12th Maths - CH 1 & 2

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL
ARAKKONAM
XII MATHEMATICS
MATERIAL
6 Marks & 10 Marks
PREPARED BY : S. Gurunathan., B.Sc., B.Ed
th
BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL,ARAKKONAM 12 MATHS 6 & 10 MARKS
APPLICATIONS OF MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

Find the adjoint of matrices:
1
1
; (ii) 0
4
2
3
(i)
2
Solution:
2
5
4
3
0
3
1
; 0
2
(i) A=
the matric of cofactor =

Therefore adjA= T=
1
(ii) A= 0
2
2
5
4
2
5
4
3
2
4
1
4
2
3
0 .
3
1
.
4
2
3
1
3
3
0
5
Cofactor of 1 is =+ (15-3) =15

Cofactor of 2 is =- (0-0) = 0
Co-factor of 3 is =+ (0-10) =-10
cofactor of 0 is =-(6-12) = 6
cofactor of 5 is =+(3-6) -3
cofactor of 0 is =-(4-4) =0
cofactor of 2 is =+(0-15) =-15
cofactor of 4 is =-(0-0) =0
cofactor of 3 is =+(5-0) = 5
2
th
15
Aij = 6
15
0
3
0
15
There fore adj.A = 0
10
2
(iiI) A= 3
1
5
1
2
10
0
5
6
3
0
15
0
5
3
2
1
cofactor of 2 is = + (1-4) = -3
cofactor of 5 is = - (3-2) = -1
cofactor of 3 is =+ (6-1) = 5
cofactor of 3 is =- (5-6) = 1
cofactor of 1 is =+ (2-3) = -1
cofactor of 1 is =+ (2-15) = -13
3
Aij = 1
7
3
1
1
5
5
1
13
th
3
5
1
1
1
7
5
13
2.Find the adjoint of the matrix A=
1
3
2
. and
5
verify the result. A(adj.A) = (adj.A)A = |A|I2

Solution A =
1
3
2
.
5
the matrix of cofactor =

There fore adjA= T=
A(adj.A) =
1
3
=
(adj.A)A =
11
0
5
3
2 1
1 3
5
2
5
3
2 5
5 3
11
0
3
1
2
1
2
1
0
1
= 11
11
0
0
=|A|I2
1
2
5
0
1
= 11
11
0
0
=|A|I2
1
Hence A(adj.A) = (adj.A)A = |A|I2

3
3.find the adjoint of matrix A = 2
0
3
3
1
4
4
1
and verify the result.
A(adj.A) = (adj.A)A = |A|I.

4
th
Solution:
3
A = 2
0
3
A = 2
0
3
3
1
3
3
1
4
4
1
4
4
1
=3(-3+4) + 3(2-0) +(-2-0)

=3+6-8=1
Cofactor of 2 is =+ (-3+4) = 1
Cofactor of 5 is =- (2-0) = -2
cofactor of 3 is =+ (-2-0) = -2
cofactor of 3 is =- (-3+4) = -1
cofactor of 2 is =- (-3+0) = 3
cofactor of 1 is =+ (-12+12) = 0
cofactor of 2 is =- (12-8) =-4
cofactor of 1 is =+ (-9+6) = -3
1
Aij = 1
0
5
2
3
4
2
3
3
th
1
Therefore adj.A = 2
2
1
3
3
0
4
3
3
A(adj.A) = 2
0
3
3
1
4 1
4 2
1 2
1
= 0
0
0
1
0
1
(adj.A)A = 2
2
1
= 0
0
0
1
0
1
3
3
0
4
3
0
0 = (1)I = A I
1
1
3
3
0 3
4 2
3 0
3
3
1
4
4
1
0
0 = (1)I = A I
1
Hence A(adj.A) = (adj.A)A = |A|I3Hence proved.
4.Find the inverse of each of the following matrices:

1
2 2
1 0
3
1 3 7
(i) 2 1 1 ,(ii) 4 2 3 ,() 1 3
0 ,
1 1 1
1 2 1
0 2 1
8 1 3
2 2 1
() 5 1
2 ,() 1 3 1
10 1 4
1 2 2
6
th
Solution:
1
(i)A = 2
1
1
A = 2
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
3
1
1
3
1
1
=1(1-1)-0(2+1) +3(-2-1)
=-9 0
Co-factor of 1 is =+ (1-1) = 0
Co-factor of 0 is =- (2+1) = -3
Co-factor of 3 is =+ (-2-1) = -3
Co-factor of 2 is =- (0+3) = -3
Co-factor of 1 is =+ (1-3) = -2
Co-factor of -1 is =- (-1-0) = 1
Co-factor of 1 is =+ (0-3) = -3
Co-factor of -1 is =- (-1-6) = 7
Co-factor of 1 is = + (1-0) = 1
0
Aij = 3
3
3
2
7
3
1`
1
th
0
There fore adj.A = = 3
3
1
A = (adj.A) =
0
3
3
3
2
1
3
7
1
1
9
3
2
1
0
3
3
1
(i)A = 4
1
(ii) Solution:
1
A = 4
1
3
2
2
3
2
1
3
2
2
3
7
1
3
7
1
7
3
1
7
3
1
=1(2-6) -3 (4-3) +7(8-2)
=-4-3+42=350
Cofactor of 1 is =+ (2-6) = -4
co -factor of 3 is =- (4-3) = -1
cofactor of 7 is =+ (8-2) = 6
co-factor of 4 is =- (3-14) = 11
co-factor of 2 is =+ (1-7) = -6
co-factor of 3 is =- (2-3) = 1
co-factor of 1 is =+ (9-14) = -5
8
th
co-factor of 2 is =- (3-28) = 25
co-factor of 1 is =+ (2-12) = -10
4
Aij = 11
5
4
Therefore adj.A = 1
6
A =
(iii) Solution:
1
6
25
11
6
1
(adj.A ) =
1
35
6
1
10
5
25
10
4
1
6
11
6
1
1
(iii)A = 1
0
1
A = 1
0
2
3
2
5
25
10
2
3
2
2
0
1
2
0
1
=1(3-0) -2(-1-0) +(2-0)

=3+2-4=1
Cofactor of 1 is =+ (3-0) = 3
Cofactor of 2 is =- (-1-0) = 1
9
th
cofactor of -2 is =+ (2-0) = 2
cofactor of -1 is =- (4-0) = -4
cofactor of 0 is =- (-2-0) = 2
cofactor of 0 is =+ (0+6) = 6
cofactor of -2 is =- (0-2) = 2
cofactor of 1 is = + (3+2) = 5
3
Aij = 2
6
1
1
2
2
2
5
3
(adj. A) = T= 1
2
(iv) Solution:
10
3
= 1
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
6
2
5
6
2
5
8
(iv) A = 5
10
1
1
1
3
2
4
th
8
A = 5
10
1
1
1
3
2
4
=8(-4+2) + 1(20-20) -3(5-10)

=-16+0+15=-1
Cofactor of 8 is =+ (-4+2) = -2
Cofactor of -1 is =- (20-20) = 0
cofactor of -3 is =+ (3-10) = -5
cofactor of -5 is =- (4-3) = -1
cofactor of 1 is =+ (-32+30) = -2
cofactor of 2 is =- (-8+10) = -2
cofactor of 10 is =+ (-2+3) = 1
cofactor of -1 is =- (16-15) = -1
2
[ Aij] = 1
1
2
(adj. A) = ( ) = 0
5
11
0
2
1
1
2
2
5
2
3
1
1
3
th
(v) Solution:
(adj . A) =
1
1
2
0
5
2
= (adj . A) = 0
5
1
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
1
3
2
(v) A = 1
1
2
A = 1
1
2
3
2
1
1
3
2
3
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
=2(6-2) -2(2-1) +1(2-3)
=8-2-1=5
Cofactor of 2 is =- (2-1) = -1
cofactor of 1 is =- (2-2) = -2
12
th
4
[ Aij ]= 2
1
1
3
1
4
(adj. A) = ( ) = 1
1
A=
5. if A =
5
7
(adj . A) =
1
5
4
1
1
2
3
2
2
3
2
2
1
2
and B =
3
1
2
4
1
1
4
1
1
4
1
verify that (i) (AB)
1
= B 1A
(ii) (AB) T= BTAT
Solution: (i)
A =
AB =
13
5
7
5
7
2
; B=
3
2 2
3 1
2
1
1
1
10 2
1
=
1
14 3
th
5 2
7 + 3
8
11
To find A
3
4
1
A =
=
3
2
5
7
2
= 15-14 =1
3
7
5
adj .A =
A 1=
3
7
2
5
(adJ .A) =
3
7
2
5
To find B 1
B =
=
1
1
2
1
=2-1 =1
1
2
adj . B =
B1=
14
1
1
1
1
1
2
(adj .B) =
1
1
1
2
th
B1 A1 =
37
3 14
2
5
2 + 5
.. 1
2 + 10
To find (AB)
AB =
1 3
2 7
1
1
8
11
3
4
=32+33 =1
Matrix of cofactor of(AB) =

Therefore adj.(AB) =
Therefore (AB)
4
3
11
8
4
11
3
8
( adj AB)=
4
11
3
8
From (1) and) (2) (AB)T = B T AT

8
3
11
4
BTAT =
2
1
1 5
1 2
7
3
10 2
5 + 2
14 3
8
=
7 + 3
3
(ii) (AB)T =
Also
. (3)
11
.(4)
4
From (3) and (4) we get (AB) T= BTAT
15
th
3
6.find the inverse of the matrix A = 2
0
3
A= 2
0
3
A = 2
0
3
3
1
3
3
1
3
3
1
4
4
1
4
4
1
4
4
1
=3(-3+4) +3(2-0) +4(-2-0)

=3+6-8=1
Cofactor of 3 is =+ (-3+4) = 1
Cofactor of -3 is =- (2-0) = -2
Cofactor of 4 is =+ (-2-0) = -2
Cofactor of 2 is =- (-3+4)= -1
cofactor of -3 is =+ (3-0)= 3
cofactor of 0 is =+ (-12+12) = 0
cofactor of -1 is =- (12-8) = -4
cofactor of 1 is =+ (-9+6) = -3
16
th
1
Aij = 1
0
2
3
4
1
(adj. A) = ( ) = 2
2
A =
( adj . A) =
To find that A3 = A
3
A = 2
0
2
1
3
3
1
3
3
0
4
3
0
4
3
3
3
1
4 3
4 2
1 0
96+0
66+0
02+0
4
1
2
4
0
3
3
A = 0
2
4
1
2
4 3
0 2
3 0
98+0
= 02+0
6 + 4 + 0
3
3
1
4
4
1
9 + 9 4
6 + 9 4
0+31
3
= 0
2
3
17
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
1
9 + 12 4
0+3+0
66+3
12 12 + 4
8 12 + 4
04+1
4
4
1
12 16 + 4
04+0
8 + 8 3
th
1
= 2
2
1
3
3
0
4
3
A3 = A 1
1
7). Show that the adjoint of A = 2
2
1
A = 2
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
is 3AT
2
2
1
Cofactor of -1 is =+ (1-4) = -3
Cofactor of -2 is =- (2+4) = -6
Cofactor of -2 is =+ (-4-2) = -6
Cofactor r of 1 is =+ (-4+1) = 3
cofactor of -2 is =- (2+4) = -6
cofactor of -2 is =- (2+4) = -6
cofactor of 1 is =+ (-1+4) = 3
3
= 6
6
18
6
3
6
6
6
3
th
(Adj. A) = =
3 6
6
6 3 6 .. (1)
6 6 3
1
3A = 3 2
2
T
3
= 6
6
2
1
2
6
3
6
2
2
1
6
6 (2)
3
There for (Adj. A) = 3AT from (1) and (2).

4
8 .show that the adjoint of A = 1
4
3
0
4
3
1 is A itself .
3
4
A= 1
4
3
0
4
3
1
3
Cofactor of -4 is =+ (0-4) = -4
Cofactor of-3 is =- (3-4) = 1
Cofactor of -3 is =+ (4-0) = 4
Cofactor of 1 is =- (-9+12) = -3
Cofactor r of 0 is =+ (-12+12) = 0
cofactor of 1 is =- (-16+12) = 4
cofactor of 4 is =+ (-3+0) = -3
cofactor of 4 is =- (-4+3) = 1
19
th
4
= 3
3
1
0
1
4
4
3
4
Adj. A = (Aij) = 3
3
1
0
1
4
= 1
4
2
9. If A = 2
3
1
1
2
A = 2
3
1
1
A = 27
=
1
27
2
1
2
1
2 =
2
3
2
3
3
4
4
2
1
2
3
0
4
4
4
3
3
1 =A
3
1
1
T
2 ; P.T A =A
2
3
2
3
1
2
2
3
1
3
2
3
2
12 + 12 + 3 =1
Cofactor of 3 is =+ (2+4) = 6
Cofactor of-3 is =- (-4-2) = 6
20
th
Cofactor of4 is =+ (4+-1) = 3

Cofactor of 2 is =- (4+2) = -6
cofactor of -1 is =- (4+2) = -6
cofactor of 1 is =+ (4+2)= 6
Aij =
1
9
6
6
3
6
3
6
3
6
6
(adj. A) = ( ) =
A =
21
(adj . A) =
1
3
1
9
1
3
2
2
1
6
6
3
2
2
1
6
3
6
2
1
2
2
1
2
3
6
6
1
2
2
1
T
2 =A
2
th
1
10.For A = 4
4
1
A= 4
4
1
A = 4
4
2
3
4
2
3
4
2
3
4
2
1
4 , show that A =A
5
2
4
5
2
4
5
=-1(-15+16)-2(20-16) -2(-16+12)
= -1-8+8 = -1
Cofactor of-1 is =+ (-15+16) = 1
Cofactor of 2 is =- (20-16) = -4
Cofactor of-2 is =+ (-16+12) = -4
Cofactor of 4 is =- (10-8) = -2
cofactor of -3 is =+ (-5+8) = 3
cofactor of -4 is =- (-4+8) = -4
22
th
1
Aij = 2
2
4
3
4
4
4
5
1
(adj. A) = ( ) = 4
4
A
1 =1
(adj . A) =
1
1
1
4
4
A =
2
3
4
2
4
5
1
4
4
2
3
4
2
3
4
2
4
5
2
4
5
Find the adjoint of matrices:
(i)
; (ii) 0
2
5
4
3
0
3
Solution:
(i) A=
Therefore adjA=
23
th
1
(ii) A= 1
2
1
2
1
1
3
3
cofactor of 1 is =- (3+6) = -9
cofactor of 1 is =+ (-1-4) = -5
cofactor of 1 is =-( 3+1) = -4
cofactor of -3 is =-(-1-2) = 3
cofactor of 2 is =+(-3-2) = -5
3
Aij = 4
5
3
5
9
1
4
5
3
1
4
1
3
5
4
1
2.Find the adjoint of the matrix A=
1
1
2
. and verify the
4
result. A(adj.A) = (adj.A)A = |A|I2

24
th
Solution A =
1
1
2
1
. A=
4
1

T
There fore adjA=
1
1
A(adj.A) =
4
1
2 1
1 1
=
4
2
1
1
4
1
2
1
2 4
4 1
1
0
=2
=
(adj.A)A =
2
4
= 4-2 = 2
2
1
0
=|A|I2
1
2
4
2
0
0
1
=2
2
0
0
=|A|I2
1
Hence A(adj.A) = (adj.A)A = |A|I2

1
3.find the adjoint of matrix A = 1
2
result.
1
2
1
1
3
3
and verify the
A(adj.A) = (adj.A)A = |A|I.

1
A = 1
2
Solution:
A
25
1
= 1
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
3
3
1
3
3
th
= 1(6-3) -1(3+6) +1(-1-4)

= 3-9-5 = -11
cofactor of 1 is =- (3+6) = -9
cofactor of 1 is =+ (-1-4) = -5
cofactor of 1 is =-( 3+1) = -4
cofactor of 2 is =+(-3-2) = -5
3
Aij = 4
5
3
5
1
A(adj.A) = 1
2
26
1
2
1
9
1
4
4
1
3
5
3
1
5
4
1
1
3
3 9
3 5
4
1
3
5
4
1
th
11
= 0
0
0
11
0
1
= -11 0
0
0
1
0
3
(adj.A)A= 9
5
1
=-11 0
0
0
0 = (-11)I3 = A I3
1
4
1
3
0
1
0
0
0
11
5 1
4 1
1 2
1
2
1
1
3
3
0
0 = (-11)I3 = A I3
1
Hence A(adj.A) = (adj.A)A = |A|I3Hence proved.
3
4. find the inverses of the following matrices : 2
1
3
A= 2
1
3
A= 2
1
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0 = 2 0
1
cofactor of 3is =+ (2-0) = 2
cofactor of 1is =- (-2-0) = 2
cofactor of -1 is =+ (4+2) = 6
27
th
cofactor of 2 is =-(-1+2 ) = -1
cofactor of -2 is =+(-3+1) = -2
cofactor of 0 is =-(6-1) =-5
cofactor of 1 is =+(0-2) = -2
cofactor of 2 is =-(0+2) = -2
cofactor of -1 is =+(-6-2) = -8
2
Aij = 1
2
2
2
2
6
5
8
2
6
1
2
5
2
2
8
A = adj .A =
5. if A =
1
1
2
2
6
1
2
5
2
and B =
1
2
2
8
0
1
1
verify that (i)
2
(AB)1 = B1 A1
Solution: (i)
28
A =
1
1
2
B=
1
0
1
1
2
th
1
1
AB =
=
2 0
1 1
0+2
0+1
1
2
1 + 4 2
=
1 + 2 1
3
1
To find A 1
AB
=
2
1
1
2
3
= 2-3 = -1
1
1
1
adj .A =
1
1
2
1
1
1
A1= adj .A =
2
1
To find B 1
=
0
1
1
2
2
1
1
0
adj . B =
B1=
29
2
1
adj .B =
=0+1 =1
1
0
2
1
1
0
th
To find (AB) 1
AB
2
1
3
1
=2-3 =1
Matrix of cofactor of(AB) =

Therefore adj.(AB) =
Therefore (AB)
B1A1 =
2
1
1 1
0 1
From (1) and) (2)
1
3
1
2
1
1
3
2
( adj AB)=
2
1
=
1
1
1
1
3
2
3
2
(AB) 1 = B 1 A 1
EXERCISE 1:2
Solve by matrix inversion method each of the following system of
linear equations:
1.(i) 2x-y = 7, 3x-2y = 11
Solution:
2x-y = 7
3x-2y = 11
AX =B
A =
30
2
3
1
2
th
2 -1
3
-2 y = 11
2
3
A =
1
= -4+3 = -1
2
X = A 1B.
2
3
(Aij) =
Adj.A = (Aij)T =
A1 =
(adj.A) =
X=
2
3
1
2
2
3
2
3
1
2
1
2
1 7
14 11
3
=
=
2 11 21 22 1
X = 3 , y = -1.
1(ii). 7x+3y =-1, 2x+y= 0

Solution:
7x+3y =-1,
2x+y= 0
AX =B
31
7 3
y = 0
-1
th
7
2
A=
3
1
7
2
A =
3
= 7-6 = 1
1
X = A 1B.
1
3
(Aij) =
Adj.A = (Aij)T =
A1=
(adj.A) =
X=
1
2
2
7
1
2
3
7
1
2
3
7
3 1 1 + 0
1
=
=
2+ 0
7 0
2
X = -1, y =2.
2.
x+y+z = 9 , 2x+5y+7z = 52 , 2x+y-z = 0.
Solution: x+y+z = 9
2x+5y+7z = 52
2x+y-z = 0
1
2
2
1
5
1
1
7
1
9
= 52
0
It is of the form AX =B ,
32
th
X = A 1B.
1
A= 2
2
1
A= 2
2
1
5
1
1
5
1
1
7
1
1
7
1
=1(-5-7)-1(-2-14)+1(2-10)
= -12+16-8 = -4
Cofactor of1 is =+ (-5-7) = -12
Cofactor of 1 is =- (-2-14) = 16
Cofactor of 1 is =+ (2-10) = -8
Cofactor of5 is =+ (-1-2) = -5
Cofactor of 7 is = - (1-2) = 1
Cofactor
of 2 is =+ (7-5) = 2
Cofactor
of 1 is =- (7-2) = -3
Cofactor of -1 is =+ (5-2) = 3
33
th
12
Aij = 2
2
16
5
3
12
(adj. A) = ( ) = 16
8
A
1 =1
(adj . A) =
1
4
X =
X=
1
4
108
144
72
1
4
8
1
3
2
3
1
2
5
3
12
16
8
2
3
1
2
5
3
12
16
8
2
3
1
2 9
5 52
3 0
104 0
4 1
1
156 0 = 4 12 = 3
20 5
52 0
X=1 , Y = 3, Z= 5
2. 2x-y+z= 7, 3x+y-5z = 13, x+y+z = 5

Solution:
2x-y+z= 7
3x+y-5z = 13
x+y+z = 5
34
th
2
3
1
1
1
1
7
1
5 = 13
5
1
It is of the form AX = B ,
X = A 1B.
2
A= 3
1
1
1
1
1
5
1
2
A =3
1
1
1
1
1
5
1
=2(1+5) +1(3+5) +1(3-1)

= 12+8+2 = 22
Cofactor of 2is =+ (1+5) = 6
Cofactor of-1 is =- (3+5) = -8
Cofactor of -5 is =- (2+1) = -3
35
Cofactor
of 1 is =+ (5-1) = 4
Cofactor
of 1 is =- (-10-3) = 13
th
6
Aij = 2
4
8
1
13
2
3
5
6
(adj. A) = ( ) = 8
2
A
1 =1
(adj . A) =
1
22
X=
1
22
1
22
2
1
3
6
8
2
6
8
2
4
13
5
2
1
3
2
1
3
4
13
5
4 7
13 13
5 5
42 + 26 + 20
56 + 13 + 65
14 39 + 25
88
4
= 22 = 1
22
0
0
1
X = 4, y= 1, z= 0
5. x-3y-8z+10 = 0, 3x+y = 4,
Solution:
2x+5y+6z = 13
x-3y-8z+10 = 0
3x+y = 4
2x+5y+6z = 13
36
th
1
3
2
3
1
5
8
10
0 = 4
6
13
It is of the form AX = B ,
X = A 1B.
1
A= 3
2
3
1
5
8
0
6
1
A = 3
2
3
1
5
8
0
6
=1(6-0) +3(18-0) -8(15-2)

=6+54-104 = -44
Cofactor of1 is =+ (6-0) = 6
Cofactor of -3is =- (18-0) = -18
Cofactor of -8is =+ (15-2) = 13
Cofactor of3 is =- (-40+18) = -22
Cofactor of1 is =+ (6+16) = 22
Cofactor of 0 is =- (5+6) = -11
37
th
Cofactor of 5 is =- (0+24) = -24

6
Aij = 22
8
18
22
24
6
(adj. A) = ( ) = 18
13
A
1 =1
(adj . A) =
1
44
X=
1
44
1
44
13
11
10
22
22
11
6
18
13
6
18
13
8
24
10
22
22
11
22
22
11
8
24
10
8 10
24 4
10 13
44
44
44
1
= 1
1
X =1 , y= 1, z= 1.
Solve by matrix inversion method each of the following system of
linear equations: x+y = 3, 2x+3y = 8
Solution :
x+y = 3
38 BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL,ARAKKONAM 12
th
MATHS 6 & 10 MARKS
2x+3y = 8
AX =B
A =
1
2
1
3
-1
-2
= 11
A =
1
2
1
= 3-2 = 1
3
X = A 1B.
(Aij) =
3
1
Adj.A = (Aij)T =
A1 =
2
= 3
(adj.A) =
2
1
3
2
1
1
3
2
1
1
1 7
14 11
1
=
=
2 11
21 22
2
x = 1 , y =2
2.
2x-y+3z = 9 , x+y+z = 6 , x-y+z = 2.

Solution :
2x-y+3z = 9
x+y+z = 6
x-y+z = 2.
39
th
2
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
9
= 6
2
It is of the form AX =B ,
X = A 1B.
2
A= 1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
2
A =1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
=2(1+1)+1(1-1)+3(-1-1)
= 4+0-6 = -2 0
Cofactor of -1 is =- (1-1) = 0
Cofactor of 3 is =+ (-1-1) = -2
Cofactor of 1 is =- (-1+3) = -2
Cofactor of 1 is =+ (2-3) = -1
Cofactor of 1 is =- (-2+1) = 1
Cofactor of 1 is =+ (-1-3) = -4
Cofactor of -1 is =- (2-3) = 1
40
th
2
Aij = 2
4
0
1
1
2
(adj. A) = ( ) = 0
2
A
2
1
=
0
2
1 =1
2
1
1
(adj . A) =
1
2
2
1
3
2
1
1
2
0
2
4
1
3
2
1
1
4
1
3
4 9
2
1
1
1 6 = 2 4 = 2
3 2
6
3
x=1 , y= 2, z = 3
RANK OF MATRIX
Find the rank of the following matrices:
1
1. 3
2
41
1
2
3
1
3
4
th
1
A= 3
2
Solution:
R2
1
2
3
1
3
4
R2-3R1; R3
1
~ 0
0
R3
1
5
5
R3-2R1
1
6
6
R3-R2
1
~ 0
0
1
5
0
1
6
0
The last equivalent matrix is in the echelon form . it has two

non zero rows .
Therefore p(A) = 2
6
2). 1
4
12
2
8
Solution:
6
1
4
A=
R1
6
1
4
12
2
8
1
6
R1; R3
1
~ 1
1
R2
42
6
1
4
R2-R1 ; R3
2
2
2
1
4
R3
1
1
1
R3-R1
th
1
~ 0
0
1
5
0
1
6
0

non zero rows .
Therefore p(A) = 1
1
5. 4
3
2 1
4 1
6 3
3
2
7
1
4
3
2 1
4 1
6 3
3
2
7
1
~ 0
0
2 1
0 3
0 6
3
8 R2R2 2R1 , R3 R3 3R1
16
1
~ 0
0
2 1
0 1
0 0
3
2 R3 R3 2R2
0
let A=
The last equivalent matrix is in the echelon form . it has

two non zero rows . Therefore p(A) = 1
1
6. 2
1
2 3
4 1
2 7
4
3
6
let A=
1
2
1
R2
43
2 3
4 1
2 7
R2+2R1; R3
4
3
6
R3+R1
th
1
~ 0
0
1
~ 0
0
2 3
0 5
0 10
2
0
0
3
5
0
4
5
10
R3
R3-2R2
4
5
0
The last equivalent matrix is in the echelon form. it has

two non zero rows . Therefore p (A) = 2.
1
1 find the rank of the matrix 2
3
Solution:
R2
1
A= 2
3
R2-2R1 ; R3
1
3
2
1
3
2
1
4
3
1
4
3
R3-3R1
1
0
0
1
5
0
1
6
0

non zero rows is 2.
Therefore p(A) = 2
2 . find the rank of the matrix:

44
1
2
3
2
4
6
3 1
6 2
9 3
th
1
solution : A = 2
3
R2 R2 2R1
2
4
6
3 1
6 2
9 3
R3 R3 2R1
1
~2
3
2
4
6
3 1
6 2
9 3
The last equivalent matrix is in the echelon form . it has one

non zero rows .
Therefore p(A) = 1
3 . find the rank of the matrix:
4
solution : A = 6
2
1
4
0
2
3
1
4 3
6 7
2 1
2
3
1
4
6
2
2
3
1
1 3
4 7
0 1
1 3
4 7
0 1
~ C1 C3
R2 R1
R2
45
th
1
0
0
2
5
1
R2
1
0
0
2
1
1
1
5
4 3
2 1
2 1
R3 R2
R3
1
0
0
4
3
10 5
2
1
2
1
0
4 3
2 1
0 0

non zero rows .
Therefore p(A) = 2
1.4 (1) (Cramers rule method)
(Determinant Method)
Consider the system of non homogeneous equations of

a11x+a12y = b1
a21x+a22y = b2
46
th
let =
Then x =
11
21
x =
1
2
12
22
y =
11
12
1
2
; y=
12
22
find x =value and y= value
Example: solve the following non homogeneous system of linear

equations by determinant method.
1. 3x+2y = 5; x+3y = 4
Solution:
3x+2y = 5
x+3y = 4
3
1
2
3
= 9-2 = 7
x =
5
4
2
3
= 15-8 = 7
y =
3
1
5
4
= 12-5 = 7
47
th
Then x =
y=
=1
= =1
find x =1 and y= 1
2.
2x+3y = 5; 4x+6y = 12
Solution:
2x+3y = 5
4x+6y = 12
2
4
3
6
=12-12 = 0
x =
5
12
3
6
= 30-36 = -6 =0
y =
2
4
5
12
= 24-20 = 4 = 0
Since = 0 ; 0 and the system is inconsistent.
3. `4x+5y = 9; 8x+10y = 18
48
th
Solution:
4x+5y = 9
8x+10y = 18
4
8
5
10
= 40-40 = 0
x =
9
18
5
10
= 90-90 = 0
y =
4
8
9
18
=72-72 = 0
Since = x = y = 0
And at least one of the coefficients is non zero the system is
consistent and has many solutions.
Let y = k .then x=
95
4
Therefore the solution set is (x,y) = (
95
4
, )
where kR
4. X+Y+Z = 4; X-Y+Z = 2; 2X+Y-Z = 1

Solution: X+Y+Z = 4
X-Y+Z = 2
2X+Y-Z = 1
49
th
1
= 1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
= 1(1-1)-1(-1-2)+1(1+2)
= 0+3+3 = 6
4
x = 2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
= 4(1-1)-1(-2-1)+1(2+1)
= 0+3+3 = 6
1
y = 1
2
4
2
1
1
1
1
= -3+12-3 = 6
1
z = 1
2
1
1
1
4
2
1
= 1(-1-2)-1(1-4)+4 (1+2)
= -3+3+12 = 12
Then x =
50
6
6
=1
th
y=
z=
5.
= =1
12
= =2
6
2X+Y-Z = 4; X+Y-2Z = 0; 3X+2Y-3Z = 4

Solution:
2X+Y-Z = 4
X+Y-2Z = 0
3X+2Y-3Z = 4
2
=1
3
1
1
2
1
2
3
= 2(-3+4)-1(-3+6)-1(2-3)
= 2-3+1 = 0
4
x = 0
4
1
1
2
1
2
3
= 4(-3+4)-1(0+8)-1(0-4)
= 4-8+4 = 0
51
th
2
y = 1
3
4
0
4
1
2
3
= 2(0+8)-4(-3+6)-1(4-0)
= 16-12-4 = 0
2
z= 1
3
1
1
2
4
0
4
= 2(4-0)-1(4-0)+ 4(2-3)
= 8-4-4 = 0
Since =x = y = z =0 .the system is consistent and has many
solution .also all
2x2 minor of 0. The system is reduced to equation.
Let z = k
2x+y-k = 4 2x+y = 4+k
X+ y-2k = 0 x+ y = 2k
=
2
1
1
1
= 2-1 = 1
x =
52
4+
2
1
1
th
= 4+k-2k = 4-k
y =
2
1
4+
2
=4k-4-k = 3k-4
Then x =
=
34
= 4-k
= 3k-4
x =4-k and y= 3k-4 and z=k

solution set is (4-k,3k-4,k) where k R
6.
3x+y-z = 2 ; 2x-y+2z =6 ; 2x+y-2z = -2
Solution:
3x+y-z = 2
2x-y+2z =6
2x+y-2z = -2
3
= 2
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
=3(2-2)-1(-4-4)-1(2+2)
= 0+8-4 = 4
2
x = 6
2
53
1
1
1
1
2
2
th
=2(2-2)-1(-12+4)-1(6-2)
= 0+8-4 = 4
3
y = 2
2
2
6
2
1
2
2
=-24+16+8 = 8
3
z = 2
2
1
1
1
2
6
2
= 3(2-6)-1(-4-12) + 2(2+2)
=-12+16+8 = 12
Then x =
y=
z=
4
4
=1
= =2
4
12
= =3
4
7. X+2y+z = 6; 3x+3y-z = 3; 2x+y-2z = -3

Solution:
X+2y+z = 6
3x+3y-z = 3
2x+y-2z = -3
54
th
1
= 3
2
2
3
1
1
1
3
= 1(-6+1)-2(-6+2)+1(3-6)
=-5+8-3 = 0
6
x = 3
3
2
3
1
1
1
2
= 6(-6+1)-2(-6-3)+ 1(3+9)
= -30+18+12 = 0
1
y = 3
2
6
3
3
1
1
2
= 1(-6-3)-6(-6+2)+ 1(-9-6)
=-9+24-15 = 0
1
z= 3
2
2
3
1
6
3
3
= 1(-9-3)-2(-9-6) + 6(3-6)
=-12+30-18 = 0
55
th

solution .also all
Let z = k
x+2y+k = 6 x+2y = 6-k
3X+3y-k = 3 3x+3y = 3+k
1
3
2
3
= 3-6 = -3
6
3+
x =
2
3
= 18-3k-6-2k = 12-5k
1
3
y =
6
3+
=3+k-18+3k= 4k-15
Then x =
=
512
x=
125
3
415
and y=
solution set is (
154
3
512
154
3
and z=k
512 154
3
,k) where k R.
8. 2x y+z = 2 ; 6x -3y +3z = 6;
4x-2y +2z = 4
solution : 2x y+z = 2
56
th
6x -3y +3z = 6
4x-2y +2z = 4
2
= 6
4
1
3
2
1
3
2
= 2(-6+6)+1(12-12)+1(-12+12)
= 0
2
= 6
4
1
3
2
1
3
2
= 2(-6+6)+1(12-12)+1(-12+12)
= 0
2
= 6
4
2
6
4
1
3
2
= 2(-12+12)-2(12-12)+1(24+24)
= 0
2
= 6
4
1
3
2
2
6
4
= 2(-12+12)+1(24-24)+1(-12+12)
= 0
= = =
57
= 0
th
all (2x2) minor are also zeros . but atleast one of Aij in is
non zero.
the system is consistent and has many solution . all the three
equation reduce to one solution . 2x-y +z = 2
put z= k then 2x y = 2-k
let y = s , then x = (
9.
= 1;
1
solution : let
2+
2
, , )
+ +
= ;
where s, k
=5;
= ;
= .
a+ 2b c = 1
2a+ 4b +c = 5
3a- 2b 2c = 0
1
=2
3
2
4
2
1
1
2
= 1(-8+2)-2(-4-3)-1(-4-12)
= -6+14+16 = 24
1
= 5
0
2
4
2
1
1
2
=1 (-8+2)-2(-10-0)-1(-10-0)
= -6+20+10= 24
58
th
1
= 2
3
1
5
0
1
1
2
= 1 (-10-0)-1(-4-3)-1(0-15)
= -10+7+15 = 12
1
= 2
3
2
4
2
1
5
0
= 1(0+10)-2(0-15)+1(-4-12)
= 10+30-16 = 24
a =
b =
c =
=
=
=
24
24
12
24
24
24
= 1 =>
=
1
2
=>
= 1 =>
=1=> =1
=
1
2
=> =2
=1=> =1
10. a small seminar hall hold 100 chars . three different colours (red ,
blue , and green ) of chairs are available . the cost of red chairs is Rs .
240 , cost of the blue chairs is Rs 260 the cost of the green chairs is Rs .
300 . the total cost of the chairs if Rs . 25,000 . find atleast 3
different solution of the number of chairs in each colour to be
purchased .
solution : let x ,y ,z be the no. of red , blue , green chairs .
given that
x + y +z = 100
240x +x260y+300z = 25000
20
59
th
12x+13y+15z = 1250
x + y =100 k
x + y = 1250 -15 k
=
1
12
1
13
= 13-12 = 1
100
1250 15
1
13
= 1300 -13k-1250+15k
= 50 +2k
=
1
12
100
1250 15
= 1250 -15k-1200+12k
= 50 -3k
x =
y =
=
=
50+2
1
503
1
= 50 + 2
= 50 3
z =k
the solution set is (50+2k ,50-3k ,k)
.
where s, k .
x+2y+z = 7 ; 2x-y+2z =4 ; x+y-2z = -1
Solution:
x+2y+z = 7
2x-y+2z =4
60
th
x+y-2z = -1
1
= 2
1
2
1
1
1
2 = 15
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
= 15
1
y = 2
1
7
4
1
1
2 = 30
2
7
x = 4
1
1
z = 2
1
2
1
1
Then x =
1
2
2
y=
z=
61
15
=1
15
= 30
30
15
=2
30
= =2
15
th
solution is (x ,y , z) = (1 ,2 ,2)
. x+y+2z = 6; 3x+y-z = 2; 4x+2y+z = 8
Solution :
x+y+2z = 6
3x+y-z = 2
4x+2y+z = 8
1
= 3
4
6
x = 2
8
1
y = 3
4
6
2
8
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
1 = 0
1
2
1 = 0
1
2
1
1
=0
1
z= 3
4
1
1
2
6
2
8
=0
solution .also all
Let z = k
62
th
x+y+2k = 6 x+y = 6-2k

3x+y-k = 2
3x+y = 2+k
1
3
1
1
= 1-3 = -2
6 2
2+
x =
1
1
= 6-2k-2-k = 4-3k
1
3
y =
6 2
2+
= 2+k-18+16k = 7k-16
Then x =
=
x=
34
2
43
2
716
2
and y=
solution set is(
167
2
167
2
and z=k
34 167
2
34
,k) where k R.
. x +y+2z = 4 ; 2x +2y +4z = 8;

solution :
3x+3y +6z = 12
x +y+2z = 4
2x +2y +4z = 8
3x+3y +6z = 12
63
th
1
= 2
3
1
2
3
2
4
6
= 0
4
= 8
12
1
2
3
2
4
6
= 0
1
=2
3
4
8
12
2
4
6
= 0
1
= 2
3
1
2
3
4
8
12
= 2(-12+12)+1(24-24)+1(-12+12)
= 0
= = =
=0
all (2x2) minor are also zeros . but atleast one of Aij in is
non zero.
the system is consistent and has many solution . all the three
equation reduce to one solution . x+y +2z = 4
put x= s
then s+ t +2z = 4 => z =
let y = t , then x = ( , ,
64
4
2
4
2
where s, k
th
. A bag contain 3 types of coins namely Re. 1 ,Re. 2 , Re. 5 .there are
30 coins amounting to Re. 100 in total . find the number of coins in
each category .
solution : let x ,y ,z be the no. of coins in each Re. 1 ,Re. 2 , Re. 5.
given that
x + y +z = 30
x +2y+5z = 100
x + y = 30 k
x + y = 100-5 k
=
1
1
1
2
= 2-1 = 1
30
100 5
1
2
= 2(30-k) -(100-5k)
= 3k-40
=
1
1
30
100 5
= (100-5k) (30-k)
= 70 -4k
x
y =
65
=
=
3k40
1
70 4k
1
= 3k 40
= 70 -4k
th
z =k
the solution set is(x , y z) = (3k 40 ,70 -4k,k)
where s, k .
Since the number of coins is a non negative integer , k = 0 ,1 ,3 .

Moreover 3k 40 0 , 70- 4k0 , = > 14 x 17
The possible solution are (2,14,14)(5,10,15)(8,6,16)(11,2,17).
EXERCISE : 1. 5
examine the consistency of the following of the equations . if it
is consistent then solve the sums .(using by rank method)
4x + 3y + 6z = 25 ; x+ 5y + 7z = 13 ;
solution :
2x +9y + z = 1
4x + 3y + 6z = 25
x+ 5y + 7z = 13
2x +9y + z = 1
4
A = 1
2
(A ,B )
(A ,B) =
66
=
1
4
2
3
5
9
6
7
1
4
1
2
3
5
9
5
3
9
625
713 ~
11
713
625
11
R1 R2
th
R2 R 2 4R1 ;
R3 R 3 - 2R1
1
~ 0
0
5
17
1
7 13
2227
1325
R2 (-R2) ; R3 (-R3)
1
~ 0
0
5
17
1
7 13
2227
1325
5
1
17
7 13
1325
2227
R2 R3
1
~ 0
0
R3 R 3 - 17R1
1
~ 0
0
5
1
0
13
7
13 25
199398
= >(A,B) = 3 and also (A) = 3 = no . of unknowns

hence the system is consistent and has unique solution.
-199 z = -398
z =2
y + 13 z = 25
x + 5y +7z = 13
y + 26 = 25
x 5 +14 = 13
y = -1
solution is x = 4 , y = -1 , z = 2
67
th
(ii) x -3y -8z = -10 ; 3x + y -4z = 0 ; 2x + 5y +6z -13 = 0

solution :
x -3y -8z = -10

3x + y -4z = 0
2x + 5y +6z -13 = 0
1
A= 3
2
(A ,B )
R2 R 2 3R1 ;
3
1
5
1
3
2
8
4
6
3
1
5
810
4 0
6 13
R3 R 3 - 2R1
1
~ 0
0
3
10
11
810
20 30
22 33
3
1
1
810
2 3
2 3
R2 (R2 10) ; R3 (-R3 11)

1
~ 0
0
R3 R 3 R2
1
~ 0
0
3
1
0
810
2 3
0 0
= >(A,B) = 2 and also (A) no . of unknowns .

hence the system is consistent and has unique solution.
let z = k
68
th
x 3y = -10 +8k
=> 3x 9y = -30 + 24k
3x 9y = -30 + 24k
3x + y = 4k
(- ) (- ) (- )
-10 y = -30 + 20k
y =- 2k + 3
x = -10 +8k +3 (-2k +3)
x =2k -1
The solution set is (2k -1 , -2k +3 ,k) , where k .
(iii). x + y +z = 7 ; x +2y + 3z = 18 ; y + 2z = 6.
solution :
x + y +z = 7
x +2y + 3z = 18
y + 2z = 6
1
A= 1
0
(A ,B )
1
1
0
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
3
2
17
318
26
R2 R 2 R1
69
th
1
~ 0
0
1
1
0
17
211 R3 R 3 R2
26
1
~ 0
0
1
1
0
17
2 11
05
= >(A,B) = 3 and also (A) = 2 .

hence the system is inconsistent and has no solution.
(iv) .x - 4y + 7z = 14 ; 3x + 8y- 2z = 13 ; 7x -8y +26z = 5
solution :
x - 4y + 7z = 14
3x + 8y- 2z = 13
7x -8y +26z = 5
1
A= 3
7
(A ,B )
R2 R 2 3R1
R3
1
3
7
4
8
8
7
2
26
4
8
8
7 14
213
26 5
R3 -7R1
1
~ 0
0
4
20
20
7
14
2 3 29 R 3 R2
23 93
1
~ 0
0
4
20
0
7 14
2329 R3
0 64
R3R1
= >(A,B) = 3 and also (A) = 2 .

70
th

(V)X +Y Z = 1 ; 2X +2Y -2Z = 2 ; -3X -3Y +3Z = -3
solution :
X +Y Z = 1
2X +2Y -2Z = 2
=> dividing by 2
-3X -3Y +3Z = -3 => dividing by -3

all three equation are one and the same .
there is only one equation in three unknowns .
hence the system is consistent but has many solution .
let z = k2 ; y = k1 then
x +y z = 1
x = 1 k1 + k2
x = (1 k1 + k2 , k1 , k2) k1 , k2 .
2. discuss the solution of the system of equation for all values of
x +y + z = 2 ; 2x + y -2z = 2 ; x +y +4z = 2
solution :
x +y + z = 2
2x + y -2z = 2
x +y +4z = 2
1
A = 2
71
1
1
1
1
2
4
th
1
A = 2
1
1
1
1
2
4
= 1(4+2)-1(8+2)+1(2 )
= 6-8-2 +2- = -3
where 0. A 0 = > the system has unique solution .
1
let = 0 . then A = 2
0
1
1
1
1
2
4
1
(A,B) ~ 2
1
(A,B) ~ 2
0
R2
1
(A,B) ~ 2
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 2
2 2
4 2
1 2
4 2 R2
4 2
R2 X(-1) ; R3
1
1
0
R2 2R1
R2 + R3
1 2
4 2
0 0
= >(A,B) = 2 and also (A) = 2 no .of unknowns.

hence the system is consistent and has many solution.
let z = k
x+y= 2k
2x + y = 2+2k
-x = -3 k
72
th
x = 3k
hence y = 2-4k
Therefore solution is (3k, 2-4k,k) , k .
3.for what value of k , the system of equations. kx +y + z = 1 ;
x + ky + z = 1;
x + y +kz = 1 have (i) unique solution , (ii) more then one solution
and (iii) no solution.
solution :
kx +y + z = 1
x + ky + z = 1
x + y +kz = 1
A= 1
1
1
1
(A ,B ) = 1
1
1 1
1 1
1
A = K (K2 -1)-1(K-1) +1(1-K)

= K (K2 -1)-1(K-1) -1(K-1)
= (K-1)(K(K+1)-1-1)
= (K-1)(K2+K-2)
= (K-1)(K+2)(K-1) = ( 1)2 (K+2)
=>( 1)2 (K+2) = 0 then k = 1 ,-2
suppose k 1 and k -2 then A 0
= > the system is consistent and has unique solution .
(ii) let k = 1 . then the system reduces to a single equation
73 BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL,ARAKKONAM 12 MATHS 6 & 10 MARKS
th
x + y+ z = 1
the system will have many solution .
(iii)
let k = -2
R2
2
(A ,B ) = 1
1
1
2
1
1 1
1 1
2 1
1
(A ,B ) ~ 2
1
2
1
1
1 1
1 1
2 1
R2 +2R1 ; R3
R3-R1
1
~ 0
0
R2
2
3
; R3
R1R2
2
3
3
1 1
3 3
3 0
2
1
0
1 1
1 1
0 3
R3+R2
1
~ 0
0
= >(A,B) = 3 and also (A) = 2

74
th
vector algebra
1. Find a . b when a = 2i + 2j k and b = 6i -3j +2k

Solution : a = 2i + 2j k and b = 6i 3j + 2k
a.b=
=
(2) (6) + (2) (-3) + (-1) (2)

12 6-2 =4
2. If a = I + j +2k and b = 3i + 2j k find (a + 3b ). ( 2a b)

Solution
a
a + 3b
2a - b
i + j +2k, b= 3i + 2j k
(i + j + 2k) + 3(3i +2j -k)
(i + j + 2k) + (9i +6j - 3k)
(10i + 7j k)
2(i + j + 2k ) (3i + 2j
- k)
(a + 3b) (2a -b) = ( 10i + 7i - k) . ( -i + 5k)

= - 10 5 = -15
3. find so that the vectors 2i + j + k and i - 2j + k are
perpendicular to each other.
Solution:
Let a = 2i + j + k
b = i 2j + k
75
th
Since a and b are perpendicular a. b = 0

(2) (1) + () (-2) + (1) (1) = 0
22+1=0= =
3
2
4. Find the value of m for which the vectors a = 3i + 2j + 9k and

b = i + mj + 3k are (i) perpendicular, 9ii) parallel.
Solution:
a = 3i + 2j + 9k
b = i + mj + 3k
(i) If they are perpendicular a. b = 0

Hence (3) (1) + (2) (m) + (9) (3) = 0
3 + 2m + 27 = 0
= m = - 15
(ii) If they are parallel,
3
1
= 9m = 6 => m =
9
3
2
3
5. Find the angles which the vector i j + 2 k makes with the

coordinate axes.
Solution:
Let F = i j + 2 k
| F | = (1)2 (1)2 + (1)2 = 2
Hence direction cosines l, m, n of F are

76
th
l=
||
||
= ,m=
||
= ,n=
2
2
1
2
Let , and are the angles at which r makes with x-axis, y-axis and
z-axis, then
cos = l =
= =
cos = m =
cos = n =
2
1
= -
= =
2
3
6. Show that the vector i + j + k is equally inclined with the coordinate

axes.
Solution:
F =i+ j+k
|F| = (1)2 + (1)2 + (1)2 = 3
Hence the direction cosines l, m, n of F are

l =
||
1
3
,m=
||
1
3
,n=
c
|F|
1
3
Let , and be the angles at which r is inclined to x-axis and z-axis.

Then, cos =
1
3
, cos =
` = = = cos -1
1
3
, cos =
1
3
1
3
7. If and are unit vectors inclined at an angle , then prove that
77
th
(i) cos =
| + | and (ii) tan
| |
| + |
| + |2 = |a|2 + |b|2 + 2|a, b|
Solution: (i)
= 1 + 1 + 2 |a| |b| cos

= 2 + 2 (1) (1) cos
= 2 + 2 cos
= 2 (1 + cos ) = 2 2cos2
| + |2 = 4 cos2
1
4
1
2
| + |2 = cos2
| + | = cos
(ii) From the above result, we get | + | = 2 cos ,

2
| - | = 2 sin
then tan
| |
| + |
8. If the sum of two unit vectors is a unit vector prove that the
magnitude of their difference is 3.
Solution: Let + = given | | = 1, also a, b are unit vectors.
To prove that:
|a b| = 3
(a + b ) . (a + b) = a. a + 2a. b + b. b
78
th
|c|2 = |a|2 + 2a. b + |b|2

= 1 = |a|2 + 2 (a. b) + |b|2
= |a|2 + |b|2 = 1 2 (a. b)
= 2 = 1 2 (a. b)
1 = -2 (a. b)
Now, (a b) = a. a -2 (a. b) + b. b
|a b|2 = |a|2 + |b|2 -2 (a. b)
=1+1+1
= 3
= | a b | = 3.
9. If a, b, c are three mutually perpendicular unit vectors, then prove

that
|a + b + c| = 3.
Solution:
vectors.
79
Given a, b, c are three mutually perpendicular unit
th
= |a| = |b| = |c| = 1
and
a. b = b.c =c.a =0
Now, (a + b + c). (a + b + c) = a . a + b . b + c . c= 2 (a. b +b . c + c . a)
= |a|2 + |b|2 + |c|2 since a. b = b . c = c. a = 0
|a + b + c|2 = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3
= | a + b + c | = 3.
10. If | a + b | = 60, |a - b | = 40 and |b | = 46 find | a|.
Solution: |a + b| = 60, |a b | = 40, |b| = 46
3600 + 1600 = 2| a| 2 + 4232
2| a |2 = 968 = | a |2 = 484
` | a | = 22.
11. Let u, v and w be vector such that u + v + w = 0.

If | u | = 3, |v| = 4 and | w| = 5 then find u. v + v. w + w . u
80
th
Solution:
(u + v + w ).( u + v + w ) = | u|2 + |v |2 + | w|2 + 2 ( u. v + u. w + w. u )
= 0 = 9 + 16 + 25 + 2 ( u . v + u . w + w . u)
= 2 ( u. v + u. w + w. u ) = - 50
U . v + u. w + w . u = - 25.
12. Show that the vectors 3i 2j + k, i - 3j + 5k and 2i + j -4k form a
right angled triangle.
Solution:
Let
a = 3i - 2j + k
b = i - 3j + 5k
and c = 2i + j 4k
a. b = (3) (1) + (-2) (-3) + (1) (5) = 3 + 6 + 5 = 14
b . c = (1) (2) + (-3) (1) + (5) (-4) = 2 3 20 = -21
c . a = (3) (2) + (-2) (1) + (1) (-4) = 6 2 - 4 = 0
= c and a are perpendicular to each other.
Also,
b + c = (i 3j + 5k) + (2i + j -4k)

= 3i - 2j + k = a
Hence the vectors form a right angled triangle.

Another method:
| a | = (3)2 + (-2)2 + (1)2 = 9 + 4 + 1 =14
81
th
| b | = (1)2 + (-3)2 + (5)2 = 1 + 9 + 25 = 35

|c|
Since
= (2)2 + (1)2 + (-4)2 = 4 + 1 + 16 = 21
| b |2 = | a |2 + | c |2
The vectors form a right angled triangle.

13Show that the points whose position vectors 4i 3j + k, 2i 4j + 5k,
i - j Form a right angled triangle.
Solution:
Let OA = 4i 3j + k
OB = 2i 4j + 5k OC = i - j
AB = OB - OA
= 2i 4j + 5k (4i 3j + k ) = 2i j +4k
BC = OC - OB
= (i j) (2i 4j + 5k) i + 3j 5k
CA = OA - OC
= (4i 3j + k) (i j) = 3i 2j + k
|AB| = (-2)2 + (-1)2 + (4)2 = 4 + 1 + 16
=21
|BC| = (-1)2 + (3)2 + (-5)2 = 1 + 9 + 25 = 35

|CA| = (3)2 + (-2)2 + (1)2 = 9 + 4 + 1 = 41
|BC|2 = |AB|2 + |CA|2
= 35 = 21 + 14 = 35 = 35
82
th
= The triangle is right angled.
AB + BC = AC.
14. Find the projection of

(i) i j on z-axis, (ii) i + 2j 2k on 2i j + 5k, (iii) 3i + j k on 4i j + 2k.
Solution: (i) Projection of i j on z-axis =
(ii) Projection of
i + 2j -2k on 2i j + 5k is
=
2210
4+1+25
1212
16+1+4
+2 2 (2 +5)
|2 +5|
10
30
(iii) Projection of 3i + j k on 4i j + 2k is
=
| |
3 + .(4 + 2 )
|4 +2 |
9
21
EXERCISE 2.2
Prove by vector method.
1. If the diagonals of a parallelogram are equal then it is a rectangle.
Solution: Let ABCD be a parallelogram. Let AC and BD be the
diagonals
Then AC
83
= BD (given)
th
=>|AC|2 = |BD|2
=> AC . AC = BD . BD
(AB + BC). (AB + BC) = (BC + CD) . (BC + CD)
= (BC AB) . (BC AB)
=> |AB|2 + |BC|2 + 2AB . BC = |BC|2 + |AB|2 2BC . AB
=.> 4 AB . BC = 0
Hence AB is perpendicular to BC
=> ABCD us a rectangle.
2. The mid point of the hypotenuse of a right angled triangle is
equidistant from its vertices.
Solution: Given ABC is a right angled triangle in which AC is the
hypotenuse and D is the mid point of AC.
=>
AD = DC
Since B = 90
AB, BC = 0
But AB = AD + DB
And BC = BD + DC = - DB + AD
Hence from (i). (AD + DB ). ( - DB + AD) = 0

=> |AD|2 - |DB|2 = 0
=> |AD| = |DB|
84
th
Hence |AD| = |DC| = |DB|

D is equidistant from the vertices.
3. The sum of the squares of the diagonals of a parallelogram is equal to
the sum of the squares of the sides.
Solution:
AC = AB + BC
BD = BA + AD
= AD + BA = AD AB
AC2 = (AB + BC)2D
= AB2 + BC2 + 2 AB. BC
= AB2 + BC2 + 2AB + AD
BD2 = (AD AB)2

= AD2 + AB2 -2AB. AD
AC2 + BD2 = AB2 + BC2 + AD2 + AB2
= AB2 + BC2 + DC2 + AD2
4. cos (A+B) = cos A cos B B sin A sin B.
Solution:
Let I , j be the unit vectors along OX and OY, OP and OQ
are draw such that XOP = A and XOQ = B so that POQ = a + b
Take OM = OL = 1 unit
Draw MN to OX
85
th
OM = ON + NM
OM = COS A i + sin A j
OL = cos B i - sin B j
OM. OL = (cos A i + sin A j ). (cos B i - sin B j )
|OM| |OL| cos (A + B) = cos A cos B - sin A sin B
= >Cos (A + B) = cos A cos B - sin A sin B
5. Find the work done by the force F = 2 i + j + k acting on a particle, if
the particle is displaced from the point with position vector
2 i + 2 j + 2 k to the point with Position vector 3 i + 4 j + 5 k.
Solution:
Displacement
d = AB = OB - OA
(OA = 2 i + j + k ; OB = 3 i + 4 j + 5 k)
= (3 i + 4 j + 5 k ) - ( 2 i + 2 j + 2k)
= ( i + 2 j + 3k)
Work done
= F. d
= (2 i + j + k). ( i + 2 j + 3 k)
= 2 + 2 + 3 = 7 units.
6. A force of magnitude 5 units acting parallel of 2 i - 2j + k displaces

the point of application from (1,2,3) to 5,3,7). Find the work done.
Solution:
Displacement = AB = OB - OA
= (OA = i + 2j + 3 k; OB = 5 i + 3 j + 7 k)
86
th
4 i + j + 4k
Force of magnitude 5 units acting parallel to 2 i - 2j + k

=
=
=
40
3
5
10
3
2 2 +
4+4+1
(4) -
10
3
10
3
20
(1) +
5
3
5
3
(2 i 2j + k)
(4)
50
3
7. The constant forces 2 i - 5 j + 6 k, - i + 2 j k and 2 i + 7 j act on a

particle which is displaced from position 4 i - 3j 2k to position
6 i + j 3k. Find the work done.
Solution:
Displacement = Final position Initial
position
= (6 i + j 3k) (4 i - 3j 2k)
=2i +4jk
Total forces =
(2 i - 5j + 6k) + (-i + 2 j k) + (2 i + 7j )
=
Work done
(3 i + 4j + 5k)
= F. d
= ( 3 i + 4 j + 5k). ( 2 i + 4j k)
= 6 + 16 5 = 17
87
th
8. Forces of magnitudes 3 and 4 units acting in directions 6 i + 2 j + 3k

and 3 i - 2 j + 6 k respectively act on a particle which is displaced from
the point (2, 2, - 1) to ( 4, 3, 10. Find the work done by the forces.
Solution:
positions
Displacement
(4 i + 3j + k)
2 i + j + 2k
Forces are =
6 +2 +3
3
3
36+4+9
7
1
7
3+ 2 +6
and 4
(6 i + 2 j + 3 k) +
- ( 2i + 2j - k)
( 6 i + 2j + 3k) and
Sum of the forces =
Final position - Initial
4
7
(18 i + 6 j + 9k ) +
9+4+36
4
7
( 3 i - 2 j + 6 k)
(3 i - 2 j + 6 k)
1
7
(12 i - 8 j + 24k)
(30 i - 2j + 33k)
work done = F. d
1
=
=
88
1
7
1
7
(30 i - 2j + 33k). (2 i + j + 2k)

[30 (2) 2 (1) + 33 (2) ]
[60 2 + 66] =
124
7
124
7
th
units.
SOLUTIONS OF EXERCISE 2.3

1. Find the magnitude of a x b if a = 2 i + k, b = i + j + k
Solution:
Let a = 2 i + k; b = i + j + k
a xb = 2
1
0
1
1
1
= i ( 0 1) - j ( 2 1) + k ( 2 0)
= - i - j + 2k
|axb| =
(1)2 + (1)2 + (2)2 = 1 + 1 + 4 = 6
2. If | a | = 3, | b | = 4 and a. b = 9 then find | a x b|

Solution:
a. b = | a | | b | cos
9 = 3 x 4 cos
Hence sin = 1 2
= 1
9
16
7
4
| a x b | = | a | | b | sin
|axb|=3x4x
89
7
4
= 37
th
3. Find the unit vectors perpendicular to the plane containing the

vectors 2 i + j + k and i + 2j + k.
Solution:
axb =
a = 2 i + j + k, b = i + 2j + k
2
1
1
2
1
1
= i ( 1 2) j ( 2 1 ) + k ( 4 1)
= - i j + 2k
n= +
axb
|a x b|
ij+3k
1+1+9
= +
ij+3k
11
4. Find the vectors whose length 5 and which are perpendicular to the
vectors
a = 3i + j 4k and b = 6i + 5j 2k.
Solution:
a = 3 i + j 4k
b = 6 i + 5j 2k
a xb =
3
6
1
5
4
2
= i (-2 + 20) j ( -6 + 24) + k (15 6)

= 18i - 18j + 9k
| a x b | = (18)2 + (18)2 + (9)2
90
th
= 324 + 324 + 81 = 729

Vectors whose length 5 and which are perpendicular to
is
axb
n =
=
=
|a x b |
5(1818 +9)
729
1010 +5
5. Find the angle between two vectors

Solution:
a and b
9090 +45
27
1010 +5
3
and
b if | a x b | = a. b.
| a x b | = a. b
|a | | b | sin = | a | | b | cos
=>
=> 1
=> tan = 1 = > =
6. If | a| = 2, | b | = 7 and a x b = 3i 2j + 6k find angle between a

and b
Solution:
a x b = 3i - 2j + 6k
| a x b | = 9 + 4 + 36 = 49 = 7
| a | | b | sin = 7
91
th
2 x 7 x sin = 7
=> sin =
1
2
=> =
7. If a = i + 3j - 2k and b = -i + 3k then find a x b. Verify that

a and b
Solution:
a xb= 1
1
3
0
2
3
= i (9 0) j (3 2) + k ( 0 + 3)
= 9i j + 3k
a. ( a x b ) = (i + 3j 2 k). ( 9i j + 3k)
=936=0
=> a and ( a x b ) are perpendicular
b. ( a x b) = ( -i + 3k). (9i j + 3k)
=-9+0+9=0
=> b and ( a x b) are perpendicular
8. For any three vectors a, b, c show that
a x ( b + c) + b x ( c + a) + c x (a + b) = 0.
Solution: a x (b + c) + b x ( c + a ) + c x (a + b)
= (a x b) + ( a x c) + (b x c) + (b x a)
+ ( c x a) + ( c x b )
92
th
=0
Since
( a x b) = - ( b x a)
(a x c)
= - (c x a)
and (b x c) = - (c x b)
9. Let a, b, c be unit vectors such that a. c = 0 and the angle between
b and c is . Prove that a = + 2 ( b x c ).

6
Solution: Given : a. b = 0 and a. c = 0
Angle between b and c is
= > a is perpendicular to the plane containing b and c and

the angle between b and c is ( in other words n = a )
b x c = | b | | c | sin n where is the angle between b and c
= 1 x 1 sin
=
a since b, c are unit vectors
a => 2 ( b x c) or in general a + 2 (b x c)
10. If a x b = c x d and a x c = b x d
Show that a - d and b - c are parallel.
Solution
(a d) x (b c) = (a x b ) (a x c ) ( d x b ) + ( d x c )
= (a x b) (a x c ) + ( b x d ) (c x d )
=0
93
th
=> (a d) and ( b c ) are parallel.

EXERCISE 2.4
1. Find the area of parallelogram ABCD whose vertices are
A (-5,2,5), B(-3,6,7), C(4,-1,5) and D(2,-5,3)
Solution:
Let O be the point of reference and OA = - 5i + 2j + 5k.
OB = - 3i + 6j + 7k OC = 4i j + 5k and OD = 2i 5j + 3k
Area of parallelogram ABCD = | AB x AC|
AB = OB OA = 2i + 4j + 2k
AC = OC OA = 9 i 3j
AB x AC = 2
9
4
3
2 = 6i + 18j - 42k
0
= 6 (i + 3j 7k)
| AB x AC| = 6 59.
2. Find the area of the parallelogram whose diagonals are represented
by
2i + 3j + 6k and 3i 6j + 2k
Solution:
Let d1 = 2i + 3j 6k
94
d2 = 3i - 6j + 2k
th
Area of parallelogram =
d1 x d 2
= 2
3
3
6
1
2
|d1 x d2 |
6 = 42i + 14j + 21k

2
= 7 (6i + 2j 3k) = 7 x | 6i + 2j 3k |
1
2
|d1 x d2| =
7
2
(6)2 + (2)2 + (3)2

7
49
= 49 =
sq. units.
3. Find the area of the parallelogram determined by the sides

i + 2j + 3k and -3i 2j + k
Solution:
Let a = i + 2j + 3k and b = 3i 2j + k
i
a xb = 1
3
Area = a x b =
j
2
2
k
3 = 8i 10j + 4k
1
(8)2 + (10)2 + (4)2
= 180 = 65sq. units.

4. Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are (3, -1, 2), (1, -1, -3)
and
(4, -3, 1)
95
th
Solution:
Let ABC be the given triangle and let OA = 3i j + 2k
AB = OB OA = 2i 5k
AC = OC OA = i - 2j k
AB x AC = 2
1
0
2
| AB x AC | =
=
=
5 = -10i 7j + 4k
1
| -10i 7j + 4k |
(10)2 + (7)2 + (4)2
2
1
2
165sq. units.
5. Prove by vector method that the parallelograms on the same base

and between the same parallels are equal in area.
Solution:
Let
ABCD be the given parallelogram and
ABCD be the new parallelogram with same

Base AB and between the same parallel lines AB and DC
The vector area of ABCD = AB x AD
= AB x (AD' + DD')
= (AB x A'D) + AB + 0
96
th
= vector area of ABCD

i. e. area of ABCD = area of ABCD'
6. Prove that twice the area of a parallelogram is equal to the area of
another parallelogram formed by taking as its adjacent sides the
diagonals of the former parallelogram.
Solution:
Let
ABCD be the given parallelogram
AC = AB + BC
BD = BC + CD = BC = BC AB
Area of the parallelogram with AC and BD as adjacent sides
=
| AC x BD |
= | (AB + BC) x (BC AB) |

= |AB x BC AB x AB + BC x BC BC x AB|
= | AB x BC + AB x BC | = 2 | AB x BC |
= 2 (area of the parallelogram ABCD)
97
th
7. Prove that sin (A B) = sin A cos B cos A sin B.
Solution:
Take the points P and Q on the unit circle with centre at
the origin O. Assume that OP and OQ make angles. A and B with x-axis
respectively.
POO = POx +
QOx = A B
Clearly the co-ordinates of P and Q are (sos A. sin A) and (cos B, sin B).
Take the unit vectors i
and j along x and axes respectively.
OP = OM + MP
= cos A i + sin A j
OQ = OL + LQ
= cos Bi + sin B j
OQ X OP = | OQ | |OP| sin ( A B) k = sin (A B) k
OQ x OP = cos
cos
98
sin
sin
0 = k [sin a cos B cos A sin B]

0
th
From (1 ) and ( 2 )
sin ( A B) = sin A cos B - cos A sin B
8. Forces 2i + 7j, 2i - 5j + 6k, i + 2j - k act at a point P whose
position vector is 4i 3j 2k. find the moment of the resultant of three
forces acting at P about the point Q whose position vector 6i + j 3k.
Solution: The resultant force F = F1 + F2 + F3
F = (2i + 7j ) + (2i 5j + 6k) + (-i + 2j k)
= 3i + 4j + 5k
Let OP = 4i 3j 2k and OQ = 6i + j -3k
r = OP - OQ [through (or at) about]
= -2i - 4j + k
Moment M = r x F
= 2
3
4
4
1
5
M = -24i + 13j + 4k
9. Show that torque about the point A(3, -1, 3) of a force 4i + 2j + k
through the point B (5, 2, 4) is i + 2j 8k.
Solution:
99
th
Let
= 4i + 2j + k
Let OA = 3i j + 3k and OB = 5i + 2j + 4k
r = OB OA = 2i + 3j + k
Torque (moment) M = r x F
2
4
3
2
1
1
Torque = i + 2j - 8k
10. Find the magnitude and direction cosines of the moment about the
point
(1, - 2, 3) of a force 2i + 3j + 6k whose line of action passes through
the
origin.
Solution:
F = 2 i + 3j + 6k
Let OP = O AND OA = i -2 j + 3k
R = OP OA = - i + 2j 3k
M =rxF
= 1
2
|rxF| =
100
2
3
3 = 21i - 7k
6
(21)2 + (7)2 = 710

th
d.c.s of the moment are
21
10
, 0,
710
i.e.,
3
10
, 0,
1
10
EXERCISE 2.5
1. Show that vectors a, b, c are coplanar if and only if
a + b, b + c, c + a are coplanar
[a + b, b + c, c + a] = 0
2 [A B C] = 0
a, b, c are coplanar
2. The volume of a parallelepiped whose edges are represented by

-12i + k, 3j k, 2i + j 15k is 546. Find the value of .
Solution:
Let a = - 12i + k, b = 3j k, c = 2i + j 15k

Volume of the parallelepiped = [a b c] = 546
i.e.,
12
0
2
0
3
1
1 = 546
15
- 12 (-45 + 1) + 90 6) = 546
= = -3
101
th
3. Prove that |[a b c]| = abc if and only a, b, c are mutually

perpendicular.
Solution: a, b, c are mutually perpendicular |[a b c]| is the
volume of a cuboids where a, b, c are the co-terminus edges.
|[a b c]| = | a | | b | | c |
|[a b c]| = abc
4. Show that the points (1, 3, 1), (1, 1, -1), (-1, 1, 1) (2, 2, -1) are lying
on the same plane. (Hint: It is enough to prove any three vectors
formed by these four points are coplanar).
Solution: Let
OA = i + 3j + k, OB = i + j - k, OC = i + j + k
and OD = 2i + 2j - k
AB = OB - OA = -2j - 2k
AC = OC OA = 2i - 2j
AD = OD - OA = i - j 2k
0
[AB, AC, AD] = 2
1
2
2
1
2
0 = 0
2
Hence the above points are lying on the same plane.

5. If a = 2i + 3j -k, b = -2i + 5k, c = j - 3k
Verify that a x ( b x c) = ( a. c ) b - ( a. b ) c
Solution:
102
th

b x c = 2
0
ax(bxc)=
2
5
0
+1
3
6
5 = 5i -6j -2k
3
1
2
= 12i + 9j +3k
(a. c) = (2(0) +3(1) + (-1) (-3)) = 6
(a. c) b = -12i + 30k
(a. b ) = {(2) (-2) + (3) (0) + (-1) (5) } = -9
(a. b) c = -9j + 27k
( a. c ) b ( a. c ) c = -12i + 9j + 3k
Hence
a x ( b x c ) = ( a. c ) b ( a. b) c
6. Prove that a x ( b x c ) + b x ( c x a ) + c x (a x b ) = o
Solution:
LHS = a x (b x c) + b x ( c x a ) + c x ( a x b )
= ( a. c ) b (a . b ) c + ( b. a ) c ( b. c ) a
+ ( c. b ) a ( c. a ) b
= 0 R. H. S.
103
th
7. If a = 2 i + 3j - 5k ,
b = -i + j + 2k and
c = 4 i - 2j +3k , show that (a x b) x c a x (b x c)

solution :
axb = 2
1
3
1
5 = 11i + j + 5k
2
( a x b ) x c = 11
1
1
1
5
2
= 13i - 13j - 26k
1
2
2
3
= 7i + 11j -2k
bxc =
4
a x (b x c) = 2
7
3
11
5 = 49 i -31 j + k
2
(a x b) x c a x (b x c)
8. prove that (a x b) x c = a x (b x c) iff a and c are collinear .
Where the vector triple product is non zero .
Solution : given (a x b) x c = a x (b x c)
(a .b) c-(b. c) a = (a. c) b (a. b) c
(a. b) c = (b .c) a
104
th
a =
.
.
.c
a and c are collinear .

9. For any vector
Prove that i x ( a x i ) + j x ( a x j ) + k x (a x k ) = 2a
Solution:
Let a = a1i + a2j + a3k
i x ( a x b ) = ( i. i ) a - ( i . a ) i = a a1i
j x ( a x j ) = ( j. j ) a ( j. a ) j = a a 2j
k x ( a x k ) = ( k. k ) a = ( k. a ) k = a a3k
L.H.S. = 3a ( a1i + a2j + a3k )
= 2a = R.H.S
10. Prove that ( a x b). (c x d) + (b x c). (a x b) + (c x a). (b x d) = 0
Solution:
(a x b). (c x b)
= (a. c) (b. d) - (b. c) (a. d)

( b x c). ( a x d)
= (b . a) ( c. d ) - ( c. a ) ( b. d )
( c x a ). ( b x d) =
105
th
= ( c. b ) ( a. d ) - ( a. b ) ( c. d)
L.H.S. = ( a. c ) ( b. d ) - ( b. c ) ( a. d )
+ (b. a) ( c. d) - (c. a) (b. d)
( a. b ) (a. d ) - ( a. b ) ( c. d )
=
0 = R.H.S
11. Find ( a x b). ( c x d ) if a = i + j + k

b = 2i + k, c = 2i + j + k, d = i + j + 2k
Solution:
( a x b ). ( c x d ) = ( a. c ) ( b. d ) - (a. d) (b. c )
a. c = 2 + 1 + 1 = 4
b .d = 2 + 0 + 2 = 4
a. d = 1 + 1 + 2 = 4
b.c =4+1=5
L.H.S = (4) (4) - (4) (5) = -4
12. Verify (a x b) x (c x d) = [a b c] c - [a b c] a
for a, b, c and d in problem 11.
Solution:
106
th

axb = 1
2
1
0
1 = i + j 2k
1
cxd = 2
1
1
1
1 = i -3j + k
2
(axb) x(cxd) =1
1
1
[a b c] = 2
2
1
[a b c ] = 2
1
1
3
1
0
1
2 = -5i - 3j - 4k
1
1
1 = 1
1
1
0
1
1
1
2
= -2
[a b c] c [a b c] d = (-4i - 2j - 2k) - (i + j + 2k)

= -5i - 3j - 4k
From (1) and (2)
(a x b) x (c x d) = [a b c] c [a b c] d
EXERCISE 2.6
1. Find the d.c.s of a vector whose direction rations are 2, 3, - 6.
Solution:
r =
107
(2)2 + (3)2 + (6)2 = 49 = 7

th
d.c.s are
3
7
6
7
2. (i) Can a vector have direction angles
30, 45, 60.
(ii) Can a vector have direction angles 45, 60, 120?

Solution:
cos2 + cos 2 + cos2 = 1
(i) For direction angles
Cos2 30 + cos2 45 + cos2 60

=
311
424
30, 45, 60 are not possible to be direction angles.

(ii) cos2 45 + cos2 60 + cos2 120
1
2
1
4
1
4
= 1, yes
3. What are the d.c.s of the vector equally inclined to the axes?
Solution:
Cos2 + cos2 + cos2 = 1 But =
cos2 =
1
3
=> cos
The d.c. s are
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
4. A vector r has length 352 and direction ratios ( 3, 4, 5) find

the direction cosines and components of r.
Solution:
The direction rations are (3, 4, 5)
108
th
32 + 42 + 52 = 50 = 52
d.c.s
r
are
52 52 52
= 352
3 +4 +5
52
r = 7 [3i + 4j + 5k] = 21i + 28j + 35k

5. Find direction cosines of the line joining (2, -3, 1) and (3, 1, -2).
Solution:
r =a + 1 (ba)
r = 2i -3j + k + 1 ( -i -4j + 3k)
d.r.s are ( -1, -4, 3 ) => r =

Direction cosines
1
26
4
26
1
,
+ (4)2 +32 = 26
3
26
Note: Since any one point can take as the first point, we have
directions cosines are ( )
6. Find the vector and Cartesian equation of the line through the point
(3, -4, -2) and parallel to the vector 9 i + 6j + 2k.
Solution:
Vector equation:
r = a + i b where a = 3i - 4j - 2k,
b = 9i + 6j + 2k
r = ( 3i -4j - 2k) + t (9i + 6j + 2k)
109
th
Cartesian form:
1
Where ( x1, y1, z1) = ( 3, -4, -2)

(l, m, n) = (9, 6, 2)
The equation of the line is
3
9
+4
6
+2
2
7. Find the vector and Cartesian equation of the line joining the points
(1, -2, 1 ) and (0, -2, 3 )
Solution:
Vector equation:
Where
r = a + t ( b a)
a = i - 2j + k
b = 2j + 3k
b a = i + 2k
r = ( i - 2j + k ) + r (-i + 2k)
(or) r = (1 -t) a + tb
i.e., r = (1 t) (i -2j + k) + t (-2j + 3k)
Cartesian form:
1
2 1
110
1
2

2 1
th
Here (x1, y1, z1) = (1, -2, 1) ; (x2, y2, z2) = ( 0, -2, 3)
1
The equations is
+2
1
2
8. Find the angle between the following lines.

1
+1
4
6
and x + 1 =
+2
2
4
2
Solution:
The parallel vectors to the lines are u = 2i + 3j + 6k and
v = i + 2j + 2k respectively
Let be the angle between the given lines
cos

|| ||
u. v = 20 ; | u | = 7, | v | = 3
cos =
20
21
= cos-1
20
21
9. Find the angle between the lines

r = 5i - 7j + (-i + 4j + 2k)
r = 2i + k + (3i + 4k)
Solution:
111
th
The parallel vectors to the lines are

u = - i + 4j + 2k and v = 3i + 4k respectively
Let be the angle between the given lines.
cos

|| ||
u. v = 5; | u | = 21. | v | = 5
cos =
= cos-1
215
1
21
1
21
EXERCISE 2.7
1. Find the shortest distance between the parallel lines
(i) r = (2i + j - k) +t (i -2j + 3k)
r = (i - 2j + k ) +s ( i - 2j + 3k )
(ii)
1
1
+3
2
and
3
1
+1
3
1
2
Solution:
(i) Let u = i -2j + 3k.
a1 = 2i - j - k and
Shortest distance between the lines
u x (a2 - a1) = 1
1
112
2
1
d =
a2 = i -2j + k
x ( 2 1 )
||
3 = -i - 5j - 3k
2
th
(1)2 (5)2 + (3)2 = 35
| u x ( a2 - a1 ) | =
| u | = 14
35
14
d =
(ii) Let u = - i + 3j + 2k and a1 = i - 3k

|u|
= 14
a2 = 3i - j + k
a2 a1 = 2i j 4k
u x (a2 a1) = 1
2
3
1
2 =
4
14i +8j - 5k
| u x (a2 a1) | = 285

d =
285
14
285
14
2. Show that the following two lines are skew lines:

r =
( 3i + 5j + 7k ) + t ( i -2j + k ) and
r = ( i + j + k ) + s ( 7i + 6j + 7k )
Solution: Compare the given lines with
r = a1 + tu
and r = a2 + sv
u = i - 2j + k
a1 = 3i + 5j + 7k
v = 7i + 6j + 7k
a2 = I + j + k
113
th
a2 a1 = -2i - 4j - 6k
2
[(a2 a1) u v] = 1
7
4
2
6
6
1
7
= 2 (-20) + 4(0) -6(20)
= - 80 0 The above lines are skew lines.

3. Show that the lines
1
1
+1
1
and
2
1
1
2
1
1
intersect and ind their point of intersection.

Solution: Condition for intersecting is d = 0
2 1
1
2
(i.e.,0 [(a2 a1) u v)] = 0 or

Here
2 1
1
2
2 1
1
2
(x1, y1, z1) = (1, -1, 0)

(x2, y2, z2) = (2, 1, -1)
(l1, m1, n1) = (1, -1, 3)
(l2, m2, n2) = (1, 2, -1)
1
[(a2 a1) u v] = 1
1
2
1
2
1
3 =5+83=0
1
Further u and v are not parallel.

The lines intersect For point of intersection, take
1
1
+1
1
114
th
Any point on this line is of the form ( m + 1, -m - 1. 3m).

+1
1
2
1
1
2
= .
Any point on this line is of the form ( + 2, 2 + 1, - 1)

( + 1, - m - 1, 3m) = ( + 2, 2 + 1, - - 1)
+1= +2
- = 1
- 1 = 2 = 2
-2=2
Solving ( 1 ) and ( 2 ), = -1, = 0
To get the point of intersection either put = - 1 or = 0
The point of intersection is (1, -1, 0 )
4. Find the shortest distance between the skew lines
6
3
and
4
1
+9
2
2
4
Solution:
Shortest distance d =
u = 3i - j + k
v = 3i + 2j + 4k
115
|[ 2 1)
| |
a1 = 6j + 7j + 4k
a2 = 9j + 2k
th
a2 a1 = -6i - 16j 2k
uxv = 3
3
1
2
1 = - 6i - 15j + 3k
4
| u x v | = 270
6
3
3
[(a2 a1) u v] =
16
1
2
2
1
4
or ( a1 a1) ( u x v) = 36 + 240 - 6 = 270
d =
270
270
= 270
= 330
5. Show that ( 2, -1, 3), (1, -1, 0 ) and ( 3, -1, 6 ) are collinear.
Solution:
The equation passing through (2, -1, 3) and (1, -1, 0) is
2
1
+1
0
3
3
m (say)
Any point on this line is of the form ( -m + 2, -1, -3m + 3)

The point (3, -1, 60 is obtained by putting m = -1)
The third point lies on the same line. Hence three points are
collinear.
116
th
6. If the points ( m, 0, 3), (1, 3, -1) and 9-5, -3, 7) are collinear then find
m.
Solution:
Since the three points are collinear, the position vector of three points
are coplanar.
Let a = mi + 3k, b = i + 3j - k
[a b c] = 1
5
0
3
3
and c = -5i -3j + 7k
3
1 = 0
7
18 + 36 = 0 => m = -2.
EXERCISE 2.8
1.
Find the vector and Cartesian equations of a plane which is at a

distance of 18 units from the origin and which is normal to
the vector 2i + 7j + 8k
Solution: Here p = 18 and n = 2i + 7j + 3k
n =
| |
2 + 7 +8
117
Hence the required vector equation of the plane is r. n = p

r
117
2 + 7 + 8
117
= 18
th
Cartesian form:
r. ( 2i + 7j + 9k) = 18 117
r. ( 2i + 7j + 8k ) = 54 13
(xi + yj + zk). (2i + 7j + 8k) = 5413 i.e., 2x + 7y + 8z = 5413
2. Find the unit normal vectors to the plane 2x y + 2z =5.
Solution:
2x y + 2z = 5 (xi + yj + zk). (2i j + 2k) = 5
Here n = 2i j + 2k
Unit normal vectors n =
| |
2 +2
3
3. Find the length of the perpendicular from the origin to the plane
r. (3i + 4j + 12k) = 26
Solution:
Write the given equation in the form of r. n = p
Given r. (3i + 4j + 12k) = 26 => r.

=> r. .
3 +4 +12
13
3 +4 +12
169
26
169
= 2
Length of the perpendicular from origin p = 2
118
th
4. The foot of the perpendicular draw from the origin to a plane is

(8, - 4, 3) . Find the equation of the plane.
Solution:
The required plane passing through the point a (8, -4, 3) and is
perpendicular
to OA
a = 8i 4j + 3k and n = OA = 8i 4j + 3k
the required equation of the plane is r. n = a. n
r. (8i -4j + 3k) = (8i 4j + 3k). (8i 4j + 3k)
The vector form is r. (8i -4j + 3k) = 89
Cartesian form: (xi + yj + zk). (8i -4j + 3k) = 89
=> 8x - 4y + 3z = 89
5. Find the equation of the plane through the point whose p.v. is
2i j + k and perpendicular to the vector 4i + 2j 3k.
Solution:
The required equation of the plane through 2i - j + k and
perpendicular to 4i + 2j 3k is
r. n = a . n
Here a = 2 i - j + k and n = 4 i + 2 j - 3 k
119
th
r. (4 i + 2 j 3 k) = (2 i j + k) (4 i + 2 j 3 k)
i.e., r (4 i + 2 j 3 k) = 3
The Cartesian form is (x i + y j + 2 k) (4 i + 12 j 3k) = 3
EXERCISE 2.9
1. Find the equation of the plane which contains the two lines
+1
2
2
3
3
4
and
4
3
1
2
= z8
Solution:
The required equation of the plane through A (-1, 2, 3) and parallel to
u = 2i 3 j + 4 k and v = 3 i + 2 j + 1 k
The required equation is r = a + s u + t v
r = (-i + 2 j + 3 k) + s ( 2 i - 3 j + 4 k) +t (3 i + 2 j + k )
Cartesian form:
(x1, y1, z1) is (-1, 2, 3); (l1, m1, n1) is (2, -3, 4) (l2, m2,n2) is (3, 2, 1)
1
1
The equation of the plane is
2
120
1
1
2
1
1
= 0
2
th
i.e.,
+1
2
3
2
3
2
3
4 = 0
1
=> 11x - 10y 13z + 70 = 0

This is the required equation in Cartesian form.
Note: The above plane can be determined by passing through
(-1, 2, 3), (4, 1, 8) and parallel to 2 i - 3 j + 4 k or 3 i + 2 j + k
2. Can you draw a plane through the given two lines? Justify your
answer.
r = ( i + 2 j - 4 k) + t ( 2 i + 3 j + 6 k ) and
r = ( 3 i + 3 j + 5 k) + s (2 i + 3 j + 8 k)
Solution:
Comparing with r = a1 + t u ; r = a2 + s v we get
a1 = i + 2 j 4 k
and
a2 = 3 i + 3 j 5 k
u=2i +3j+6k
and
v = -2 i + 3 j + 8 k
2
[(a2 - a1) u v ] = 2
2
121
1
3
3
1
6 = - 28 0
8
th
These lines are not intersecting and u,
v are not parallel.
they are skew lines. We cant draw a plane through the given two
lines.
3. Find the point of intersection of the line

r = ( j - k) + s ( 2 i - j + k) and xz - p-lane
Solution:
Cartesian equation of the given line is
0
2
+1
1
Equation of xz plane is y = 0
1
1
+1
1
=> x = 2, z = 0
The required point is (2, 0, 0)

4. Find the meeting point of the line
r = ( 2 i + j - 3 k) +t (2 i - j - k) and the plane
x 2y + 3z + 7 = 0
Solution:
Cartesian form of the line is
2
2
2
1
+3
= m (say)
Any point on this line is of the form (2m + 2, -m, -m - 3)

This point lie on the plane x 2y + 3y + 7 = 0
(2m + 20 -2 (-m + 1) + 3 (-m - 3) + 7 = 0
122
th
=> m = 2
The point is (6, -4, -5)
5. Find the distance from the origin to the plane
r. ( 2 i - j + 5 k) = 7
Solution:
Cartesian form of the plane is 2x y + 5z 7 = 0
Distance from the origin to the plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 is
2 + 2 + 2
7
30
7
30
6. Find the distance between the parallel planes

Solution:
Distance between two parallel planes
a x + b y + c z + d1 = 0
a x + b y + c z + d2 = 0
d=
123
| 1 2 |
2 + 2 + 2
th
The given planes are x - y + 3z + 5 = 0 and x - y + 3z +
|5 2
d=
(1)2 +(1)2 +(3)2
3
2
11
7
2
= 0
3
211
EXERCISE 2.10
1. Find the angle between the following planes:
(i) 2x + y - z = 9 and x + 2 y + z = 7
(ii) 2 x 3y + 4z = 1 and x + y = 4
(iii) r . ( 3 i + j + k ) = 7 and r. ( i + 4j - 2 k ) = 10
Solution:
(i) The normals to the given planes are n1 = 2 i + j - k
and n2 = i + 2 j + k
Let be the angle between the planes then
cos
=
6
66
1 2
| 1 |
(2 + ). ( + )
6
2|
1
2
=>
(ii) The normals to the given planes are n1 = 2 i 3 j + k

and n2 = i + j
Let be the angle between the planes, then
124
th
1 2
1 | 2|
cos =
=
5
58
(2 +3 + ). ( + )
29
=> cos-1
5
58
(iii) The normals to the given planes are n1 = 3 i + j - k and

n2 = i + 4 j - 2 k
Let
be the angle between the planes then

cos =
1 2
1 | 2|
=> = cos-1
9
11 21
9
231
9
231
2. Show that the following planes are at right angles.

r. ( 2 i - j + k) = 15 and r. ( i - j - 3 k) = 3.
Solution:
The normals to the given plane are
n1 = 2 i - j + k and n2 = i - j 3 k
=> The normals are perpendicular.
=> The planes are at right angles.
3. The planes r. (2 i+ j - 3 k) = 10 and r. ( i + 3 j + k ) = 5 are
perpendicular. Find .
125
th
Solution:
The normals to the given planes are
n1 = 2 i + j 3 k and n2 = i + 3 j + k
Since the planes are perpendicular n1 . n2 = 0
=> n1. n2 = 2 + 3 - 3 = 0
=> 5 = 9 => =
3
5
4. Find the angle between the line
2
3
+1
1
3
2
and the
plane
3x + 4y + z + 5 = 0
Solution:
The normal to the given plane is n = 3 i + 4j + k
The parallel vector to the line b = 3 i - j 2 k
Let be the angle between the line and plane. Then
sin
.
|| ||
b . n = (3) (3) + (-1) (4) + (-2) (1)

|b| = 2 |n| = 91
sin =
126
3
291
=> sin-1
3
291
th
5. Find the angle between the line r = i + j + 3k + ( 2 i + j k )

and the plane r. ( i + j) = .
Solution:
The normal to the given plane to n = i + j and the parallel
vector the line b = 2 i + j - k.
Let be the angle between the line and the plane
sin
.
||
b. n = 3, ; | b | = 6 ; | n | = 2
sin
6
62
=> =
3
2
EXERCISE 2.11
1. Find the vector equation of a sphere with centre having position
vector
2 i - j + 3k and radius 4 units. Also find the equation in Cartesian
form.
Solution:
Vector equation of a sphere | r c| = a
Here c = 2 i - j + 3 k and a = 4
Vector equation is
127
| r ( 2 i - j + 3 k)| = 4
th
Cartesian form:
Let r = x i + y j + z k
r - c = (x 2 ) i + ( y + 1) j + (z 3) k
|r - c|2 = 42 => (x 2)2 + (y + 1)2 + ( z 3)2 = 16
=> x2 + y2 + z2 - 4x + 2y 6z - 2 = 0
2. Find the vector and Cartesian equation of the sphere on the join of
the points A and B having position vectors 2 i + 6 j - 7 k and
- 2 i + 4 j 3k respectively as a diameter. Find also the centre
and radius of the sphere.
Solution:
Vector equation of a sphere joining the points A and B whose
p.v.s. and a and b is (r a). (r b) = 0
Here a = 2 i + 6 j 7 k and b = 2 i + 4 j 3 k
[r - ( 2 i + 6 j 7 k) .] [r (-2 i + 4 j 3 k )] = 0
Cartesian form:
Let r = x i + y j + z k
r - a = (x - 2) i + (y - 6) j + (z + 7) k
r b = ( x + 2) i + (y 4) j + (z + 3) k
(r a ). ( r b) = 0
128
th
=> (x 2) (x + 2) + (y 6) (y 4) + (z + 7) (z + 3) =0
=> x2 + y2 +z2 - 10y + 10z + 41 = 0
Compare with x2 + y2 + z2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0
u = 0. v = - 5, w = 5, d = 41
Centre is (-u, -v, -w) = (0, 5, -5)
radius is
= 2 + 2 + 2 =
25 + 25 41
= 3
3. Obtain the vector and Cartesian equation of the sphere whose

centre is 91, -1, 1) and radius is the same as that of the sphere
| r ( i + j + 2 k)| = 5.
Solution:
Vector equation of sphere | r c | = a
Here c = i - j + k, a = 5
Vector equation is | r - ( i - j + k )| = 5
Cartesian form:
r = x i + y j + z k and centre (1, - 1, 1), a = 5
( x 1)2 + (y + 1)2 + (z 1)2 = 52
=> x2 + y2 + z2 2x + 2y 2z 22 = 0
4. If A ( -1, 4, -3) is one end of a diameter AB of the sphere
x2 + y2 + z2 3x -2y + 2z 15 = 0, the find the coordinates of B.
129
th
Solution:
Comparing with x2 + y2 +z2 +2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0
3
u = - , v = -1, w = 1
2
Centre of the sphere is
, 1 -1
One end of the diameter is (-1, 4, -3)

Let B (x2, y2, z2) be the other end of the diameter.
The mid point of AB is th centre
i.e.,
1+ 2
2
4+ 2
2
3+ 2
2
3
2
, 1 -1
=
3
2
, 1 -1
=> x2 = 4, y2 = -2, z2 = 1
The co-ordinates of B are (4, -2, 1)
5. Find the centre and radius of each of the following spheres.
(i) | r (2 i - j + 4 k | = 5
(ii) | 2 r + (3 i - j + 4 k )| = 4
(iii) x2 + y2 + z2 + 4x 8y + 2z = 5
(iv) r2 - r. (4 i + 2 j 6 k) 11 = 0
Solution:
(i) Vector equation of sphere is | r ( 2 i - j + 4 k)| = 5
Centre is (2, -1, 4) and radius is 5.
130
th
(ii) Vector equation of sphere | 2 r + ( 3 i - j + 4 k)| = 4

=> | 2 r ( 3 i + j 4 k) | = 4
=>| r -
1
2
(-3i +j4k)| = 2
=> Centre is
3
2
1
2
- 2 and radius is 2
(iii) Cartesian equation of sphere x2 + y2 + z2 + 4x 8y + 2z = 5

u = 2, v = -4, w = 1, d = -5
centre ( -u, -v, -w) = (-2, 4, -1)
radius = 2 + 2 + 2 - d = 4 + 16 + 1 + 5 = 26
(iv) Equation of sphere r2 - r. ( 4 i + 2 j 6 k) - 11 = 0
Let r = x i + y j + zk
(x i + y j + z k)2 - ( x i + y j + z k). ( 4 i + 2 j 6 k) -11 = 0
=>x2 + y2 = z2 - ( 4x + 2y 6z) - 11 = 0
=>x2 + y2 = z2 - 4x - 2y + 6z + 11 = 0
Here u = - 2, v = - -1, w = 3, d = - 11
Centre is ( -u, -v, -w) = (2, 1, -3)
Radius = 2 + 2 + 2 - d = 5
6. Show that diameter of a sphere subtends a right angle at a
point on the surface.
131
th
Solution:
Let P be a point on the surface of the sphere and AB be a
diameter. Consider the great circle on the sphere passing through
the points P, A and B. Take the centre O as the point of
reference.
PB
= OB - OP
A P = O P - O A = O P + OB
A P. P B = (O P + O B). (O B O P) = | O P|2 - |O B|2
= 0 SINCE | O P | = | O B |
AB subtends a right angle at P o the surface.
Hence the result.
132
th

12th Maths - CH 1 & 2

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BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL

PREPARED BY : S. Gurunathan., B.Sc., B.Ed

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL,ARAKKONAM 12 MATHS 6 & 10 MARKS

APPLICATIONS OF MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

the matric of cofactor =

Cofactor of 1 is =+ (15-3) =15

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL,ARAKKONAM 12 MATHS 6 & 10 MARKS

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL,ARAKKONAM 12 MATHS 6 & 10 MARKS

2.Find the adjoint of the matrix A=

verify the result. A(adj.A) = (adj.A)A = |A|I2

the matrix of cofactor =

Hence A(adj.A) = (adj.A)A = |A|I2

and verify the result.

A(adj.A) = (adj.A)A = |A|I.

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL,ARAKKONAM 12 MATHS 6 & 10 MARKS

=3(-3+4) + 3(2-0) +(-2-0)

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL,ARAKKONAM 12 MATHS 6 & 10 MARKS

Hence A(adj.A) = (adj.A)A = |A|I3Hence proved.

4.Find the inverse of each of the following matrices:

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL,ARAKKONAM 12 MATHS 6 & 10 MARKS

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL,ARAKKONAM 12 MATHS 6 & 10 MARKS

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL,ARAKKONAM 12 MATHS 6 & 10 MARKS

=1(3-0) -2(-1-0) +(2-0)

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL,ARAKKONAM 12 MATHS 6 & 10 MARKS

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL,ARAKKONAM 12 MATHS 6 & 10 MARKS

=8(-4+2) + 1(20-20) -3(5-10)

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL,ARAKKONAM 12 MATHS 6 & 10 MARKS

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL,ARAKKONAM 12 MATHS 6 & 10 MARKS

(ii) (AB) T= BTAT

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL,ARAKKONAM 12 MATHS 6 & 10 MARKS

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL,ARAKKONAM 12 MATHS 6 & 10 MARKS

Matrix of cofactor of(AB) =

From (1) and) (2) (AB)T = B T AT

From (3) and (4) we get (AB) T= BTAT

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL,ARAKKONAM 12 MATHS 6 & 10 MARKS

=3(-3+4) +3(2-0) +4(-2-0)

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL,ARAKKONAM 12 MATHS 6 & 10 MARKS

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL,ARAKKONAM 12 MATHS 6 & 10 MARKS

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL,ARAKKONAM 12 MATHS 6 & 10 MARKS

There for (Adj. A) = 3AT from (1) and (2).

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL,ARAKKONAM 12 MATHS 6 & 10 MARKS

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL,ARAKKONAM 12 MATHS 6 & 10 MARKS

Cofactor of4 is =+ (4+-1) = 3

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL,ARAKKONAM 12 MATHS 6 & 10 MARKS

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL,ARAKKONAM 12 MATHS 6 & 10 MARKS

Find the adjoint of matrices:

the matrix of cofactor =

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL,ARAKKONAM 12 MATHS 6 & 10 MARKS

2.Find the adjoint of the matrix A=

result. A(adj.A) = (adj.A)A = |A|I2

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL,ARAKKONAM 12 MATHS 6 & 10 MARKS

the matrix of cofactor =

There fore adjA=

Hence A(adj.A) = (adj.A)A = |A|I2

and verify the

A(adj.A) = (adj.A)A = |A|I.

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL,ARAKKONAM 12 MATHS 6 & 10 MARKS

= 1(6-3) -1(3+6) +1(-1-4)