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SOLUTIONS

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* Level - 1
* Level - 2
* Level - 3

UNIT - 1
Functions Material

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 SOLUTIONS

LEVEL - 1 (Objective)
1. Let f1 (x) = [sin 3x]
If f1 (x) is periodic then
f1 (x + λ ) = f1 (x), λ is period
[sin (3x + 3 λ )] = [sin 3x]
∴ 3 λ = 2 π , 4 π , 6 π , .....
2π 4 π
∴ λ= , , 2 π , .....
3 3
2π
∴ Period of f1 (x) = (least positive)
3

 1+ cos 12 x 
and Let f2 (x) = |cos 6x| =  
 2 
2π
∴ Period of f2 (x) =
12
 2π 2π L. C. M. of {2 π , 2 π} 2 π
Hence period of f(x) = L. C. M. of  ,  = =
3 12  H. C. F. of {3 , 12} 3

sec −1 x
2. f(x) =
x − [x]

1
The function sec -1 x is defined for all x ∈ R - (- 1, 1) and the function is defined for all x Î R
x − [x]
- 1 so the given function is defined for all, x ∈ R - {(- 1, 1) ∪ {n, n ∈ I}]
3. f (x) = logx 2x
log is positive if base and exponent lie on same side of unity .
Thus if 0 < x < 1 then 2x < 1 i.e. x < 0 is not possible
x>1 x ∈ (1, ∞ )
 π  π
4. sin2 x + sin2  x +  + cos x . cos x + 
 3  3

1  2π   π 
= 1 − cos 2 x + 1 − cos 2 x +  + 2 cos x cos x +  
2  3   3 

1   2π    π π
= 2 2 −  cos 2x + cos 2x + 3   + cos 2x + 3  + cos 3 
      
1 5  π π  π  1 5  π  π  5
=  − 2 cos 2x +  cos + cos 2x +  =  − cos 2x +  + cos 2x +  = , ∀x ∈R
2 2  3 3  3  2  2  3  3  4

5
∴ (gof ) ( x) = g( f ( x)) = g  = 1
4
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 4 − x2
5. For Df , >0
[ x] + 2
⇒ 4 - x2 > 0 and [x] + 2 > 0
or 4 - x2 < 0 and [x] + 2 < 0
⇒ x2 < 4 and [x] > -2
or x2 > 4 and [x] < - 2
⇒ (|x| < 2 and x > -1)
or (|x| > 2 and x < -2)
⇒ x ∈ [−1, 2] or x ∈ ( −∞, − 2)
 5x − x 2 
6. The function f(x) = log10  
exists
 4 


5x − x 2
for ≥1 ⇒ 5x - x2 - 4 > 0
4
⇒ x ∈ [1, 4]
1
7. The function f (x) = is defined for all x ∈ R. Therefore domain of f(x) is R. Let f(x) =
2 − cos 3x
y. Then
1 1
=y and y > 0 ⇒ 2 - cos 3x =
2 − cos3x y

2y − 1 1  2y − 1 
⇒ cos 3x = ⇒ x= cos −1 
y 3  y 
Now, x ∈ R if
2y − 1 1
-1 < ≤1 ⇒ − 1 ≤ 2 − ≤ 1
y y

1 1
⇒ −3≤ − ≤ − 1 ⇒ 3≥ ≥ 1
y y

1 1
⇒ ≤ y ≤1⇒ 3 ≥ ≥1
3 y

1 1 
⇒ ≤ y ≤ 1 ⇒ y ∈  ,1
3 3 

x, x≥0 0, x ≥0

8. Since | × | =  ∴ | × |= 
−x x<0 − 2x x < 0
1
Hence the domain of f(x) = is the set of all negative real numbers i.e., (−∞, 0)
1 × 1− x

9. We have f(x) = log (x + x 2 + 1)

∴
f(-x) + f(x) = log ( x + x 2 + 1 ) + log ( − x + x 2 + 1 )
= log (-x2 + x2 +1) = log 1 = 0 for all x
⇒ f(-x) = - f(x) for all x ⇒ f(x) is an odd function.
10. Since the function
g(x) = cosx is an even function & h(x) = log ( x + x 2 + 1) is an odd function ,
∴ The function goh(x) = cos (log ( x + x + 1) ) is an even function.
2

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11. We have f(x) = sin 4 x + cos 4 x
= (sin2 x + cos2 x)2- 2sin2 cos2x
1 − cos 4 x  3 1
= 1- ½ (sin2x)2 = 1- ½   = 4 + 4 cos 4 x
 2 
Q cos x is periodic with period 2π
2π π
∴ cos 4 x is periodic with period & hence f(x) is periodic with period
4 2

12. Since g(x) = sin x, h(x) = log (x + x 2 + 1) both are odd functions
∴ f(x) = goh (x) is also an odd function.
13. The function f(x) = 7-xPx-3 is defined only if x is an integer satisfying the following
i) 7 -x > 0 (ii) x - 3 > 0 (iii) 7-x > x-3
⇒ x <7

Now ⇒ x ≥ 3 ⇒3≤ x ≤5
⇒ x ≤ 5

∴
The required domain is {3, 4, 5}
14. We have
sin 4 x + cos4 x
f(x) = x + x 2 tan x

sin4 x + cos4 x sin4 x + cos4 x

∴ f(-x) = =- = -f(x)
− x + x tan(−x)
2
x + x 2 tan x
∴ f(x) is an odd function
Obviously f(x) is not a periodic function due to presence of ‘x’ in the denominator.
15. f (x) = 2x −1 for x < −1 ⇒ f (x) > 1
= 1 − 1 ≤ x < 0 ⇒ f (x) = 1
= 2x + 1 x ≥ 0 ⇒ f (x) ≥ 1
on the whole f(x) > 1
π
16. tan -1 x + cot-1 x = 2
π
∴ tan-1x - cot-1 x = 2 tan-1 x -
2
π π
−2 < 2 tan−1 x < 2
2 2
π π π
= − π < 2 tan−1 x < π (or) − π − < 2 tan−1 x − < π −
2 2 2
3π π π
= − < 2 tan −1 x − <
2 2 2
 3π π

= − 2 , 2 
 

17. f(x) = 0 if x > 0 = − 2x if x < 0

⇒ Range of f(x) = [0, ∞)

 102x −1 
18. f(x) = x 2  2x 
 10 + 1 

 10−2 x − 1   1 −102x 
2
 
2  − 10 − 1 
2x
2  10 −1 
2x
f(-x) = (-x)2    
−2 x  = -x  1 + 10  = -x  102x + 1  = x  102x +1  = f(x) an odd function
 10 + 1 
2 x
     

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19. log10(1-x) ≠ 0, 1 - x > 0, x +2 > 0
1- x ≠ 1, x < 1, x > -2 ⇒ x ≠ 0, x < 1, x > -2
∴ x ∈ [−2,1) −{0}
4 2
20. Let f(x) = e cos πx + x −[ x ]+ cos πx

Period of x - [x] = 1
1 + cos 2πx
Q cos2 πx = ∴ Period of cos2 πx = 2π = 1
2 2π

Q cos4 πx = 1 {3 + 4 cos 2πx + cos 4πx}

8
2π 1
Q Period of cos 2 πx = 2π =1 Q Period of cos 4 πx = =
2π 4π 2
 1 L.C.M.(1,1) 1
∴ Period of cos4 πx = L.C.M. 1,  = H.C.F.(1,2) = 1 = 1
 2
∴ Period of f (x) = 1
21. For f(x) to be defined, the following three inequalities must be satisfied
(i) sin-1 (log2x) > 0
(ii) cos (sin x) > 0
1+ x2
(iii) ≤1
2x
(i) ⇒ 0 < log2 x < 1 i.e 1 < x < 2
(ii) is satisfied for all x
(iii) is satisfied if |x| = 1
Hence f(x) is defined only if x = 1
22. x2 - x - 2 ≠ 0 ⇒ x ≠ 2, -1
 1  1 1 1
x + 2  > 0, x + 2  ≠ 1 ⇒ x + 2 ≥ 1, x + 2 ∉ (1,2)
   
1 1 3
⇒ x ≥ , x ∉ , 
2 2 2
3 
∴ x ∈  ,2  ∪ (2, ∞)
2 
23. 4x + 22(x-2) - 22(x-1) > 52
13 
22x[1+ 2−4 − 2−2 ] ≥ 52 ; 2 2 x   ≥ 52
16 
22x > 64; x > 3. Domain is [3, ∞ ).
24. The function must be even.
f(0 + 0) = f(0) + f(0) ∴ f(0) = 0.
f(x - x) = f(x) + f(-x) or 0 = f(x) + f(-x) ∴ f(x) is odd.

Also, log e ( x + x 2 + 1) is odd because loge (− x + (− x)2 + 1) = − loge ( x + x 2 + 1) .

 π
f(x) = cos x + sin x = 2 cos x −  .
 4

 π  π
As cos − x −  ≠ cos x −  for every x, cos x + sin x is not even.
 4  4

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25. y = x2 - x + 1 ⇒ x2 - x + 1 - y = 0
1 ± 1 − 4 (1 − y ) 1 ± 4 y − 3
⇒ x= =
2 2
1 1 3
Since x ≥ , we have x = + y−
2 2 4

1 3
∴ f −1 ( x ) = + x−
2 4

1 3
∴ f ( x ) = f −1 ( x ) ⇒ x 2 − x + 1 = + x−
2 4
which is satisfied by x = 1.
26. g(x) ≠ 0 if x 2 − 36 ≠ 0 i.e. x ≠ ±6

 x −1 
log 0.4   is defined
 x+5
x −1 x −1 x −1
if 0 < ≤1 ⇒ 0< and ≤1
x+5 x+5 x+5
x −1 6
⇒ > 0 &1 − ≤1
x+5 x+5
6
⇒ ( x − 1) ( x + 5) > 0 and − ≤0
x +5
⇒ (x < −5 or x > 1) and x + 5 > 0 ⇒ ( x < −5 or x > 1) and x > −5
∴ D f / g = D f ∩ D g − {x | g ( x ) ≠ 0} = (1, ∞) ~ {6}
27. For Df: x > 0 and loge x ≠ 0
∴ x > 0 and x ≠ 1
∴ Df = (0,1) ∪ (1, ∞ )
28. f(x) + g(x) = ex
f(x) - g(x) = e-x
ex + e−x e x − e− x
∴ f (x) = ; g( x ) =
2 2
Clearly f(-x) = g(x) ∴ f(x) is even
g(-x) = -g(x) ∴ g(x) is odd
29. y = loga (x + x 2 +1) ⇒ x + x 2 +1 = a y
⇒ x2 + 1 = (ay - x)2 = a2y + x2 - 2xay
⇒ 1 = a2y - 2xay ⇒ 2xay = a2y - 1
a 2y −1 a y − a − y a y − a −y a x − a −x
⇒ x= = ⇒ f −1 ( y) = ⇒ f −1 ( x ) =
2ay 2 2 2

30. Since f(x) = cos p x

2π
∴ Period of f (x) =
p

2π
⇒ = π (given) ⇒ p = 4 ⇒ [a] = 4 ⇒ a ∈ [4, 5)
p

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31. Since periods of x - [x], | cos πx | , | cos 2πx | .... | cos nπx |
1 2π 1 2π 1 1 2π 1
are 1, . = 1, = , ... . =
2 π 2 2π 2 2 nπ n
1 1 1
∴ Period of f(x) is L.C.M. of 1, 1, , , ........., = 1
2 3 4
 2− | x | 
32. Let f1 (x) = sin−1 
 4 
f1(x) is defined when
2− | x |
⇒ −1 ≤ ≤1
4
⇒ - 4 < 2 - |x| < 4
⇒ - 6 < - |x| < 2
⇒ - 2 < |x| < 6
⇒ -2<x<6
or -6<x<2
Df1 = [−6, 2] ∪[−2, 6] =[−6, 6]

 2− | x | 
Let f 2 (x) = cos−1  
 4 
∴ Df 2 = [−6, 2] ∪ [−2, 6] = [−6, 6]

Let f3 (x) = tan−1 2− | x | 

 4 
Df3 = R

∴ Df = Df1 ∩ Df 2 ∩ Df3 =[−6, 6]

33. f (x) = cos (cos -1x)
f (- x) = cos (cos -1 x) ⇒ even
f (x) = cos (sin x) + sin (cos x)
↓ ↓
T= π T= π
Hence period = π
f (x) = cos (3 sin x)
cos x always lies between [- 1, 1]
π2
34. f (x) = 4 cos x 2 −
9
π2 π π
For Df : x 2 − ≥ 0 ⇒ x ≥ or x ≤ −
9 3 3
 π π 
∴ Df =  − ∞, −  ∪  , ∞ 
 3 3 

π2
Since −1 ≤ cos x 2 − ≤1
9
∴ − 4 ≤ f (x) ≤ 4 ∴ R f = [−4, 4]

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35. Since −1 < sin θ ≤ 1 ∀ θ ∈ R
∴ R f = [−1, 1]
36. log2x is a real if x > 0 so we should have
log3 log ( 4 / π ) (tan-1 x)-1 > 0.
Q Base 3 > 1 so log( 4 / π) (tan-1 x)-1 > 1
Now the base 4 / π > 1 so
(tan−1 x)−1 > 4 / π
or tan-1 x < π / 4
so 0<x<1
Hence required domain is (0, 1)
37. f(x) = f (x + λ) ⇒ f (λx + a ) = f (λx + a + λ )
f {λ ( x + 1) + a ]
So, the period is 1.
38. Let f1 (x) = cos−1 (x − x 2 )
1− 5 1+ 5
f1( x ) is defined when -1 < x - x2 < 1 ⇒ ≤x≤ ........ (i)
2 2
1
Let f 2 ( x ) = 1 −
|x|

1
f2 ( x) is defined when 1 − ≥ 0 ⇒ x < -1 and x > 1 ......... (ii)
|x|
1
and Let f 3 ( x ) =
[ x − 1]
2

f 3 ( x ) is defined when x2 < 1, x2 > 2

⇒ x ∈(−∞, − 2] ∪(−1, 1) ∪[ 2, ∞) ........... (iii)

 1+ 5 
D
Then required domain = f = D ∩ D ∩ D f3 =
 2 , 
f1 f2
 2 .
39. (fog)(x) = f(g(x)) = f(ln | x |)
= sin (ln | x |)
∴ Range R1 = [-1, 1]
(gof) (x) = g(f(x)) = g (sinx ) = ln | sin x |
∴ Range R = (−∞, 0] ∴ 0 < | sinx | ≤ 1.
2

1− x
40. Since f (− x) = log
1+ x
1+ x
= − log = −f ( x )
1− x
∴ f(x) is odd.

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 SOLUTIONS

LEVEL - 2 (Subjective)

(2 x − 1) (x − 1) 2 ( x − 2) 3
1. f (x) = , which gives x ≠ 4 .......... (i) + +
( x − 4) 4 -
1/2 2

as denominator ≠ 0 and x ≠ 1 as at x = 1, f(x) = 0

Putting zero to (2x - 1) and (x - 2)3 as they have odd powers and neglecting (x - 1)2 and (x - 4)4 on
number line as shown in figure.
Which shows f(x) > 0 when x < 1/2 or x > 2 but except 4 and 1.
x ∈ ( −∞ , 1 / 2) ∪ ( 2, ∞ ) ~ {4} .

( x − 2) 2 (1 − x ) ( x − 3) 3 ( x − 4) 2
2. Here f ( x ) = + +
( x + 1) -1 - 1 3 -

( x − 2) 2 ( x − 1)( x − 3)3 ( x − 4) 2
or f ( x ) = − , ( x ≠ −1) ....... (i)
( x + 1)

Putting zero to (x - 1), (x - 3)3, (x + 1) as having odd powers and neglecting (x - 2)2, (x - 4)2.

We get, f ( x ) ≤ 0 when − 1 < x ≤ 1 or 3 ≤ x < ∞ {using (i) as x ≠ −1 }

or x ∈ ( −1, 1] ∪ [3, ∞ ) .

| x + 3 | +x
3. −1 > 0
x+2

| x + 3 | +x − x − 2
⇒ >0
x+2

| x + 3 | −2
⇒ >0 ......... (i)
x+2
Now two cases arises:
Case I: When x + 3 ≥ 0 ......... (ii)

x + 3− 2
⇒ >0
x+2 + +
-2 - -1

x +1
⇒ > 0 ⇒ x ∈ (−∞, − 2) ∪ ( −1, ∞) using number line rule as shown in figure.
x+2

But x ≥ −3 {from (ii)}

⇒ x ∈[ −3, − 2) ∪ ( −1, ∞ ) ..... (a)

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 Case II: When x + 3 < 0 .... (iii)

− ( x + 3) − 2
⇒ >0
x+2

− ( x + 5)
⇒ >0 - -
( x + 2) -5 + -2

⇒ x ∈ ( −5, − 2) using number line rule as shown in figure.

But x < -3 {from (iii)}
∴ x ∈ ( −5, − 3) .....(b)
Thus from (a) and (b) we have;
x ∈[ −3, − 2) ∪ ( −1, ∞ ) ∪ (−5, − 3) ⇒ x ∈ ( −5, − 2) ∪ ( −1, ∞ ) .
4. Here, f(x) is defined if,

3
log|sin x| ( x 2 − 8x + 23) − >0
log 2 | sin x |

⇒ log|sin x| ( x 2 − 8x + 23) − 3 log|sin x| 2 > 0

x 2 − 8x + 23  x 2 − 8x + 23 
⇒ < | sin x |0 and | sin x | ≠ 0, 1 ⇒ log 
|sin x| 
 > 0
8  8 

⇒ x2 - 8x + 23 < 8 and | sinx | ≠ 0, 1

⇒ x2 - 8x + 15 < 0 and sin x ≠ 0, ± 1

π
⇒ (x - 3) (x - 5) < 0 and x ≠ nπ, ( 2n + 1)
2

3π
⇒ x ∈ (3, 5) and x ≠ π, {using number line rule}
2

 3π   3π 
⇒ x ∈ (3, π) ∪  π,  ∪  , 5
 2   2 

 3π   3π 
∴ Domain of f ( x ) ∈ (3, π) ∪  π,  ∪  , 5 .
 2   2 

 x −1 
5. f ( x ) = log 0.4   exists if
 x +5

 x −1   x −1 
log 0.4  ≥0 and  >0
 x +5  x +5
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 x −1 x −1
⇒ ≤ (0.4) 0 and >0
x +5 x+5

x −1 x −1
⇒ ≤1 and >0
x+5 x+5

x −1 x −1
⇒ −1 ≤ 0 and >0
x +5 x +5

−6 x −1
⇒ ≤0 and >0
x+5 x +5

x −1
⇒ x+5>0 and >0
x +5
⇒ x > -5 and x-1>0 {as x + 5 > 0}
⇒ x > -5 and x>1
Thus, domain f ( x ) ∈ (1, ∞)

−1  1 − 2 | x | 
6. Here cos   exists if
 3 

1− 2 | x |
−1 ≤ ≤1
3

⇒ − 3 ≤ 1− 2 | x | ≤ 3
⇒ − 4 ≤ − 2| x | ≤ 2

⇒ 2 ≥ | x | ≥ −1
⇒ −2 ≤ x ≤ 2 ...... (i)
Also log|x - 1|x exists if,
x > 0 and |x - 1| > 0
x>0 and x ∈ R ~ {1} ....... (ii)
Hence, from (i) and (ii), we get
x ∈ (0, 1) ∪ (1, 2]
7. [sin x] is always defined.

 π 
cos  is also defined except when [x - 1] = 0
 [ x − 1] 

⇒ 0 ≤ x −1 < 1
⇒ 1≤ x < 2
Hence, domain ∈ R ~ [1, 2) .
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 x − [x ] {x}
8. Here, y = =
1 + x − [ x ] 1 + {x}

Thus, domain ∈ real number.

{x}
Thus, from y = we have,
1 + {x}

y
y + y{x} = {x} ⇒ {x} =
1− y

y 1
Here, 0 ≤ {x} < 1 so, 0 ≤ <1⇒ 0 ≤ y <
1− y 2

 1
Hence, range = 0,  .
 2
9. y is defined if 3x2 - 4x + 5 > 0
where D = 16 - 4 (3) (5) = -44 < 0 and coefficient of x2 = 3 > 0
Hence, (3x2 - 4x + 5) > 0 ∀ x∈ R
Thus, domain ∈ R
Now, y = loge(3x2 - 4x + 5)
we have 3x2 - 4x + 5 = ey
or 3x2 - 4x + (5 - ey) = 0
Since, x is real thus, discriminant ≥ 0

i.e., (-4)2 - 4(3)(5 - ey) ≥ 0 ⇒ 12ey ≥ 44

11
So, ey ≥
3

 11 
Thus, y ≥ log 
3

  11  
Hence, range is log , ∞  .
 3 

10. Since, f(x) is even so, f(-x) = f(x)

x +1 x +1
Thus, x= or −x =
x+2 x+2

⇒ x 2 + 2x = x + 1 or -x2 - 2x = x + 1
⇒ x2 + x -1 = 0 or -x2 - 3x - 1 = 0

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 −1± 5 −3± 5
⇒x= or x=
2 2

 −1 + 5 −1 − 5 − 3 + 5 − 3 − 5 
Thus, x= , , , 
 2 2 2 2 

x (sin x + tan x ) x (sin x + tan x )

11. f (x ) = =
x + π 1 x 1
 π  − 2  π  + 1 − 2

x (sin x + tan x )
f (x) =
x
 π  + 0.5

− x (sin( − x ) + tan(− x ))
⇒ f (− x ) =
 x
− π  + 0.5

 x (sin x + tan x )
 , x ≠ nπ
 x
⇒ f (− x ) =  − 1 −   + 0.5
 π
 0, x = nπ

 
 
 x (sin x + tan x ) 
Hence; f (− x ) = and f (− x ) = 0
 x 
   + 0.5 
 π 

f(-x) = -f(x). Hence, f(x) is an odd function (if x ≠ nπ ) and f(x) is even function (if x = nπ ).
12. Let y = f ( x )

( x 2 + 1)
∴ y= ⇒ x 2 − xy + 1 = 0
x

y ± y2 − 4 y ± y2 − 4
⇒x= ⇒ f −1 ( y) = {as f ( x ) = y ⇒ x = f −1 ( y)}
2 2

−1 x ± x2 − 4
⇒ f (x) =
2

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 Since, range of inverse function is [1, ∞ ) , therefore neglecting negative sign, we have,

−1 x + x2 − 4
f (x ) = .
2
13. f(x) = x2 - x + 1
2
 1 3
⇒ f ( x ) =  x −  + which is clearly one-one and onto in given domain and co-domain.
 2 4

Thus, its inverse can be obtained.

Let f(x) = y
2
 1 3
⇒ y=x −  +
 2 4

1 3
⇒ x− =± y−
2 4

1 3
⇒ x= ± y− [f ( x ) = y ⇒ x = f −1 ( y)]
2 4

1 3
⇒ f −1 ( y) = + y− [neglecting -ve sign as always +ve]
2 4

1 3
⇒ f −1 ( x ) = + x− .
2 4

1
14. f (x ) =
[ x ] − x exists if;

[x] - x > 0 i.e., [x] > x

But from definition of greatest integral function we know;
[x] ≤ x [as x = [x] + {x}]
Thus, it is not possible that [x] > x
Hence, domain f ( x ) = φ

1
15. f (x) = exists if;
log 1/ 2 ( x 2 − 7 x + 13)

log1/2(x2 - 7x + 13) > 0

⇒ (x2 - 7x + 13) < 1 .... (i)
and x2 - 7x + 13 > 0 .... (ii)

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 Considering equation (ii), x2 - 7x + 13 > 0, we have

 2 49  49
 x − 7 x +  + 13 − >0
 4  4

2
 7 3
⇒ x −  + > 0
 2 4

which is true for all x ∈ R

2
 7
as  x −  ≥ 0 for all x. ......(a)
 2
+ +
Again taking (i), x2 - 7x + 13 < 1 3 - 4

⇒ x2 - 7x + 12 < 0 ⇒ (x - 3)(x - 4) < 0 ⇒ 3<x<4

Combining (a) and (b), we have
Hence, domain of f ( x ) ∈ (3, 4)
16. Given: 10x + 10y = 10 ⇒ 10y = 10 - 10x

⇒ y = log10(10 - 10x) [as, a m = b ⇒ m = log a b ]

Now, y is defined if, 101 - 10x > 0
⇒ 101 > 10x ⇒ 1>x
Hence, domain of single valued function
y = f(x) ⇒ x<1
Hence, x ∈ ( −∞ , 1) .

 π
17. Here x ∈  0, 
 2

⇒ 0 < sin x < 1 .......... (i)

loga x < b ⇒ x > a b , if 0 < a < 1

and we know   ....... (ii)
 x < ab, if a > 1 

1
Thus, f ( x ) = exists if − log sin x (tan x ) > 0
− log sin x tan x

⇒ logsin xtan x < 0 [as inequality sign changes on multiplying by -ve]

⇒ tanx > (sinx)0 (using (i) and (ii)) ⇒ tan x > 1

π π
⇒ x∈ ,  [as x ∈ (0, π / 2)]
4 2

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 π π
Hence, x∈ , 
4 2

π π
Therefore,  ,  is required solution.
4 2
18. Firstly, finding domain
log3 (log1/2(x2 + 4x + 4)} exists if,
log1/2(x2 + 4x + 4) > 0
0
1
⇒ x 2 + 4x + 4 <   [ usin g log a x < b ⇒ x > a b , if 0 < a < 1]
2

⇒ x2 + 4x + 4 < 1
⇒ x2 + 4x + 3 < 0
⇒ (x + 1) (x + 3) < 0
⇒ -3 < x < -1 ......... (i) + - +
and x2 + 4x + 4 > 0 -3 -1

⇒ (x + 2)2 > 0,
which is always true except for x = -2 ....... (ii)
Thus, from (i) and (ii), we have
x ∈ ( −3, − 2) ∪ ( −2, − 1)
Hence, domain ∈ ( −3, − 2) ∪ ( −2, − 1)
Now we find out the range,
Since, 0 < log1/2(x2 + 4x + 4) < ∞ ∀ x ∈ domain (y) ⇒ − ∞ < log 3 (log1/ 2 ( x 2 + 4 x + 4)) < ∞ .

Thus, range ( y) ∈ R .
19. First, we shall find the domain

π2 π2
f ( x ) = 3 sin − x 2 exists if , − x2 ≥ 0
9 9
- + -
π/3
π  π
-π/3

⇒ −  x −  x +  ≥ 0 ⇒ −π/3 ≤ x ≤ π/3
 3  3

Hence, domain f ( x ) ∈ [ − π / 3, π / 3]

π2
as − x2 ≥ 0 .
9

π2
Let θ= − x2 ≥ 0
9

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 So, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π/3

3
whereas, 0 ≤ sin θ ≤
2

π2 3 3
⇒ 0 ≤ 3 sin − x2 ≤
9 2

 3 3
Hence, Range of f ( x )∈ 0, .
 2 

20. (i) Let y = f(x)

∴ y = sin-1 (x / 3)
⇒ x = 3 sin y
⇒ f-1(y) = 3 sin y [as y = f(x) ⇒ x = f-1 (y)]
⇒ f-1(x) = 3 sin x
(ii) Let f(x) = y
∴ y = ln (x2 + 3x + 1)
⇒ y = loge (x2 + 3x + 1)
⇒ x2 + 3x + 1 = ey
⇒ x2 + 3x + (1 - ey) = 0

− 3 ± 9 − 4(1 − e y )
⇒ x=
2

− 3 ± 5 + ey −1 − 3 ± 5 + ey
⇒ x= ⇒ f ( y) =
2 2

− 3 ± 5 + ex
Hence, f −1 ( x ) =
2

21. If x ∈ [ −1, 1]

 π
sin x − 1, − 2 < x < 0
f (g( x )) = 
then π
 sin 2 x , 0<x≤
 2

  π π 
So, f (| g( x ) |) = sin 2 x, ∀ x ∈ − ,   ...... (i)
  2 2 

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 1 − sin x, − 1 ≤ x < 0
Further, | f (g ( x )) | =  ..... (ii)
 sin x , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
2

Adding (i) and (ii); we get

h ( x ) = f (| g ( x ) |) + | f (g ( x )) |

sin 2 x − sin x + 1, − 1< x < 0

= 2
2 sin x, 0 ≤ x≤1

22. By definition of [x], we have

[π 2 ] = 9 and [− π 2 ] = −10 . Hence
f(x) = cos 9x + cos (-10) x = cos 9x + cos 10x
Now f ( π / 2) = cos (9π / 2) + cos 5π = 0 + (-1) = -1 and f( π ) = cos9 π + cos10 π = -1 + 1 = 0.

f ( − π) = cos( −9 π) + cos( −10π)

= cos 9π + cos10π = −1 + 1 = 0

1 1
f ( π / 4) = cos( 9π / 4) + cos(10 π / 4) = −0= .
2 2

1 1
23. f (x) . f   = f (x) + f  
x x

 1  1
∴ f ( x ) . f   − 1 = f   − 1 + 1
 x  x

 1 
or f   − 1 {f ( x ) − 1} = 1
 x 

1
Above shows that f(x) - 1 and f   − 1 are reciprocal of each other and so are x and 1/x.
x
Above is possible when

1 1 1
f ( x ) − 1 = x n or − x n so that f  x  − 1 = x n or − n
  x

Hence f(x) = 1 + xn or 1 - xn, i.e., 1± x n

Here f(x) is a cubic ∴ f (x ) = 1 ± x 3

Given f(3) = 28 ∴ f(3) = 1 + 33 = 228
∴ f(x) = 1 + x3.
Hence f(2) = 1 + 23 = 9

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24. We are given f(2) = 5, so we put x = 2, y = 1
f(2)f(1) = f(2) + f(1) + f(2) - 2
or 5f(1) = 5 + f(1) + 5 - 2
or 4f(1) = 8
∴ f(1) = 2

1
Now put y = in the given relation
x

1 1
∴ f ( x ) f   = f ( x ) + f   + f (1) − 2
x x

1 1
or f ( x ).f   = f ( x ) + f   (Q f (1) = 2 )
x x

∴ f ( x ) = 1 ± x n by previous answer.
Since f(2) = 5
∴ f(x) = x2 + 1
∴ f(5) = 52 + 1 = 26.

1 1
25. af ( x ) + bf   = − 5 ...... (1)
x x

1
Replacing x by we have
x

1
af   + bf ( x ) = x − 5 ....... (2)
x

1
Multiply (1) by a and (2) by b and subtract to eliminate f   .
x

a
∴ (a 2 − b 2 ) f ( x ) = − bx − 5 (a − b)
x

1 a  5
∴ f (x) = 2 
− bx  − .
a − b x
2
 (a + b )

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 SOLUTIONS

LEVEL - 3 (Questions asked from previous Engineering Exams)

1. D f = {x | x ∈ R , 1 − x > 0} ∩ {x | x ∈ R , x 2 − 1 ≥ 0}

= { x | x ∈ R and x > 1} ∩ { x | x ∈ R , x 2 ≥ 1}

= ( −∞ , 1) ∩ {( −∞, − 1] ∪ [1, ∞ )} = ( −∞ , − 1]

1+ x2 1
2. f (x ) = 2
= 1 + 2 > 1 for x ≠ 0
x x

∴ R f = (1, ∞)
3. For x ≥ 0 , |x| = x

∴ The two given curves have the same graph for x ≥ 0 only.
4. 1/x is defined for x ≠ 0 .
−1
2sin x is defined for − 1 ≤ x ≤ 1

1
is defined for x - 3 > 0 i.e. x > 3
x −3

∴ domain of f(x) is ( R ~ {0}) ∩ [ −1, 1] ∩ (3, ∞ ) = φ

5. For Df, we must have x 2 − 1 ≥ 0 and x - 1 > 0

⇒ x 2 ≥ 1& x > 1 ⇒ x > 1 ⇒ x ∈ (1, ∞) .

 π π
6. When x ∈  − , , [ x ] = − 2, − 1, 0 or 1
 2 2

∴ cos [x] will take values cos (-2), cos (-1), cos (0) and cos (1)
Hence, Rf = {1, cos 1, cos 2}
7. For domain of the function,
ax 3 + (a + b) x 2 + (b + c) x + c > 0 ⇒ (ax 2 + bx + c) ( x + 1) > 0

 2 b c  2 b  b  c  b  
2 2

⇒ a x + x +  ( x + 1) > 0 ⇒ x + x +   + −    ( x + 1) > 0
 a a  a  2a  a  2a  

 b 2 c b 2 − 4ac 
2
 b 
⇒  x +  ( x + 1) > 0 Q 2 − = = 0
 2a   4a a 4a 2 

b −b
⇒ x + 1 > 0 and x + ≠ 0 ⇒ x > −1 and x ≠ .
2a 2a
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 a −x −1 1− a x a x −1
8. f (−x ) = − x. − x = −x . = x. x = f (x)
a +1 1+ a x a +1
⇒ f(x) in (c) is even.
9. (log3 x)(logx 2x)(log2x y) = logx x2
⇒ log3y = 2 logx x = 2 ⇒ y = 32 = 9.

x2 − x +1
10. Let y = f ( x ) = 2 , x∈R
x + x +1
⇒ (x2 + x + 1) y = x2 - x + 1
⇒ x2(y - 1) + x(y + 1) + y - 1 = 0
Since x is real, (y + 1)2 - 4(y - 1)2 ≥ 0
⇒ -3y2 + 10y - 3 ≥ 0
⇒ 3y2 - 10y + 3 ≤ 0
⇒ (3y - 1)(y - 3) ≤ 0

 1
⇒ 3 y − 3  ( y − 3) ≤ 0
 

1
⇒ ≤ y ≤3.
3
11. 2 - 2x - x2 ≥ 0 ⇒ x2 + 2x - 2 ≤ 0
⇒ (x + 1)2 - 3 ≤ 0 ⇒ (x + 1)2 ≤ 3 ⇒ − 3 ≤ ( x + 1) ≤ 3 ⇒ −1 − 3 ≤ x ≤ −1+ 3 .

12. y = f ( x ) = x 2 − 6 x + 7, x ∈ R ⇒ x2 - 6x + 7 - y = 0

Since x is real, (-6)2 - 4(7 - y) ≥ 0 ⇒ 36 − 4(7 − y ) ≥ 0 ⇒ y ≥ −2 ⇒ y ∈[ −2, ∞ ) .

13. Domain of sin-1 x is [-1, 1]

x2 1 x2
∴ − 1 ≤ log 2 ≤1 ⇒ ≤ ≤ 2 ⇒ 1 ≤ x 2 ≤ 4 ⇒ | x | ≥ 1 and | x | ≤ 2
2 2 2

⇒ D f = (−∞, − 1] ∪ [1, ∞) ∩ [−2, 2] = [ −2, − 1] ∪ [1, 2]

1  x   x 
14. f (x )f ( y) −  f   + f ( xy)  = cos (log x) cos (log y) − 1  cos log  + cos log ( xy) 
 y   
2     2  y 

1
= cos (log x ) cos (log y) − (cos (log x − log y) + cos (log x+logy))
2

1
= cos(logx) cos (log y) − (2 cos (log x) cos (log y)) = 0
2

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 ex − e− x
15. y = f (x ) = +2
e x + e−x

e2x − 1
⇒ y − 2 = 2x ⇒ ( y − 2)e 2 x + y − 2 = e 2 x − 1
e +1

y −1
⇒ ( y − 3)e 2 x = 1 − y ⇒ e2x =
3− y

 y −1  1  y −1 
⇒ 2x = log e   ⇒ x= log e  
3− y  2  3− y 

1/ 2
 x −1 
= f −1 (x) = loge  
 3− x 

1
16. y=
2 − sin 3x

Since − 1 ≤ sin 3x ≤ 1 ⇒ 1 ≥ − sin 3x ≥ − 1

⇒ 3 ≥ 2 − sin 3x ≥ 1

1 1
⇒ ≤ ≤1
3 2 − sin 3x

1
⇒ ≤ y ≤1
3

1 
⇒ Range is  , 1 .
3 

17. Let f ( x ) = 1 and g ( x ) = 2x − x 2

[x ]

Now, Df = R ~ {x | [x] = 0} = R ~ [0, 1)

D g = {x | x ∈ R and 2 x − x 2 ≥ 0}

= {x | x ∈ R and x ( x − 2) ≤ 0 } = [0, 2]

∴ Domain of given function = D f ∩ D g = [1, 2]

x x
18. f(x) exists if − 1 ≤ log 3   ≤ 1 ⇒ 3−1 ≤ ≤ 31 ⇒ 1 ≤ x ≤ 9 .
3 3

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19. For domain,
7-x>0 ⇒ x<7
x-3 ≥ 0 ⇒ x≥3 and 7−x ≥ x −3⇒ x≤ 5
∴ 3≤ x ≤5
∴ x can be 3, 4, 5 (Q x ∈ Z)
∴ f(3) = 4P0 = 1
∴ f(4) = 3P1 = 3
f(5) = 2P2 = 2
∴ Range = {1, 2, 3}

sin 2x x
20. For n = 2, = 4 sin   cos x
sin
x 2
2

x
The period of cos x is 2π and that of cos is 4π
2

sin 2 x
∴ Period of is 4π
x
sin
2

sin 3x sin 5x sin 4 x

Periods of , and cannot be 4π .
x x x
sin sin sin
3 5 4

21. log2 (log3(log4 x)) is defined if log3 (log4x) > 0

⇒ log 4 x > 30 = 1 ⇒ x > 4 .
22. Since f(x) is odd periodic function with period 2
∴ f ( − x ) = − f ( x ) and f ( x + 2) = f ( x ) ⇒ f ( 2) = f (0) and f ( −2) = f ( −2 + 2) = f (0)
Now, f (0) = f ( −2) = − f ( 2) = − f (0) ⇒ 2f (0) = 0 ⇒ f (0) = 0

∴ f ( 4) = f ( 2) = f ( 0) = 0 ⇒ f ( 4) = 0 .

y −1 y −1 x −1
23. f ( x ) = 1 + αx = y ⇒ x = ⇒ f −1 ( y) = ⇒ f −1 ( x ) =
α α α

Since f = f-1 ∴ f ( x ) = f −1 ( x )

x −1
⇒ 1 + αx = ⇒ α + 1 = x (1 − α 2 )
α

⇒ α +1 = 0 ⇒ α = −1 .

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24. The side of the equilateral triangle

= ( x − 0) 2 + ( g ( x ) − 0) 2 = x 2 + g 2 (x)

1
∴ Area of triangle = bc sin A
2

1 2
= ( x + g 2 ( x )) sin 600 (Q b = c)
2

3 2 3
= ( x + g 2 ( x )) = (given )
4 4

⇒ x 2 + g 2 ( x ) = 1⇒ g 2 ( x ) = 1 − x 2

⇒ g(x ) = ± 1 − x 2

∴ g ( x ) = 1 − x 2 or g ( x ) = − 1 − x 2
as the function cannot have two different values at a point.
25. The function in (a) is periodic with period 1.
f (x + λ) = f (x ) ⇒ x + λ − [x + λ] = x − [x ]

⇒ λ = [ x + λ ] − [ x ] wich is always true and the least integral value of λ is 1. Functions in (b) & (c) are
not periodic.

1 1
For , ( x + λ ) sin = x sin , x ≠ 0
x+λ λ

 1 1 1
⇒ x sin − sin  + λ sin = 0, ∀ x ∈ R
 x+λ λ x+λ

But this is not always true unless λ = 0

Again, ( x + λ ) cos ( x + λ) = x cos x

⇒ λ cos( x + λ ) = x[cos x − cos( x + λ )]

  λ λ
⇒ λ cos( x + λ ) = x 2 sin  x +  sin 
  2 2

 λ
x sin  x + 
λ  2
⇒ = .
λ  λ
2 sin cos x + 
2  2

which is not possible as L.H.S. is always a constant and R.H.S. is not a constant.
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 ( x + 1) ( x − 3) ( x + 1) ( x − 3)( x − 2)
26. f(x) is real valued if ≥0 ⇒ ≥0
x−2 ( x − 2) 2

⇒ ( x − ( −1))( x − 2)( x − 3) ≥ 0 ⇒ − 1 ≤ x ≤ 2 and x ≥ 3

∴ Domain is [−1, 2] ∪ [3, ∞ ) .

27. 2y = 2 - 2x > 0 (Q 2 y > 0)

⇒ 2 > 2 x or 2 x < 21 ⇒ x < 1 ⇒ − ∞ < x < 1.

1 ± 1 + 4 log 2 y
28. y = 2 x ( x −1) ⇒ x 2 − x − log 2 y = 0 ⇒ x=
2

But x is positive, so we choose only + sign. ∴x=

1
2
(
1 + 1 + 4 log 2 y . )
29. log0.3(x - 1) < log0.09(x - 1) ⇒ log0.3 (x - 1) < log ( 0.3)2 (x - 1), x - 1 > 0

1
⇒ log0.3(x - 1) < log0.3(x - 1) ⇒ 2 log0.3(x - 1) - log0.3(x - 1) < 0
2
⇒ log0.3(x - 1) < 0 ⇒ x - 1 > (0.3)0 (Q loga x is a decreasing function where 0 < a < 1)
⇒ x > 2.
30. If f(x) = sin2x, g ( x ) = x , then

g(f ( x )) = g(sin 2 x ) = sin 2 x = | sin x |

f (g ( x )) = f ( x ) = sin 2 x = (sin x ) 2
which are given. Hence (a) is true.
31. Since 1 + x - [x] > 0 for all x ∈ R ∴ f (g ( x )) = f (1 + x − [ x ]) = 1 .

log 2 ( x + 3)
32. f (x ) =
x 2 + 3x + 2

x2 + 3x + 2 = 0 ⇒ (x + 1)(x + 2) = 0 ⇒ x ≠ −2, − 1 and x + 3 > 0 i.e., x > −3 .

∴ Domain of f is ( − 3, ∞ ) ~ {− 1, − 2} .

αx
α
αx αf ( x )
33. f (x ) = ⇒ f (f ( x )) = = x +1
x +1 f (x) + 1 αx
+1
x +1

α2 x
∴ f .(f ( x )) = x ⇒ = x ⇒ α = −1 .
αx + x + 1
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34. x2 - |x + 2| + x > 0
For x ≥ − 2, x 2 − x − 2 + x > 0 ⇒ x 2 > 2

⇒ x∈ (−∞, − 2 ) ∪ ( 2, ∞)

⇒ x ∈ [ −2, − 2 ] ∪ ( 2 , ∞) (Q x ≥ −2)
For x < -2, x2 + x + 2 + x > 0 ⇒ x2 + 2x + 2 > 0
⇒ (x + 1)2 + 1 > 0 whic is true for each x.
∴ x ∈ ( −∞, − 2 ) ∪ ( 2 , ∞) .

1
35. f (x ) = 1 − 2
⇒ Range is (1, 7 / 3] .
 1 3
x +  +
 2 4

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