Do one of the following:
Step 9
To require the NextUpdate field, enter the enforcenextupdate command. This is the default setting.
To allow the NextUpdate field to be absent in CRLs, enter the no enforcenextupdate command.
If you specified LDAP as the retrieval protocol, perform the following steps:
a.
Enter the following command to identify the LDAP server to the security appliance:
hostname/contexta(config-ca-crl)# ldap-defaults server
You can specify the server by DNS hostname or by IP address. You can also provide a port number
if the server listens for LDAP queries on a port other than the default of 389. For example, the
following command configures the security appliance to retrieve CRLs from an LDAP server whose
hostname is ldap1.
hostname/contexta(config-ca-crl)# ldap-defaults ldap1

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Note
b.
If you use a hostname rather than an IP address to specify the LDAP server, be sure you have
configured the security appliance to use DNS. For information about configuring DNS, see
the dns commands in the Cisco Security Appliance Command Reference.
If LDAP server requires credentials to permit CRL retrieval, enter the following command:
hostname/contexta(config-ca-crl)# ldap-dn admin-DN password
For example:
hostname/contexta(config-ca-crl)# ldap-dn cn=admin,ou=devtest,o=engineering c00lRunZ
Step 10
To test CRL configuration for the current trustpoint, use the crypto ca crl request command. This
command retrieves the current CRL from the CA represented by the trustpoint you specify.
Step 11
Save the running configuration. Enter the write memory command.
Exporting and Importing Trustpoints

You can export and import keypairs and issued certificates associated with a trustpoint configuration.
The security appliance supports PKCS12 format for the export and import of trustpoints.
Exporting a Trustpoint Configuration, page 30-14
Importing a Trustpoint Configuration, page 30-14
Exporting a Trustpoint Configuration

To export a trustpoint configuration with all associated keys and certificates in PKCS12 format, use the
crypto ca export command. The security appliance displays the PKCS12 data in the terminal. You can
copy the data. The trustpoint data is password protected; however, if you save the trustpoint data in a file,
be sure the file is in a secure location.
The following example exports PKCS12 data for trustpoint Main using Wh0zits as the passphrase:
hostname (config)# crypto ca export Main pkcs12 Wh0zits
Exported pkcs12 follows:
[ PKCS12 data omitted ]
---End - This line not part of the pkcs12--hostname (config)#
Importing a Trustpoint Configuration

To import the keypairs and issued certificates associated with a trustpoint configuration, use the crypto
ca import pkcs12 command in global configuration mode. The security appliance prompts you to paste
the text to the terminal in base-64 format.
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The key pair imported with the trustpoint is assigned a label matching the name of the trustpoint you
create. For example, if an exported trustpoint used an RSA key labeled <Default-RSA-Key>, creating
trustpoint named Main by importing the PKCS12 creates a key pair named Main, not
<Default-RSA-Key>.
Note
If a security appliance has trustpoints that share the same CA, only one of the trustpoints sharing the CA
can be used to validate user certificates. The crypto ca import pkcs12 command can create this
situation. Use the support-user-cert-validation command to control which trustpoint sharing a CA is
used for validation of user certificates issued by that CA.
The following example manually imports PKCS12 data to the trustpoint Main with the passphrase
Wh0zits:
hostname (config)# crypto ca import Main pkcs12 Wh0zits
Enter the base 64 encoded pkcs12.
End with a blank line or the word "quit" on a line by itself:
[ PKCS12 data omitted ]
quit
INFO: Import PKCS12 operation completed successfully
hostname (config)#
Configuring CA Certificate Map Rules

You can configure rules based on the Issuer and Subject fields of a certificate. Using the rules you create,
you can map IPSec peer certificates to tunnel groups with the tunnel-group-map command. The
security appliance supports one CA certificate map, which can contain many rules. For more information
about using CA certificate map rules with tunnel groups, see the Creating a Certificate Group Matching
Rule and Policy section on page 23-10.
To configure a CA certificate map rule, perform the following steps:
Step 1
Enter CA certificate map configuration mode for the rule you want to configure. To do so, enter the
crypto ca certificate map command and specify the rule index number. The following example enters
CA certificate map mode for the rule with index number 1.
hostname(config)# crypto ca certificate map 1
hostname(config-ca-cert-map)#
Step 2
Use the issuer-name and subject-name commands to configure the rule. These commands specify tests
that the security appliance can apply to values found in the Issuer or Subject fields of certificates. The
tests can apply to specific attributes or to the whole of the Issuer or Subject fields. You can configure
many tests per rule, and all the tests you specify with these commands must be true for a rule to match
a certificate. Valid operators in the issuer-name and subject-name commands are as follows.
Operator
Meaning
eq
The field or attribute must be identical to the value given.
ne
The field or attribute cannot be identical to the value given.
co
Part or all of the field or attribute must match the value given.
nc
No part of the field or attribute can match the value given.

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For more information about the issuer-name and subject-name commands, see the Cisco Security
Appliance Command Reference.
The following example specifies that any attribute within the Issuer field must contain the string cisco.
hostname(config-ca-cert-map)# issuer-name co cisco
The following example specifies that within the Subject field an Organizational Unit attribute must
exactly match the string Engineering.
hostname(config-ca-cert-map)# subject-name attr ou eq Engineering
Map rules appear in the output of the show running-config command.

crypto ca certificate map 1
issuer-name co cisco
subject-name attr ou eq Engineering
Step 3
When you have finished configuring the map rule, save your work. Enter the write memory command.
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System Administration
C H A P T E R
31

This chapter describes how to access the security appliance for system management through Telnet,
SSH, and HTTPS. It also describes how to authenticate and authorize users and how to create login
banners.
Allowing Telnet Access, page 31-1
Allowing SSH Access, page 31-2
Configuring SSH Access, page 31-2
Using an SSH Client, page 31-3
Changing the Login Password, page 31-3
Allowing HTTPS Access for ASDM, page 31-4
Authenticating and Authorizing System Administrators, page 31-4
Configuring a Login Banner, page 31-16
Allowing Telnet Access

The security appliance allows Telnet connections to the security appliance for management purposes.
You cannot use Telnet to the lowest security interface unless you use Telnet inside an IPSec tunnel.
The security appliance allows a maximum of 5 concurrent Telnet connections per context, if available,
with a maximum of 100 connections divided between all contexts.
To configure Telnet access to the security appliance, follow these steps:
Step 1
To identify the IP addresses from which the security appliance accepts connections, enter the following
command for each address or subnet:
hostname(config)# telnet source_IP_address mask source_interface
If there is only one interface, you can configure Telnet to access that interface as long as the interface
has a security level of 100.
Step 2
(Optional) To set the duration for how long a Telnet session can be idle before the security appliance
disconnects the session, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# telnet timeout minutes

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Allowing SSH Access
Set the timeout from 1 to 1440 minutes. The default is 5 minutes. The default duration is too short in
most cases and should be increased until all pre-production testing and troubleshooting has been
completed.
For example, to let a host on the inside interface with an address of 192.168.1.2 access the security
appliance, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# telnet 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.255 inside
hostname(config)# telnet timeout 30
To allow all users on the 192.168.3.0 network to access the security appliance on the inside interface,
hostname(config)# telnet 192.168.3.0 255.255.255.0 inside
Allowing SSH Access

The security appliance allows SSH connections to the security appliance for management purposes. The
security appliance allows a maximum of 5 concurrent SSH connections per context, if available, with a
maximum of 100 connections divided between all contexts.
SSH is an application running on top of a reliable transport layer, such as TCP/IP, that provides strong
authentication and encryption capabilities. The security appliance supports the SSH remote shell
functionality provided in SSH Versions 1 and 2 and supports DES and 3DES ciphers.
Note
XML management over SSL and SSH are not supported in PIX Version 7.0 and 7.0.
Configuring SSH Access, page 31-2
Using an SSH Client, page 31-3
Configuring SSH Access

To configure SSH access to the security appliance, follow these steps:
Step 1
To generate an RSA key pair, which is required for SSH, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# crypto key generate rsa modulus modulus_size
The modulus (in bits) is 512, 768, 1024, or 2048. The larger the key modulus size you specify, the longer
it takes to generate an RSA. We recommend a value of 1024.
Step 2
To save the RSA keys to persistent Flash memory, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# write mem
Step 3
To identify the IP addresses from which the security appliance accepts connections, enter the following
command for each address or subnet:
hostname(config)# ssh source_IP_address mask source_interface
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Allowing SSH Access
The security appliance accepts SSH connections from all interfaces, including the one with the lowest
security level.
Step 4
(Optional) To set the duration for how long an SSH session can be idle before the security appliance
disconnects the session, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# ssh timeout minutes
Set the timeout from 1 to 60 minutes. The default is 5 minutes. The default duration is too short in most
cases and should be increased until all pre-production testing and troubleshooting has been completed.
For example, to generate RSA keys and let a host on the inside interface with an address of 192.168.1.2
access the security appliance, enter the following command:
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
crypto key generate rsa modulus 1024

write mem
ssh 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.255 inside
ssh 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.255 inside
ssh timeout 30
To allow all users on the 192.168.3.0 network to access the security appliance on the inside interface,
hostname(config)# ssh 192.168.3.0 255.255.255.0 inside
By default SSH allows both version one and version two. To specify the version number enter the
following command:
hostname(config)# ssh version version_number
The version_number can be 1 or 2.
Using an SSH Client

To gain access to the security appliance console using SSH, at the SSH client enter the username pix and
enter the login password set by the password command (see the Changing the Login Password section
on page 31-3).
When starting an SSH session, a dot (.) displays on the security appliance console before the SSH user
authentication prompt appears, as follows:
hostname(config)# .
The display of the dot does not affect the functionality of SSH. The dot appears at the console when
generating a server key or decrypting a message using private keys during SSH key exchange before user
authentication occurs. These tasks can take up to two minutes or longer. The dot is a progress indicator
that verifies that the security appliance is busy and has not hung.
Changing the Login Password

The login password is used for Telnet and SSH connections. By default, the login password is cisco.
To change the password, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# {passwd | password} password
You can enter passwd or password. The password is a case-sensitive password of up to 16 alphanumeric
and special characters. You can use any character in the password except a question mark or a space.

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The password is saved in the configuration in encrypted form, so you cannot view the original password
after you enter it. Use the no password command to restore the password to the default setting.

To use ASDM, you need to enable the HTTPS server, and allow HTTPS connections to the security
appliance. All of these tasks are completed if you use the setup command. This section describes how
to manually configure ASDM access.
The security appliance allows a maximum of 5 concurrent ASDM instances per context, if available,
with a maximum of 32 ASDM instances between all contexts.
Note
WebVPN and ASDM administration cannot be enabled on the same interface. If you enable WebVPN
on an interface, then that interface cannot be used for ASDM.
To configure ASDM access, follow these steps:
Step 1
To identify the IP addresses from which the security appliance accepts HTTPS connections, enter the
following command for each address or subnet:
hostname(config)# http source_IP_address mask source_interface
Step 2
To enable the HTTPS server, enter the following command:

hostname(config)# http server enable
Step 3
To specify the location of the ASDM image, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# asdm image disk0:/asdmfile
For example, to enable the HTTPS server and let a host on the inside interface with an address of
192.168.1.2 access ASDM, enter the following commands:
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
crypto key generate rsa modulus 1024

write mem
http server enable
http 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.255 inside
To allow all users on the 192.168.3.0 network to access ASDM on the inside interface, enter the
following command:
hostname(config)# http 192.168.3.0 255.255.255.0 inside
Authenticating and Authorizing System Administrators

This section describes how to enable authentication and command authorization for system
administrators. Before you configure AAA for system administrators, first configure the local database
or AAA server according to Chapter 10, AAA Server and Local Database Support.
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Configuring Authentication for CLI Access, page 31-5
Configuring Authentication To Access Privileged EXEC Mode, page 31-5
Configuring Command Authorization, page 31-7
Configuring Authentication for CLI Access

If you enable CLI authentication, the security appliance prompts you for your username and password
to log in. After you enter your information, you have access to user EXEC mode.
To enter privileged EXEC mode, enter the enable command or the login command (if you are using the
local database only).
If you configure enable authentication (see the Configuring Authentication for the Enable Command
section on page 31-6), the security appliance prompts you for your username and password. If you do
not configure enable authentication, enter the system enable password when you enter the enable
command (set by the enable password command). However, if you do not use enable authentication,
after you enter the enable command, you are no longer logged in as a particular user. To maintain your
username, use enable authentication.
For authentication using the local database, you can use the login command, which maintains the
username but requires no configuration to turn on authentication.
Note
Before the security appliance can authenticate a Telnet, SSH, or HTTP user, you must first configure
access to the security appliance using the telnet, ssh, and http commands. These commands identify the
IP addresses that are allowed to communicate with the security appliance.
To authenticate users who access the CLI, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# aaa authentication {telnet | ssh | http | serial} console {LOCAL |
server_group [LOCAL]}
The http keyword authenticates the ASDM client that accesses the security appliance using HTTPS. You
only need to configure HTTP authentication if you want to use a RADIUS or TACACS+ server. By
default, ASDM uses the local database for authentication even if you do not configure this command.
If you use a TACACS+ or RADIUS server group for authentication, you can configure the security
appliance to use the local database as a fallback method if the AAA server is unavailable. Specify the
server group name followed by LOCAL (LOCAL is case sensitive). We recommend that you use the
same username and password in the local database as the AAA server because the security appliance
prompt does not give any indication which method is being used.
You can alternatively use the local database as your main method of authentication (with no fallback) by
entering LOCAL alone.
Configuring Authentication To Access Privileged EXEC Mode

You can configure the security appliance to authenticate users with a AAA server or the local database
when they enter the enable command. Alternatively, users are automatically authenticated with the local
database when they enter the login command, which also accesses privileged EXEC mode depending on
the user level in the local database.

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Configuring Authentication for the Enable Command, page 31-6
Authenticating Users Using the Login Command, page 31-6
Configuring Authentication for the Enable Command

You can configure the security appliance to authenticate users when they enter the enable command. If
you do not authenticate the enable command, when you enter enable, the security appliance prompts for
the system enable password (set by the enable password command), and you are no longer logged in as
a particular user. Applying authentication to the enable command maintains the username. This feature
is particularly useful when you perform command authorization, where usernames are important to
determine the commands a user can enter.
To authenticate users who enter the enable command, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# aaa authentication enable console {LOCAL | server_group [LOCAL]}
The user is prompted for the username and password.

If you use a TACACS+ or RADIUS server group for authentication, you can configure the security
appliance to use the local database as a fallback method if the AAA server is unavailable. Specify the
server group name followed by LOCAL (LOCAL is case sensitive). We recommend that you use the
same username and password in the local database as the AAA server because the security appliance
prompt does not give any indication which method is being used.
You can alternatively use the local database as your main method of authentication (with no fallback) by
entering LOCAL alone.
Authenticating Users Using the Login Command

From user EXEC mode, you can log in as any username in the local database using the login command.
This feature allows users to log in with their own username and password to access privileged EXEC
mode, so you do not have to give out the system enable password to everyone. To allow users to access
privileged EXEC mode (and all commands) when they log in, set the user privilege level to 2 (the default)
through 15. If you configure local command authorization, then the user can only enter commands
assigned to that privilege level or lower. See the Configuring Local Command Authorization section
on page 31-7 for more information.
Caution
If you add users to the local database who can gain access to the CLI and whom you do not want to enter
privileged EXEC mode, you should configure command authorization. Without command authorization,
users can access privileged EXEC mode (and all commands) at the CLI using their own password if their
privilege level is 2 or greater (2 is the default). Alternatively, you can use RADIUS or TACACS+
authentication, or you can set all local users to level 1 so you can control who can use the system enable
password to access privileged EXEC mode.
To log in as a user from the local database, enter the following command:
hostname> login
The security appliance prompts for your username and password. After you enter your password, the
security appliance places you in the privilege level that the local database specifies.
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Configuring Command Authorization

By default when you log in, you can access user EXEC mode, which offers only minimal commands.
When you enter the enable command (or the login command when you use the local database), you can
access privileged EXEC mode and advanced commands, including configuration commands. If you want
to control the access to commands, the security appliance lets you configure command authorization,
where you can determine which commands that are available to a user.
Command Authorization Overview, page 31-7
Configuring Local Command Authorization, page 31-7
Configuring TACACS+ Command Authorization, page 31-11
Command Authorization Overview

You can use one of two command authorization methods:
Note
Local databaseConfigure the command privilege levels on the security appliance. When a local
user authenticates with the enable command (or logs in with the login command), the security
appliance places that user in the privilege level that is defined by the local database. The user can
then access commands at the users privilege level and below.
You can use local command authorization without any users in the local database and without
CLI or enable authentication. Instead, when you enter the enable command, you enter the
system enable password, and the security appliance places you in level 15. You can then create
enable passwords for every level, so that when you enter enable n (2 to 15), the security
appliance places you in level n. These levels are not used unless you turn on local command
authorization (see Configuring Local Command Authorization below). (See the
Cisco Security Appliance Command Reference for more information about enable.)
TACACS+ serverOn the TACACS+ server, configure the commands that a user or group can use
after they authenticate for CLI access. Every command that a user enters at the CLI is checked with
the TACACS+ server.
Configuring Local Command Authorization

Local command authorization places each user at a privilege level, and each user can enter any command
at their privilege level or below. The security appliance lets you assign commands to one of 16 privilege
levels (0 to 15). By default, each command is assigned either to privilege level 0 or 15.
Local Command Authorization Prerequisites, page 31-8
Default Command Privilege Levels, page 31-8
Assigning Privilege Levels to Commands and Enabling Authorization, page 31-8
Viewing Command Privilege Levels, page 31-10

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Local Command Authorization Prerequisites

Complete the following tasks as part of your command authorization configuration:
Configure enable authentication. (See the Configuring Authentication To Access Privileged EXEC
Mode section on page 31-5.)
Alternatively, you can use the login command (which is the same as the enable command with
authentication), which requires no configuration. We do not recommend this option because it is not
as secure as enable authentication.
You can also use CLI authentication, but it is not required.
Configure each user in the local database at a privilege level from 0 to 15.
Default Command Privilege Levels

By default, the following commands are assigned to privilege level 0. All other commands are at
level 15.
show checksum
show curpriv
enable (enable mode)
help
show history
login
logout
pager
show pager
clear pager
quit
show version
If you move any configure mode commands to a lower level than 15, be sure to move the configure
command to that level as well, otherwise, the user will not be able to enter configuration mode.
To view all privilege levels, see the Viewing Command Privilege Levels section on page 31-10.
Assigning Privilege Levels to Commands and Enabling Authorization

To assign a command to a new privilege level, and enable authorization, follow these steps:
Step 1
To assign a command to a privilege level, enter the following command:

hostname(config)# privilege [show | clear | cmd] level level [mode {enable | cmd}] command
command
Repeat this command for each command you want to reassign.
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See the following information about the options in this command:
show | clear | cmdThese optional keywords let you set the privilege only for the show, clear, or
configure form of the command. The configure form of the command is typically the form that
causes a configuration change, either as the unmodified command (without the show or clear prefix)
or as the no form. If you do not use one of these keywords, all forms of the command are affected.
level levelA level between 0 and 15.
mode {enable | configure}If a command can be entered in user EXEC/privileged EXEC mode as
well as configuration mode, and the command performs different actions in each mode, you can set
the privilege level for these modes separately:
enableSpecifies both user EXEC mode and privileged EXEC mode.
configureSpecifies configuration mode, accessed using the configure terminal command.
command commandThe command you are configuring. You can only configure the privilege
level of the main command. For example, you can configure the level of all aaa commands, but not
the level of the aaa authentication command and the aaa authorization command separately.
Also, you cannot configure the privilege level of subcommands separately from the main command.
For example, you can configure the context command, but not the allocate-interface command,
which inherits the settings from the context command.
Step 2
To enable local command authorization, enter the following command:

hostname(config)# aaa authorization command LOCAL
Even if you set command privilege levels, command authorization does not take place unless you enable
command authorization with this command.
For example, the filter command has the following forms:
filter (represented by the configure option)
show running-config filter
clear configure filter
You can set the privilege level separately for each form, or set the same privilege level for all forms by
omitting this option. For example, set each form separately as follows.
hostname(config)# privilege show level 5 command filter
hostname(config)# privilege clear level 10 command filter
hostname(config)# privilege cmd level 10 command filter
Alternatively, you can set all filter commands to the same level:
hostname(config)# privilege level 5 command filter
The show privilege command separates the forms in the display.

The following example shows the use of the mode keyword. The enable command must be entered from
user EXEC mode, while the enable password command, which is accessible in configuration mode,
requires the highest privilege level.
hostname(config)# privilege cmd level 0 mode enable command enable
hostname(config)# privilege cmd level 15 mode cmd command enable
hostname(config)# privilege show level 15 mode cmd command enable

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This example shows an additional command, the configure command, that uses the mode keyword:
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
Note
privilege
privilege
privilege
privilege
show level 5 mode cmd command configure

clear level 15 mode cmd command configure
cmd level 15 mode cmd command configure
cmd level 15 mode enable command configure
This last line is for the configure terminal command.
Viewing Command Privilege Levels

The following commands let you view privilege levels for commands.
To show all commands, enter the following command:

hostname(config)# show running-config all privilege all
To show commands for a specific level, enter the following command:

hostname(config)# show running-config privilege level level
The level is an integer between 0 and 15.
To show the level of a specific command, enter the following command:

hostname(config)# show running-config privilege command command
For example, for the show running-config all privilege all command, the system displays the current
assignment of each CLI command to a privilege level. The following is sample output from the
command.
hostname(config)# show running-config all privilege all
privilege show level 15 command aaa
privilege clear level 15 command aaa
privilege configure level 15 command aaa
privilege show level 15 command aaa-server
privilege clear level 15 command aaa-server
privilege configure level 15 command aaa-server
privilege show level 15 command access-group
privilege clear level 15 command access-group
privilege configure level 15 command access-group
privilege show level 15 command access-list
privilege clear level 15 command access-list
privilege configure level 15 command access-list
privilege show level 15 command activation-key
privilege configure level 15 command activation-key
....
The following command displays the command assignments for privilege level 10:
hostname(config)# show running-config privilege level 10
privilege show level 10 command aaa
The following command displays the command assignment for the access-list command:
hostname(config)# show running-config privilege command access-list
privilege show level 15 command access-list
privilege clear level 15 command access-list
privilege configure level 15 command access-list
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Configuring TACACS+ Command Authorization

If you enable TACACS+ command authorization, and a user enters a command at the CLI, the security
appliance sends the command and username to the TACACS+ server to determine if the command is
authorized.
When configuring command authorization with a TACACS+ server, do not save your configuration until
you are sure it works the way you want. If you get locked out because of a mistake, you can usually
recover access by restarting the security appliance. If you still get locked out, see the Recovering from
a Lockout section on page 31-15.
Be sure that your TACACS+ system is completely stable and reliable. The necessary level of reliability
typically requires that you have a fully redundant TACACS+ server system and fully redundant
connectivity to the security appliance. For example, in your TACACS+ server pool, include one server
connected to interface 1, and another to interface 2. You can also configure local command authorization
as a fallback method if the TACACS+ server is unavailable. In this case, you need to configure local users
and command privilege levels according to the Configuring Command Authorization section on
page 31-7.
TACACS+ Command Authorization Prerequisites, page 31-11
Configuring Commands on the TACACS+ Server, page 31-11
Enabling TACACS+ Command Authorization, page 31-14
TACACS+ Command Authorization Prerequisites

Complete the following tasks as part of your command authorization configuration:
Configure CLI authentication (see the Configuring Local Command Authorization section on
page 31-7).
Configure enable authentication (see the Configuring Authentication To Access Privileged EXEC
Mode section on page 31-5).
Configuring Commands on the TACACS+ Server

You can configure commands on a Cisco Secure Access Control Server (ACS) TACACS+ server as a
shared profile component, for a group, or for individual users. For third-party TACACS+ servers, see
your server documentation for more information about command authorization support.
See the following guidelines for configuring commands in Cisco Secure ACS Version 3.1; many of these
guidelines also apply to third-party servers:
Note
The security appliance sends the commands to be authorized as shell commands, so configure the
commands on the TACACS+ server as shell commands.
Cisco Secure ACS might include a command type called pix-shell. Do not use this type for
security appliance command authorization.
The first word of the command is considered to be the main command. All additional words are
considered to be arguments, which need to be preceded by permit or deny.
For example, to allow the show running-configuration aaa-server command, add show
running-configuration to the command box, and type permit aaa-server in the arguments box.

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You can permit all arguments of a command that you do not explicitly deny by selecting the Permit
Unmatched Args check box.
For example, you can configure just the show command, and then all the show commands are
allowed. We recommend using this method so that you do not have to anticipate every variant of a
command, including abbreviations and ?, which shows CLI usage (see Figure 31-1).
Figure 31-1
For commands that are a single word, you must permit unmatched arguments, even if there are no
arguments for the command, for example enable or help (see Figure 31-2).
Figure 31-2
Permitting All Related Commands
Permitting Single Word Commands
To disallow some arguments, enter the arguments preceded by deny.

For example, to allow enable, but not enable password, enter enable in the commands box, and
deny password in the arguments box. Be sure to select the Permit Unmatched Args check box so
that enable alone is still allowed (see Figure 31-3).
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Figure 31-3
Disallowing Arguments
When you abbreviate a command at the command line, the security appliance expands the prefix and
main command to the full text, but it sends additional arguments to the TACACS+ server as you
enter them.
For example, if you enter sh log, then the security appliance sends the entire command to the
TACACS+ server, show logging. However, if you enter sh log mess, then the security appliance
sends show logging mess to the TACACS+ server, and not the expanded command show logging
message. You can configure multiple spellings of the same argument to anticipate abbreviations (see
Figure 31-4).
Figure 31-4
Specifying Abbreviations
We recommend that you allow the following basic commands for all users:
show checksum
show curpriv
enable
help
show history
login
logout
pager

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show pager
clear pager
quit
show version
Enabling TACACS+ Command Authorization

Before you enable TACACS+ command authorization, be sure that you are logged into the security
appliance as a user that is defined on the TACACS+ server, and that you have the necessary command
authorization to continue configuring the security appliance. For example, you should log in as an admin
user with all commands authorized. Otherwise, you could become unintentionally locked out.
To perform command authorization using a TACACS+ server, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# aaa authorization command tacacs+_server_group [LOCAL]
You can configure the security appliance to use the local database as a fallback method if the TACACS+
server is unavailable. To enable fallback, specify the server group name followed by LOCAL (LOCAL
is case sensitive). We recommend that you use the same username and password in the local database as
the TACACS+ server because the security appliance prompt does not give any indication which method
is being used. Be sure to configure users in the local database (see the Configuring Command
Authorization section on page 31-7) and command privilege levels (see the Configuring Local
Command Authorization section on page 31-7).
Viewing the Current Logged-In User

To view the current logged-in user, enter the following command:
hostname# show curpriv
See the following sample show curpriv command output. A description of each field follows.
hostname# show curpriv
Username : admin
Current privilege level : 15
Current Mode/s : P_PRIV
Table 31-1 describes the show curpriv command output.

Table 31-1
show curpriv Display Description
Field
Description
Username
Username. If you are logged in as the default user, the name is enable_1 (user
EXEC) or enable_15 (privileged EXEC).
Current privilege level Level from 0 to 15. Unless you configure local command authorization and
assign commands to intermediate privilege levels, levels 0 and 15 are the only
levels that are used.
Current Mode/s
Shows the access modes:
P_UNPRUser EXEC mode (levels 0 and 1)
P_PRIVPrivileged EXEC mode (levels 2 to 15)
P_CONFConfiguration mode
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Recovering from a Lockout

In some circumstances, when you turn on command authorization or CLI authentication, you can be
locked out of the security appliance CLI. You can usually recover access by restarting the security
appliance. However, if you already saved your configuration, you might be locked out. Table 31-2 lists
the common lockout conditions and how you might recover from them.
Table 31-2
CLI Authentication and Command Authorization Lockout Scenarios
Feature
Lockout Condition Description
Local CLI
authentication
No users in the
local database
If you have no users in Log in and reset the

the local database, you passwords and aaa
cannot log in, and you commands.
cannot add any users.
TACACS+
command
authorization
Server down or
unreachable and
you do not have
the fallback
method
configured
If the server is
unreachable, then you
cannot log in or enter
any commands.
TACACS+ CLI
authentication
RADIUS CLI
authentication
You enable command

authorization, but then
find that the user
cannot enter any more
commands.
Workaround: Single Mode
1.
Log in and reset the

passwords and AAA
commands.
2.
Configure the local

database as a fallback
method so you do not
get locked out when the
server is down.
TACACS+
command
authorization
You are logged in

as a user without
enough privileges
or as a user that
does not exist
Fix the TACACS+ server

user account.
Local command
authorization
You are logged in You enable command Log in and reset the
as a user without authorization, but then passwords and aaa
enough privileges find that the user
commands.
cannot enter any more
commands.
If you do not have access to

the TACACS+ server and
you need to configure the
security appliance
immediately, then log into
the maintenance partition
and reset the passwords and
aaa commands.
Workaround: Multiple Mode

Session into the security
appliance from the switch.
From the system execution
space, you can change to the
context and add a user.
1.
If the server is
unreachable because the
network configuration
is incorrect on the
security appliance,
session into the security
appliance from the
switch. From the system
execution space, you
can change to the
context and reconfigure
your network settings.
2.
Configure the local

database as a fallback
method so you do not
get locked out when the
server is down.

context and complete the
configuration changes. You
can also disable command
authorization until you fix
the TACACS+
configuration.
context and change the user
level.

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You can configure a message to display when a user connects to the security appliance, before a user
logs in, or before a user enters privileged EXEC mode.
To configure a login banner, enter the following command in the system execution space or within a
context:
hostname(config)# banner {exec | login | motd} text
Adds a banner to display at one of three times: when a user first connects (message-of-the-day (motd)),
when a user logs in (login), and when a user accesses privileged EXEC mode (exec). When a user
connects to the security appliance, the message-of-the-day banner appears first, followed by the login
banner and prompts. After the user successfully logs in to the security appliance, the exec banner
displays.
For the banner text, spaces are allowed but tabs cannot be entered using the CLI. You can dynamically
add the hostname or domain name of the security appliance by including the strings $(hostname) and
$(domain). If you configure a banner in the system configuration, you can use that banner text within a
context by using the $(system) string in the context configuration.
To add more than one line, precede each line by the banner command.
For example, to add a message-of-the-day banner, enter:
hostname(config)# banner motd Welcome to $(hostname).
hostname(config)# banner motd Contact me at admin@example.com for any
hostname(config)# banner motd issues.
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32
Managing Software, Licenses, and

Configurations
This chapter contains information about managing the security appliance software, licenses, and
configurations, and includes the following sections:
Managing Licenses, page 32-1
Viewing Files in Flash Memory, page 32-2
Retrieving Files from Flash Memory, page 32-3
Downloading Files to Flash Memory from a Server, page 32-3
Configuring the Application Image and ASDM Image to Boot, page 32-5
Performing Zero Downtime Upgrades for Failover Pairs, page 32-5
Downloading and Backing Up Configuration Files, page 32-7
Configuring Auto Update Support, page 32-11
Managing Licenses
When you install the software, the existing activation key is extracted from the original image and stored
in a file in the security appliance file system.
Obtaining an Activation Key

To obtain an activation key, you will need a Product Authorization Key, which you can purchase from
your Cisco account representative. After obtaining the Product Authorization Key, register it on the Web
to obtain an activation key by performing the following steps:
Step 1
Obtain the serial number for your security appliance by entering the following command:
hostname> show version | include Number
Enter the pipe character (|) as part of the command.

Step 2
Connect a web browser to one of the following websites (the URLs are case-sensitive):
Use the following website if you are a registered user of Cisco.com:

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http://www.cisco.com/go/license
Use the following website if you are not a registered user of Cisco.com:
http://www.cisco.com/go/license/public
Step 3
Enter the following information, when prompted:
Your Product Authorization Key.
The serial number of your security appliance.
Your email address.
The activation key will be automatically generated and sent to the email address that you provide.
Entering a New Activation Key

To enter the activation key, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# activation-key key
The key is a four or five-element hexadecimal string with one space between each element. For example,
a key in the correct form might look like the following key:
0xe02888da 0x4ba7bed6 0xf1c123ae 0xffd8624e
The leading 0x specifier is optional; all values are assumed to be hexadecimal.
If you are already in multiple context mode, enter this command in the system execution space.
Before entering the activation key, ensure that the image in Flash memory and the running image are the
same. You can do this by rebooting the security appliance before entering the new activation key.
Note
The activation key is not stored in your configuration file. The key is tied to the serial number of the
device.
You must reboot the security appliance after entering the new activation key for the change to take effect
in the running image.
This example shows how to change the activation key on the security appliance:
hostname(config)# activation-key 0xe02888da 0x4ba7bed6 0xf1c123ae 0xffd8624e

You can view files in Flash memory and see information about the files.
To view the files in Flash memory, enter the following command:

hostname# dir [flash: | disk0: | disk1:]
The flash: keyword represents the internal Flash memory on the PIX 500 series security appliance.
You can enter flash: or disk0: for the internal Flash memory on the ASA 5500 series adaptive
security appliance. The disk1: keyword represents the external Flash memory on the ASA. The
internal Flash memory is the default.
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For example:
hostname# dir
Directory of
500
-rw2513
-rw2788
-rw2927
-rw-
disk0:/
4958208
4634
21601
8670632
22:56:20
19:32:48
20:51:46
20:42:48
Nov
Sep
Nov
Dec
29
17
23
08
2004
2004
2004
2004
cdisk.bin
first-backup
backup.cfg
asdmfile.bin
To view extended information about a specific file, enter the following command:
hostname# show file information [path:/]filename
The default path is the root directory of the internal Flash memory (flash:/ or disk0:/).
For example:
hostname# show file information cdisk.bin
disk0:/cdisk.bin:
type is image (XXX) []
file size is 4976640 bytes version 7.0(1)
The file size listed is for example only.

You can retrieve files directly from the Flash disk by using an HTTPS connection with the following
URL, in which you supply values for the ASA IP address and the filename:
https://ASA_IP/disk0/filename
This option is useful for customers who wish to do the following:
Copyfrom the ASA binary image (as a backup).
Copy from WebVPN capture files.
Copy any other Flash files to a secure desktop.

You can download application images, ASDM images, and configuration files to the internal Flash
memory or, for the ASA 5500 series adaptive security appliance, to the external Flash memory from a
TFTP, FTP, HTTP, or HTTPS server.
To copy configuration files to the startup or running configuration, see the Downloading and Backing
Up Configuration Files section on page 32-7.
To configure the security appliance to use a specific application image or ASDM image if you have more
than one installed, or have installed them in external Flash memory see the Configuring the Application
Image and ASDM Image to Boot section on page 32-5.
Ensure Network Access to the Server section on page 32-4
Downloading Files section on page 32-4

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Ensure Network Access to the Server

Make sure you have network access to the server:
For single context mode, configure any interface, its IP address, and any static routes required to
reach the server. See the Configuring Interfaces section on page 28-2 and then Chapter 8,
Configuring IP Routing and DHCP Services.
For multiple context mode, you must first add the admin context and configure interfaces, IP
addresses, and routing to provide network access. See the Configuring a Security Context section
on page 5-1, and then the Configuring Interfaces section on page 28-2 and Chapter 8,
To check connectivity, use the ping command.
Downloading Files
For multiple context mode, you must be in the system execution space.
To download a file to Flash memory, see the following commands for each download server type:
To copy from a TFTP server, enter the following command:

hostname# copy tftp://server[/path]/filename {flash:/ | disk0:/ |
disk1:/}[path/]filename
The flash:/ keyword represents the internal Flash memory on the PIX 500 series security appliance.
You can enter flash:/ or disk0:/ for the internal Flash memory on the ASA 5500 series adaptive
security appliance. The disk1:/ keyword represents the external Flash memory on the ASA.
To copy from an FTP server, enter the following command:

hostname# copy ftp://[user[:password]@]server[/path]/filename[;type=xx] {flash:/ |
disk0:/ | disk1:/}[path/]filename

anASCII normal mode
Use binary for image files.
To copy from an HTTP or HTTPS server, enter the following command:

hostname# copy http[s]://
[user[:password]@]server[:port][/path]/filename {flash:/ | disk0:/ |
disk1:/}[path/]filename
To use secure copy, first enable SSH, then enter the following command:
hostname# ssh scopy enable
Then from a Linux client enter the following command:

scp -v -pw password filename username@asa_address
The -v is for verbose, and if -pw is not specified you will be prompted for a password.
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By default, the security appliance boots the first application image it finds in internal Flash memory. It
also boots the first ASDM image it finds in internal Flash memory, or of none exists there, then in
external Flash memory. If you have more than one image, you should specify the image you want to boot.
In the case of the ASDM image, if you do not specify the image to boot, even if you have only one image
installed, then the security appliance inserts the asdm image command into the running configuration.
To avoid problems with Auto Update (if configured), and to avoid the image search at each startup, you
should specify the ASDM image you want to boot in the startup configuration.
To configure the application image to boot, enter the following command:

hostname(config)# boot system url
where url is one of the following:

{flash:/ | disk0:/ | disk1:/}[path/]filename
The flash:/ keyword represents the internal Flash memory on the PIX 500 series security
appliance. You can enter flash:/ or disk0:/ for the internal Flash memory on the ASA 5500
series adaptive security appliance. The disk1:/ keyword represents the external Flash memory
on the ASA.
tftp://[user[:password]@]server[:port]/[path/]filename
This option is only supported for the ASA 5500 series adaptive security appliance.
You can enter up to four boot system command entries, to specify different images to boot from in
order; the security appliance boots the first image it finds. Only one boot system tftp: command can
be configured, and it must be the first one configured.
To configure the ASDM image to boot, enter the following command:

hostname(config)# asdm image {flash:/ | disk0:/ | disk1:/}[path/]filename
Performing Zero Downtime Upgrades for Failover Pairs

The two units in a failover configuration should have the same major (first number) and minor (second
number) software version. However, you do not need to maintain version parity on the units during the
upgrade process; you can have different versions on the software running on each unit and still maintain
failover support. To ensure long-term compatibility and stability, we recommend upgrading both units
to the same version as soon as possible.
Table 32-1 shows the supported scenarios for performing zero-downtime upgrades on a failover pair.

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Performing Zero Downtime Upgrades for Failover Pairs
Table 32-1
Zero-Downtime Upgrade Support
Type of Upgrade
Support
Maintenance Release
You can upgrade from any maintenance release to any other

maintenance release within a minor release.
For example, you can upgrade from 7.0(1) to 7.0(4) without first
installing the maintenance releases in between.
Minor Release
You can upgrade from a minor release to the next minor release. You
cannot skip a minor release.
For example, you can upgrade from 7.0 to 7.1. Upgrading from 7.0
directly to 7.2 is not supported for zero-downtime upgrades; you must
first upgrade to 7.1.
Major Release
You can upgrade from the last minor release of the previous version to
the next major release.
For example, you can upgrade from 7.9 to 8.0, assuming that 7.9 is the
last minor version in the 7.x release.
For more details about upgrading the software on a failover pair, refer to the following topics:
Upgrading an Active/Standby Failover Configuration, page 32-6
Upgrading and Active/Active Failover Configuration, page 32-7
Upgrading an Active/Standby Failover Configuration

To upgrade two units in an Active/Standby failover configuration, perform the following steps:
Step 1
Download the new software to both units, and specify the new image to load with the boot system
command (see the Configuring the Application Image and ASDM Image to Boot section on
page 32-5).
Step 2
Reload the standby unit to boot the new image by entering the following command on the active unit:
active# failover reload-standby
Step 3
When the standby unit has finished reloading, and is in the Standby Ready state, force the active unit to
fail over to the standby unit by entering the following command on the active unit.
Note
Use the show failover command to verify that the standby unit is in the Standby Ready state.
active# no failover active
Step 4
Reload the former active unit (now the new standby unit) by entering the following command:
newstandby# reload
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Downloading and Backing Up Configuration Files
Step 5
When the new standby unit has finished reloading, and is in the Standby Ready state, return the original
active unit to active status by entering the following command:
newstandby# failover active
Upgrading and Active/Active Failover Configuration

To upgrade two units in an Active/Active failover configuration, perform the following steps:
Step 1
Download the new software to both units, and specify the new image to load with the boot system
command (see the Configuring the Application Image and ASDM Image to Boot section on
page 32-5).
Step 2
Make both failover groups active on the primary unit by entering the following command in the system
execution space of the primary unit:
primary# failover active
Step 3
Reload the secondary unit to boot the new image by entering the following command in the system
execution space of the primary unit:
primary# failover reload-standby
Step 4
When the secondary unit has finished reloading, and both failover groups are in the Standby Ready state
on that unit, make both failover groups active on the secondary unit using the following command in the
system execution space of the primary unit:
Note
Use the show failover command to verify that both failover groups are in the Standby Ready
state on the secondary unit.
primary# no failover active
Step 5
Make sure both failover groups are in the Standby Ready state on the primary unit, and then reload the
primary unit using the following command:
primary# reload
Step 6
If the failover groups are configured with the preempt command, they will automatically become active
on their designated unit after the preempt delay has passed. If the failover groups are not configured with
the preempt command, you can return them to active status on their designated units using the failover
active group command.

This section describes how to download and back up the startup and running configuration files, and also
how to back up context configuration files. This section includes the following topics:
Downloading a Text File to the Startup or Running Configuration, page 32-8
Configuring the File to Boot as the Startup Configuration, page 32-9

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Copying the Startup Configuration to the Running Configuration, page 32-9
Backing Up the Configuration, page 32-9
Downloading a Text File to the Startup or Running Configuration

You can download a text file from the following server types:
TFTP
FTP
HTTP
HTTPS
Make sure you have network access to the server:
For single context mode, configure any interface, its IP address, and any static routes required to
reach the server. See the Configuring Interfaces section on page 28-2 and then Chapter 8,
For multiple context mode, add the admin context and configure interfaces, IP addresses, and
routing to provide network access. See the Configuring a Security Context section on page 5-1,
and then the Configuring Interfaces section on page 28-2 and Chapter 8, Configuring IP Routing
and DHCP Services.
To check connectivity, use the ping command.

To copy the startup configuration or running configuration from the server to the security appliance,
enter one of the following commands for the appropriate download server.
Note
When you copy a configuration to the running configuration, you merge the two configurations. A merge
adds any new commands from the new configuration to the running configuration. If the configurations
are the same, no changes occur. If commands conflict or if commands affect the running of the context,
then the effect of the merge depends on the command. You might get errors, or you might have
unexpected results.
To copy from a TFTP server, enter the following command:

hostname# copy tftp://server[/path]/filename {startup-config | running-config}
To copy from an FTP server, enter the following command:

hostname# copy ftp://[user[:password]@]server[/path]/filename[;type=xx]
{startup-config | running-config}

anASCII normal mode
You can use ASCII or binary for configuration files.
To copy from an HTTP or HTTPS server, enter the following command:

hostname# copy http[s]://[user[:password]@]server[:port][/path]/filename
{startup-config | running-config}
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For example, to copy the configuration from a TFTP server, enter the following command:
hostname# copy tftp://209.165.200.226/configs/startup.cfg startup-config
To copy the configuration from an FTP server, enter the following command:
hostname# copy ftp://admin:letmein@209.165.200.227/configs/startup.cfg;type=an
startup-config
To copy the configuration from an HTTP server, enter the following command:
hostname# copy http://209.165.200.228/configs/startup.cfg startup-config
Configuring the File to Boot as the Startup Configuration

By default, the security appliance boots from a startup configuration that is a hidden file. You can
alternatively set any configuration to be the startup configuration by entering the following command:
hostname(config)# boot config {flash:/ | disk0:/ | disk1:/}[path/]filename
The flash:/ keyword represents the internal Flash memory on the PIX 500 series security appliance. You
can enter flash:/ or disk0:/ for the internal Flash memory on the ASA 5500 series adaptive security
appliance. The disk1:/ keyword represents the external Flash memory on the ASA.
Copying the Startup Configuration to the Running Configuration

Copy a new startup configuration to the running configuration using one of these options:
To merge the startup configuration with the current running configuration, enter the following
command:
hostname(config)# copy startup-config running-config
To load the startup configuration and discard the running configuration, restart the security
appliance by entering the following command:
hostname# reload
Alternatively, you can use the following commands to load the startup configuration and discard the
running configuration without requiring a reboot:
hostname/contexta(config)# clear configure all
hostname/contexta(config)# copy startup-config running-config
Backing Up the Configuration

To back up your configuration, copy it to an external server. Use one of the following methods:
Backing up the Single Mode or Multiple Mode System Configuration, page 32-10
Backing up a Context Configuration within the Context, page 32-10
Copying the Configuration from the Terminal Display, page 32-10

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Backing up the Single Mode or Multiple Mode System Configuration

In single context mode, or from the system configuration in multiple mode, you can copy the startup
configuration, running configuration, or any configuration file in Flash memory.
Enter one of the following commands for the appropriate backup server:
To copy to a TFTP server, enter the following command:

hostname# copy {startup-config | running-config | flashmem:/[path/]filename}
tftp://server[/path]/filename
where flashmem is flash, disk0, or disk1. The flash keyword represents the internal Flash memory
on the PIX 500 series security appliance. You can enter flash or disk0 for the internal Flash memory
on the ASA 5500 series adaptive security appliance. The disk1 keyword represents the external
Flash memory on the ASA.
To copy to an FTP server, enter the following command:

hostname# copy {startup-config | running-config | flashmem:/[path/]filename}
ftp://[user[:password]@]server[/path]/filename[;type=xx]

anASCII normal mode
Use ASCII or binary for configuration files (as in this case), and binary only for image files.
Backing up a Context Configuration within the Context

In multiple context mode, from within a context, you can perform the following backups:
To copy the running configuration to the startup configuration server (connected to the
admin context), enter the following command:
hostname/contexta# copy running-config startup-config
To copy the running configuration to a TFTP server connected to the context network, enter the
following command:
hostname/contexta# copy running-config tftp:/server[/path]/filename
Copying the Configuration from the Terminal Display

To print the configuration to the terminal, enter the following command:
hostname# show running-config
Copy the output from this command, then paste the configuration into a text file.
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Configuring Auto Update Support

Auto Update is a protocol specification that allows an Auto Update Server to download configurations
and software images to a many security appliances, and can provide basic monitoring of the security
appliances from a central location. The security appliance periodically polls the Auto Update Server for
updates to software images and configuration files.
Note
Auto Update is supported in single context mode only.

Configuring Communication with an Auto Update Server, page 32-11
Viewing Auto Update Status, page 32-12
Configuring Communication with an Auto Update Server

To configure Auto Update, perform the following steps:
Step 1
To specify the URL of the AUS, use the following command:

hostname(config)# auto-update server url [source interface] [verify-certificate]
Where url has the following syntax:

http[s]://[user:password@]server_ip[:port]/pathname
You can configure only one server. SSL is used when https is specified. The user and password
arguments of the URL are used for Basic Authentication when logging in to the server. If you use the
write terminal, show configuration or show tech-support commands to view the configuration, the
user and password are replaced with ********.
The default port is 80 for HTTP and 443 for HTTPS.
The source interface argument specifies which interface to use when sending requests to the AUS. If you
specify the same interface specified by the management-access command, the Auto Update requests
travel over the same IPSec VPN tunnel used for management access.
The verify-certificate keyword verifies the certificate returned by the AUS.
Step 2
(Optional) To identify the device ID to send when communicating with the AUS, enter the following
command:
hostname(config)# auto-update device-id {hardware-serial | hostname | ipaddress [if-name]
| mac-address [if-name] | string text}
The identifier used is determined by using one of the following parameters:
hardware-serialUse the security appliance serial number.
hostnameUse the security appliance hostname.
ipaddressUse the IP address of the specified interface. If the interface name is not specified, it
uses the IP address of the interface used to communicate with the AUS.
mac-addressUse the MAC address of the specified interface. If the interface name is not
specified, it uses the MAC address of the interface used to communicate with the AUS.

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Step 3
stringUse the specified text identifier, which cannot contain white space or the characters , , ,
>, & and ?.
(Optional) To specify how often to poll the AUS for configuration or image updates, enter the following
command:
hostname(config)# auto-update poll-period poll-period [retry-count [retry-period]]
The poll-period argument specifies how often (in minutes) to check for an update. The default is 720
minutes (12 hours).
The retry-count argument specifies how many times to try reconnecting to the server if the first attempt
fails. The default is 0.
The retry-period argument specifies how long to wait (in minutes) between retries. The default is 5.
Step 4
(Optional) If the Auto Update Server has not been contacted for a certain period of time, the following
command will cause it to cease passing traffic:
hostname(config)# auto-update timeout period
Where period specifies the timeout period in minutes between 1 and 35791. The default is to never time
out (0). To restore the default, enter the no form of this command.
Use this command to ensure that the security appliance has the most recent image and configuration.
This condition is reported with system log message 201008.
In the following example, a security appliance is configured to poll an AUS with IP address
209.165.200.224, at port number 1742, from the outside interface, with certificate verification.
It is also configured to use the hostname of the security appliance as the device ID, and the polling period
has been decreased from the default of 720 minutes to 600 minutes. On a failed polling attempt, it will
try to reconnect to the AUS 10 times, and wait 3 minutes between attempts at reconnecting.
hostname(config)# auto-update server
https://jcrichton:farscape@209.165.200.224:1742/management source outside
verify-certificate
hostname(config)# auto-update device-id hostname
hostname(config)# auto-update poll-period 600 10 3
Viewing Auto Update Status

To view the Auto Update status, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# show auto-update
The following is sample output from the show auto-update command:

hostname(config)# show auto-update
Server: https://********@209.165.200.224:1742/management.cgi?1276
Certificate will be verified
Poll period: 720 minutes, retry count: 2, retry period: 5 minutes
Timeout: none
Device ID: host name [corporate]
Next poll in 4.93 minutes
Last poll: 11:36:46 PST Tue Nov 13 2004
Last PDM update: 23:36:46 PST Tue Nov 12 2004
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This chapter describes how to monitor and troubleshoot the security appliance, and includes the
following sections:
Monitoring the Security Appliance, page 33-1
Troubleshooting the Security Appliance, page 33-4
Monitoring the Security Appliance

This section describes how to monitor the security appliance, and includes the following topics:
Using System Log Messages, page 33-1
Using SNMP, page 33-1
Using System Log Messages

The security appliance provides extensive system log messages. See the Cisco Security Appliance
Logging Configuration and System Log Messages to configure logging and to view system log message
descriptions.
Using SNMP
This section describes how to use SNMP and includes the following topics:
SNMP Overview, page 33-1
Enabling SNMP, page 33-3
SNMP Overview
The security appliance provides support for network monitoring using SNMP V1 and V2c. The security
appliance supports traps and SNMP read access, but does not support SNMP write access.
You can configure the security appliance to send traps (event notifications) to a network management
station (NMS), or you can use the NMS to browse the MIBs on the security appliance. MIBs are a
collection of definitions, and the security appliance maintains a database of values for each definition.
Browsing a MIB entails issuing an SNMP get request from the NMS. Use CiscoWorks for Windows or
any other SNMP V1, MIB-II compliant browser to receive SNMP traps and browse a MIB.

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Table 33-1 lists supported MIBs and traps for the security appliance and, in multiple mode, for each
context. You can download Cisco MIBs from the following website.
http://www.cisco.com/public/sw-center/netmgmt/cmtk/mibs.shtml
After you download the MIBs, compile them for your NMS.
Table 33-1
SNMP MIB and Trap Support
MIB or Trap Support
Description
SNMP core traps
The security appliance sends the following core SNMP traps:
MIB-II
authenticationAn SNMP request fails because the NMS did not

authenticate with the correct community string.
linkupAn interface has transitioned to the up state.
linkdownAn interface is down, for example, if you removed the

nameif command.
coldstartThe security appliance is running after a reload.
The security appliance supports browsing of the following groups and

tables:
IF-MIB
system
The security appliance supports browsing of the following tables:
RFC1213-MIB
ifTable
ifXTable
The security appliance supports browsing of the following table:
SNMPv2-MIB
The security appliance supports browsing the following:
ENTITY-MIB
ip.ipAddrTable
snmp
The security appliance supports browsing of the following groups and

tables:
entPhysicalTable
entLogicalTable
The security appliance supports browsing of the following traps:
CISCO-IPSEC-FLOW-MONITOR-MIB
snmp-server enable traps entity

{config-change|fru-insert|fru-remove}
The security appliance supports browsing of the MIB.

CISCO-REMOTE-ACCESS-MONITOR-MIB
snmp-server enable traps ipsec {start|stop}

snmp-server enable traps remote-access

{session-threshold-exceeded}
CISCO-CRYPTO-ACCELERATOR-MIB
ALTIGA-GLOBAL-REG
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Table 33-1
SNMP MIB and Trap Support (continued)
MIB or Trap Support
Description
Cisco Firewall MIB
The security appliance supports browsing of the following groups:
cfwSystem
The information is cfwSystem.cfwStatus, which relates to failover
status, pertains to the entire device and not just a single context.
Cisco Memory Pool MIB
Cisco Process MIB
ciscoMemoryPoolTableThe memory usage described in this table

applies only to the security appliance general-purpose processor, and
not to the network processors.
Cisco Syslog MIB
cpmCPUTotalTable
The security appliance supports the following trap:
clogMessageGenerated
You cannot browse this MIB.
Enabling SNMP
The SNMP agent that runs on the security appliance performs two functions:
Replies to SNMP requests from NMSs.
Sends traps (event notifications) to NMSs.
To enable the SNMP agent and identify an NMS that can connect to the security appliance, follow these
steps:
Step 1
To identify the IP address of the NMS that can connect to the security appliance, enter the following
command:
hostname(config)# snmp-server host interface_name ip_address [trap | poll] [community
text] [version 1 | 2c] [udp-port port]
Specify trap or poll if you want to limit the NMS to receiving traps only or browsing (polling) only. By
default, the NMS can use both functions.
SNMP traps are sent on UDP port 162 by default. You can change the port number using the udp-port
keyword.
Step 2
To specify the community string, enter the following command:

hostname(config)# snmp-server community key
The SNMP community string is a shared secret between the security appliance and the NMS. The key is
a case-sensitive value up to 32 characters in length. Spaces are not permitted.
Step 3
(Optional) To set the SNMP server location or contact information, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# snmp-server {contact | location} text
Step 4
To enable the security appliance to send traps to the NMS, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# snmp-server enable [traps [all | feature [trap1] [trap2]] [...]]

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Troubleshooting the Security Appliance
By default, SNMP core traps are enabled (snmp). If you do not enter a trap type in the command, syslog
is the default. To enable or disable all traps, enter the all option. For snmp, you can identify each trap
type separately. See Table 33-1 on page 33-2 for a list of traps.
Step 5
To enable system messages to be sent as traps to the NMS, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# logging history level
You must also enable syslog traps using the preceding snmp-server enable traps command.
Step 6
To enable logging, so system messages are generated and can then be sent to an NMS, enter the following
command:
hostname(config)# logging on
The following example sets the security appliance to receive requests from host 192.168.3.2 on the inside
interface.
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
snmp-server
snmp-server
snmp-server
snmp-server
host 192.168.3.2
location building 42
contact Pat lee
community ohwhatakeyisthee

This section describes how to troubleshoot the security appliance, and includes the following topics:
Testing Your Configuration, page 33-4
Reloading the Security Appliance, page 33-9
Performing Password Recovery, page 33-9
Other Troubleshooting Tools, page 33-12
Common Problems, page 33-13
Testing Your Configuration

This section describes how to test connectivity for the single mode security appliance or for each security
context. The following steps describe how to ping the security appliance interfaces, and how to allow
hosts on one interface to ping through to hosts on another interface.
We recommend that you only enable pinging and debug messages during troubleshooting. When you are
done testing the security appliance, follow the steps in the Disabling the Test Configuration section on
page 33-8.
This section includes:
Enabling ICMP Debug Messages and System Messages, page 33-5
Pinging Security Appliance Interfaces, page 33-5
Pinging Through the Security Appliance, page 33-7
Disabling the Test Configuration, page 33-8
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Enabling ICMP Debug Messages and System Messages

Debug messages and system messages can help you troubleshoot why your pings are not successful. The
security appliance only shows ICMP debug messages for pings to the security appliance interfaces, and
not for pings through the security appliance to other hosts. To enable debugging and system messages,
perform the following steps:
Step 1
To show ICMP packet information for pings to the security appliance interfaces, enter the following
command:
hostname(config)# debug icmp trace
Step 2
To set system messages to be sent to Telnet or SSH sessions, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# logging monitor debug
You can alternately use logging buffer debug to send messages to a buffer, and then view them later
using the show logging command.
Step 3
To send the system messages to your Telnet or SSH session, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# terminal monitor
Step 4
To enable system messages, enter the following command:

hostname(config)# logging on
The following example shows a successful ping from an external host (209.165.201.2) to the security
appliance outside interface (209.165.201.1):
hostname(config)# debug icmp trace
Inbound ICMP echo reply (len 32 id
Outbound ICMP echo request (len 32
1 seq 256) 209.165.201.1 > 209.165.201.2

id 1 seq 512) 209.165.201.2 > 209.165.201.1
1 seq 512) 209.165.201.1 > 209.165.201.2
id 1 seq 768) 209.165.201.2 > 209.165.201.1
1 seq 768) 209.165.201.1 > 209.165.201.2
id 1 seq 1024) 209.165.201.2 > 209.165.201.1
1 seq 1024) 209.165.201.1 > 209.165.201.2
The preceding example shows the ICMP packet length (32 bytes), the ICMP packet identifier (1), and
the ICMP sequence number (the ICMP sequence number starts at 0 and is incremented each time a
request is sent).
Pinging Security Appliance Interfaces

To test that the security appliance interfaces are up and running and that the security appliance and
connected routers are routing correctly, you can ping the security appliance interfaces.
Note
For security purposes the security appliance does not support far-end interface ping, that is pinging the
IP address of the outside interface from the inside network.

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To ping the security appliance interfaces, perform the following steps:

Step 1
Network Sketch with Interfaces, Routers, and Hosts
Host
Host
Host
10.1.1.56
10.1.1.2
209.265.200.230
Router
dmz1
192.1
68.1.
10.1.3.6
10.1.3.2
209.265.200.226
192.168.1.2
Host
outside
209.165.201.1
security0
209.165.201.1
Router
Router
209.165.201.2
209.165.201.24
192.168.3.2
Router
10.1.0.1
dmz3
192.1
68.3.
outside
security0
Transp. Security
Appliance 10.1.0.3
Routed Security
Appliance
dmz2
192.168.2.1
security40
192.168.2.2
inside
192.168.0.1
security100
192.168.0.2
Router
10.1.2.2
dmz4
192.168.4.1
security80
192.168.4.2
Router
Step 2
Router
10.1.0.34
Host
Host
10.1.0.2
10.1.4.2
10.1.0.2
10.1.2.90
inside
security100
Router
10.1.1.1
10.1.4.67
Host
10.1.1.5
126692
Figure 33-1
Create a sketch of your single mode security appliance or security context showing the interface names,
security levels, and IP addresses. The sketch should also include any directly connected routers, and a
host on the other side of the router from which you will ping the security appliance. You will use this
information for this procedure as well as the procedure in the Pinging Through the Security Appliance
section on page 33-7. For example:
Host
Ping each security appliance interface from the directly connected routers. For transparent mode, ping
the management IP address.
This test ensures that the security appliance interfaces are active and that the interface configuration is
correct.
A ping might fail if the security appliance interface is not active, the interface configuration is incorrect,
or if a switch between the security appliance and router is down (see Figure 33-2). In this case, no debug
messages or system messages appear on the security appliance, because the packet never reaches it.
Figure 33-2
Ping Failure at Security Appliance Interface
Router
Security
Appliance
126695
Ping
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If the ping reaches the security appliance, and the security appliance responds, you see debug messages
like the following:
ICMP echo reply (len 32 id 1 seq 256) 209.165.201.1 > 209.165.201.2
ICMP echo request (len 32 id 1 seq 512) 209.165.201.2 > 209.165.201.1
If the ping reply does not return to the router, then you might have a switch loop or redundant IP
addresses (see Figure 33-3).
Figure 33-3
Ping Failure Because of IP Addressing Problems
Ping
Router
192.168.1.2
192.168.1.1
Security
Appliance
126696
192.168.1.2
Host
Step 3
Ping each security appliance interface from a remote host. For transparent mode, ping the management
IP address.
This test checks that the directly connected router can route the packet between the host and the security
appliance, and that the security appliance can correctly route the packet back to the host.
A ping might fail if the security appliance does not have a route back to the host through the intermediate
router (see Figure 33-4). In this case, the debug messages show that the ping was successful, but you see
system message 110001 indicating a routing failure.
Ping Failure Because the Security Appliance has no Route
Ping
Host
Router
Security
Appliance
126693
Figure 33-4
Pinging Through the Security Appliance

After you successfully ping the security appliance interfaces, you should make sure traffic can pass
successfully through the security appliance. For routed mode, this test shows that NAT is working
correctly, if configured. For transparent mode, which does not use NAT, this test confirms that the
security appliance is operating correctly; if the ping fails in transparent mode, contact Cisco TAC.
To ping between hosts on different interfaces, perform the following steps:
Step 1
To add an access list allowing ICMP from any source host, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# access-list ICMPACL extended permit icmp any any
By default, when hosts access a lower security interface, all traffic is allowed through. However, to
access a higher security interface, you need the preceding access list.

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Step 2
To assign the access list to each source interface, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# access-group ICMPACL in interface interface_name
Repeat this command for each source interface.

Step 3
To enable the ICMP inspection engine, so ICMP responses are allowed back to the source host, enter the
following commands:
hostname(config)# class-map ICMP-CLASS
hostname(config-cmap)# match access-list ICMPACL
hostname(config-cmap)# policy-map ICMP-POLICY
hostname(config-pmap)# class ICMP-CLASS
hostname(config-pmap-c)# inspect icmp
hostname(config-pmap-c)# service-policy ICMP-POLICY global
Alternatively, you can also apply the ICMPACL access list to the destination interface to allow ICMP
traffic back through the security appliance.
Step 4
Ping from the host or router through the source interface to another host or router on another interface.
Repeat this step for as many interface pairs as you want to check.
If the ping succeeds, you see a system message confirming the address translation for routed mode
(305009 or 305011) and that an ICMP connection was established (302020). You can also enter the
show xlate and show conns commands to view this information.
If the ping fails for transparent mode, contact Cisco TAC.
For routed mode, the ping might fail because NAT is not configured correctly (see Figure 33-5). This is
more likely if you enable NAT control. In this case, you see a system message showing that the NAT
translation failed (305005 or 305006). If the ping is from an outside host to an inside host, and you do
not have a static translation (which is required with NAT control), you see message 106010: deny
inbound icmp.
Note
The security appliance only shows ICMP debug messages for pings to the security appliance interfaces,
and not for pings through the security appliance to other hosts.
Figure 33-5
Ping Failure Because the Security Appliance is not Translating Addresses
Host
126694
Ping
Router
Security
Appliance
Router
Host
Disabling the Test Configuration

After you complete your testing, disable the test configuration that allows ICMP to and through the
security appliance and that prints debug messages. If you leave this configuration in place, it can pose a
serious security risk. Debug messages also slow the security appliance performance.
To disable the test configuration, perform the following steps:
Step 1
To disable ICMP debug messages, enter the following command:
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hostname(config)# no debug icmp trace
Step 2
To disable logging, if desired, enter the following command:

hostname(config)# no logging on
Step 3
To remove the ICMPACL access list, and also delete the related access-group commands, enter the
following command:
hostname(config)# no access-list ICMPACL
Step 4
(Optional) To disable the ICMP inspection engine, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# no service-policy ICMP-POLICY
Reloading the Security Appliance

In multiple mode, you can only reload from the system execution space. To reload the security appliance,
hostname# reload
Performing Password Recovery

This section describes how to recover if you forget passwords, or you create a lockout situation because
of AAA settings. You can also disable password recovery for extra security. This section includes the
following topics:
Performing Password Recovery for the ASA 5500 Series Adaptive Security Appliance, page 33-9
Password Recovery for the PIX 500 Series Security Appliance, page 33-11
Disabling Password Recovery, page 33-12
Performing Password Recovery for the ASA 5500 Series Adaptive Security Appliance
To recover from the loss of passwords, perform the following steps:
Step 1
Connect to the security appliance console port according to the Accessing the Command-Line
Interface section on page 2-1.
Step 2
Power off the security appliance, and then power it on.
Step 3
During the startup messages, press the Escape key when prompted to enter ROMMON.
Step 4
To set the security appliance to ignore the startup configuration at reload, enter the following command:
rommon #1> confreg
The security appliance displays the current configuration register value, and asks if you want to change
the value:
Current Configuration Register: 0x00000011
Configuration Summary:
boot TFTP image, boot default image from Flash on netboot failure

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Do you wish to change this configuration? y/n [n]:
Step 5
Record your current configuration register value, so you can restore it later.
Step 6
At the prompt, enter Y to change the value.

The security appliance prompts you for new values.
Step 7
Accept the default values for all settings, except for the disable system configuration? value; at that
prompt, enter Y.
Step 8
Reload the security appliance by entering the following command:

rommon #2> boot
The security appliance loads a default configuration instead of the startup configuration.
Step 9
Enter privileged EXEC mode by entering the following command:

hostname> enable
Step 10
When prompted for the password, press Return.

The password is blank.
Step 11
Load the startup configuration by entering the following command:

hostname# copy startup-config running-config
Step 12
Enter global configuration mode by entering the following command:

hostname# configure terminal
Step 13
Change the passwords in the configuration by entering the following commands, as necessary:
hostname(config)# password password
hostname(config)# enable password password
hostname(config)# username name password password
Step 14
Change the configuration register to load the startup configuration at the next reload by entering the
following command:
hostname(config)# config-register value
Where value is the configuration register value you noted in Step 5. 0x1 is the default configuration
register. For more information about the configuration register, see the Cisco Security Appliance
Command Reference.
Step 15
Save the new passwords to the startup configuration by entering the following command:
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Password Recovery for the PIX 500 Series Security Appliance

Performing password recovery on the security appliance erases the login password, enable password,
and aaa authentication console commands. To erase these commands so you can log in with the default
passwords, perform the following steps:
Step 1
Download the PIX password tool from Cisco.com to a TFTP server accessible from the security
appliance. See the link in the Password Recovery Procedure for the PIX document at the following
URL:
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/hw/vpndevc/ps2030/products_password_recovery09186a0080
09478b.shtml
Step 2
Connect to the security appliance console port according to the Accessing the Command-Line
Interface section on page 2-1.
Step 3
Power off the security appliance, and then power it on.
Step 4
Immediately after the startup messages appear, press the Escape key to enter monitor mode.
Step 5
Configure the network settings for the interface that accesses the TFTP server by entering the following
commands:
monitor>
monitor>
monitor>
monitor>
monitor>
Step 6
interface interface_id
address interface_ip
server tftp_ip
file pw_tool_name
gateway gateway_ip
Download the PIX password tool from the TFTP server by entering the following command:
monitor> tftp
If you have trouble reaching the server, you can enter the ping address command to test the connection.
Step 7
At the Do you wish to erase the passwords? prompt, enter Y.

You can now log in with the default login password of cisco and the blank enable password.
The following example shows the PIX password recovery with the TFTP server on the outside interface:
monitor> interface 0
0: i8255X @ PCI(bus:0 dev:13 irq:10)
1: i8255X @ PCI(bus:0 dev:14 irq:7 )
Using 0: i82559 @ PCI(bus:0 dev:13 irq:10), MAC: 0050.54ff.82b9
monitor> address 10.21.1.99
address 10.21.1.99
monitor> server 172.18.125.3
server 172.18.125.3
monitor> file np70.bin
file np52.bin
monitor> gateway 10.21.1.1
gateway 10.21.1.1
monitor> ping 172.18.125.3
Sending 5, 100-byte 0xf8d3 ICMP Echoes to 172.18.125.3, timeout is 4 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5)
monitor> tftp
tftp np52.bin@172.18.125.3 via 10.21.1.1...................................
Received 73728 bytes

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Cisco PIX password tool (4.0) #0: Tue Aug 22 23:22:19 PDT 2005
Flash=i28F640J5 @ 0x300
BIOS Flash=AT29C257 @ 0xd8000
Do you wish to erase the passwords? [yn] y
Passwords have been erased.
Rebooting....
Disabling Password Recovery

You might want to disable password recovery to ensure that unauthorized users cannot use the password
recovery mechanism to compromise the security appliance. To disable password recovery, enter the
following command:
hostname(config)# no service password-recovery
On the ASA 5500 series adaptive security appliance, the no service password-recovery command
prevents a user from entering ROMMON with the configuration intact. When a user enters ROMMON,
the security appliance prompts the user to erase all Flash file systems. The user cannot enter ROMMON
without first performing this erasure. If a user chooses not to erase the Flash file system, the security
appliance reloads. Because password recovery depends on using ROMMON and maintaining the
existing configuration, this erasure prevents you from recovering a password. However, disabling
password recovery prevents unauthorized users from viewing the configuration or inserting different
passwords. In this case, to recover the system to an operating state, load a new image and a backup
configuration file, if available. The service password-recovery command appears in the configuration
file for informational purposes only; when you enter the command at the CLI prompt, the setting is saved
in NVRAM. The only way to change the setting is to enter the command at the CLI prompt. Loading a
new configuration with a different version of the command does not change the setting. If you disable
password recovery when the security appliance is configured to ignore the startup configuration at
startup (in preparation for password recovery), then the security appliance changes the setting to boot
the startup configuration as usual. If you use failover, and the standby unit is configured to ignore the
startup configuration, then the same change is made to the configuration register when the no service
password recovery command replicates to the standby unit.
On the PIX 500 series security appliance, the no service password-recovery command forces the PIX
password tool to prompt the user to erase all Flash file systems. The user cannot use the PIX password
tool without first performing this erasure. If a user chooses not to erase the Flash file system, the security
appliance reloads. Because password recovery depends on maintaining the existing configuration, this
erasure prevents you from recovering a password. However, disabling password recovery prevents
unauthorized users from viewing the configuration or inserting different passwords. In this case, to
recover the system to an operating state, load a new image and a backup configuration file, if available.
Other Troubleshooting Tools

The security appliance provides other troubleshooting tools to be used in conjunction with Cisco TAC:
Viewing Debug Messages, page 33-13
Capturing Packets, page 33-13
Viewing the Crash Dump, page 33-13
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Viewing Debug Messages

Because debugging output is assigned high priority in the CPU process, it can render the system
unusable. For this reason, use debug commands only to troubleshoot specific problems or during
troubleshooting sessions with Cisco TAC. Moreover, it is best to use debug commands during periods
of lower network traffic and fewer users. Debugging during these periods decreases the likelihood that
increased debug command processing overhead will affect system use. To enable debug messages, see
the debug commands in the Cisco Security Appliance Command Reference.
Capturing Packets
Capturing packets is sometimes useful when troubleshooting connectivity problems or monitoring
suspicious activity. We recommend contacting Cisco TAC if you want to use the packet capture feature.
See the capture command in the Cisco Security Appliance Command Reference.
Viewing the Crash Dump

If the security appliance crashes, you can view the crash dump information. We recommend contacting
Cisco TAC if you want to interpret the crash dump. See the show crashdump command in the
Common Problems
This section describes common problems with the security appliance, and how you might resolve them.
Symptom The context configuration was not saved, and was lost when you reloaded.
Possible Cause You did not save each context within the context execution space. If you are
configuring contexts at the command line, you did not save the context before you changed to the
next context.
Recommended Action Save each context within the context execution space using the copy run start
command. You cannot save contexts from the system execution space.
Symptom You cannot make a Telnet connection or SSH to the security appliance interface.
Possible Cause You did not enable Telnet or SSH to the security appliance.
Recommended Action Enable Telnet or SSH to the security appliance according to the Allowing
Telnet Access section on page 31-1 or the Allowing SSH Access section on page 31-2.
Symptom You cannot ping the security appliance interface.

Possible Cause You disabled ICMP to the security appliance.
Recommended Action Enable ICMP to the security appliance for your IP address using the icmp
command.

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Symptom You cannot ping through the security appliance, even though the access list allows it.
Possible Cause You did not enable the ICMP inspection engine or apply access lists on both the
ingress and egress interfaces.
Recommended Action Because ICMP is a connectionless protocol, the security appliance does not
automatically allow returning traffic through. In addition to an access list on the ingress interface,
you either need to apply an access list to egress interface to allow replying traffic, or enable the
ICMP inspection engine, which treats ICMP connections as stateful connections.
Symptom Traffic does not pass between two interfaces on the same security level.
Possible Cause You did not enable the feature that allows traffic to pass between interfaces on the
same security level.
Recommended Action Enable this feature according to the Allowing Communication Between
Interfaces on the Same Security Level section on page 6-5.
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Reference
A P P E N D I X

This appendix describes the feature licenses and specifications. This appendix includes the following
sections:
Supported Platforms, page A-1
Platform Feature Licenses, page A-1
Security Services Module Support, page A-6
VPN Specifications, page A-6
Supported Platforms
This software version supports the following platforms:
ASA 5510
ASA 5520
ASA 5540
PIX 515/515E
PIX 525
PIX 535

The following tables list the feature support for each platform license.
Note
Items that are in italics are separate, optional licenses that you can add on to a base license. You can mix
and match licenses, for example, the 10 security context license plus the Strong Encryption license; or
the VPN Plus license plus the GTP/GPRS license; or all four licenses together.
Book Title
OL-6935-01
A-1
Appendix A
Table A-1
ASA 5500 Series Adaptive Security Appliance License Features
Platforms and Features
Licenses
Base License
Security Plus
Security Contexts
No support
No support
VPN Peers
50 IPSec
50 WebVPN
150 IPSec
150 WebVPN
Failover
None
Active/Standby
GTP/GPRS
Not supported
Not supported
Maximum VLANs
10
ASA 5510
Concurrent Connections2 32 K
64 K
Max. Physical Interfaces 3 at 10/100 plus the Management interface for

management traffic only
(to-the-security-appliance)
Unlimited
Encryption
Base (DES)
Base (DES)
Minimum RAM
256 MB
256 MB
ASA 5520
Base License
N/A
Security Contexts
VPN Peers
300 IPSec
300 WebVPN
Failover
Active/Standby
Active/Active
GTP/GPRS
None
Concurrent Connections
Add-on license:
Strong (3DES/AES)
Add-on Licenses:
5
Maximum VLANs
Add-on license:
Strong (3DES/AES)
10
Add-on license:
VPN Plus
750 IPSec
750 WebVPN
Add-on license: Enabled
25
2
130 K
Max. Physical Interfaces Unlimited

Encryption
Base (DES)
Minimum RAM
512 MB
Add-on license:
Strong (3DES/AES)
Book Title
A-2
OL-6935-01
Appendix A

Table A-1
ASA 5500 Series Adaptive Security Appliance License Features (continued)
Platforms and Features
Licenses
ASA 5540
Base License
Security Contexts
Add-on licenses:
5
VPN Peers
500 IPSec
500 WebVPN
Failover
Active/Standby
Active/Active
GTP/GPRS
None
Maximum VLANs
Concurrent Connections
N/A
10
20
Add-on license:
VPN Plus
2000 IPSec
1250 WebVPN
50
Add-on license:
VPN Premium
5000 IPSec
2500 WebVPN
Add-on license: Enabled
100
2
280 K
Max. Physical Interfaces Unlimited

Encryption
Base (DES)
Minimum RAM
1024 MB
Add-on license:
Strong (3DES/AES)
1. The ASA 5510 does not support VPN load balancing.

2. The concurrent connections are based on a traffic mix of 80% TCP and 20% UDP, with one host and one dynamic translation for every four connections.
Book Title
OL-6935-01
A-3
Appendix A
Table A-2
PIX 500 Series Security Appliance License Features
Platforms and
Features
Licenses
PIX 515/515E1
R (Restricted)
UR (Unrestricted)
FO (Failover)2
FO-AA (Failover Active/Active)2
Security
Contexts
No support
2 Add-on license:
2 Add-on license:
2 Add-on license:
VPN Peers
2000 IPSec
2000 IPSec
2000 IPSec
2000 IPSec
Failover
No support
Active/Standby
Active/Active
Active/Standby
Active/Standby
Active/Active
GTP/GPRS
None Add-on license:

Enabled

Enabled

Enabled
None
Maximum
VLANs
10
25
25
25
Concurrent
Connections3
48 K
130 K
130 K
130 K
Max. Physical 3
Interfaces
Add-on
license:
Strong
(3DES/
AES)
None Add-on
license:
Base
(DES)
None Add-on
license:
Base
(DES)
Minimum
RAM
64 MB
128 MB
128 MB
128 MB
PIX 5251
R (Restricted)
UR (Unrestricted)
FO (Failover)2
Security
Contexts
No support
2 Add-on licenses:
2 Add-on licenses:
2 Add-on licenses:
VPN Peers
2000 IPSec
2000 IPSec
2000 IPSec
2000 IPSec
Failover
No support
Active/Standby
Active/Active
Active/Standby
Active/Standby
Active/Active
GTP/GPRS

Enabled

Enabled

Enabled
None
Maximum
VLANs
25
100
100
100
Concurrent
Connections3
140 K
280 K
280 K
280 K
10
10
10
Max. Physical 6
Interfaces
Encryption
None Add-on
license:
Base
(DES)
Minimum
RAM
128 MB
Add-on
license:
Strong
(3DES/
AES)
10 20
None Add-on
license:
Base
(DES)
256 MB
None Add-on
license:
Base
(DES)
Add-on license:
Enabled
Encryption
Add-on
license:
Strong
(3DES/
AES)
50
Add-on
license:
Strong
(3DES/
AES)
10 20
None Add-on
license:
Base
(DES)
256 MB
Add-on None Add-on

license:
license:
Strong
Base
(3DES/
(DES)
AES)
50
10 20
Add-on
license:
Strong
(3DES/
AES)
50
Add-on license:
Enabled
Add-on None Add-on

license:
license:
Strong
Base
(3DES/
(DES)
AES)
Add-on
license:
Strong
(3DES/
AES)
256 MB
Book Title
A-4
OL-6935-01
Appendix A

Table A-2
PIX 500 Series Security Appliance License Features (continued)
Platforms and
Features
Licenses
PIX 5351
R (Restricted)
UR (Unrestricted)
FO (Failover)2
Security
Contexts
No support
2 Add-on licenses:
2 Add-on licenses:
2 Add-on licenses:
VPN Peers
2000 IPSec
2000 IPSec
2000 IPSec
2000 IPSec
Failover
No support
Active/Standby
Active/Active
Active/Standby
Active/Standby
Active/Active
GTP/GPRS

Enabled

Enabled

Enabled
None
Max. VLANs 50
150
150
150
Concurrent
Connections3
500 K
500 K
500 K
14
14
14
250 K
Max. Physical 8
Interfaces
Encryption
None Add-on
license:
Base
(DES)
Minimum
RAM
512 MB
Add-on
license:
Strong
(3DES/
AES)
10 20
None Add-on
license:
Base
(DES)
1024 MB
50
Add-on
license:
Strong
(3DES/
AES)
10 20
None Add-on
license:
Base
(DES)
1024 MB
50
10 20
50
Add-on license:
Enabled
Add-on None Add-on

license:
license:
Strong
Base
(3DES/
(DES)
AES)
Add-on
license:
Strong
(3DES/
AES)
1024 MB
1. The PIX 500 series security appliance does not support WebVPN.
2. This license can only be used in a failover pair with another unit with a UR license. Both units must be the same model.
3. The concurrent connections are based on a traffic mix of 80% TCP and 20% UDP, with one host and one dynamic translation for every four connections.
Book Title
OL-6935-01
A-5
Appendix A

Table A-3 shows the SSMs supported by each platform:
Table A-3
SSM Support
Platform
SSM Models
ASA 5510
AIP SSM 10
4GE SSM
ASA 5520
AIP SSM 10
AIP SSM 20
4GE SSM
ASA 5540
AIP SSM 10
AIP SSM 20
4GE SSM
PIX 515/515E
No support
PIX 525
No support
PIX 535
No support
VPN Specifications
This section describes the VPN specifications for the security appliance. This section includes the
following topics:
Cisco VPN Client Support, page A-7
Site-to-Site VPN Compatibility, page A-7
Cryptographic Standards, page A-8
Book Title
A-6
OL-6935-01
Appendix A

VPN Specifications
Cisco VPN Client Support

The security appliance supports a wide variety of software and hardware-based Cisco VPN clients, as
shown in Table A-4.
Table A-4
Cisco VPN Client Support
Client Type
Client Versions
Software IPSec VPN clients
Cisco VPN client for Windows, Version 3.6 or higher

Cisco VPN client for Linux, Version 3.6 or higher
Cisco VPN client for Solaris, Version 3.6 or higher
Cisco VPN client for Mac OS X, Version 3.6 or higher
Hardware IPSec VPN clients (Cisco

Easy VPN remote)
Cisco VPN 3002 hardware client, Version 3.0 or higher

Cisco IOS Software Easy VPN remote, Release 12.2(8)YJ
Cisco PIX 500 series security appliance, Version 6.2 or higher
Cisco ASA 5500 series adaptive security appliance, Version 7.0
or higher

In addition to providing interoperability for many third-party VPN products, the security appliance
interoperates with the Cisco VPN products for site-to-site VPN connectivity shown in Table A-5.
Table A-5
Platforms
Software Versions
Cisco ASA 5500 series adaptive security appliances
Version 7.0 or higher
Cisco IOS routers
Release 12.1(6)T or higher
Cisco PIX 500 series security appliances
Version 5.1(1) or higher
Cisco VPN 3000 series concentrators
Version 2.5.2 or higher
Book Title
OL-6935-01
A-7
Appendix A
VPN Specifications
Cryptographic Standards
The security appliance supports numerous cryptographic standards and related third-party products and
services, including those shown in Table A-6.
Table A-6
Cryptographic Standards
Type
Description
Asymmetric (public key) encryption algorithms
RSA public/private key pairs, 512 bits to 4096 bits

DSA public/private key pairs, 512 bits to 1024 bits
Symmetric encryption algorithms
AES128, 192, and 256 bits

DES56 bits
3DES168 bits
RC440, 56, 64, and 128 bits
Perfect forward secrecy (Diffie-Hellman key

negotiation)
Group 1 768 bits

Group 21024 bits
Group 5 1536 bits
Group 7163 bits (Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman)
Hash algorithms
MD5128 bits
SHA-1160 bits
X.509 certificate authorities
Cisco IOS software

Baltimore UniCERT
Entrust Authority
iPlanet/Netscape CMS
Microsoft Certificate Services
RSA Keon
VeriSign OnSite
X.509 certificate enrollment methods
SCEP
PKCS #7 and #10
Book Title
A-8
OL-6935-01
A P P E N D I X
This appendix illustrates and describes a number of common ways to implement the security appliance,
and includes the following topics:
Example 1: Multiple Mode Firewall With Outside Access, page 1
Example 2: Single Mode Firewall Using Same Security Level, page 5
Example 3: Shared Resources for Multiple Contexts, page 7
Example 4: Multiple Mode, Transparent Firewall with Outside Access, page 12
Example 5: WebVPN Configuration, page 15
For failover examples, see Chapter 11, Failover Configuration Examples,

This configuration creates three security contexts plus the admin context, each with an inside and an
outside interface. The Customer C context includes a DMZ interface where a Websense server for HTTP
filtering resides on the service provider premises (see Figure B-1).
Inside hosts can access the Internet through the outside using dynamic NAT or PAT, but no outside hosts
can access the inside.
The Customer A context has a second network behind an inside router.
The admin context allows SSH sessions to the security appliance from one host.
Although inside IP addresses can be the same across contexts when the interfaces are unique, keeping
them unique is easier to manage.

OL-6721-02
B-1
Appendix B
Figure B-1
Example 1
Internet
209.165.201.1
Admin Context
outside
209.165.201.2
customerA
outside
209.165.201.3
customerB
outside
209.165.201.4
customerC
outside
209.165.201.5
inside
10.1.1.1
inside
10.1.2.1
inside
10.1.3.1
inside
10.1.4.1
Admin
Network
customerA
Network 1
customerB
Network
DMZ
192.168.2.1
Websense
192.168.2.2
customerC
Network
10.1.2.2
Management host
10.1.1.75
customerA
Network 2
126978
192.168.1.1
See the following sections for the configurations for this scenario:
Example 1: System Configuration, page 2
Example 1: Admin Context Configuration, page 3
Example 1: Customer A Context Configuration, page 4
Example 1: Customer B Context Configuration, page 4
Example 1: Customer C Context Configuration, page 5
Example 1: System Configuration

You must first enable multiple context mode using the mode multiple command. The mode is not stored
in the configuration file, even though it endures reboots. If you view the configuration on the security
appliance using the write terminal, show startup-config, or show running-config commands, the
mode displays after the security appliance Version (blank means single mode, <system> means you
are in multiple mode in the system configuration, and <context> means you are in multiple mode in a
context).
B-2
OL-6721-02
Appendix B
hostname Farscape
password passw0rd
enable password chr1cht0n
admin-context admin
interface gigabitethernet 0/0
shutdown
interface gigabitethernet 0/0.3
vlan 3
no shutdown
no shutdown
vlan 4
no shutdown
vlan 5
no shutdown
vlan 6
no shutdown
vlan 7
no shutdown
vlan 8
no shutdown
context admin
allocate-interface gigabitethernet 0/0.3
config-url disk0://admin.cfg
context customerA
description This is the context for customer A
config-url disk0://contexta.cfg
context customerB
description This is the context for customer B
config-url disk0://contextb.cfg
context customerC
description This is the context for customer C
allocate-interface gigabitethernet 0/1.7-gigabitethernet 0/1.8
config-url disk0://contextc.cfg
Example 1: Admin Context Configuration

The host at 10.1.1.75 can access the context using SSH, which requires a key to be generated using the
crypto key generate command.
hostname Admin
domain isp
nameif outside
security-level 0
ip address 209.165.201.2 255.255.255.224
no shutdown
nameif inside
security-level 100

OL-6721-02
B-3
Appendix B
ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0

no shutdown
passwd secret1969
enable password h1andl0
route outside 0 0 209.165.201.1 1
ssh 10.1.1.75 255.255.255.255 inside
nat (inside) 1 10.1.1.0 255.255.255.0
! This context uses dynamic NAT for inside users that access the outside
global (outside) 1 209.165.201.10-209.165.201.29
! The host at 10.1.1.75 has access to the Websense server in Customer C, so
! it needs a static translation for use in Customer Cs access list
static (inside,outside) 209.165.201.30 10.1.1.75 netmask 255.255.255.255

nameif outside
security-level 0
ip address 209.165.201.3 255.255.255.224
no shutdown
nameif inside
security-level 100
ip address 10.1.2.1 255.255.255.0
no shutdown
passwd hell0!
enable password enter55
route outside 0 0 209.165.201.1 1
! The Customer A context has a second network behind an inside router that requires a
! static route. All other traffic is handled by the default route pointing to the router.
route inside 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 10.1.2.2 1
nat (inside) 1 10.1.2.0 255.255.255.0
! This context uses dynamic PAT for inside users that access that outside. The outside
! interface address is used for the PAT address
global (outside) 1 interface

nameif outside
security-level 0
ip address 209.165.201.4 255.255.255.224
no shutdown
nameif inside
security-level 100
ip address 10.1.3.1 255.255.255.0
no shutdown
passwd tenac10us
enable password defen$e
route outside 0 0 209.165.201.1 1
nat (inside) 1 10.1.3.0 255.255.255.0
! This context uses dynamic PAT for inside users that access the outside
access-list INTERNET remark Inside users only access HTTP and HTTPS servers on the outside
access-list INTERNET extended permit tcp any any eq http
access-list INTERNET extended permit tcp any any eq https
B-4
OL-6721-02
Appendix B
access-group INTERNET in interface inside

nameif outside
security-level 0
ip address 209.165.201.5 255.255.255.224
no shutdown
nameif inside
security-level 100
ip address 10.1.4.1 255.255.255.0
no shutdown
nameif dmz
security-level 50
ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0
no shutdown
passwd fl0wer
enable password treeh0u$e
route outside 0 0 209.165.201.1 1
url-server (dmz) vendor websense host 192.168.2.2 url-block block 50
url-cache dst 128
filter url http 10.1.4.0 255.255.255.0 0 0
! When inside users access an HTTP server, the security appliance consults with a
! Websense server to determine if the traffic is allowed
nat (inside) 1 10.1.4.0 255.255.255.0
! This context uses dynamic NAT for inside users that access the outside
! A host on the admin context requires access to the Websense server for management using
! pcAnywhere, so the Websense server uses a static translation for its private address
static (dmz,outside) 209.165.201.6 192.168.2.2 netmask 255.255.255.255
access-list MANAGE remark Allows the management host to use pcAnywhere on the Websense
server
access-list MANAGE extended permit tcp host 209.165.201.30 host 209.165.201.6 eq
pcanywhere-data
access-list MANAGE extended permit udp host 209.165.201.30 host 209.165.201.6 eq
pcanywhere-status
access-group MANAGE in interface outside

This configuration creates three internal interfaces. Two of the interfaces connect to departments that are
on the same security level, which allows all hosts to communicate without using access lists. The DMZ
interface hosts a Syslog server. The management host on the outside needs access to the Syslog server
and the security appliance. To connect to the security appliance, the host uses a VPN connection. The
security appliance uses RIP on the inside interfaces to learn routes. Because the security appliance does
not advertise routes with RIP, the upstream router needs to use static routes for security appliance traffic
(see Figure B-2).
The Department networks are allowed to access the Internet, and use PAT.

OL-6721-02
B-5
Appendix B
Figure B-2
Example 2
Management Host
209.165.200.225
Internet
209.165.201.1
outside
209.165.201.3
Department 1
dept1
10.1.1.1
DMZ
192.168.2.1
Syslog Server
192.168.2.2
dept2
10.1.2.1
Department 2
10.1.2.2
Department 2
Network 2
126979
192.168.1.1

nameif outside
security-level 0
ip address 209.165.201.3 255.255.255.224
no shutdown
nameif dept2
security-level 100
ip address 10.1.2.1 255.255.255.0
no shutdown
nameif dept1
security-level 100
ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
no shutdown
nameif dmz
security-level 50
ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0
no shutdown
passwd g00fba11
enable password gen1u$
hostname Buster
same-security-traffic permit inter-interface
B-6
OL-6721-02
Appendix B
Example 3: Shared Resources for Multiple Contexts
route outside 0 0 209.165.201.1 1

nat (dept1) 1 10.1.1.0 255.255.255.0
nat (dept2) 1 10.1.2.0 255.255.255.0
! The dept1 and dept2 networks use PAT when accessing the outside
! Because we perform dynamic NAT on these addresses for outside access, we need to perform
! NAT on them for all other interface access. This identity static statement just
! translates the local address to the same address.
static (dept1,dept2) 10.1.1.0 10.1.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0
static (dept2,dept1) 10.1.2.0 10.1.2.0 netmask 255.255.255.0
! The syslog server uses a static translation so the outside management host can access
! the server
static (dmz,outside) 209.165.201.5 192.168.2.2 netmask 255.255.255.255
access-list MANAGE remark Allows the management host to access the syslog server
access-list MANAGE extended permit tcp host 209.165.200.225 host 209.165.201.5 eq telnet
access-group MANAGE in interface outside
! Advertises the security appliance IP address as the default gateway for the downstream
! router. The security appliance does not advertise a default route to the router.
rip dept2 default version 2 authentication md5 scorpius 1
! Listens for RIP updates from the downstream router. The security appliance does not
! listen for RIP updates from the router because a default route to the router is all that
! is required.
rip dept2 passive version 2 authentication md5 scorpius 1
! The client uses a pre-shared key to connect to the security appliance over IPSec. The
! key is the password in the username command following.
isakmp policy 1 authentication pre-share
isakmp policy 1 encryption 3des
isakmp policy 1 group 2
isakmp policy 1 hash sha
isakmp enable outside
crypto ipsec transform-set vpn_client esp-3des esp-sha-hmac
username admin password passw0rd
crypto ipsec transform-set vpn esp-3des esp-sha-hmac
crypto dynamic-map vpn_client 1 set transform-set vpn
crypto map telnet_tunnel 1 ipsec-isakmp dynamic vpn_client
crypto map telnet_tunnel interface outside
ip local pool client_pool 10.1.1.2
access-list VPN_SPLIT extended permit ip host 209.165.201.3 host 10.1.1.2
telnet 10.1.1.2 255.255.255.255 outside
telnet timeout 30
logging trap 5
! System messages are sent to the syslog server on the DMZ network
logging host dmz 192.168.2.2
logging on

This configuration includes multiple contexts for multiple departments within a company. Each
department has its own security context so that each department can have its own security policy.
However, the syslog, mail, and AAA servers are shared across all departments. These servers are placed
on a shared interface (see Figure B-3).
Department 1 has a web server that outside users who are authenticated by the AAA server can access.

OL-6721-02
B-7
Appendix B
Figure B-3
Example 3
Internet
209.165.201.2
Outside
209.165.201.3
Admin
Context
Inside
10.1.0.1
Outside
209.165.201.4
Department 2
Department 1
Shared
10.1.1.1
Config Server Admin Host

10.1.0.15
10.1.0.16
Inside
10.1.2.1
Outside
209.165.201.5
Inside
10.1.3.1
Shared
10.1.1.2
Shared
10.1.1.3
Inside
Web Server
10.1.2.3
AAA Server
10.1.1.6
Mail Server
10.1.1.7
Syslog Server
10.1.1.8
126980
Shared
Network
Example 3: Department 1 Context Configuration, page 10
Example 3: Department 2 Context Configuration, page 11

mode displays after the security appliance Version (blank means single mode, <system> means you
context).
B-8
OL-6721-02
Appendix B
hostname Ubik
password pkd55
enable password deckard69
admin-context admin
no shutdown
vlan 200
no shutdown
shutdown
vlan 201
no shutdown
vlan 202
no shutdown
vlan 300
no shutdown
context admin
context department1
config-url ftp://admin:passw0rd@10.1.0.16/dept1.cfg
context department2
config-url ftp://admin:passw0rd@10.1.0.16/dept2.cfg

hostname Admin
nameif outside
security-level 0
ip address 209.165.201.3 255.255.255.224
no shutdown
nameif inside
security-level 100
ip address 10.1.0.1 255.255.255.0
no shutdown
nameif shared
security-level 50
ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
no shutdown
passwd v00d00
enable password d011
route outside 0 0 209.165.201.2 1
nat (inside) 1 10.1.0.0 255.255.255.0
! This context uses PAT for inside users that access the outside
! This context uses PAT for inside users that access the shared network

OL-6721-02
B-9
Appendix B
global (shared) 1 10.1.1.30

! Because this host can access the web server in the Department 1 context, it requires a
! static translation
! Because this host has management access to the servers on the Shared interface, it
! requires a static translation to be used in an access list
static (inside,shared) 10.1.1.78 10.1.0.15 netmask 255.255.255.255
access-list SHARED remark -Allows only mail traffic from inside to exit shared interface
access-list SHARED remark -but allows the admin host to access any server.
access-list SHARED extended permit ip host 10.1.1.78 any
access-list SHARED extended permit tcp host 10.1.1.30 host 10.1.1.7 eq smtp
! Note that the translated addresses are used.
access-group SHARED out interface shared
! Allows 10.1.0.15 to access the admin context using Telnet. From the admin context, you
! can access all other contexts.
telnet 10.1.0.15 255.255.255.255 inside
aaa-server AAA-SERVER protocol tacacs+
aaa-server AAA-SERVER (shared) host 10.1.1.6
key TheUauthKey
! The host at 10.1.0.15 must authenticate with the AAA server to log in
aaa authentication telnet console AAA-SERVER
logging trap 6
! System messages are sent to the syslog server on the Shared network
logging host shared 10.1.1.8
logging on

nameif outside
security-level 0
ip address 209.165.201.4 255.255.255.224
no shutdown
nameif inside
security-level 100
ip address 10.1.2.1 255.255.255.0
no shutdown
nameif shared
security-level 50
ip address 10.1.1.2 255.255.255.0
no shutdown
passwd cugel
enable password rhialto
nat (inside) 1 10.1.2.0 255.255.255.0
! The inside network uses PAT when accessing the outside
! The inside network uses dynamic NAT when accessing the shared network
global (shared) 1 10.1.1.31-10.1.1.37
! The web server can be accessed from outside and requires a static translation
access-list WEBSERVER remark -Allows the management host (its translated address) on the
access-list WEBSERVER remark -admin context to access the web server for management
access-list WEBSERVER remark -it can use any IP protocol
access-list WEBSERVER extended permit ip host 209.165.201.7 host 209.165.201.9
access-list WEBSERVER remark -Allows any outside address to access the web server
access-list WEBSERVER extended permit tcp any eq http host 209.165.201.9 eq http
access-group WEBSERVER in interface outside
access-list MAIL remark -Allows only mail traffic from inside to exit out the shared int
! Note that the translated addresses are used.
B-10
OL-6721-02
Appendix B
access-list MAIL extended permit tcp host 10.1.1.31 eq smtp host 10.1.1.7 eq smtp
access-group MAIL out interface shared
aaa-server AAA-SERVER protocol tacacs+
aaa-server AAA-SERVER (shared) host 10.1.1.6
key TheUauthKey
! All traffic matching the WEBSERVER access list must authenticate with the AAA server
aaa authentication match WEBSERVER outside AAA-SERVER
logging trap 4
logging on

nameif outside
security-level 0
ip address 209.165.201.5 255.255.255.224
no shutdown
nameif inside
security-level 100
ip address 10.1.3.1 255.255.255.0
no shutdown
nameif shared
security-level 50
ip address 10.1.1.3 255.255.255.0
no shutdown
passwd maz1r1an
enable password ly0ne$$e
route outside 0 0 209.165.201.2 1
nat (inside) 1 10.1.3.0 255.255.255.0
! The inside network uses PAT when accessing the outside
! The inside network uses PAT when accessing the shared network
global (shared) 1 10.1.1.38
access-list MAIL remark -Allows only mail traffic from inside to exit out the shared int
access-list MAIL extended permit tcp host 10.1.1.38 host 10.1.1.7 eq smtp
! Note that the translated PAT address is used.
access-group MAIL out interface shared
logging trap 3
logging on

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B-11
Appendix B
Example 4: Multiple Mode, Transparent Firewall with Outside

Access
This configuration creates three security contexts plus the admin context. Each context allows OSPF
traffic to pass between the inside and outside routers (see Figure B-4).
Inside hosts can access the Internet through the outside, but no outside hosts can access the inside.
The admin context allows SSH sessions to the security appliance from one host.
Although inside IP addresses can be the same across contexts, keeping them unique is easier to manage.
Figure B-4
Example 4
Internet
10.1.n.2
Admin Context
outside
customerA
outside
10.1.1.1
Management host
10.2.1.75
inside
customerB
outside
10.1.2.1
customerC
outside
10.1.3.1
inside
10.1.4.1
inside
inside
10.1.2.3
10.1.3.3
10.1.4.3
192.168.1.1
192.168.2.1
192.168.3.1
192.168.4.1
Admin
Network 2
customerA
Network 2
customerB
Network 2
customerC
Network 2
126981
10.1.1.3
Example 4: Customer A Context Configuration, page 14
Example 4: Customer B Context Configuration, page 14
Example 4: Customer C Context Configuration, page 15
B-12
OL-6721-02
Appendix B

mode displays after the security appliance version (blank means single mode, <system> means you
context).
firewall transparent
hostname Farscape
password passw0rd
enable password chr1cht0n
admin-context admin
no shutdown
vlan 150
no shutdown
vlan 151
no shutdown
vlan 152
no shutdown
vlan 153
no shutdown
shutdown
vlan 4
no shutdown
vlan 5
no shutdown
vlan 6
no shutdown
vlan 7
no shutdown
context admin
context customerA
description This is the context for customer A
config-url disk0://contexta.cfg
context customerB
description This is the context for customer B
config-url disk0://contextb.cfg
context customerC
description This is the context for customer C
config-url disk0://contextc.cfg

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B-13
Appendix B

The host at 10.1.1.75 can access the context using SSH, which requires a key pair to be generated using
the crypto key generate command.
hostname Admin
domain isp
nameif outside
security-level 0
no shutdown
nameif inside
security-level 100
no shutdown
passwd secret1969
enable password h1andl0
ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
route outside 0 0 10.1.1.2 1
ssh 10.1.1.75 255.255.255.255 inside
access-list OSPF remark -Allows OSPF
access-list OSPF extended permit 89 any any
access-group OSPF in interface outside

nameif outside
security-level 0
no shutdown
nameif inside
security-level 100
no shutdown
passwd hell0!
enable password enter55
ip address 10.1.2.1 255.255.255.0

nameif outside
security-level 0
no shutdown
nameif inside
security-level 100
no shutdown
passwd tenac10us
enable password defen$e
ip address 10.1.3.1 255.255.255.0
B-14
OL-6721-02
Appendix B


nameif outside
security-level 0
no shutdown
nameif inside
security-level 100
no shutdown
passwd fl0wer
enable password treeh0u$e
ip address 10.1.4.1 255.255.255.0

This configuration shows the commands needed to create WebVPN connections to the security
appliance.
HTTP(S) Internet sites. WebVPN uses Secure Socket Layer Protocol and its successor, Transport Layer
Security (SSL/TLS1) to provide a secure connection between remote users and specific, supported
internal resources that you configure at a central site. The security appliance recognizes connections that
need to be proxied, and the HTTP server interacts with the authentication subsystem to authenticate
users.
Step 1
Configure the security appliance for WebVPN.

webvpn
! WebVPN sessions are allowed on the outside and dmz1 interfaces, ASDM is not allowed.
enable outside
enable dmz161
title-color green
secondary-color 200,160,0
text-color black
default-idle-timeout 3600
! The NetBios Name server used for CIFS resolution.
nbns-server 172.31.122.10 master timeout 2 retry 2
accounting-server-group RadiusACS1
! WebVPN sessions are authenticated to a RADIUS aaa server.
authentication-server-group RadiusACS2
Step 2
You must enable WebVPN access lists to be enforced on a group-policy or user policy. The access lists
are defined with the filter value and functions commands in the group or user configuration.
access-list maia2 remark -deny access to url and send a syslog every 300 seconds

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Appendix B
access-list
access-list
300
access-list
access-list
access-list
access-list
access-list
access-list
access-list
access-list
access-list
access-list
3600
Step 3
HomeURL
HomeURL
HomeURL
HomeURL
HomeURL
HomeURL
remark -Permits access to the URL.

webtype permit url http://employee-connection.example.com
remark -Permits access to the site using ssh.
remark -To be enforced via Port-Forwarding application.
webtype permit tcp asa-35.example.com 255.255.255.255 eq ssh
remark -Denies access to the application on port 1533.
webtype deny tcp im.example.com 255.255.255.255 eq 1533
remark -Permits access to files on this file share via
remark -WebVPN Common Internet File System (CIFS).
webtype permit url cifs://server-bos/people/mkting log informational
"Sales" https://sales.example.com
"VPN3000-1" http://vpn3k-1.example.com
"OWA-2000" http://10.160.105.2/exchange
"Exchange5.5" http://10.86.195.113/exchange
" Employee Benefits" http://benefits.example.com
"Calendar" http://http://eng.example.com/cal.html
Configure a list of non-web TCP applications that will be port-forwarded over WebVPN and enforced
per user or per group-policy. These are defined globally but can be enforced per user or per group-policy.
port-forward
port-forward
port-forward
port-forward
port-forward
port-forward
port-forward
port-forward
port-forward
Step 5
maia2
maia2
maia2
maia2
maia2
maia2
maia2
maia2
maia2
maia2
You can configure a list of pre-configured URLs presented on the WebVPN users home page after login,
which are defined per user or per group.
url-list
url-list
url-list
url-list
url-list
url-list
Step 4
maia2 remark -containing the hit-count (how many times the url was accessed)
maia2 webtype deny url https://sales.example.com log informational interval
Apps1
Apps1
Apps1
Apps1
Apps1
Apps1
Apps1
Apps1
Apps1
4001 10.148.1.81 telnet term-servr

4008 router1-example.com ssh
10143 flask.example.com imap4
10110 flask.example.com pop3
10025 flask.example.com smtp
11533 sametime-im.example.com 1533
10022 secure-term.example.com ssh
21666 tuscan.example.com 1666 perforce-f1
1030 sales.example.com https
Configure the policy attributes enforced for users of the SSLVPNusers group-policy.
group-policy SSLVPNusers internal
group-policy SSLVPNusers attributes
banner value Welcome to Web Services !!!
vpn-idle-timeout 2
vpn-tunnel-protocol IPSec webvpn
webvpn
functions url-entry file-access file-entry file-browsing port-forward filter
url-list value HomeURL
port-forward value Apps1
Step 6
Next, configure the interface(s) where ASDM and WebVPN HTTPS sessions will terminate. Note that
simultaneous ASDM/WebVPN use on the same interface is not supported.
! Enables the HTTP server to allow ASDM and WebVPN HTTPS sessions.
http server enable
! Allows ASDM session(s) from host 10.20.30.47 on the inside interface ; WebVPN sessions
! are not allowed on this interface.
http 10.10.10.45 inside
! Allows WebVPN sessions on outside interfce using HTTP to be re-directed to HTTPS.
! ASDM session is not allowed on this interface.
http redirect outside 80
! Allows WebVPN sessions on dmz1 interfce using HTTP to be re-directed to HTTPS.
! ASDM session is not allowed on this interface.
http redirect dmz161 80
B-16
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Appendix B
Step 7
Next, allow HTTPS ASDM and WebVPN sessions to terminate on the security appliance using the
3DES-sha1 cipher. Requires that a proper 3DES activation-key be previously installed.
ssl encryption 3des-sha1
ssl trust-point CA-MS inside
Step 8
Finally, configure the email proxy settings.

imap4s
enable outside
enable inside
enable dmz161
pop3s
enable outside
enable inside
enable dmz161
smtps
enable outside
enable inside
enable dmz161

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Appendix B
B-18
OL-6721-02
A P P E N D I X

This appendix describes how to use the CLI on the security appliance, and includes the following
sections:
Note
Firewall Mode and Security Context Mode, page C-1
Command Modes and Prompts, page C-2
Syntax Formatting, page C-3
Abbreviating Commands, page C-3
Command-Line Editing, page C-3
Command Completion, page C-3
Command Help, page C-4
Filtering show Command Output, page C-4
Command Output Paging, page C-5
Adding Comments, page C-5
Text Configuration Files, page C-6
The CLI uses similar syntax and other conventions to the Cisco IOS CLI, but the security appliance
operating system is not a version of Cisco IOS software. Do not assume that a Cisco IOS CLI command
works with or has the same function on the security appliance.
Firewall Mode and Security Context Mode

The security appliance runs in a combination of the following modes:
Transparent firewall or routed firewall mode

The firewall mode determines if the security appliance runs as a Layer 2 or Layer 3 firewall.
Multiple context or single context mode

The security context mode determines if the security appliance runs as a single device or as multiple
security contexts, which act like virtual devices.
Some commands are only available in certain modes.

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Appendix C

The security appliance CLI includes command modes. Some commands can only be entered in certain
modes. For example, to enter commands that show sensitive information, you need to enter a password
and enter a more privileged mode. Then, to ensure that configuration changes are not entered
accidentally, you have to enter a configuration mode. All lower commands can be entered in higher
modes, for example, you can enter a privileged EXEC command in global configuration mode.
When you are in the system configuration or in single context mode, the prompt begins with the
hostname:
hostname
When you are within a context, the prompt begins with the hostname followed by the context name:
hostname/context
The prompt changes depending on the access mode:
User EXEC mode

User EXEC mode lets you see minimum security appliance settings. The user EXEC mode prompt
appears as follows when you first access the security appliance:
hostname>
hostname/context>
Privileged EXEC mode

Privileged EXEC mode lets you see all current settings up to your privilege level. Any user EXEC
mode command will work in privileged EXEC mode. Enter the enable command in user EXEC
mode, which requires a password, to start privileged EXEC mode. The prompt includes the number
sign (#):
hostname#
hostname/context#
Global configuration mode

Global configuration mode lets you change the security appliance configuration. All user EXEC,
privileged EXEC, and global configuration commands are available in this mode. Enter the
configure terminal command in privileged EXEC mode to start global configuration mode. The
prompt changes to the following:
hostname(config)#
hostname/context(config)#
Command-specific configuration modes

From global configuration mode, some commands enter a command-specific configuration mode.
All user EXEC, privileged EXEC, global configuration, and command-specific configuration
commands are available in this mode. For example, the interface command enters interface
configuration mode. The prompt changes to the following:
hostname/context(config-if)#
C-2
OL-6721-02
Appendix C

Syntax Formatting
Syntax Formatting
Command syntax descriptions use the following conventions:
Table C-1
Syntax Conventions
Convention
Description
bold
Bold text indicates commands and keywords that you enter literally as shown.
italics
Italic text indicates arguments for which you supply values.
[x]
Square brackets enclose an optional element (keyword or argument).
A vertical bar indicates a choice within an optional or required set of keywords or

arguments.
[x | y]
Square brackets enclosing keywords or arguments separated by a vertical bar indicate

an optional choice.
{x | y}
Braces enclosing keywords or arguments separated by a vertical bar indicate a required

choice.
[x {y | z}]
Nested sets of square brackets or braces indicate optional or required choices within
optional or required elements. Braces and a vertical bar within square brackets indicate
a required choice within an optional element.
Abbreviating Commands
You can abbreviate most commands down to the fewest unique characters for a command; for example,
you can enter wr t to view the configuration instead of entering the full command write terminal, or
you can enter en to start privileged mode and conf t to start configuration mode. In addition, you can
enter 0 to represent 0.0.0.0.
Command-Line Editing
The security appliance uses the same command-line editing conventions as Cisco IOS software. You can
view all previously entered commands with the show history command or individually with the up arrow
or ^p command. Once you have examined a previously entered command, you can move forward in the
list with the down arrow or ^n command. When you reach a command you wish to reuse, you can edit
it or press the Enter key to start it. You can also delete the word to the left of the cursor with ^w, or erase
the line with ^u.
The security appliance permits up to 512 characters in a command; additional characters are ignored.
Command Completion
To complete a command or keyword after entering a partial string, press the Tab key. The security
appliance only completes the command or keyword if the partial string matches only one command or
keyword. For example, if you enter s and press the Tab key, the security appliance does not complete the
command because it matches more than one command. However, if you enter dis, the Tab key completes
the command disable.

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Appendix C
Command Help
Command Help
Help information is available from the command line by entering the following commands:
help command_name
Shows help for the specific command.
command_name ?
Shows a list of arguments available.
string? (no space)

Lists the possible commands that start with the string.
? and +?
Lists all commands available. If you enter ?, the security appliance shows only commands available
for the current mode. To show all commands available, including those for lower modes, enter +?.
Note
If you want to include a question mark (?) in a command string, you must press Ctrl-V before typing the
question mark so you do not inadvertently invoke CLI help.
Filtering show Command Output

You can use the vertical bar (|) with any show command and include a filter option and filtering
expression. The filtering is performed by matching each output line with a regular expression, similar to
Cisco IOS software. By selecting different filter options you can include or exclude all output that
matches the expression. You can also display all output beginning with the line that matches the
expression.
The syntax for using filtering options with the show command is as follows:
hostname# show command | {include | exclude | begin | grep [-v]} regexp
In this command string, the first vertical bar (|) is the operator and must be included in the command.
This operator directs the output of the show command to the filter. In the syntax diagram, the other
vertical bars (|) indicate alternative options and are not part of the command.
The include option includes all output lines that match the regular expression. The grep option without
-v has the same effect. The exclude option excludes all output lines that match the regular expression.
The grep option with -v has the same effect. The begin option shows all the output lines starting with
the line that matches the regular expression.
Replace regexp with any Cisco IOS regular expression. See The regular expression is not enclosed in quotes
or double-quotes, so be careful with trailing white spaces, which will be taken as part of the regular
expression.
When creating regular expressions, you can use any letter or number that you want to match. In addition,
certain keyboard characters have special meaning when used in regular expressions. Table C-2 lists the
keyboard characters that have special meaning.
C-4
OL-6721-02
Appendix C

Table C-2
Using Special Characters in Regular Expressions
Character Type Character
Special Meaning
period
Matches any single character, including white space.
asterisk
Matches 0 or more sequences of the pattern.
plus sign
Matches 1 or more sequences of the pattern.
question mark
Matches 0 or 1 occurrences of the pattern.
caret
Matches the beginning of the input string.
dollar sign
Matches the end of the input string.
underscore
Matches a comma (,), left brace ({), right brace (}), left parenthesis,
right parenthesis, the beginning of the input string, the end of the
input string, or a space.
brackets
[]
Designates a range of single-character patterns.
hyphen
Separates the end points of a range.
1. Precede the question mark with Ctrl-V to prevent the question mark from being interpreted as a help command.
To use these special characters as single-character patterns, remove the special meaning by preceding
each character with a backslash (\).

On commands such as help or?, show, show xlate, or other commands that provide long listings, you
can determine if the information displays a screen and pauses, or lets the command run to completion.
The pager command lets you choose the number of lines to display before the More prompt appears.
When paging is enabled, the following prompt appears:
<--- More --->
The More prompt uses syntax similar to the UNIX more command:
To view another screen, press the Space bar.
To view the next line, press the Enter key.
To return to the command line, press the q key.
Adding Comments
You can precede a line with a colon ( : ) to create a comment. However, the comment only appears in the
command history buffer and not in the configuration. Therefore, you can view the comment with the
show history command or by pressing an arrow key to retrieve a previous command, but because the
comment is not in the configuration, the write terminal command does not display it.

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Appendix C
Text Configuration Files

This section describes how to format a text configuration file that you can download to the security
appliance, and includes the following topics:
How Commands Correspond with Lines in the Text File, page C-6
Command-Specific Configuration Mode Commands, page C-6
Automatic Text Entries, page C-6
Line Order, page C-7
Commands Not Included in the Text Configuration, page C-7
Passwords, page C-7
Multiple Security Context Files, page C-7
How Commands Correspond with Lines in the Text File

The text configuration file includes lines that correspond with the commands described in this guide.
In examples, commands are preceded by a CLI prompt. The prompt in the following example is
hostname(config)#:
hostname(config)# context a
In the text configuration file you are not prompted to enter commands, so the prompt is omitted:
context a
Command-Specific Configuration Mode Commands

Command-specific configuration mode commands appear indented under the main command when
entered at the command line. Your text file lines do not need to be indented, as long as the commands
appear directly following the main command. For example, the following unindented text is read the
same as indented text:
interface gigabitethernet0/0
nameif inside
interface gigabitethernet0/1
nameif outside
Automatic Text Entries

When you download a configuration to the security appliance, the security appliance inserts some lines
automatically. For example, the security appliance inserts lines for default settings or for the time the
configuration was modified. You do not need to enter these automatic entries when you create your text
file.
C-6
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Appendix C

Line Order
For the most part, commands can be in any order in the file. However, some lines, such as ACEs, are
processed in the order they appear, and the order can affect the function of the access list. Other
commands might also have order requirements. For example, you must enter the nameif command for
an interface first because many subsequent commands use the name of the interface. Also, commands in
a command-specific configuration mode must directly follow the main command.
Commands Not Included in the Text Configuration

Some commands do not insert lines in the configuration. For example, a runtime command such as
show running-config does not have a corresponding line in the text file.
Passwords
The login, enable, and user passwords are automatically encrypted before they are stored in the
configuration. For example, the encrypted form of the password cisco might look like
jMorNbK0514fadBh. You can copy the configuration passwords to another security appliance in their
encrypted form, but you cannot unencrypt the passwords yourself.
If you enter an unencrypted password in a text file, the security appliance does not automatically encrypt
them when you copy the configuration to the security appliance. The security appliance only encrypts
them when you save the running configuration from the command line using the copy running-config
startup-config or write memory command.
Multiple Security Context Files

For multiple security contexts, the entire configuration consists of multiple parts:
The security context configurations
The system configuration, which identifies basic settings for the security appliance, including a list
of contexts
The admin context, which provides network interfaces for the system configuration
The system configuration does not include any interfaces or network settings for itself. Rather, when
the system needs to access network resources (such as downloading the contexts from the server), it
uses a context that is designated as the admin context.
Each context is similar to a single context mode configuration. The system configuration differs from a
context configuration in that the system configuration includes system-only commands (such as a list of
all contexts) while other typical commands are not present (such as many interface parameters).

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Appendix C
C-8
OL-6721-02
A P P E N D I X

This appendix provides a quick reference for IP addresses, protocols, and applications. This appendix
IPv4 Addresses and Subnet Masks, page D-1
IPv6 Addresses, page D-5
Protocols and Applications, page D-11
TCP and UDP Ports, page D-12
Local Ports and Protocols, page D-14
ICMP Types, page D-15
IPv4 Addresses and Subnet Masks

This section describes how to use IPv4 addresses in the security appliance. An IPv4 address is a 32-bit
number written in dotted-decimal notation: four 8-bit fields (octets) converted from binary to decimal
numbers, separated by dots. The first part of an IP address identifies the network on which the host
resides, while the second part identifies the particular host on the given network. The network number
field is called the network prefix. All hosts on a given network share the same network prefix but must
have a unique host number. In classful IP, the class of the address determines the boundary between the
network prefix and the host number.
Classes, page D-2
Private Networks, page D-2
Subnet Masks, page D-2

OL-6721-02
D-1
Appendix D
Classes
IP host addresses are divided into three different address classes: Class A, Class B, and Class C. Each
class fixes the boundary between the network prefix and the host number at a different point within the
32-bit address. Class D addresses are reserved for multicast IP.
Class A addresses (1.xxx.xxx.xxx through 126.xxx.xxx.xxx) use only the first octet as the network
prefix.
Class B addresses (128.0.xxx.xxx through 191.255.xxx.xxx) use the first two octets as the network
prefix.
Class C addresses (192.0.0.xxx through 223.255.255.xxx) use the first three octets as the network
prefix.
Because Class A addresses have 16,777,214 host addresses, and Class B addresses 65,534 hosts, you can
use subnet masking to break these huge networks into smaller subnets.
Private Networks
If you need large numbers of addresses on your network, and they do not need to be routed on the
Internet, you can use private IP addresses that the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
recommends (see RFC 1918). The following address ranges are designated as private networks that
should not be advertised:
10.0.0.0 through 10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0 through 172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0 through 192.168.255.255
Subnet Masks
A subnet mask lets you convert a single Class A, B, or C network into multiple networks. With a subnet
mask, you can create an extended network prefix that adds bits from the host number to the network
prefix. For example, a Class C network prefix always consists of the first three octets of the IP address.
But a Class C extended network prefix uses part of the fourth octet as well.
Subnet masking is easy to understand if you use binary notation instead of dotted decimal. The bits in
the subnet mask have a one-to-one correspondence with the Internet address:
The bits are set to 1 if the corresponding bit in the IP address is part of the extended network prefix.
The bits are set to 0 if the bit is part of the host number.
Example 1: If you have the Class B address 129.10.0.0 and you want to use the entire third octet as part
of the extended network prefix instead of the host number, you must specify a subnet mask of
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000. This subnet mask converts the Class B address into the
equivalent of a Class C address, where the host number consists of the last octet only.
Example 2: If you want to use only part of the third octet for the extended network prefix, then you must
specify a subnet mask like 11111111.11111111.11111000.00000000, which uses only 5 bits of the third
octet for the extended network prefix.
You can write a subnet mask as a dotted-decimal mask or as a /bits (slash bits) mask. In Example 1,
for a dotted-decimal mask, you convert each binary octet into a decimal number: 255.255.255.0. For a
/bits mask, you add the number of 1s: /24. In Example 2, the decimal number is 255.255.248.0 and the
/bits is /21.
D-2
OL-6721-02
Appendix D

You can also supernet multiple Class C networks into a larger network by using part of the third octet
for the extended network prefix. For example, 192.168.0.0/20.
Determining the Subnet Mask, page D-3
Determining the Address to Use with the Subnet Mask, page D-3
Determining the Subnet Mask

To determine the subnet mask based on how many hosts you want, see Table D-1.
Table D-1
Hosts, Bits, and Dotted-Decimal Masks
Hosts1
/Bits Mask
Dotted-Decimal Mask
16,777,216
/8
255.0.0.0 Class A Network
65,536
/16
255.255.0.0 Class B Network
32,768
/17
255.255.128.0
16,384
/18
255.255.192.0
8192
/19
255.255.224.0
4096
/20
255.255.240.0
2048
/21
255.255.248.0
1024
/22
255.255.252.0
512
/23
255.255.254.0
256
/24
255.255.255.0 Class C Network
128
/25
255.255.255.128
64
/26
255.255.255.192
32
/27
255.255.255.224
16
/28
255.255.255.240
/29
255.255.255.248
/30
255.255.255.252
Do not use
/31
255.255.255.254
/32
255.255.255.255 Single Host Address
1. The first and last number of a subnet are reserved, except for /32, which identifies a single host.
Determining the Address to Use with the Subnet Mask

The following sections describe how to determine the network address to use with a subnet mask for a
Class C-size and a Class B-size network. This section includes the following topics:
Class C-Size Network Address, page D-4
Class B-Size Network Address, page D-4

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D-3
Appendix D
Class C-Size Network Address

For a network between 2 and 254 hosts, the fourth octet falls on a multiple of the number of host
addresses, starting with 0. For example, the 8-host subnets (/29) of 192.168.0.x are as follows:
Subnet with Mask /29 (255.255.255.248)
Address Range1
192.168.0.0
192.168.0.0 to 192.168.0.7
192.168.0.8
192.168.0.8 to 192.168.0.15
192.168.0.16
192.168.0.16 to 192.168.0.31
192.168.0.248
192.168.0.248 to 192.168.0.255
1. The first and last address of a subnet are reserved. In the first subnet example, you cannot use
192.168.0.0 or 192.168.0.7.
Class B-Size Network Address

To determine the network address to use with the subnet mask for a network with between 254 and
65,534 hosts, you need to determine the value of the third octet for each possible extended network
prefix. For example, you might want to subnet an address like 10.1.x.0, where the first two octets are
fixed because they are used in the extended network prefix, and the fourth octet is 0 because all bits are
used for the host number.
To determine the value of the third octet, follow these steps:
Step 1
Calculate how many subnets you can make from the network by dividing 65,536 (the total number of
addresses using the third and fourth octet) by the number of host addresses you want.
For example, 65,536 divided by 4096 hosts equals 16.
Therefore, there are 16 subnets of 4096 addresses each in a Class B-size network.
Step 2
Determine the multiple of the third octet value by dividing 256 (the number of values for the third octet)
by the number of subnets:
In this example, 256/16 = 16.
The third octet falls on a multiple of 16, starting with 0.
Therefore, the 16 subnets of the network 10.1 are as follows:
Subnet with Mask /20 (255.255.240.0)
Address Range1
10.1.0.0
10.1.0.0 to 10.1.15.255
10.1.16.0
10.1.16.0 to 10.1.31.255
10.1.32.0
10.1.32.0 to 10.1.47.255
10.1.240.0
10.1.240.0 to 10.1.255.255
1. The first and last address of a subnet are reserved. In the first subnet example, you cannot use
10.1.0.0 or 10.1.15.255.
D-4
OL-6721-02
Appendix D

IPv6 Addresses
IPv6 Addresses
IPv6 is the next generation of the Internet Protocol after IPv4. It provides an expanded address space, a
simplified header format, improved support for extensions and options, flow labeling capability, and
authentication and privacy capabilities. IPv6 is described in RFC 2460. The IPv6 addressing architecture
is described in RFC 3513.
This section describes the IPv6 address format and architecture and includes the following topics:
Note
IPv6 Address Format, page D-5
IPv6 Address Types, page D-6
IPv6 Address Prefixes, page D-10
This section describes the IPv6 address format, the types, and prefixes. For information about
configuring the security appliance to use IPv6, see Chapter 6, Configuring Interface Parameters.
IPv6 Address Format

IPv6 addresses are represented as a series of eight 16-bit hexadecimal fields separated by colons (:) in
the format: x:x:x:x:x:x:x:x. The following are two examples of IPv6 addresses:
Note
2001:0DB8:7654:3210:FEDC:BA98:7654:3210
2001:0DB8:0000:0000:0008:0800:200C:417A
The hexadecimal letters in IPv6 addresses are not case-sensitive.

It is not necessary to include the leading zeros in an individual field of the address. But each field must
contain at least one digit. So the example address 2001:0DB8:0000:0000:0008:0800:200C:417A can be
shortened to 2001:0DB8:0:0:8:800:200C:417A by removing the leading zeros from the third through
sixth fields from the left. The fields that contained all zeros (the third and fourth fields from the left)
were shortened to a single zero. The fifth field from the left had the three leading zeros removed, leaving
a single 8 in that field, and the sixth field from the left had the one leading zero removed, leaving 800 in
that field.
It is common for IPv6 addresses to contain several consecutive hexadecimal fields of zeros. You can use
two colons (::) to compress consecutive fields of zeros at the beginning, middle, or end of an IPv6
address (the colons represent the successive hexadecimal fields of zeros). Table D-2 shows several
examples of address compression for different types of IPv6 address.
Table D-2
IPv6 Address Compression Examples
Address Type Standard Form
Compressed Form
Unicast
2001:0DB8:0:0:0:BA98:0:3210 2001:0DB8::BA98:0:3210
Multicast
FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:101
FF01::101
Loopback
0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1
::1
Unspecified
0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
::

OL-6721-02
D-5
Appendix D
IPv6 Addresses
Note
Two colons (::) can be used only once in an IPv6 address to represent successive fields of zeros.
An alternative form of the IPv6 format is often used when dealing with an environment that contains
both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses. This alternative has the format x:x:x:x:x:x:y.y.y.y, where x represent the
hexadecimal values for the six high-order parts of the IPv6 address and y represent decimal values for
the 32-bit IPv4 part of the address (which takes the place of the remaining two 16-bit parts of the IPv6
address). For example, the IPv4 address 192.168.1.1 could be represented as the IPv6 address
0:0:0:0:0:0:FFFF:192.168.1.1, or ::FFFF:192.168.1.1.
IPv6 Address Types

The following are the three main types of IPv6 addresses:
Note
UnicastA unicast address is an identifier for a single interface. A packet sent to a unicast address
is delivered to the interface identified by that address. An interface may have more than one unicast
address assigned to it.
MulticastA multicast address is an identifier for a set of interfaces. A packet sent to a multicast
address is delivered to all addresses identified by that address.
AnycastAn anycast address is an identifier for a set of interfaces. Unlike a multicast address, a
packet sent to an anycast address is only delivered to the nearest interface, as determined by the
measure of distances for the routing protocol.
There are no broadcast addresses in IPv6. Multicast addresses provide the broadcast functionality.
Unicast Addresses, page D-6
Multicast Address, page D-8
Anycast Address, page D-9
Required Addresses, page D-10
Unicast Addresses
This section describes IPv6 unicast addresses. Unicast addresses identify an interface on a network node.
Global Address, page D-7
Site-Local Address, page D-7
Link-Local Address, page D-7
IPv4-Compatible IPv6 Addresses, page D-7
Unspecified Address, page D-8
Loopback Address, page D-8
Interface Identifiers, page D-8
D-6
OL-6721-02
Appendix D

IPv6 Addresses
Global Address
The general format of an IPv6 global unicast address is a global routing prefix followed by a subnet ID
followed by an interface ID. The global routing prefix can be any prefix not reserved by another IPv6
address type (see IPv6 Address Prefixes, page D-10, for information about the IPv6 address type
prefixes).
All global unicast addresses, other than those that start with binary 000, have a 64-bit interface ID in the
Modified EUI-64 format. See Interface Identifiers, page D-8, for more information about the Modified
EUI-64 format for interface identifiers.
Global unicast address that start with the binary 000 do not have any constraints on the size or structure
of the interface ID portion of the address. One example of this type of address is an IPv6 address with
an embedded IPv4 address (see IPv4-Compatible IPv6 Addresses, page D-7).
Site-Local Address
Site-local addresses are used for addressing within a site. They can be use to address an entire site
without using a globally unique prefix. Site-local addresses have the prefix FEC0::/10, followed by a
54-bit subnet ID, and end with a 64-bit interface ID in the modified EUI-64 format.
Site-local Routers do not forward any packets that have a site-local address for a source or destination
outside of the site. Therefore, site-local addresses can be considered private addresses.
Link-Local Address
All interfaces are required to have at least one link-local address. You can configure multiple IPv6
addresses per interfaces, but only one link-local address.
A link-local address is an IPv6 unicast address that can be automatically configured on any interface
using the link-local prefix FE80::/10 and the interface identifier in modified EUI-64 format. Link-local
addresses are used in the neighbor discovery protocol and the stateless autoconfiguration process. Nodes
with a link-local address can communicate; they do not need a site-local or globally unique address to
communicate.
Routers do not forward any packets that have a link-local address for a source or destination. Therefore,
link-local addresses can be considered private addresses.
IPv4-Compatible IPv6 Addresses

There are two types of IPv6 addresses that can contain IPv4 addresses.
The first type is the IPv4-compatibly IPv6 address. The IPv6 transition mechanisms include a
technique for hosts and routers to dynamically tunnel IPv6 packets over IPv4 routing infrastructure. IPv6
nodes that use this technique are assigned special IPv6 unicast addresses that carry a global IPv4 address
in the low-order 32 bits. This type of address is termed an IPv4-compatible IPv6 address and has the
format ::y.y.y.y, where y.y.y.y is an IPv4 unicast address.
Note
The IPv4 address used in the IPv4-compatible IPv6 address must be a globally-unique IPv4 unicast
address.
The second type of IPv6 address which holds an embedded IPv4 address is called the IPv4-mapped
IPv6 address. This address type is used to represent the addresses of IPv4 nodes as IPv6 addresses. This
type of address has the format ::FFFF:y.y.y.y, where y.y.y.y is an IPv4 unicast address.

OL-6721-02
D-7
Appendix D
IPv6 Addresses
Unspecified Address
The unspecified address, 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0, indicates the absence of an IPv6 address. For example, a newly
initialized node on an IPv6 network may use the unspecified address as the source address in its packets
until it receives its IPv6 address.
Note
The IPv6 unspecified address cannot be assigned to an interface. The unspecified IPv6 addresses must
not be used as destination addresses in IPv6 packets or the IPv6 routing header.
Loopback Address
The loopback address, 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1, may be used by a node to send an IPv6 packet to itself. The
loopback address in IPv6 functions the same as the loopback address in IPv4 (127.0.0.1).
Note
The IPv6 loopback address cannot be assigned to a physical interface. A packet that has the IPv6
loopback address as its source or destination address must remain within the node that created the packet.
IPv6 routers do not forward packets that have the IPv6 loopback address as their source or destination
address.
Interface Identifiers
Interface identifiers in IPv6 unicast addresses are used to identify the interfaces on a link. They need to
be unique within a subnet prefix. In many cases, the interface identifier is derived from the interface
link-layer address. The same interface identifier may be used on multiple interfaces of a single node, as
long as those interfaces are attached to different subnets.
For all unicast addresses, except those that start with the binary 000, the interface identifier is required
to be 64 bits long and to be constructed in the Modified EUI-64 format. The Modified EUI-64 format is
created from the 48-bit MAC address by inverting the universal/local bit in the address and by inserting
the hexadecimal number FFFE between the upper three bytes and lower three bytes of the of the MAC
address.
For example, and interface with the MAC address of 00E0.b601.3B7A would have a 64-bit interface ID
of 02E0:B6FF:FE01:3B7A.
Multicast Address
An IPv6 multicast address is an identifier for a group of interfaces, typically on different nodes. A packet
sent to a multicast address is delivered to all interfaces identified by the multicast address. An interface
may belong to any number of multicast groups.
An IPv6 multicast address has a prefix of FF00::/8 (1111 1111). The octet following the prefix defines
the type and scope of the multicast address. A permanently assigned (well known) multicast address
has a flag parameter equal to 0; a temporary (transient) multicast address has a flag parameter equal
to 1. A multicast address that has the scope of a node, link, site, or organization, or a global scope has a
scope parameter of 1, 2, 5, 8, or E, respectively. For example, a multicast address with the prefix
FF02::/16 is a permanent multicast address with a link scope. Figure D-1 shows the format of the IPv6
multicast address.
D-8
OL-6721-02
Appendix D

IPv6 Addresses
Figure D-1
IPv6 Multicast Address Format
128 bits
1111 1111
F
8 bits
4 bits
4 bits
Flag
Scope
8 bits
Interface ID
Flag =
0 if permanent
1 if temporary
1 = node
2 = link
Scope = 4 = admin
5 = site
8 = organization
E = global
92617
IPv6 nodes (hosts and routers) are required to join the following multicast groups:
The All Nodes multicast addresses:

FF01:: (interface-local)
FF02:: (link-local)
The Solicited-Node Address for each IPv6 unicast and anycast address on the node:
FF02:0:0:0:0:1:FFXX:XXXX/104, where XX:XXXX is the low-order 24-bits of the unicast or
anycast address.
Note
Solicited-Node addresses are used in Neighbor Solicitation messages.
IPv6 routers are required to join the following multicast groups:
FF01::2 (interface-local)
FF02::2 (link-local)
FF05::2 (site-local)
Multicast address should not be used as source addresses in IPv6 packets.
Note
There are no broadcast addresses in IPv6. IPv6 multicast addresses are used instead of broadcast
addresses.
Anycast Address
The IPv6 anycast address is a unicast address that is assigned to more than one interface (typically
belonging to different nodes). A packet that is routed to an anycast address is routed to the nearest
interface having that address, the nearness being determined by the routing protocol in effect.
Anycast addresses are allocated from the unicast address space. An anycast address is simply a unicast
address that has been assigned to more than one interface, and the interfaces must be configured to
recognize the address as an anycast address.

OL-6721-02
D-9
Appendix D
IPv6 Addresses
The following restrictions apply to anycast addresses:
Note
An anycast address cannot be used as the source address for an IPv6 packet.
An anycast address cannot be assigned to an IPv6 host; it can only be assigned to an IPv6 router.
Anycast addresses are not supported on the security appliance.
Required Addresses
IPv6 hosts must, at a minimum, be configured with the following addresses (either automatically or
manually):
A link-local address for each interface.
The loopback address.
The All-Nodes multicast addresses
A Solicited-Node multicast address for each unicast or anycast address.
IPv6 routers must, at a minimum, be configured with the following addresses (either automatically or
manually):
The required host addresses.
The Subnet-Router anycast addresses for all interfaces for which it is configured to act as a router.
The All-Routers multicast addresses.
IPv6 Address Prefixes

An IPv6 address prefix, in the format ipv6-prefix/prefix-length, can be used to represent bit-wise
contiguous blocks of the entire address space. The IPv6-prefix must be in the form documented in RFC
2373 where the address is specified in hexadecimal using 16-bit values between colons. The prefix
length is a decimal value that indicates how many of the high-order contiguous bits of the address
comprise the prefix (the network portion of the address). For example, 2001:0DB8:8086:6502::/32 is a
valid IPv6 prefix.
The IPv6 prefix identifies the type of IPv6 address. Table D-3 shows the prefixes for each IPv6 address
type.
Table D-3
IPv6 Address Type Prefixes
Address Type
Binary Prefix
IPv6 Notation
Unspecified
000...0 (128 bits)
::/128
Loopback
000...1 (128 bits)
::1/128
Multicast
11111111
FF00::/8
Link-Local (unicast) 1111111010
FE80::/10
Site-Local (unicast)
1111111111
FEC0::/10
Global (unicast)
All other addresses.
Anycast
Taken from the unicast address space.
D-10
OL-6721-02
Appendix D


Table D-4 lists the protocol literal values and port numbers; either can be entered in security appliance
commands.
Table D-4
Protocol Literal Values
Literal Value Description

ah
51
Authentication Header for IPv6, RFC 1826.
eigrp
88
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol.
esp
50
Encapsulated Security Payload for IPv6, RFC 1827.
gre
47
Generic Routing Encapsulation.
icmp
Internet Control Message Protocol, RFC 792.
icmp6 58
Internet Control Message Protocol for IPv6, RFC 2463.
igmp
Internet Group Management Protocol, RFC 1112.
igrp
Interior Gateway Routing Protocol.
ip
Internet Protocol.
ipinip 4
IP-in-IP encapsulation.
ipsec
50
IP Security. Entering the ipsec protocol literal is

equivalent to entering the esp protocol literal.
nos
94
Network Operating System (Novells NetWare).
ospf
89
Open Shortest Path First routing protocol, RFC 1247.
pcp
108
Payload Compression Protocol.
pim
103
Protocol Independent Multicast.
pptp
47
Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol. Entering the pptp

protocol literal is equivalent to entering the gre protocol
literal.
snp
109
Sitara Networks Protocol.
tcp
Transmission Control Protocol, RFC 793.
udp
17
User Datagram Protocol, RFC 768.
Protocol numbers can be viewed online at the IANA website:

http://www.iana.org/assignments/protocol-numbers

OL-6721-02
D-11
Appendix D
TCP and UDP Ports
TCP and UDP Ports

Table D-5 lists the literal values and port numbers; either can be entered in security appliance
commands. See the following caveats:
The security appliance uses port 1521 for SQL*Net. This is the default port used by Oracle for
SQL*Net. This value, however, does not agree with IANA port assignments.
The security appliance listens for RADIUS on ports 1645 and 1646. If your RADIUS server uses
the standard ports 1812 and 1813, you can configure the security appliance to listen to those ports
using the authentication-port and accounting-port commands.
To assign a port for DNS access, use the domain literal value, not dns. If you use dns, the security
appliance assumes you meant to use the dnsix literal value.
Port numbers can be viewed online at the IANA website:

http://www.iana.org/assignments/port-numbers
Table D-5
Port Literal Values
Literal
TCP or UDP? Value
Description
aol
TCP
5190
America Online
bgp
TCP
179
Border Gateway Protocol, RFC 1163
biff
UDP
512
Used by mail system to notify users that new mail is

received
bootpc
UDP
68
Bootstrap Protocol Client
bootps
UDP
67
Bootstrap Protocol Server
chargen
TCP
19
Character Generator
citrix-ica
TCP
1494
Citrix Independent Computing Architecture (ICA)

protocol
cmd
TCP
514
Similar to exec except that cmd has automatic

authentication
ctiqbe
TCP
2748
Computer Telephony Interface Quick Buffer

Encoding
daytime
TCP
13
Day time, RFC 867
discard
TCP, UDP
Discard
domain
TCP, UDP
53
DNS
dnsix
UDP
195
DNSIX Session Management Module Audit

Redirector
echo
TCP, UDP
Echo
exec
TCP
512
Remote process execution
finger
TCP
79
Finger
ftp
TCP
21
File Transfer Protocol (control port)
ftp-data
TCP
20
File Transfer Protocol (data port)
gopher
TCP
70
Gopher
https
TCP
443
HTTP over SSL
D-12
OL-6721-02
Appendix D

TCP and UDP Ports
Table D-5
Port Literal Values (continued)
Literal
TCP or UDP? Value
Description
h323
TCP
1720
H.323 call signalling
hostname
TCP
101
NIC Host Name Server
ident
TCP
113
Ident authentication service
imap4
TCP
143
Internet Message Access Protocol, version 4
irc
TCP
194
Internet Relay Chat protocol
isakmp
UDP
500
Internet Security Association and Key Management

Protocol
kerberos
TCP, UDP
750
Kerberos
klogin
TCP
543
KLOGIN
kshell
TCP
544
Korn Shell
ldap
TCP
389
Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
ldaps
TCP
636
Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (SSL)
lpd
TCP
515
Line Printer Daemon - printer spooler
login
TCP
513
Remote login
lotusnotes
TCP
1352
IBM Lotus Notes
mobile-ip
UDP
434
MobileIP-Agent
nameserver
UDP
42
Host Name Server
netbios-ns
UDP
137
NetBIOS Name Service
netbios-dgm
UDP
138
NetBIOS Datagram Service
netbios-ssn
TCP
139
NetBIOS Session Service
nntp
TCP
119
Network News Transfer Protocol
ntp
UDP
123
Network Time Protocol
pcanywhere-status
UDP
5632
pcAnywhere status
pcanywhere-data
TCP
5631
pcAnywhere data
pim-auto-rp
TCP, UDP
496
Protocol Independent Multicast, reverse path

flooding, dense mode
pop2
TCP
109
Post Office Protocol - Version 2
pop3
TCP
110
Post Office Protocol - Version 3
pptp
TCP
1723
Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol
radius
UDP
1645
Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service
radius-acct
UDP
1646
Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service

(accounting)
rip
UDP
520
Routing Information Protocol
secureid-udp
UDP
5510
SecureID over UDP
smtp
TCP
25
Simple Mail Transport Protocol
snmp
UDP
161
Simple Network Management Protocol
snmptrap
UDP
162
Simple Network Management Protocol - Trap

OL-6721-02
D-13
Appendix D
Table D-5
Port Literal Values (continued)
Literal
TCP or UDP? Value
Description
sqlnet
TCP
1521
Structured Query Language Network
ssh
TCP
22
Secure Shell
sunrpc (rpc)
TCP, UDP
111
Sun Remote Procedure Call
syslog
UDP
514
System Log
tacacs
TCP, UDP
49
Terminal Access Controller Access Control System

Plus
talk
TCP, UDP
517
Talk
telnet
TCP
23
RFC 854 Telnet
tftp
UDP
69
Trivial File Transfer Protocol
time
UDP
37
Time
uucp
TCP
540
UNIX-to-UNIX Copy Program
who
UDP
513
Who
whois
TCP
43
Who Is
www
TCP
80
World Wide Web
xdmcp
UDP
177
X Display Manager Control Protocol

Table D-6 lists the protocols, TCP ports, and UDP ports that the security appliance may open to process
traffic destined to the security appliance. Unless you enable the features and services listed in Table D-6,
the security appliance does not open any local protocols or any TCP or UDP ports. You must configure
a feature or service for the security appliance to open the default listening protocol or port. In many cases
you can configure ports other than the default port when you enable a feature or service.
Table D-6
Protocols and Ports Opened by Features and Services
Feature or Service
Protocol
Port Number
Comments
DHCP
UDP
67,68
Failover Control
108
N/A
HTTP
TCP
80
HTTPS
TCP
443
ICMP
N/A
IGMP
N/A
Protocol only open on destination IP

address 224.0.0.1
ISAKMP/IKE
UDP
500
Configurable.
IPSec (ESP)
50
N/A
IPSec over UDP

(NAT-T)
UDP
4500
D-14
OL-6721-02
Appendix D

ICMP Types
Table D-6
Protocols and Ports Opened by Features and Services (continued)
Feature or Service
Protocol
Port Number
Comments
IPSec over UDP

(Cisco VPN 3000
Series compatible)
UDP
10000
Configurable.
IPSec over TCP

(CTCP)
TCP
No default port is used. You must specify

the port number when configuring IPSec
over TCP.
NTP
UDP
123
OSPF
89
N/A

address 224.0.0.5 and 224.0.0.6
PIM
103
N/A

address 224.0.0.13
RIP
UDP
520
RIPv2
UDP
520
Port only open on destination IP address

224.0.0.9
SNMP
UDP
161
Configurable.
SSH
TCP
22
Stateful Update
105
N/A
Telnet
TCP
23
VPN Load Balancing
UDP
9023
Configurable.
VPN Individual User

Authentication Proxy
UDP
1645, 1646
Port accessible only over VPN tunnel.
ICMP Types
Table D-7 lists the ICMP type numbers and names that you can enter in security appliance commands:
Table D-7
ICMP Types
ICMP Number
ICMP Name
echo-reply
unreachable
source-quench
redirect
alternate-address
echo
router-advertisement
10
router-solicitation
11
time-exceeded
12
parameter-problem

OL-6721-02
D-15
Appendix D
ICMP Types
Table D-7
ICMP Types (continued)
ICMP Number
ICMP Name
13
timestamp-request
14
timestamp-reply
15
information-request
16
information-reply
17
mask-request
18
mask-reply
31
conversion-error
32
mobile-redirect
D-16
OL-6721-02
GLOSSARY
Numerics
3DES
See DES.
A
AAA
Authentication, authorization, and accounting. See also TACACS+ and RADIUS.
ABR
Area Border Router. In OSPF, a router with interfaces in multiple areas.
ACE
Access Control Entry. Information entered into the configuration that lets you specify what type of
traffic to permit or deny on an interface. By default, traffic that is not explicitly permitted is denied.
Access Modes
The security appliance CLI uses several command modes. The commands available in each mode vary.
See also user EXEC mode, privileged EXEC mode, global configuration mode, command-specific
configuration mode.
ACL
Access Control List. A collection of ACEs. An ACL lets you specify what type of traffic to allow on
an interface. By default, traffic that is not explicitly permitted is denied. ACLs are usually applied to
the interface which is the source of inbound traffic. See also rule, outbound ACL.
ActiveX
A set of object-oriented programming technologies and tools used to create mobile or portable
programs. An ActiveX program is roughly equivalent to a Java applet.
Address Resolution See ARP.

Protocol
address translation
The translation of a network address and/or port to another network address/or port. See also IP
address, interface PAT, NAT, PAT, Static PAT, xlate.
AES
Advanced Encryption Standard. A symmetric block cipher that can encrypt and decrypt information.
The AES algorithm is capable of using cryptographic keys of 128, 192 and 256 bits to encrypt and
decrypt data in blocks of 128 bits. See also DES.
AH
Authentication Header. An IP protocol (type 51) that can ensure data integrity, authentication, and
replay detection. AH is embedded in the data to be protected (a full IP datagram, for example). AH
can be used either by itself or with ESP. This is an older IPSec protocol that is less important in most
networks than ESP. AH provides authentication services but does not provide encryption services. It
is provided to ensure compatibility with IPSec peers that do not support ESP, which provides both
authentication and encryption. See also encryption and VPN. Refer to the RFC 2402.
A record address
A stands for address, and refers to name-to-address mapped records in DNS.

OL-6721-02
GL-1
Glossary
ARP
Address Resolution Protocol. A low-level TCP/IP protocol that maps a hardware address, or MAC
address, to an IP address. An example hardware address is 00:00:a6:00:01:ba. The first three groups
of characters (00:00:a6) identify the manufacturer; the rest of the characters (00:01:ba) identify the
system card. ARP is defined in RFC 826.
ASA
Adaptive Security Algorithm. Used by the security appliance to perform inspections. ASA allows
one-way (inside to outside) connections without an explicit configuration for each internal system and
application. See also inspection engine.
ASA
adaptive security appliance.
ASDM
Adaptive Security Device Manager. An application for managing and configuring a single security
appliance.
asymmetric
encryption
Also called public key systems, asymmetric encryption allows anyone to obtain access to the public
key of anyone else. Once the public key is accessed, one can send an encrypted message to that person
using the public key. See also encryption, public key.
authentication
Cryptographic protocols and services that verify the identity of users and the integrity of data. One of
the functions of the IPSec framework. Authentication establishes the integrity of datastream and
ensures that it is not tampered with in transit. It also provides confirmation about the origin of the
datastream. See also AAA, encryption, and VPN.
B
BGP
Border Gateway Protocol. BGP performs interdomain routing in TCP/IP networks. BGP is an Exterior
Gateway Protocol, which means that it performs routing between multiple autonomous systems or
domains and exchanges routing and access information with other BGP systems. The security
appliance does not support BGP. See also EGP.
BLT stream
Bandwidth Limited Traffic stream. Stream or flow of packets whose bandwidth is constrained.
BOOTP
Bootstrap Protocol. Lets diskless workstations boot over the network as is described in RFC 951 and
RFC 1542.
BPDU
Bridge Protocol Data Unit. Spanning-Tree Protocol hello packet that is sent out at configurable
intervals to exchange information among bridges in the network. Protocol data unit is the OSI term
for packet.
C
CA
Certificate Authority, Certification Authority. A third-party entity that is responsible for issuing and
revoking certificates. Each device with the public key of the CA can authenticate a device that has a
certificate issued by the CA. The term CA also refers to software that provides CA services. See also
certificate, CRL, public key, RA.
cache
A temporary repository of information accumulated from previous task executions that can be reused,
decreasing the time required to perform the tasks.
GL-2
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Glossary
CBC
Cipher Block Chaining. A cryptographic technique that increases the encryption strength of an
algorithm. CBC requires an initialization vector (IV) to start encryption. The IV is explicitly given in
the IPSec packet.
certificate
A signed cryptographic object that contains the identity of a user or device and the public key of the
CA that issued the certificate. Certificates have an expiration date and may also be placed on a CRL
if known to be compromised. Certificates also establish non-repudiation for IKE negotiation, which
means that you can prove to a third party that IKE negotiation was completed with a specific peer.
CHAP
Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol.
CLI
command line interface. The primary interface for entering configuration and monitoring commands
to the security appliance.
client/server
computing
Distributed computing (processing) network systems in which transaction responsibilities are divided
into two parts: client (front end) and server (back end). Also called distributed computing. See also
RPC.
From global configuration mode, some commands enter a command-specific configuration mode. All
command-specific
configuration mode user EXEC, privileged EXEC, global configuration, and command-specific configuration commands
are available in this mode. See also global configuration mode, privileged EXEC mode, user EXEC
mode.
configuration,
config, config file
A file on the security appliance that represents the equivalent of settings, preferences, and properties
administered by ASDM or the CLI.
cookie
A cookie is a object stored by a browser. Cookies contain information, such as user preferences, to
persistent storage.
CPU
Central Processing Unit. Main processor.
CRC
Cyclical Redundancy Check. Error-checking technique in which the frame recipient calculates a
remainder by dividing frame contents by a prime binary divisor and compares the calculated
remainder to a value stored in the frame by the sending node.
CRL
Certificate Revocation List. A digitally signed message that lists all of the current but revoked
certificates listed by a given CA. This is analogous to a book of stolen charge card numbers that allow
stores to reject bad credit cards. When certificates are revoked, they are added to a CRL. When you
implement authentication using certificates, you can choose to use CRLs or not. Using CRLs lets you
easily revoke certificates before they expire, but the CRL is generally only maintained by the CA or
an RA. If you are using CRLs and the connection to the CA or RA is not available when authentication
is requested, the authentication request will fail. See also CA, certificate, public key, RA.
CRV
Call Reference Value. Used by H.225.0 to distinguish call legs signalled between two entities.
cryptography
Encryption, authentication, integrity, keys and other services used for secure communication over
networks. See also VPN and IPSec.
crypto map
A data structure with a unique name and sequence number that is used for configuring VPNs on the
security appliance. A crypto map selects data flows that need security processing and defines the
policy for these flows and the crypto peer that traffic needs to go to. A crypto map is applied to an
interface. Crypto maps contain the ACLs, encryption standards, peers, and other parameters necessary
to specify security policies for VPNs using IKE and IPSec. See also VPN.

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GL-3
Glossary
CTIQBE
Computer Telephony Interface Quick Buffer Encoding. A protocol used in IP telephony between the
Cisco CallManager and CTI TAPI and JTAPI applications. CTIQBE is used by the TAPI/JTAPI
protocol inspection module and supports NAT, PAT, and bi-directional NAT. This enables Cisco IP
SoftPhone and other Cisco TAPI/JTAPI applications to communicate with Cisco CallManager for call
setup and voice traffic across the security appliance.
cut-through proxy
Enables the security appliance to provide faster traffic flow after user authentication. The cut-through
proxy challenges a user initially at the application layer. After the security appliance authenticates the
user, it shifts the session flow and all traffic flows directly and quickly between the source and
destination while maintaining session state information.
D
data confidentiality Describes any method that manipulates data so that no attacker can read it. This is commonly achieved
by data encryption and keys that are only available to the parties involved in the communication.
data integrity
Describes mechanisms that, through the use of encryption based on secret key or public key
algorithms, allow the recipient of a piece of protected data to verify that the data has not been modified
in transit.
data origin
authentication
A security service where the receiver can verify that protected data could have originated only from
the sender. This service requires a data integrity service plus a key distribution mechanism, where a
secret key is shared only between the sender and receiver.
decryption
Application of a specific algorithm or cipher to encrypted data so as to render the data comprehensible
to those who are authorized to see the information. See also encryption.
DES
Data encryption standard. DES was published in 1977 by the National Bureau of Standards and is a
secret key encryption scheme based on the Lucifer algorithm from IBM. Cisco uses DES in classic
crypto (40-bit and 56-bit key lengths), IPSec crypto (56-bit key), and 3DES (triple DES), which
performs encryption three times using a 56-bit key. 3DES is more secure than DES but requires more
processing for encryption and decryption. See also AES, ESP.
DHCP
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. Provides a mechanism for allocating IP addresses to hosts
dynamically, so that addresses can be reused when hosts no longer need them and so that mobile
computers, such as laptops, receive an IP address applicable to the LAN to which it is connected.
Diffie-Hellman
A public key cryptography protocol that allows two parties to establish a shared secret over insecure
communications channels. Diffie-Hellman is used within IKE to establish session keys.
Diffie-Hellman is a component of Oakley key exchange.
Diffie-Hellman
Group 1, Group 2,
Group 5, Group 7
Diffie-Hellman refers to a type of public key cryptography using asymmetric encryption based on
large prime numbers to establish both Phase 1 and Phase 2 SAs. Group 1 provides a smaller prime
number than Group 2 but may be the only version supported by some IPSec peers. Diffe-Hellman
Group 5 uses a 1536-bit prime number, is the most secure, and is recommended for use with AES.
Group 7 has an elliptical curve field size of 163 bits and is for use with the Movian VPN client, but
works with any peer that supports Group 7 (ECC). See also VPN and encryption.
digital certificate
See certificate.
DMZ
See interface.
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Glossary
DN
Distinguished Name. Global, authoritative name of an entry in the OSI Directory (X.500).
DNS
Domain Name System (or Service). An Internet service that translates domain names into IP
addresses.
DoS
Denial of Service. A type of network attack in which the goal is to render a network service
unavailable.
DSL
digital subscriber line. Public network technology that delivers high bandwidth over conventional
copper wiring at limited distances. DSL is provisioned via modem pairs, with one modem located at
a central office and the other at the customer site. Because most DSL technologies do not use the
whole bandwidth of the twisted pair, there is room remaining for a voice channel.
DSP
digital signal processor. A DSP segments a voice signal into frames and stores them in voice packets.
DSS
Digital Signature Standard. A digital signature algorithm designed by The US National Institute of
Standards and Technology and based on public-key cryptography. DSS does not do user datagram
encryption. DSS is a component in classic crypto, as well as the Redcreek IPSec card, but not in IPSec
implemented in Cisco IOS software.
Dynamic NAT
See NAT and address translation.
Dynamic PAT
Dynamic Port Address Translation. Dynamic PAT lets multiple outbound sessions appear to originate
from a single IP address. With PAT enabled, the security appliance chooses a unique port number from
the PAT IP address for each outbound translation slot (xlate). This feature is valuable when an ISP
cannot allocate enough unique IP addresses for your outbound connections. The global pool addresses
always come first, before a PAT address is used. See also NAT, Static PAT, and xlate.
E
ECHO
See Ping, ICMP. See also inspection engine.
EGP
Exterior Gateway Protocol. Replaced by BGP. The security appliance does not support EGP. See also
BGP.
EIGRP
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol. The security appliance does not support EIGRP.
EMBLEM
Enterprise Management BaseLine Embedded Manageability. A syslog format designed to be

consistent with the Cisco IOS system log format and is more compatible with CiscoWorks
management applications.
encryption
Application of a specific algorithm or cipher to data so as to render the data incomprehensible to those
unauthorized to see the information. See also decryption.
ESMTP
Extended SMTP. Extended version of SMTP that includes additional functionality, such as delivery
notification and session delivery. ESMTP is described in RFC 1869, SMTP Service Extensions.
ESP
Encapsulating Security Payload. An IPSec protocol, ESP provides authentication and encryption
services for establishing a secure tunnel over an insecure network. For more information, refer to
RFCs 2406 and 1827.

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GL-5
Glossary
F
failover, failover
mode
Failover lets you configure two security appliances so that one will take over operation if the other
one fails. The security appliance supports two failover configurations, Active/Active failover and
Active/Standby failover. Each failover configuration has its own method for determining and
performing failover. With Active/Active failover, both units can pass network traffic. This lets you
configure load balancing on your network. Active/Active failover is only available on units running
in multiple context mode. With Active/Standby failover, only one unit passes traffic while the other
unit waits in a standby state. Active/Standby failover is available on units running in either single or
multiple context mode.
Fixup
See inspection engine.
Flash, Flash
memory
A nonvolatile storage device used to store the configuration file when the security appliance is
powered down.
FQDN/IP
Fully qualified domain name/IP address. IPSec parameter that identifies peers that are security
gateways.
FragGuard
Provides IP fragment protection and performs full reassembly of all ICMP error messages and virtual
reassembly of the remaining IP fragments that are routed through the security appliance.
FTP
File Transfer Protocol. Part of the TCP/IP protocol stack, used for transferring files between hosts.
G
GGSN
gateway GPRS support node. A wireless gateway that allows mobile cell phone users to access the
public data network or specified private IP networks.
Global configuration mode lets you to change the security appliance configuration. All user EXEC,
global
configuration mode privileged EXEC, and global configuration commands are available in this mode. See also user EXEC
mode, privileged EXEC mode, command-specific configuration mode.
GMT
Greenwich Mean Time. Replaced by UTC (Coordinated Universal Time) in 1967 as the world time
standard.
GPRS
general packet radio service. A service defined and standardized by the European Telecommunication
Standards Institute. GPRS is an IP-packet-based extension of GSM networks and provides mobile,
wireless, data communications
GRE
Generic Routing Encapsulation described in RFCs 1701 and 1702. GRE is a tunneling protocol that
can encapsulate a wide variety of protocol packet types inside IP tunnels, creating a virtual
point-to-point link to routers at remote points over an IP network. By connecting multiprotocol
subnetworks in a single-protocol backbone environment, IP tunneling using GRE allows network
expansion across a single protocol backbone environment.
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Glossary
GSM
Global System for Mobile Communication. A digital, mobile, radio standard developed for mobile,
wireless, voice communications.
GTP
GPRS tunneling protocol. GTP handles the flow of user packet data and signaling information
between the SGSN and GGSN in a GPRS network. GTP is defined on both the Gn and Gp interfaces
of a GPRS network.
H
H.225
A protocol used for TCP signalling in applications such as video conferencing. See also H.323 and
inspection engine.
H.225.0
An ITU standard that governs H.225.0 session establishment and packetization. H.225.0 actually
describes several different protocols: RAS, use of Q.931, and use of RTP.
H.245
An ITU standard that governs H.245 endpoint control.
H.320
Suite of ITU-T standard specifications for video conferencing over circuit-switched media, such as
ISDN, fractional T-1, and switched-56 lines. Extensions of ITU-T standard H.320 enable video
conferencing over LANs and other packet-switched networks, as well as video over the Internet.
H.323
Allows dissimilar communication devices to communicate with each other by using a standardized
communication protocol. H.323 defines a common set of CODECs, call setup and negotiating
procedures, and basic data transport methods.
H.323 RAS
Registration, admission, and status signaling protocol. Enables devices to perform registration,
admissions, bandwidth changes, and status and disengage procedures between VoIP gateway and the
gatekeeper.
H.450.2
Call transfer supplementary service for H.323.
H.450.3
Call diversion supplementary service for H.323.
Hash, Hash
Algorithm
A hash algorithm is a one way function that operates on a message of arbitrary length to create a
fixed-length message digest used by cryptographic services to ensure its data integrity. MD5 has a
smaller digest and is considered to be slightly faster than SHA-1. Cisco uses both SHA-1 and MD5
hashes within our implementation of the IPSec framework. See also encryption, HMAC, and VPN.
headend
A firewall, concentrator, or other host that serves as the entry point into a private network for VPN
client connections over the public network. See also ISP and VPN.
HMAC
A mechanism for message authentication using cryptographic hashes such as SHA-1 and MD5.
host
The name for any device on a TCP/IP network that has an IP address. See also network and node.
host/network
An IP address and netmask used with other information to identify a single host or network subnet for
security appliance configuration, such as an address translation (xlate) or ACE.
HTTP
Hypertext Transfer Protocol. A protocol used by browsers and web servers to transfer files. When a
user views a web page, the browser can use HTTP to request and receive the files used by the web
page. HTTP transmissions are not encrypted.
HTTPS
Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure. An SSL-encrypted version of HTTP.

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GL-7
Glossary
I
IANA
Internet Assigned Number Authority. Assigns all port and protocol numbers for use on the Internet.
ICMP
Internet Control Message Protocol. Network-layer Internet protocol that reports errors and provides
other information relevant to IP packet processing.
IDS
Intrusion Detection System. A method of detecting malicious network activity by signatures and then
implementing a policy for that signature.
IETF
The Internet Engineering Task Force. A technical standards organization that develops RFC
documents defining protocols for the Internet.
IGMP
Internet Group Management Protocol. IGMP is a protocol used by IPv4 systems to report IP multicast
memberships to neighboring multicast routers.
IKE
Internet Key Exchange. IKE establishes a shared security policy and authenticates keys for services
(such as IPSec) that require keys. Before any IPSec traffic can be passed, each security appliance must
verify the identity of its peer. This can be done by manually entering preshared keys into both hosts
or by a CA service. IKE is a hybrid protocol that uses part Oakley and part of another protocol suite
called SKEME inside ISAKMP framework. This is the protocol formerly known as ISAKMP/Oakley,
and is defined in RFC 2409.
IKE Extended
Authentication
IKE Extended Authenticate (Xauth) is implemented per the IETF draft-ietf-ipsec-isakmp-xauth-04.txt

(extended authentication draft). This protocol provides the capability of authenticating a user within
IKE using TACACS+ or RADIUS.
IKE Mode
Configuration
IKE Mode Configuration is implemented per the IETF draft-ietf-ipsec-isakmp-mode-cfg-04.txt. IKE

Mode Configuration provides a method for a security gateway to download an IP address (and other
network level configuration) to the VPN client as part of an IKE negotiation.
ILS
Internet Locator Service. ILS is based on LDAP and is ILSv2 compliant. ILS was developed by
Microsoft for use with its NetMeeting, SiteServer, and Active Directory products.
IMAP
Internet Message Access Protocol. Method of accessing e-mail or bulletin board messages kept on a
mail server that can be shared. IMAP permits client e-mail applications to access remote message
stores as if they were local without actually transferring the message.
implicit rule
An access rule automatically created by the security appliance based on default rules or as a result of
user-defined rules.
IMSI
International Mobile Subscriber Identity. One of two components of a GTP tunnel ID, the other being
the NSAPI. See also NSAPI.
inside
The first interface, usually port 1, that connects your internal, trusted network protected by the
security appliance. See also interface, interface names.
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Glossary
inspection engine
The security appliance inspects certain application-level protocols to identify the location of
embedded addressing information in traffic. This allows NAT to translate these embedded addresses
and to update any checksum or other fields that are affected by the translation. Because many
protocols open secondary TCP or UDP ports, each application inspection engine also monitors
sessions to determine the port numbers for secondary channels. The initial session on a well-known
port is used to negotiate dynamically assigned port numbers. The application inspection engine
monitors these sessions, identifies the dynamic port assignments, and permits data exchange on these
ports for the duration of the specific session. Some of the protocols that the security appliance can
inspect are CTIQBE, FTP, H.323, HTTP, MGCP, SMTP, and SNMP.
interface
The physical connection between a particular network and a security appliance.
interface ip_address The IP address of a security appliance network interface. Each interface IP address must be unique.
Two or more interfaces must not be given the same IP address or IP addresses that are on the same IP
network.
interface names
Human readable name assigned to a security appliance network interface. The inside interface default
name is inside and the outside interface default name is outside. Any perimeter interface default
names are intfn, such as intf2 for the first perimeter interface, intf3 for the second perimeter
interface, and so on to the last interface. The numbers in the intf string corresponds to the position of
the interface card in the security appliance. You can use the default names or, if you are an experienced
user, give each interface a more meaningful name. See also inside, intfn, outside.
intfn
Any interface, usually beginning with port 2, that connects to a subset network of your design that you
can custom name and configure.
interface PAT
The use of PAT where the PAT IP address is also the IP address of the outside interface. See Dynamic
PAT, Static PAT.
Internet
The global network that uses IP. Not a LAN. See also intranet.
intranet
Intranetwork. A LAN that uses IP. See also network and Internet.
IP
Internet Protocol. IP protocols are the most popular nonproprietary protocols because they can be used
to communicate across any set of interconnected networks and are equally well suited for LAN and
WAN communications.
IPS
Intrusion Prevention Service. An in-line, deep-packet inspection-based solution that helps mitigate a
wide range of network attacks.
IP address
An IP protocol address. A security appliance interface ip_address. IP version 4 addresses are 32 bits
in length. This address space is used to designate the network number, optional subnetwork number,
and a host number. The 32 bits are grouped into four octets (8 binary bits), represented by 4 decimal
numbers separated by periods, or dots. The meaning of each of the four octets is determined by their
use in a particular network.
IP pool
A range of local IP addresses specified by a name, and a range with a starting IP address and an ending
address. IP Pools are used by DHCP and VPNs to assign local IP addresses to clients on the inside
interface.

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GL-9
Glossary
IPSec
IP Security. A framework of open standards that provides data confidentiality, data integrity, and data
authentication between participating peers. IPSec provides these security services at the IP layer.
IPSec uses IKE to handle the negotiation of protocols and algorithms based on local policy and to
generate the encryption and authentication keys to be used by IPSec. IPSec can protect one or more
data flows between a pair of hosts, between a pair of security gateways, or between a security gateway
and a host.
IPSec Phase 1
The first phase of negotiating IPSec, includes the key exchange and the ISAKMP portions of IPSec.
IPSec Phase 2
The second phase of negotiating IPSec. Phase two determines the type of encryption rules used for
payload, the source and destination that will be used for encryption, the definition of interesting traffic
according to access lists, and the IPSec peer. IPSec is applied to the interface in Phase 2.
IPSec transform set A transform set specifies the IPSec protocol, encryption algorithm, and hash algorithm to use on traffic
matching the IPSec policy. A transform describes a security protocol (AH or ESP) with its
corresponding algorithms. The IPSec protocol used in almost all transform sets is ESP with the DES
algorithm and HMAC-SHA for authentication.
ISAKMP
Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol. A protocol framework that defines
payload formats, the mechanics of implementing a key exchange protocol, and the negotiation of a
security association. See IKE.
ISP
Internet Service Provider. An organization that provides connection to the Internet via their services,
such as modem dial in over telephone voice lines or DSL.
J
JTAPI
Java Telephony Application Programming Interface. A Java-based API supporting telephony

functions. See also TAPI.
K
key
A data object used for encryption, decryption, or authentication.
L
LAN
Local area network. A network residing in one location, such as a single building or campus. See also
Internet, intranet, and network.
layer, layers
Networking models implement layers with which different protocols are associated. The most
common networking model is the OSI model, which consists of the following 7 layers, in order:
physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application.
LCN
Logical channel number.
LDAP
Lightweight Directory Access Protocol. LDAP provides management and browser applications with
access to X.500 directories.
GL-10
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Glossary
M
mask
A 32-bit mask that shows how an Internet address is divided into network, subnet, and host parts. The
mask has ones in the bit positions to be used for the network and subnet parts, and zeros for the host
part. The mask should contain at least the standard network portion, and the subnet field should be
contiguous with the network portion.
MCR
See multicast.
MC router
Multicast (MC) routers route multicast data transmissions to the hosts on each LAN in an internetwork
that are registered to receive specific multimedia or other broadcasts. See also multicast.
MD5
Message Digest 5. A one-way hashing algorithm that produces a 128-bit hash. Both MD5 and SHA-1
are variations on MD4 and are designed to strengthen the security of the MD4 hashing algorithm.
SHA-1 is more secure than MD4 and MD5. Cisco uses hashes for authentication within the IPSec
framework. Also used for message authentication in SNMP v.2. MD5 verifies the integrity of the
communication, authenticates the origin, and checks for timeliness. MD5 has a smaller digest and is
considered to be slightly faster than SHA-1.
MDI
Media dependent interface.
MDIX
Media dependent interface crossover.
Message Digest
A message digest is created by a hash algorithm, such as MD5 or SHA-1, that is used for ensuring
message integrity.
MGCP
Media Gateway Control Protocol. Media Gateway Control Protocol is a protocol for the control of
VoIP calls by external call-control elements known as media gateway controllers or call agents. MGCP
merges the IPDC and SGCP protocols.
Mode
See Access Modes.
Mode Config
See IKE Mode Configuration.
Modular Policy
Framework
Modular Policy Framework. A means of configuring security appliance features in a manner to similar
to Cisco IOS software Modular QoS CLI.
MS
mobile station. Refers generically to any mobile device, such as a mobile handset or computer, that is
used to access network services. GPRS networks support three classes of MS, which describe the type
of operation supported within the GPRS and the GSM mobile wireless networks. For example, a Class
A MS supports simultaneous operation of GPRS and GSM services.
MS-CHAP
Microsoft CHAP.
MTU
Maximum transmission unit, the maximum number of bytes in a packet that can flow efficiently across
the network with best response time. For Ethernet, the default MTU is 1500 bytes, but each network
can have different values, with serial connections having the smallest values. The MTU is described
in RFC 1191.
multicast
Multicast refers to a network addressing method in which the source transmits a packet to multiple
destinations, a multicast group, simultaneously. See also PIM, SMR.

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GL-11
Glossary
N
N2H2
A third-party, policy-oriented filtering application that works with the security appliance to control
user web access. N2H2 can filter HTTP requests based on destination host name, destination IP
address, and username and password. The N2H2 corporation was acquired by Secure Computing in
October, 2003.
NAT
Network Address Translation. Mechanism for reducing the need for globally unique IP addresses.
NAT allows an organization with addresses that are not globally unique to connect to the Internet by
translating those addresses into a globally routable address space.
NEM
Network Extension Mode. Lets VPN hardware clients present a single, routable network to the remote
private network over the VPN tunnel.
NetBIOS
Network Basic Input/Output System. A Microsoft protocol that supports Windows host name
registration, session management, and data transfer. The security appliance supports NetBIOS by
performing NAT of the packets for NBNS UDP port 137 and NBDS UDP port 138.
netmask
See mask.
network
In the context of security appliance configuration, a network is a group of computing devices that
share part of an IP address space and not a single host. A network consists of multiple nodes or hosts.
See also host, Internet, intranet, IP, LAN, and node.
NMS
network management system. System responsible for managing at least part of a network. An NMS is
generally a reasonably powerful and well-equipped computer, such as an engineering workstation.
NMSs communicate with agents to help keep track of network statistics and resources.
node
Devices such as routers and printers that would not normally be called hosts. See also host, network.
nonvolatile storage, Storage or memory that, unlike RAM, retains its contents without power. Data in a nonvolatile storage
memory
device survives a power-off, power-on cycle or reboot.
NSAPI
Network service access point identifier. One of two components of a GTP tunnel ID, the other
component being the IMSI. See also IMSI.
NSSA
Not-so-stubby-area. An OSPF feature described by RFC 1587. NSSA was first introduced in Cisco
IOS software release 11.2. It is a non-proprietary extension of the existing stub area feature that allows
the injection of external routes in a limited fashion into the stub area.
NTLM
NT Lan Manager. A Microsoft Windows challenge-response authentication method.
NTP
Network time protocol.
O
Oakley
A key exchange protocol that defines how to acquire authenticated keying material. The basic
mechanism for Oakley is the Diffie-Hellman key exchange algorithm. Oakley is defined in RFC 2412.
object grouping
Simplifies access control by letting you apply access control statements to groups of network objects,
such as protocol, services, hosts, and networks.
GL-12
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Glossary
OSPF
Open Shortest Path First. OSPF is a routing protocol for IP networks. OSPF is a routing protocol
widely deployed in large networks because of its efficient use of network bandwidth and its rapid
convergence after changes in topology. The security appliance supports OSPF.
OU
Organizational Unit. An X.500 directory attribute.
outbound
Refers to traffic whose destination is on an interface with lower security than the source interface.
outbound ACL
An ACL applied to outbound traffic.
outside
The first interface, usually port 0, that connects to other untrusted networks outside the security
appliance; the Internet. See also interface, interface names, outbound.
P
PAC
PPTP Access Concentrator. A device attached to one or more PSTN or ISDN lines capable of PPP
operation and of handling the PPTP protocol. The PAC need only implement TCP/IP to pass traffic to
one or more PNSs. It may also tunnel non-IP protocols.
PAT
See Dynamic PAT, interface PAT, and Static PAT.
PDP
Packet Data Protocol.
Perfmon
The security appliance feature that gathers and reports a wide variety of feature statistics, such as
connections/second, xlates/second, etc.
PFS
Perfect Forwarding Secrecy. PFS enhances security by using different security key for the IPSec Phase
1 and Phase 2 SAs. Without PFS, the same security key is used to establish SAs in both phases. PFS
ensures that a given IPSec SA key was not derived from any other secret (like some other keys). In
other words, if someone were to break a key, PFS ensures that the attacker would not be able to derive
any other key. If PFS were not enabled, someone could hypothetically break the IKE SA secret key,
copy all the IPSec protected data, and then use knowledge of the IKE SA secret to compromise the
IPSec SA setup by this IKE SA. With PFS, breaking IKE would not give an attacker immediate access
to IPSec. The attacker would have to break each IPSec SA individually.
Phase 1
See IPSec Phase 1.
Phase 2
See IPSec Phase 2.
PIM
Protocol Independent Multicast. PIM provides a scalable method for determining the best paths for
distributing a specific multicast transmission to a group of hosts. Each host has registered using IGMP
to receive the transmission. See also PIM-SM.
PIM-SM
Protocol Independent Multicast-Sparse Mode. With PIM-SM, which is the default for Cisco routers,
when the source of a multicast transmission begins broadcasting, the traffic is forwarded from one MC
router to the next, until the packets reach every registered host. See also PIM.
Ping
An ICMP request sent by a host to determine if a second host is accessible.

OL-6721-02
GL-13
Glossary
PIX
Private Internet eXchange. The Cisco PIX 500-series security appliances range from compact,
plug-and-play desktop models for small/home offices to carrier-class gigabit models for the most
demanding enterprise and service provider environments. Cisco PIX security appliances provide
robust, enterprise-class integrated network security services to create a strong multilayered defense
for fast changing network environments.
PKCS12
A standard for the transfer of PKI-related data, such as private keys, certificates, and other data.
Devices supporting this standard let administrators maintain a single set of personal identity
information.
PNS
PPTP Network Server. A PNS is envisioned to operate on general-purpose computing/server

platforms. The PNS handles the server side of PPTP. Because PPTP relies completely on TCP/IP and
is independent of the interface hardware, the PNS may use any combination of IP interface hardware
including LAN and WAN devices.
Policy NAT
Lets you identify local traffic for address translation by specifying the source and destination
addresses (or ports) in an access list.
POP
Post Office Protocol. Protocol that client e-mail applications use to retrieve mail from a mail server.
Pool
See IP pool.
Port
A field in the packet headers of TCP and UDP protocols that identifies the higher level service which
is the source or destination of the packet.
PPP
Point-to-Point Protocol. Developed for dial-up ISP access using analog phone lines and modems.
PPTP
Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol. PPTP was introduced by Microsoft to provide secure remote
access to Windows networks; however, because it is vulnerable to attack, PPTP is commonly used
only when stronger security methods are not available or are not required. PPTP Ports are pptp,
1723/tcp, 1723/udp, and pptp. For more information about PPTP, see RFC 2637. See also PAC, PPTP
GRE, PPTP GRE tunnel, PNS, PPTP session, and PPTP TCP.
PPTP GRE
Version 1 of GRE for encapsulating PPP traffic.
PPTP GRE tunnel
A tunnel defined by a PNS-PAC pair. The tunnel protocol is defined by a modified version of GRE.
The tunnel carries PPP datagrams between the PAC and the PNS. Many sessions are multiplexed on a
single tunnel. A control connection operating over TCP controls the establishment, release, and
maintenance of sessions and of the tunnel itself.
PPTP session
PPTP is connection-oriented. The PNS and PAC maintain state for each user that is attached to a PAC.
A session is created when end-to-end PPP connection is attempted between a dial user and the PNS.
The datagrams related to a session are sent over the tunnel between the PAC and PNS.
PPTP TCP
Standard TCP session over which PPTP call control and management information is passed. The
control session is logically associated with, but separate from, the sessions being tunneled through a
PPTP tunnel.
preshared key
A preshared key provides a method of IKE authentication that is suitable for networks with a limited,
static number of IPSec peers. This method is limited in scalability because the key must be configured
for each pair of IPSec peers. When a new IPSec peer is added to the network, the preshared key must
be configured for every IPSec peer with which it communicates. Using certificates and CAs provides
a more scalable method of IKE authentication.
GL-14
OL-6721-02
Glossary
primary, primary
unit
The security appliance normally operating when two units, a primary and secondary, are operating in
failover mode.
privileged EXEC
mode
Privileged EXEC mode lets you to change current settings. Any user EXEC mode command will work
in privileged EXEC mode. See also command-specific configuration mode, global configuration mode,
user EXEC mode.
protocol, protocol
literals
A standard that defines the exchange of packets between network nodes for communication. Protocols
work together in layers. Protocols are specified in a security appliance configuration as part of
defining a security policy by their literal values or port numbers. Possible security appliance protocol
literal values are ahp, eigrp, esp, gre, icmp, igmp, igrp, ip, ipinip, ipsec, nos, ospf, pcp, snp, tcp, and
udp.
Proxy-ARP
Enables the security appliance to reply to an ARP request for IP addresses in the global pool. See also
ARP.
public key
A public key is one of a pair of keys that are generated by devices involved in public key infrastructure.
Data encrypted with a public key can only be decrypted using the associated private key. When a
private key is used to produce a digital signature, the receiver can use the public key of the sender to
verify that the message was signed by the sender. These characteristics of key pairs provide a scalable
and secure method of authentication over an insecure media, such as the Internet.
Q
QoS
quality of service. Measure of performance for a transmission system that reflects its transmission
quality and service availability.
R
RA
Registration Authority. An authorized proxy for a CA. RAs can perform certificate enrollment and can
issue CRLs. See also CA, certificate, public key.
RADIUS
Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service. RADIUS is a distributed client/server system that
secures networks against unauthorized access. RFC 2058 and RFC 2059 define the RADIUS protocol
standard. See also AAA and TACACS+.
Refresh
Retrieve the running configuration from the security appliance and update the screen. The icon and
the button perform the same function.
registration
authority
See RA.
replay-detection
A security service where the receiver can reject old or duplicate packets to defeat replay attacks.
Replay attacks rely on the attacker sending out older or duplicate packets to the receiver and the
receiver thinking that the bogus traffic is legitimate. Replay-detection is done by using sequence
numbers combined with authentication, and is a standard feature of IPSec.
RFC
Request for Comments. RFC documents define protocols and standards for communications over the
Internet. RFCs are developed and published by IETF.

OL-6721-02
GL-15
Glossary
RIP
Routing Information Protocol. Interior gateway protocol (IGP) supplied with UNIX BSD systems.
The most common IGP in the Internet. RIP uses hop count as a routing metric.
RLLA
Reserved Link Local Address. Multicast addresses range from 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255, however
only the range 224.0.1.0 to 239.255.255.255 is available to us. The first part of the multicast address
range, 224.0.0.0 to 224.0.0.255, is reserved and referred to as the RLLA. These addresses are
unavailable. We can exclude the RLLA range by specifying: 224.0.1.0 to 239.255.255.255. 224.0.0.0
to 239.255.255.255 excluding 224.0.0.0 to 224.0.0.255. This is the same as specifying: 224.0.1.0 to
239.255.255.255.
route, routing
The path through a network.
routed firewall
mode
In routed firewall mode, the security appliance is counted as a router hop in the network. It performs
NAT between connected networks and can use OSPF or RIP. See also transparent firewall mode.
RPC
Remote Procedure Call. RPCs are procedure calls that are built or specified by clients and executed
on servers, with the results returned over the network to the clients.
RSA
A public key cryptographic algorithm (named after its inventors, Rivest, Shamir, and Adelman) with
a variable key length. The main weakness of RSA is that it is significantly slow to compute compared
to popular secret-key algorithms, such as DES. The Cisco implementation of IKE uses a
Diffie-Hellman exchange to get the secret keys. This exchange can be authenticated with RSA (or
preshared keys). With the Diffie-Hellman exchange, the DES key never crosses the network (not even
in encrypted form), which is not the case with the RSA encrypt and sign technique. RSA is not public
domain, and must be licensed from RSA Data Security.
RSH
Remote Shell. A protocol that allows a user to execute commands on a remote system without having
to log in to the system. For example, RSH can be used to remotely examine the status of a number of
access servers without connecting to each communication server, executing the command, and then
disconnecting from the communication server.
RTCP
RTP Control Protocol. Protocol that monitors the QoS of an IPv6 RTP connection and conveys
information about the on-going session. See also RTP.
RTP
Real-Time Transport Protocol. Commonly used with IP networks. RTP is designed to provide
end-to-end network transport functions for applications transmitting real-time data, such as audio,
video, or simulation data, over multicast or unicast network services. RTP provides such services as
payload type identification, sequence numbering, timestamping, and delivery monitoring to real-time
applications.
RTSP
Real Time Streaming Protocol. Enables the controlled delivery of real-time data, such as audio and
video. RTSP is designed to work with established protocols, such as RTP and HTTP.
rule
Conditional statements added to the security appliance configuration to define security policy for a
particular situation. See also ACE, ACL, NAT.
running
configuration
The configuration currently running in RAM on the security appliance. The configuration that
determines the operational characteristics of the security appliance.
GL-16
OL-6721-02
Glossary
S
SA
security association. An instance of security policy and keying material applied to a data flow. SAs
are established in pairs by IPSec peers during both phases of IPSec. SAs specify the encryption
algorithms and other security parameters used to create a secure tunnel. Phase 1 SAs (IKE SAs)
establish a secure tunnel for negotiating Phase 2 SAs. Phase 2 SAs (IPSec SAs) establish the secure
tunnel used for sending user data. Both IKE and IPSec use SAs, although SAs are independent of one
another. IPSec SAs are unidirectional and they are unique in each security protocol. A set of SAs are
needed for a protected data pipe, one per direction per protocol. For example, if you have a pipe that
supports ESP between peers, one ESP SA is required for each direction. SAs are uniquely identified
by destination (IPSec endpoint) address, security protocol (AH or ESP), and Security Parameter Index.
IKE negotiates and establishes SAs on behalf of IPSec. A user can also establish IPSec SAs manually.
An IKE SA is used by IKE only, and unlike the IPSec SA, it is bidirectional.
SCCP
Skinny Client Control Protocol. A Cisco-proprietary protocol used between Cisco Call Manager and
Cisco VoIP phones.
SCEP
Simple Certificate Enrollment Protocol. A method of requesting and receiving (also known as
enrolling) certificates from CAs.
SDP
Session Definition Protocol. An IETF protocol for the definition of Multimedia Services. SDP
messages can be part of SGCP and MGCP messages.
secondary unit
The backup security appliance when two are operating in failover mode.
secret key
A secret key is a key shared only between the sender and receiver. See key, public key.
security context
You can partition a single security appliance into multiple virtual firewalls, known as security
contexts. Each context is an independent firewall, with its own security policy, interfaces, and
administrators. Multiple contexts are similar to having multiple stand-alone firewalls.
security services
See cryptography.
serial transmission
A method of data transmission in which the bits of a data character are transmitted sequentially over
a single channel.
SGCP
Simple Gateway Control Protocol. Controls VoIP gateways by an external call control element (called
a call-agent).
SGSN
Serving GPRS Support Node. The SGSN ensures mobility management, session management and
packet relaying functions.
SHA-1
Secure Hash Algorithm 1. SHA-1 [NIS94c] is a revision to SHA that was published in 1994. SHA is
closely modeled after MD4 and produces a 160-bit digest. Because SHA produces a 160-bit digest, it
is more resistant to brute-force attacks than 128-bit hashes (such as MD5), but it is slower. Secure
Hash Algorithm 1 is a joint creation of the National Institute of Standards and Technology and the
National Security Agency. This algorithm, like other hash algorithms, is used to generate a hash value,
also known as a message digest, that acts like a CRC used in lower-layer protocols to ensure that
message contents are not changed during transmission. SHA-1 is generally considered more secure
than MD5.

OL-6721-02
GL-17
Glossary
SIP
Session Initiation Protocol. Enables call handling sessions, particularly two-party audio conferences,
or calls. SIP works with SDP for call signaling. SDP specifies the ports for the media stream. Using
SIP, the security appliance can support any SIP VoIP gateways and VoIP proxy servers.
site-to-site VPN
A site-to-site VPN is established between two IPSec peers that connect remote networks into a single
VPN. In this type of VPN, neither IPSec peer is the destination or source of user traffic. Instead, each
IPSec peer provides encryption and authentication services for hosts on the LANs connected to each
IPSec peer. The hosts on each LAN send and receive data through the secure tunnel established by the
pair of IPSec peers.
SKEME
A key exchange protocol that defines how to derive authenticated keying material, with rapid key
refreshment.
SMR
Stub Multicast Routing. SMR allows the security appliance to function as a stub router. A stub
router is a device that acts as an IGMP proxy agent. IGMP is used to dynamically register specific
hosts in a multicast group on a particular LAN with a multicast router. Multicast routers route
multicast data transmissions to hosts that are registered to receive specific multimedia or other
broadcasts. A stub router forwards IGMP messages between hosts and MC routers.
SMTP
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. SMTP is an Internet protocol that supports email services.
SNMP
Simple Network Management Protocol. A standard method for managing network devices using data
structures called Management Information Bases.
split tunneling
Allows a remote VPN client simultaneous encrypted access to a private network and clear unencrypted
access to the Internet. If you do not enable split tunneling, all traffic between the VPN client and the
security appliance is sent through an IPSec tunnel. All traffic originating from the VPN client is sent
to the outside interface through a tunnel, and client access to the Internet from its remote site is denied.
spoofing
A type of attack designed to foil network security mechanisms such as filters and access lists. A
spoofing attack sends a packet that claims to be from an address from which it was not actually sent.
SQL*Net
Structured Query Language Protocol. An Oracle protocol used to communicate between client and
server processes.
SSH
Secure Shell. An application running on top of a reliable transport layer, such as TCP/IP, that provides
strong authentication and encryption capabilities.
SSL
Secure Sockets Layer. A protocol that resides between the application layer and TCP/IP to provide
transparent encryption of data traffic.
standby unit
See secondary unit.
stateful inspection
Network protocols maintain certain data, called state information, at each end of a network connection
between two hosts. State information is necessary to implement the features of a protocol, such as
guaranteed packet delivery, data sequencing, flow control, and transaction or session IDs. Some of the
protocol state information is sent in each packet while each protocol is being used. For example, a
browser connected to a web server uses HTTP and supporting TCP/IP protocols. Each protocol layer
maintains state information in the packets it sends and receives. The security appliance and some other
firewalls inspect the state information in each packet to verify that it is current and valid for every
protocol it contains. This is called stateful inspection and is designed to create a powerful barrier to
certain types of computer security threats.
GL-18
OL-6721-02
Glossary
Static PAT
Static Port Address Translation. Static PAT is a static address that also maps a local port to a global
port. See also Dynamic PAT, NAT.
subnetmask
See mask.
T
TACACS+
Terminal Access Controller Access Control System Plus. A client-server protocol that supports AAA
services, including command authorization. See also AAA, RADIUS.
TAPI
Telephony Application Programming Interface. A programming interface in Microsoft Windows that

supports telephony functions.
TCP
Transmission Control Protocol. Connection-oriented transport layer protocol that provides reliable
full-duplex data transmission.
TCP Intercept
With the TCP intercept feature, once the optional embryonic connection limit is reached, and until the
embryonic connection count falls below this threshold, every SYN bound for the effected server is
intercepted. For each SYN, the security appliance responds on behalf of the server with an empty
SYN/ACK segment. The security appliance retains pertinent state information, drops the packet, and
waits for the client acknowledgment. If the ACK is received, then a copy of the client SYN segment
is sent to the server and the TCP three-way handshake is performed between the security appliance
and the server. If this three-way handshake completes, may the connection resume as normal. If the
client does not respond during any part of the connection phase, then the security appliance
retransmits the necessary segment using exponential back-offs.
TDP
Tag Distribution Protocol. TDP is used by tag switching devices to distribute, request, and release tag
binding information for multiple network layer protocols in a tag switching network. TDP does not
replace routing protocols. Instead, it uses information learned from routing protocols to create tag
bindings. TDP is also used to open, monitor, and close TDP sessions and to indicate errors that occur
during those sessions. TDP operates over a connection-oriented transport layer protocol with
guaranteed sequential delivery (such as TCP). The use of TDP does not preclude the use of other
mechanisms to distribute tag binding information, such as piggybacking information on other
protocols.
Telnet
A terminal emulation protocol for TCP/IP networks such as the Internet. Telnet is a common way to
control web servers remotely; however, its security vulnerabilities have led to its replacement by SSH.
TFTP
Trivial File Transfer Protocol. TFTP is a simple protocol used to transfer files. It runs on UDP and is
explained in depth in RFC 1350.
TID
Tunnel Identifier.
TLS
Transport Layer Security. A future IETF protocol to replace SSL.
traffic policing
The traffic policing feature ensures that no traffic exceeds the maximum rate (bits per second) that you
configure, thus ensuring that no one traffic flow can take over the entire resource.
transform set
See IPSec transform set.
translate,
translation
See xlate.

OL-6721-02
GL-19
Glossary
transparent firewall A mode in which the security appliance is not a router hop. You can use transparent firewall mode to
mode
simplify your network configuration or to make the security appliance invisible to attackers. You can
also use transparent firewall mode to allow traffic through that would otherwise be blocked in routed
firewall mode. See also routed firewall mode.
transport mode
An IPSec encryption mode that encrypts only the data portion (payload) of each packet, but leaves the
header untouched. Transport mode is less secure than tunnel mode.
TSP
TAPI Service Provider. See also TAPI.
tunnel mode
An IPSec encryption mode that encrypts both the header and data portion (payload) of each packet.
Tunnel mode is more secure than transport mode.
tunnel
A method of transporting data in one protocol by encapsulating it in another protocol. Tunneling is

used for reasons of incompatibility, implementation simplification, or security. For example, a tunnel
lets a remote VPN client have encrypted access to a private network.
Turbo ACL
Increases ACL lookup speeds by compiling them into a set of lookup tables. Packet headers are used
to access the tables in a small, fixed number of lookups, independent of the existing number of ACL
entries.
U
UDP
User Datagram Protocol. A connectionless transport layer protocol in the IP protocol stack. UDP is a
simple protocol that exchanges datagrams without acknowledgments or guaranteed delivery, which
requires other protocols to handle error processing and retransmission. UDP is defined in RFC 768.
UMTS
Universal Mobile Telecommunication System. An extension of GPRS networks that moves toward an
all-IP network by delivering broadband information, including commerce and entertainment services,
to mobile users via fixed, wireless, and satellite networks
Unicast RPF
Unicast Reverse Path Forwarding. Unicast RPF guards against spoofing by ensuring that packets have
a source IP address that matches the correct source interface according to the routing table.
URL
Uniform Resource Locator. A standardized addressing scheme for accessing hypertext documents and
other services using a browser. For example, http://www.cisco.com.
user EXEC mode
User EXEC mode lets you to see the security appliance settings. The user EXEC mode prompt appears
as follows when you first access the security appliance. See also command-specific configuration
mode, global configuration mode, and privileged EXEC mode.
UTC
Coordinated Universal Time. The time zone at zero degrees longitude, previously called Greenwich
Mean Time (GMT) and Zulu time. UTC replaced GMT in 1967 as the world time standard. UTC is
based on an atomic time scale rather than an astronomical time scale.
UTRAN
Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network. Networking protocol used for implementing wireless
networks in UMTS. GTP allows multi-protocol packets to be tunneled through a UMTS/GPRS
backbone between a GGSN, an SGSN and the UTRAN.
UUIE
User-User Information Element. An element of an H.225 packet that identifies the users implicated in
the message.
GL-20
OL-6721-02
Glossary
V
VLAN
Virtual LAN. A group of devices on one or more LANs that are configured (using management
software) so that they can communicate as if they were attached to the same physical network cable,
when in fact they are located on a number of different LAN segments. Because VLANs are based on
logical instead of physical connections, they are extremely flexible.
VoIP
Voice over IP. VoIP carries normal voice traffic, such as telephone calls and faxes, over an IP-based
network. DSP segments the voice signal into frames, which then are coupled in groups of two and
stored in voice packets. These voice packets are transported using IP in compliance with ITU-T
specification H.323.
VPN
Virtual Private Network. A network connection between two peers over the public network that is
made private by strict authentication of users and the encryption of all data traffic. You can establish
VPNs between clients, such as PCs, or a headend, such as the security appliance.
virtual firewall
See security context.
VSA
Vendor-specific attribute. An attribute in a RADIUS packet that is defined by a vendor rather than by
RADIUS RFCs. The RADIUS protocol uses IANA-assigned vendor numbers to help identify VSAs.
This lets different vendors have VSAs of the same number. The combination of a vendor number and
a VSA number makes a VSA unique. For example, the cisco-av-pair VSA is attribute 1 in the set of
VSAs related to vendor number 9. Each vendor can define up to 256 VSAs. A RADIUS packet
contains any VSAs attribute 26, named Vendor-specific. VSAs are sometimes referred to as
subattributes.
W
WAN
wide-area network. Data communications network that serves users across a broad geographic area
and often uses transmission devices provided by common carriers.
Websense
A content filtering solution that manages employee access to the Internet. Websense uses a policy
engine and a URL database to control user access to websites.
WEP
Wired Equivalent Privacy. A security protocol for wireless LANs, defined in the IEEE 802.11b
standard.
WINS
Windows Internet Naming Service. A Windows system that determines the IP address associated with
a particular network device, also known as name resolution. WINS uses a distributed database that
is automatically updated with the NetBIOS names of network devices currently available and the IP
address assigned to each one.WINS provides a distributed database for registering and querying
dynamic NetBIOS names to IP address mapping in a routed network environment. It is the best choice
for NetBIOS name resolution in such a routed network because it is designed to solve the problems
that occur with name resolution in complex networks.

OL-6721-02
GL-21
Glossary
X
X.509
A widely used standard for defining digital certificates. X.509 is actually an ITU recommendation,
which means that it has not yet been officially defined or approved for standardized usage.
xauth
See IKE Extended Authentication.
xlate
An xlate, also referred to as a translation entry, represents the mapping of one IP address to another,
or the mapping of one IP address/port pair to another.
GL-22
OL-6721-02
INDEX
accessing the VPN Concentrator using SSL
Symbols
accessing the VPN Concentrator using TKS1

/bits subnet masks
use in classifying QoS traffic

help
access list
?
command string
ACEs
logging
17
ACLs
comments
Numerics
16
downloadable
inbound
4GE SSM
connector types
IP address guidelines
fiber
IPsec
SFP
logging
20
17
NAT addresses
object groups
outbound
accounting
addressing, configuring
10
12
command replication
downloadable ACLs
network access
11
configuration synchronization
asymmetric routing support
cable-based failover
failover criteria
with web clients
3
4
abbreviating commands
30
interface poll times
30
LAN-based failover
26
prerequisites
30
30
interface monitoring
31
31
HTTP replication
11
support summary
10
24
failover group preemption
server
adding
10, 31
configuring
local database support
types
16
avoiding duplicate MAC addresses
authorization
performance
about
actions
authentication
overview
16
Active/Active failover
12
network access
remarks
AAA
24

OL-6721-02
IN-1
Index
unit poll times
and hosts file errors
30
virtual MAC addresses

device initialization
primary status
enabling cookies on browser

privileges
10
re-enabling
actions
command replication
18
18
Application Access Panel, WebVPN
configuring
11
application inspection
cable-based
configuring
17
failover criteria
interface poll times
enabling
22
16
unit poll times
static entry
test, failover
15
ARP spoofing
22
virtual MAC addresses

device initialization
overview
22
18
prerequisites
primary unit
inspection
22
LAN-based
ARP
23
HTTP replication
ASA
23
ASR
See asymmetric routing support
secondary unit
asymmetric routing support
31
attributes
Adaptive Security Algorithm (ASA)
address
pool, configuring
range, subnets
user, configuring
33
WebVPN, global
authenticating
WebVPN users with digital certificates
admin context
5
FTP
overview
6, 1
HTTP
administrative distance
2
2
network access
overview
Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)

AIP SSM configuration
Telnet
15
application access
web clients
alternate address, ICMP message

and e-mail proxy
authentication
changing
about
17
with IMAP client
configuration synchronization
triggers
20
using e-mail
17
17, 19
setting up on client
17
17
quitting properly
12
Active/Standby failover
about
18
configuring client applications
10, 11
10
secondary status
triggers
and Web Access
31
18
authentication restrictions, WebVPN
authorization
18
network access
IN-2
OL-6721-02
Index
overview
See CRLs
Auto-MDI/MDIX
certification authority
Auto-Update
See CA
configuring
changing between contexts
11 to ??
Cisco
Cisco IP Phones
with DHCP
Baltimore Technologies
CA server support
Bandwidth Limiting Traffic stream (BLT)

BGP
60
27
Class A, B, and C addresses
classification policy, traffic
classifying traffic for QoS
bits subnet masks
CLI
abbreviating commands
BPDUs
ACL, EtherType
adding comments
command line editing
bridge
entry timeout
command output paging
displaying
table
help
See MAC address table

broadcast Ping test
paging
16
syntax formatting
CLI, WebVPN capture tool
client update, configuring

command prompts
CA
CRs. and
comments
public key cryptography

revoked certificates
server support
ACLs
cascading ACLs
clearing
5
2
text file
URL for a context
certificate enrollment protocol
viewing
configuration mode
certificate group matching
accessing
Certificate Revocation Lists
comments
saving
15
rule and policy, creating
context files
13
certificate authentication
e-mail proxy
configuration
CA certificate validation, not done in WebVPN

capturing packets
16
configuration
supported servers
configuring
22
10
prompt
2
2
contexts
resource usage

OL-6721-02
IN-3
Index
See security contexts
deny flows, logging
conversion error, ICMP message

cookies, enabling for WebVPN
crash dump
deny in a crypto map
16
IKE policy keywords (table)
13
addressing, configuring
20
clearing configurations
20, 7
relay
27
server
creating an entry to use the dynamic crypto map

definition
dynamic
27
25
25
transparent firewall
Diffie-Hellman
12
examples
Group 5
21
groups supported
13
crypto show commands

CTIQBE
Cisco IP Phones
overview
24
28
configuring
12
dynamic, creating
policy
DHCP
applying to interfaces
entries
15
DES
crypto map
ACLs
19
digital certificates
26
authenticating WebVPN users
10
cut-through proxy
SSL
WebVPN authentication restrictions

DMZ, definition
DNS
configuring for WebVPN
data flow
routed firewall
configuring globally
debug messages
NAT effect on
12
domain name
default
DefaultRAgroup
DfltGrpPolicy
group policy
8
11
DSA keys
remote access tunnel group, configuring
duplex, configuring
dynamic crypto map
11
creating
default routes
overview
converting netmask expressions

generating
24
See also crypto map
defining equal cost routes
configuring
11
configuring
downloadable ACLs
11
tunnel group
34
dotted decimal subnet masks
LAN-to-LAN tunnel group

queue
DNS, configuring for WebVPN
13
DefaultL2Lgroup
dynamic NAT
See NAT
delay-sensitive traffic, priority
IN-4
OL-6721-02
Index
disabling
46
displaying commands
echo reply, ICMP message
ECMP
encrypting failover communication
Ethernet failover cable
editing command lines

EIGRP
15
Active/Active LAN-based failover
closing the Outlook connection

configuring for WebVPN
proxies, WebVPN
10
48
Active/Standby LAN-based failover
49
forcing
8
45
health monitoring
e-mail proxy
interface health
and WebVPN
18
9
15
interface tests
enable
licenses
accessing
15
certificate authentication
2
15
15
link communications
end-user interface, WebVPN, defining
10
Entrust
MAC addresses
monitoring
CA server support
ESP security protocol
overview
established command
2
Ethernet
15
primary unit
security level requirements
15
network tests
2
restoring a failed group

restoring a failed unit
Auto-MDI/MDIX
secondary unit
serial cable
46
software versions
assigned numbers
46
SNMP syslog traps
EtherType
47
2
Stateful Failover, See Stateful Failover

state link
system messages
46
system requirements
testing
failover
44
Active/Active, See Active/Active failover
type selection
Active/Standby, See Active/Standby failover
unit health
configuration file
verifying the configuration
terminal messages
configuring
contexts
fast path
13
15
35
4
3
filtering
debug messages
fiber interfaces
16
51
Active/Standby cable-based failover

failover link
WebVPN, configuring
duplex
35
examples
e-mail
speed
44
47

OL-6721-02
IN-5
Index
servers supported
hosts, subnet masks for
show command output

URLs
hosts file
errors
fixup protocol
CTIQBE
18
WebVPN
19
hosts file, reconfiguring
10
FO (failover) license
FO_AA license
HSRP
20
HTTP
fragmentation policy, IPsec
authentication
filtering
HTTP/HTTPS Web VPN proxy, setting
HTTPS
for WebVPN sessions
generating
DSA keys
RSA keys
hub-and-spoke
global addresses
recommendations
specifying
ICMP
45
global authorization parameters, WebVPN

global e-mail proxy attributes
global parameters, WebVPN
testing connectivity
type numbers
15
ID method for ISAKMP peers, determining
IKE
22
benefits
global WebVPN attributes, configuring

group parameters, WebVPN
global IPsec SA lifetimes, changing
group policy
creating policies
See also ISAKMP

ILS
configuring
12
IM
11
definition
20
34
global authentication parameters, WebVPN
default
69
56
inactive keyword
1, 10
ACLs
17
inbound ACLs
information
reply, ICMP message
H.245
troubleshooting
request, ICMP message
40
inside, definition
H.323
troubleshooting
hairpinning
16
inspection engines
39, 41
20
help, command line
16
Instant Messaging
HMAC hashing method
See IM
Interfaces
IN-6
OL-6721-02
Index
enabling
over NAT-T, enabling
interfaces
over TCP, enabling
configuring for remote access

configuring IPv6 on
duplex
tunnel
failover monitoring
IDs
26
configuring alongside IPv4
45
configuring static routes
naming
configuring the default route
IPv6 addresses
shared
anycast
format
viewing monitored interface status
44
Internet Security Association and Key Management

Protocol
See ISAKMP
intrusion prevention configuration
prefixes
10
required
10
types of
6
6
configuring
configuring an assignment method

configuring for VPNs
disabling in aggressive mode
management, transparent firewall

overlapping between contexts
1, 2
determining an ID method for peers
configuring local IP address pools
overview
enabling on the outside interface
6, 3
policies, configuring
subnet mask
multicast
ISAKMP
private
unicast
IP addresses
classes
command support for
subinterfaces
See also IKE

4
IPS configuration
IPSec
setting maximum active VPN sessions
Java applets
IPsec
ACLs
11
access lists
speed
22
IPv6
15
SFP
viewing configuration
1, 2
global addresses
SA lifetimes, changing
enabled status
fiber
overview
filtering
20
basic configuration with static crypto maps

Cisco VPN Client
configuring
1, 11
crypto map entries

fragmentation policy
23
Kerberos
12
configuring
11

OL-6721-02
IN-7
Index
support
M
MAC addresses, failover
MAC address table
LAN-to-LAN tunnel group, configuring

latency
overview
See MAC address table
management IP address, transparent firewall

MAPI, configuring
See transparent firewall

support
69
16
16
matching
licenses
command criteria for QoS
FO_AA
UR
mask
reply, ICMP message
11
10
mapped interface name
LDAP
configuring
man-in-the-middle attack
Layer 2 firewall
matching, certificate group
5
9
maximum active IPSec VPN sessions, setting
link up/down test
15
See low-latency queue

adding a user
configuring
logging in
support
message-of-the-day banner
MIBs
local user database
16
supported
mobile redirection, ICMP message
16
mode
context
10
monitoring
17
failover
login
2
local user
low-latency queue
applying
Microsoft Windows 2000 CA
10
logging
ACLs
MD5
LLQ
FTP
MAC learning, disabling
forwarding table
12
static entry
Layer 2
FO
1, 8
reducing
entry timeout
15
OSPF
16
SNMP
More prompt
MPLS
LDP
router-id
TDP
multicast traffic
IN-8
OL-6721-02
Index
multiple mode, enabling
configuring
10
overview
46
27
static PAT
configuring
overview
N2H2 filtering server

supported
27
URL for website
types
naming an interface
11
25
NAT-T
enabling IPsec over NAT-T
NAT
using
bypassing NAT
configuration
overview
DNS
47
CA server support
Network Activity test
34
examples
See NAT
43
implementation
overview
NTLM support
37
configuring
53
support
exemption from NAT

configuration
configuration
object groups
49
nesting
29
removing
37
order of statements
open ports
34
overlapping addresses
14
11
area MD5 authentication
configuring
area parameters
43
implementation
cost
26
29
port redirection
dead interval
default route
14
displaying update packet pacing
55
RCP not supported with

same security level
11
11
authentication key
37
policy NAT
enabling
69
15
hello interval
33

static NAT
16
area authentication
PAT
overview
14
OSPF
53
21, 22
overview
identity NAT
overview
11
52
29
overview
NT server
25
overview
15
Network Address Translation
dynamic NAT
NAT ID
Netscape CMS
49
29
configuring
interface parameters
link-state advertisement

OL-6721-02
IN-9
Index
logging neighbor states

MD5 authentication
monitoring
NSSA
ping
15
See ICMP
PKI protocol
16
policing
12
overview
flow within a tunnel
packet pacing
processes
QoS
15
redistributing routes
route map
route calculation timers
strict
policy, QoS
14
13
policy-map
route summarization
stub area
defining for QoS
13
use in QoS
11
summary route cost

outbound ACLs
policy NAT
11
dynamic, configuring
Outlook connection, closing
overview
10
Outlook Exchange proxy, configuring
Outlook Web Access (OWA) and WebVPN

outside, definition
29
static, configuring
10
18
44
46
static PAT, configuring
48
pools
address
global NAT
45
pools, address
DHCP
packet
capture
PORT command, FTP
13
classifier
configuring client applications
12
17
ports
packet flow
routed firewall
open on device
paging screen displays
15
priority queue
32
configuration for an interface, viewing
12
configuring
PAT (Port Address Translation)
sizing
See also NAT

alerting before disconnecting
privileged mode
ISAKMP, determining ID method
private networks
peers
13
for delay-sensitive traffic
53
permit in a crypto map
55
primary unit, failover

overview
password
user, setting
14
redirection, NAT
parameter problem, ICMP message
limitations
23
Port Forwarding
flow, transparent firewall
WebVPN
26
15
accessing
prompt
2
2
IN-10
OL-6721-02
Index
privilege level
user, setting
R
32
RADIUS
prompts
command
more
protocol numbers and literal values
11
configuring a server
11
downloadable ACLs
network access authentication
network access authorization
proxy
support
See e-mail proxy
RAS
proxy servers
SIP and
H.323 troubleshooting
55
public key cryptography
rate limiting
40
reboot, waiting until active sessions end

redirect, ICMP message
15
redundancy, in site-to-site VPNs, using crypto maps
(definition)
action
description
concepts
reloading
classifying traffic
context
remarks
defining a policy map

overview
7
16
remote access
match command criteria
configuration summary
tunnel group, configuring
policies
tunnel group, configuring default
policing
user
policy, configuring
statistics
adding
resource usage
viewing statistics
13, 14
resource types
revoked certificates
question mark
RIP
default route updates
enabling
overview
queue
latency, reducing
Quality of Service, See QoS

command string
passive
17
17
17
17
router
priority, configuring
VPN, configuring
13
traffic class
limit
26
Registration Authority
QoS
help
6, 8
advertisement, ICMP message

solicitation, ICMP message
15
15
routes
about default

OL-6721-02
IN-11
Index
about static
configuration
configuring default routes

configuring IPv6 default
configuring IPv6 static
files
URL, changing
URL, setting
configuring static routes
logging in
routing
6
3
10
OSPF
multiple mode, enabling
17
other protocols
RIP
nesting or cascading
overview
18
RS-232 cable
prompt
See failover
RSA
KEON
1
2
reloading
removing
unsupported features
CA server support
VLAN allocation
keys
10
See ASA
generating
serial cable
5, 2
signatures
See failover
IKE authentication method
session management path
SHA
shared VLANs
same security level communication

NAT
show command, filtering output

backing up configuration
SAs
lifetimes
configuration
22
SDI
configuring
11
10
restoring
11
10
troubleshooting
59
site-to-site VPNs, redundancy
security association
clearing
enabling
10
SIP
secondary unit, failover
sizing the priority queue
27
MIBs
security contexts
overview
traps
admin context
changing
source quench, ICMP message
overview
6, 1
speed, configuring
changing between
classifier
26
SNMP
See also SAs

adding
single mode
33
support
15
SSH
authentication
IN-12
OL-6721-02
Index
concurrent connections
login
subnet masks
/bits
RSA key
address range
username
determining
SSL
dotted decimal
certificate
overview
SSL/TLS encryption protocols, configuring

SSL/TLS encryption protocols, WebVPN
4
4
Sun Microsystems Java Runtime Environment (JRE)

and WebVPN 17
3
system configuration
startup configuration
network settings
overview
Stateful Failover
overview
syntax formatting
SSM configuration
AIP SSM
number of hosts
used to access the VPN Concentrator
6, 1
14
state information
state link
statistics
38, 42
14
state information
state link
T
TACACS+
stateful inspection
configuring a server
support
tail drop
static bridge entry
5
8
TCP
ports and literal values
static NAT
11
sequence number randomization
See NAT
disabling
static PAT
routed mode
See NAT
configuring
overview
44
Telnet
static routes
authentication
concurrent connections
testing configuration
statistics
time exceeded, ICMP message
13
viewing QoS
ACLs
reply, ICMP message
stub multicast routing
16
See SMR
subinterfaces
17
timestamp
See transparent firewall
subcommand mode prompt
15
time ranges
13
stealth firewall
adding
11
network access authorization
14
static ARP entry
QoS
16
TLS1
used to access the VPN Concentrator
toolbar, floating, WebVPN
12

OL-6721-02
IN-13
Index
traffic
security appliance as a tunnel endpoint
classifying for QoS

traffic class, QoS
tunnel group
configuring
traffic flow
default
routed firewall
12
traffic policing
13
LAN-to-LAN, configuring
remote access, configuring
transform set
IPSec parameters
configuring
overview
ARP inspection
tx-ring-limit
enabling
static entry
data flow
12
guidelines
UDP
6
10
11
unprivileged mode
MAC address timeout
prompt

management IP address
multicast traffic
4
5
unreachable, ICMP message

UR (unrestricted) license
15
URL
11
context configuration, changing
overview
context configuration, setting
packet handling
static bridge entry
5
3
filtering
filtering, configuration
2
troubleshooting
URLs, WebVPN capture tool
22
user
39
attributes, configuring
H.323 RAS
URLs
traps, SNMP
40
59
configuring
definition
32
password, setting
11
33
31
configuring specific
tunnel
IPsec
connection state information

ports and literal values
trustpoint
DHCP packets, allowing
SIP
overview
H.323
tunneling
VRRP
remote access, configuring
12
transmit queue ring limit
NAT
remote access
definition
HSRP
1, 2
LAN-to-LAN, configuring
12
creating
11, 1
definition

Transform
32
privilege level, setting
32
IN-14
OL-6721-02
Index
remote access
adding
authenticating with digital certificates

CA certificate validation not done
username
capture tool
WebVPN
U-turn
client requirements
20
for port forwarding

for web browsing
configuring CAs, example
16
17
for using applications
13
VeriSign
start-up
17
15
14
configuring
viewing
RMS
DNS globally
12
viewing QoS statistics
e-mail
13, 14
allocating to a context
definition
e-mail
enable cookies for
55
end user set-up
39
17
10
establishing a session
VPN
parameters, general, setting
floating toolbar
setting maximum number of IPSec sessions

VPN Client, IPsec attributes
12
global and group settings

global attributes
global authentication and authorization settings
global DNS settings

hosts file
web browsing with WebVPN
printing and
10
14
security preautions
WebVPN
assigning users to group policies
remote system configuration and end-user

requirements 14
web e-Mail (Outlook Web Access)

Outlook Web Access
20
HTTP/HTTPS proxy, setting
web clients
19
hosts files, reconfiguring
15
group policy attributes, configuring
secure authentication
e-mail proxies
VoIP
troubleshooting
10
digital certificate authentication restrictions
proxy servers
defining the end-user interface
shared
cookies
See security contexts

VLANs
configuring DNS globally
virtual firewalls
VRRP
16
for network browsing
verifying the traffic-policing configuration
13
13
for file management
22
client application requirements
12
security
WebVPN

OL-6721-02
IN-15
Index
security tips
13
setting HTTP/HTTPS proxy
SSL/TLS encryption protocols

supported applications
supported browsers
13
14
supported types of Internet connections

troubleshooting
18
unsupported features
URL
14
14
use of HTTPS
username and password required

usernames and passwords
use suggestions
12
10, 13
WebVPN, Application Access Panel

webvpn mode
14
11
IN-16
OL-6721-02

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Cisco Security Appliance Command Line

Customer Order Number: N/A, Online only

Cisco Security Appliance Command Line Configuration Guide

Obtaining Technical Assistance 30

Obtaining Additional Publications and Information

Getting Started and General Information

Introduction to the Security Appliance

Firewall Functional Overview 1

Intrusion Prevention Services Functional Overview

Cisco Security Appliance Command Line Configuration Guide

Accessing the Command-Line Interface

Setting Transparent or Routed Firewall Mode

Working with the Configuration 3

Enabling Multiple Context Mode

Security Context Overview 1

Enabling or Disabling Multiple Context Mode 10

Configuring Ethernet Settings and Subinterfaces

Configuring and Enabling Fiber Interfaces on the 4GE SSM

Adding and Managing Security Contexts

Removing a Security Context

Changing the Admin Context

Changing Between Contexts and the System Execution Space

Reloading a Security Context 7

Cisco Security Appliance Command Line Configuration Guide

Monitoring Security Contexts 8

Configuring Interface Parameters

Configuring the Interface

Allowing Communication Between Interfaces on the Same Security Level

Configuring Basic Settings

Changing the Enable Password

Setting the Domain Name

Setting the Date and Time 2

Configuring IP Routing and DHCP Services

Cisco Security Appliance Command Line Configuration Guide

Configuring Multicast Routing 18

Configuring IPv6 on an Interface

Configuring IPv6 Default and Static Routes

Cisco Security Appliance Command Line Configuration Guide

Configuring IPv6 Access Lists

Verifying the IPv6 Configuration 5

Configuring AAA Servers and the Local Database

Identifying AAA Server Groups and Servers

The Failover and Stateful Failover Links 3

Cisco Security Appliance Command Line Configuration Guide

Cable-Based Active/Standby Failover Example 48

Configuring the Firewall

Firewall Mode Overview

Routed Mode Overview 1

Identifying Traffic with Access Lists

Access List Overview 1

Adding an Extended Access List 5

Adding a Standard Access List

Adding a Webtype Access List

Simplifying Access Lists with Object Grouping 10

Logging Access List Activity 17

Using Dynamic NAT and PAT 37

Using Static PAT

Cisco Security Appliance Command Line Configuration Guide

Permitting or Denying Network Access