ees 5 Rae motor are shown in Fig. 1(a) and Fig. 4(b), The elrcurt Figures. To find the equivalent circuit parameters two tests are performed and Re) Mo load test: At no load slip s is nearly zero. From the no load test we will get no load power from the wwatimeter (Wo), no load current J, and voltage at no load Vs from which we can calculate no load power Wo. : factor costhy= Te. Block rotor test: Heve slip s=1 and equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. 1(b) The equivalent resistance is given by Bay=Ritf’ =" [W..= i/p power in block rotor test} Therefore Ra’= Roy f= ER [Ri 45 * skit factor = from measurement] The equivalent leakage reactance 1 = Vor a(R i044, also X=‘Makers No and Makers Range/Ratings _| Tachometer M.lvoitmeters and ammeters M.C.voltmeters and ammeters Rheostat motor loading arrangement i A Result analysi No toad test Sl] Input vatzage (vo) Input current (Io) input power (Wa) ~ Speed (RPI) | No. v A (ea eee cre i - F E Block rotor test Si. ] Input voltage (Vj No. v Input power (Wed) ‘Speed (RPAI) | Watt |{terminals are short circuited through an ammeter. Now the field current (I) is gradually ed from zero until short circuit current has reached its maximum safe value equal to 180% of I-phase alternator coupled with OC motor BC voltmet DC ammeter AC amnmnetir AC voltmeter Switch syste‘No load Test Short circuit Test in i fieBere oe Experi ony oe ! Procedure: Make circuit connections as per ckt diagram Confirm the connection. Voltage is applied less than 70v. Take the minimum and maximum readings of voltmeter (connected across the supply) and ammeter. Calculate of X4 and X, (neglecting resi imental Resmlt: ince of winding). [Speet——[Current in Amp Voltage Max Min’ Maxmotor a ata jest Ve -femains substantially Fhasor Gage for Phaser dingram for motoring aerating Synchronous motor operates at lagging pf. when under excited. Unity p.f. when nermal excited, Leading P# when over excited. The extent of power factor lead or lag depends upon the degree of over itation or under excitation, igram. For simplicity, armature resistance r, is neglected and synchronous reactance x, and inal voltage v, are assumed to remain constant, The per phase power is given by stant power output, E; sind and 1, cos@ must remain constant, because y, and x, are constant ‘that as the field current is varied, excitation voltage E; varies, but component of & normal to= current are equal ie, lnc0s0=lyc0SO,= fyc050, that th e armature current is rninimum at unity pf. The variation of ith changes in field current is plotted for a fixed p.f. Since the plot resembles to the Ts called VV curve, °V curve shows the relation between armature cufrent and field ‘constant shaftload and for constant terminal. The curves obtained by plotting p-f. versus t resembles inverted V; this is called inverted V curves. Us used: Make a list with name, maker and makers serial, Range/Rating, Quantity lagram: lure: Write the procedure It and analysis: lo. | Terminal voltage, V. | __ Field current) Armature currentl, | Power factor cos he V curve and inverted V curvesecondary half section with ane mark terminal for one star are a,b; ita fara Pv Sond star ave a, Sucq with 23,634 sin fig, Terminals a,b,c; and aybs,cy are connected to six phase load terminals 1,3,5,4,6,2 ively. It may be seen from fig that two stars are reversed with respect (0 each other. If two neutrals [inl are joined together as show in fig. A true 6 phase star system is obtained and neutral is available 1d nil are not joint, six phase load can even then be connected to aj, ay, by, bs Cr, Gr but now the Would not be available. If Vs is the output line voltage say across alo4 as in fig(c) then that Wary coil voltage (nas, bibs or cca) is also V2, ‘Sixx Phase Star Connections: The primary is delta connected and mid-points a2b2e2 of three secondary are joined together to form neutral of the 6-phase star as shown in fig 2(a).1t should be noted that this connection becomes “identical with the double star sysiem provided the two neutrals n & nl are connected together in Gig © Ib.Six phase load terminals are connected to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ,6 are connected to six transformer seconclary terminals ayc3b1a3c1b3 respectively as shown in fig 2(a). For an output voltage of V; say across ay¢3 or ¢3 bj, the coil voltage of ara2, bibs a1a3 ete is also V2. Apparatus used: Make a list showing name, ratings, make and makers serial Procedure: Write the procedureDela dpb ster Coetion (Nera conn) 3-Phase supply Ray: ‘phase autotransformer Delta double delta Connection Result and an ‘[Sinno OUTPUT TERIMINAinput Input Speed, Hi Output (Rpm) | voltage (¥;) | current (i) | © voltage _| te) Praw the curve: i) N versus ly ii) Efficiency versus Discussion:Input voltage/phase Ry, X:= Resistance ancl leakage reactance of the stator/phase. Ra, Xp = Resistance and leakage reactance of the rotor/phase as referred ta stator. Xm = Magnetizing reactance. # Rc= Resistance representing the core loss. ly le= Stator and rotor currents (Referred to stator)/phase. Gireutt diagram: pe. ha, cis he ———23.0 3 he SO R 5 1 f[ | chery r Ba ee oy i i (v)>-coov sone u/s hole eee eta 4 re f E he, Stator ation | a, —y— | a F jsolating om ‘ Seat so Fs Procedures 4. Note down the name plate details of the machine and observe the constructional features. Note ~ down the type of rotor and winding connections Measure the DC resistance with the circuit diagrarn of Fig. 2 Make the connection for no load test as shown in Fig. 3TEASER xmor Onn Wl Ge te Aecaa lige SEO ena gl 4 reikel 5E Pray anan pT je" ‘ine A Soconday of 1 Theory: it should cover the following, 1. Explanation and mathematical proof of how a-balanced two-phase supply can be obtained by connection, 2. Phas Se for dlagrau illustrating the phase quadrature between the secondary vollages of the two tran Connect the circuit as shown, Use 86.6% tapping for teaser transformer and 50% Keep both loads zero Switch on the 3-ph. supply and take the readings, _Yary the loads as per given in observation table aud take the ready tapping for main transformerTOS TKW load on Main transformer Verify the following calculated values:fiom the measured values, Te Typ =1.15x Kx by 2 Unni = VK x Ian)? # (0.5. x Ion)? STE PWoy LF Voy h than VEVex? 4 Vay Where = N2/N1 = transformation ratio SBVie- = v2. The 3 — Phase to two phase conversion was verified phase system using Seatt-connections ..3 — phase system can be converted in to hwo. Questions [sit possible to obtain a3- phase a.c. supply from 2 Where dose the Scotl-connection find its use? Afthe two transformers used in’ Se transformer are actually, used? What is the ratio of number of turns on the primaries of Are tie two transformers connected for Seatt-connection J, Do you know any other method of conv. i = phase a.c supply: by using Scott-connection ? ‘ott, Connection are identical, thery how many primary turns of the tense aser tiansfornier jn case of Scott-connection upled magnetically? ersion of 3-phese a.c. supply from 2-phes: a.c. supply?fede ae speed can be controlled without the aid of any secondary winding (stator) ii) auxiliary winding ii) Supply is provided to rotor wincling only. tn general induction motor, supply is Provided to stator winding whereas in Schrage rotor, the Supply is provided through brush to rotor j Minding. There is an auxiliary winding. in case the voltages in the secondary winding & auxiliary puindings are additive, the speed increases, while if they are oppositely directed, the speed decreases. ternal device. The machine has three windings winding. lure: The power supply to the rotor winding is provicled through a DOL starter built in with the le. The brush position is kept at certain position marked on the commutator body. The supply is made on and machine is started putting on starter. Speed is measured by speedometer. Now __ tush positions are changed by 5° and for every position, the speed is noted. > machin: Experimental Observation: SI.No. | Brush position ussion: i method can be utilised to control speed of induction motor of small or mederate size, Different zed without any external device can be obtained by this method. Care should be taken if excessive ‘between brush &icommutator takes place.PHASE SUPPLY: 440 V, AC, ER 440.V,10 8. SST ON 3 PHASE SQUIRAL CAGE INDUC It should cover the following 1) Types of induction motor 2) Applications of 1-$ & 3-p induction motors ) Significance of load test on induction: moto 4) Variation of parameters such as speed, p.f,, 1) with load 5) Write down how the induction motor is loaded in this experiment. . 1) Connect the ciscuit as shown in figure 2) Put all the load switches off. Set the generator field rheostat to its maximum, 3) Apply the 3-phase supply to the induction motor with the help of starter and run it to its normal speed.ONS: (For each reading): Power factor of motor = Wm / (¥3 Vm. Im) OM of generator = Vac x Ide. Total losses of generator = I°,, Ra + constant losses Constant loss = ¥4 x wattmeter reading at no load condition, OP Power of motor = UP to generator. = O/P of generator + total losses of generator MOTOR EFFICIENCY O/P Power of raotor x 100 N, = No load speed N = Speed at load BDH: Draw graphs (on same graph paper) of motor output power versus 1) motor efficiency y ii) motor input current ili) motor power factor iv) motor speed The speed falls, the power factor (Lagging) improves and the current increase he efficiency increases and is maximum near. full load. s, with an inerease sn itPe ana he equivalent circuit parameters of a single phase induction motor using No Mice and block rotor test. ‘The Equivalent Circuits of single phase induction motor are shown In Fig. 1{a) and Fig. 1(b). The eircult Parameters are shown in Figures. To find the equivalent circuit parameters two tests are performed and they are (i) no load test (i) block rotor test. - Mo load test: At no load slip s is nearly zero, From the no load test w. power from the watimeter (iv), no load curent ly and valtage at no load Vo rom whic factor cosy: M2 eno load pawe Block rotor test: Here sip s=1 and equivalent circuit is sh The equivalent resistance is given by wen’ = Iw. i/p power in block rotor tes Therefore Ry’ #2 si in factor = from measureme! The equivate IZ + Req? = xy4%' [where Z = Let X: = Xz, then X= x,’ = #2 2 ‘Agata from no load equivalent circuit, Von = oral) j0G%%), also xyLUst of apparatus: Sino. [Name [Range Ratings kore Hoan wes | T._[ Asingle phase induction motor with the starting capacitor Single phase auto-transformer Tachometer ‘Mivoltmeters and ammeters M.Cvoltmeters and amnmel ‘motor loading arrangement. Procedure: Write, Result analysis: No load test | tmput voltage (V Input current {la} tof 1 Calculations: Find all the parameters of the equivalent circuit Discussion: SI, | Input voltage (V.) | Input current 1.) Tnput power (W.). WattThose characteristics are useful for finding out the parameters of the synchronous machine and for - determining their performance. For obtaining the open circuit characteristics of the alternator It is driven at constant rated speed and the open circuit terminal voltage is noted as the Meld current is ‘rodually increased from zero, Thus the O.C.C. is a graph between field current {i) and generated emt {€). The 0.6. will not bea straight line because of s uration in ron part of magnetic circu For obtaining short circuit characteristics the machine is driven at rated synchronous speed and the armature terminals are short circuited through an ammeter. Now the field current (h) is gradually increased from zero until short circult current has reached its maximum safe value equal to 150% of Fated current. Then SCC is a plot between ty By Drop is mainly due toi) armature cesistance drop ii) drop due to Xs (leakage reactance) i) due to the effect of armature reaction. yas “Tak | Sephase alternator coupled with DC motor pc welenteeaP” DCammet AC ammeter Switch systemProcedure: Write yourself Result and analysis: S.No. [ No load Tast i0 synchronous is kept open and the rotor is driven by a motor in the same di synchronously {iatng field of stator eurent Keeping ata valu jut below the synchronous speed. ‘The rotor poles sip slowly through the poles produced by the armature current .The magnetic field mm fs will bin One Tine atone time and quadrature at other time, when two fields are in lin we obtain the X, the direct axis reactance When two fields are in quadrature, we obtain the X» the quadeature axis ‘eactanee The applied armature voltage willbe equal to the drop dus tothe Xa fin the above two Cases Ifthe slip is suficiently small the points of the amneter and voltmeter will swing slowly fom « maximum to a minimiim. The voltage will be greatest when the current wil be maximum, Cireuit Diagram 1. Make circuit connections as per ct d 2. Confirm the connection, 3. Voltage is applied less than 70v. 4. Take the minimum and maximum readings of volmeter (connectod across the supp meter 5. Calculate of X, and X, (neglecting resistance of winding). Experimental Result: No | Speed Amp | Voltage in Ci _ {aren [tax Min Max |v 1 1490 | Discussion: Many. Prepred by Lc SiieEXPERIMENT NO.S (EM-Il} “ile: V.Curve of synchronous motor ‘Alm: To plot V-Curve of a synchronous motor Theory: ‘A.schronous machine is 9 doubly excited machine whose armature winding is excited by AC source and field winding is excited by OC source. A synchronous motor working at a constant aplied voltage the resultant alr gop flux as demanded by constant Vj, remains substantially constant ‘synchronous motor ean be oparated in three modes: 1) Normal excitation 2}. Under excitation 3}, Overexitation isin, Hy Synchronous motor operates at lagging pf when under excited. Unity pt wlten normal ected. Leading pul. when over excited, The extent of power factor lead or lag de pon the degree of 0 ve effect of field cusrent on the synchronous motor pow nso be explained withthe help its phasor diagram, For simplicity, armature resistance ris neglected and synchronous reactance x, and terminal voltage y ae assumed to remain constant. The per phase powers given 0x0 For eonstant power output, sinB and I, 09 must remain constant, because v, and s, are constan This means that asthe field current is varied, excitation voltage E, varies, but co ‘normal 1 ke, Eain6 must remain constant. As Ej vares, i, and therefore armature current Is also varies but such @ manner so as to Keen I,cos6 remain constant1.) the motor is under exc and the armstire 2 \ fs satisfied. When the excitation When the excitation voltage is E; (as shown in fi current |, must lag by Pf. angle Os woltage is increased to En by increasing the field curr isin, in order to satay the relation Ex Seeker @pernes at unity pst whan te exctation Bslacreased ty He ‘eo thatthe relation ErtilX rent the angle decteases from 0 $0.0) $0 that the phasor of armature current must change hat Epsin6y- Eysin6,= Ensin6. In order to satisfy the relation sis pushed abead of V and therefore the motor operates toad angle must decrease from o 100, again the phasor of armature current aga nents of armature current are equal Le, ycos0= lxc0s0= C050, the phasor clagram also reveals tat the armature curent is minimum at unity pf. The vanaon armature current with id enyrent is plotted fora fixed pt Since the plot resembles to th letter'V' the railed “curve. ‘V" curve shows the relation between armature current and fe stent with constant 4 and for constant terminal. The curves obtained by plotting pf. versu field current resembles inverted V;thisis called inverted ‘Apparatus uted Mal th name, maker and makers 5EXPERIMENT NO.6 (EM-I1) ‘Tile: Thee phase to six phase connection, Aim: To mak Dhases from three phase Theory: The methods of thre to six phase conversions ‘employed and (ew ‘re known by the type of secondary connections of them are Double sta, ixphase sir, Diametrical, Mesh or ring, Double delta, (a)Doubte-star (double delta) connection ach trensformer unit has its secon« wary winding in two equal sections. The primary fst connected in de ta for this Connection. The secondary half section with pproprate making ae joined (ogether to form to reversed Star, Output terminal for one str ae a,b,c, th bes joined togethe ative natural n. the output terminal for ond star are aby, with 3,b3,c3joinéd together to form seca and aybyc are connected to six phase load terminals. 1,35, espestvely. ft may be seen from fg that two st neutral nas in fg, Terminals abe, are reversed with respect to eachother. IFtwo neutral and al are joined together as shor in fig. A true 6 phase str system is obtained and netra is aval ifm and nb ar ‘ot joint, six phase foad can even then be connected to ay, a 64 bu no Heutral would not be available, If V; is the output line voltage say across in Gate) econdary coil voltage (8, bib; 6 ci) i also V The primary is delta connected and mic-poia join form neutral of the é-phase star as shown in fi ection becon identical with the double star system provided Ub Six phase load terminals are connected 0 | od together in Terminals ajc3b1aSetb3 tes Shown in fi Fe 6 by th or an output voltng a) Apparatus woe: Ma name, ratingApparatus used: List the apparatus by giving name, ‘rake, and Makers No,, Rating/Range ‘Cicult Diagram: Topue surrent (i) | volta Draw the curve:i) N versus ly i) Efficiency versusExperiment No. 8 Tile: No load test and block Alm: To determine the ‘measurement. Theory: The poly-phase induct Fig FotOr test of induction motor Savivalent elcult parameters of the experimental machine ‘vom Hon motor can be represented by its equivalent circu as shown in "300 where V = Input voltage/phase Xi = Resistance and leakage reactance ofthe stator/phas Rayo Resistance and leakage reactance ofthe rotor/phase as ref Xq = Magnetiring reactance Re= Resistance representing the core los. ‘a l= Stator and rotor currents (Referred to stator)/pha: Circult diagram: Note down the name plate details ofthe machine patruchone FoF ‘down the type of ratar and winding connections Measure the DC resistance with the ciruitciagram of Fi Make the connection for no load test as shown in Fig, 3 Start the motor by applying the normal frequency at reducec ddovin the reading of voltmeter, wattmeter, ammeter and t7 TS. ‘ith the same connections, keop the rotor blocked and record the readings of various ‘instrament fr diferent steps of input current varying from zero. If the value change noticeably {or citferent rotor positions an average ct of readings should be taken. ‘Sxperimental observations: Input volage Table No load test [Input erent fa) — [input power (per phase) wa — [ies Block rotor test woe oe uteurrent (,) [inputExper ze (95 To stwy 50 ‘OTT. CONNECT (Study of tice phase x IONS OF TRANSFoRMan, (9840 phase conversion) He AO) 3Nes :(0-10.4. AC) 2 Now, (0-600 V; Ac) 50 V5 As) 2 No. former I-phase, 1 (ap on 415Y side Transforne With 50% top-on 415V si D ase) Nos, KVA, wi 36.695 F-phase, LY, Stat (0-440 V, 35 i Ag[AJFOR BALANCED LOAD. Tad condion [_—Texereanafomnes [bain aston Ti) Vir te] wT Via Wo toad 2 pao | sew toad on | bot | sh > LOAD Peer tranato Nai anoExperiment io. 10 # To study the effect of brush separation ons inn: EY Peed ofa Schragemotar. + fo determine the speed of 5 the sheet of Scrage motor by varying the brush poston ‘ircult Diagram: ‘rush Anis Prinnary ining Teetiny Winding [ hand neol oF tos Theory: Schrage is inverted induction motor whose speed cen be controlled 9 ternal device. The machine has three windings i) secondary wind rotor winding. Supply is thout the aid of any stator i) auxiliary winding ii) in general induction mo ovided to stator winding whereas in Schrage rnotor, the supply Is provided th winding. The pravided to rotor winding on! 5, supply is ‘ough brush to rotor Se is an aula winding. in case the vol windings are additi es in the secondary winding & aux , the speed increases, while if they are oppositely directed, the spe Procedure: The power supply to the machine, The brus buit in with the 2 yarbek csc Sy. 7 position is kept at certain position ‘brush positions are changed started putting on start and for every position, mental Obs This method can be utilised to control speed of incuctic speed without any external device can be obtai park between brush commutator takes place. motor of small or moderate size, Different ed by this method. Care should be taken if excessive1 (0-600 Vy ac 9) Ammeter (0-10 a) pies ©) Voltmeter (0-300 V) 5,0, Itowin Henn of 1-8 3 adc m licance of load test on inducto 9) Write down how the induction n pre aiea ih off, the generator field hed 2 Fa altel slr of See cr Sl 3) Apply the 3 phase sopp$5) Noe the meter seadngs and the speed withthe load at 20. {8} Increase the load in steps keeping the D.C. generator voltage constant st 170 V. [Note the DC. genetntorvolige, generator curent, motor curent, mole voltage, Power and speed. 7) Take more readings inreasng he lad radvaly il he ful load is eshed 8) Calculate pecformance parameters & plot the different grap. Observation Table: Armanuc resistance of generator Ry 2 fe] Poesy: Ne | moTor spe | "=! | CENER gel and the enrsent inereace ctor (Lagging) improves jacreases and is maximum near full lox} Which tyne of pc rere tila: Stpadspoedchaaceisi? 2. Why should the poo SetOr improve wth loading? hy Powerfactoris poor g No-load? Fi RES oad, the etncioney AD. supply is connected the si ‘And the rotor? atkinum? Stor winding, yhat wl be the speed of rotating field Will their be any other ettecs ste