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Language Oriented Programming

This document discusses the concept of Language Oriented Programming (LOP) as the next paradigm in software development. It argues that current mainstream programming is limited because programmers are dependent on programming infrastructure like languages and IDEs that they cannot easily change. LOP aims to reduce this dependency by allowing programmers to use domain-specific languages tailored to specific problem domains, and to create new languages as needed. The document outlines the principles of LOP and uses the example of the author's Meta Programming System to illustrate how a programmer could model a solution conceptually and then map that directly to domain-specific languages without going through traditional programming steps.

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Makhloufi Hocine
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
104 views

Language Oriented Programming

This document discusses the concept of Language Oriented Programming (LOP) as the next paradigm in software development. It argues that current mainstream programming is limited because programmers are dependent on programming infrastructure like languages and IDEs that they cannot easily change. LOP aims to reduce this dependency by allowing programmers to use domain-specific languages tailored to specific problem domains, and to create new languages as needed. The document outlines the principles of LOP and uses the example of the author's Meta Programming System to illustrate how a programmer could model a solution conceptually and then map that directly to domain-specific languages without going through traditional programming steps.

Uploaded by

Makhloufi Hocine
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UJPOJTTVQQPSUFECZ%4-TUPIFMQEFGJOFIPXUPHFO
FSBUFFYFDVUBCMFDPEFGSPNPVSQSPHSBN*XJMMEJTDVTT
TVQQPSUGPSJOUFSQSFUBUJPOJOGVUVSFBSUJDMFT3JHIUOPX*
XBOUUPTIPXIPX.14TVQQPSUTDPNQJMBUJPO

XIJDIXFXPVMEMJLFUPVTFUPHFUIFSUPEFGJOFNPEFM
USBOTGPSNBUJPOT 5IF GJSTU JT BO JUFSBUJWF BQQSPBDI 
XIFSF ZPV FOVNFSBUF BMM UIF OPEFT JO UIF TPVSDF
NPEFM JOTQFDUFBDIPOF BOECBTFEPOUIBUJOGPSNB
UJPOHFOFSBUFTPNFSFTVMUJOHUBSHFUOPEFTJOUIFUBS
HFUNPEFM5IFTFDPOEBQQSPBDIJTUPVTFUFNQMBUFT
BOE NBDSPT UP EFGJOF IPX UP HFOFSBUF DPEF JO UIF
$PNQJMBUJPONFBOTUPUBLFTPVSDFDPEFBOEHFOFS
UBSHFUMBOHVBHF5IFUIJSEBQQSPBDIJTUPVTFTFBSDI
BUFTPNFGPSNPGFYFDVUBCMFDPEFGSPNJU5IFSFBSF
QBUUFSOT UP GJOE XIFSF JO UIF TPVSDF NPEFM UP BQQMZ
NBOZQPTTJCJMJUJFTGPSUIFGPSNBUPGUIFSFTVMUJOHDPEF
USBOTGPSNBUJPOT
5PHFOFSBUFFYFDVUBCMFDPEF ZPVDPVMEHFOFSBUFOB
UJWFMZFYFDVUBCMFNBDIJOFDPEFPSCZUFDPEFUIBUSVOT 8FDPNCJOFUIFTFBQQSPBDIFTCZEFGJOJOH%4-TUP
JO B WJSUVBM NBDIJOF "MUFSOBUJWFMZ  ZPV DPVME HFOFS TVQQPSU FBDI BQQSPBDI 5IF %4-T XJMM BMM XPSL UP
BUFTPVSDFDPEFJOBEJGGFSFOUMBOHVBHF FH+BWBPS HFUIFS UP IFMQ ZPV EFGJOF USBOTGPSNBUJPOT GSPN POF
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BOEMBUFSVTFBOFYJTUJOHDPNQJMFSUPUVSOUIBU MBOHVBHF UP BOPUIFS 'PS FYBNQMF  UIF JUFSBUJWF BQ
JOUPFYFDVUBCMFDPEF"MPOHUIFTBNFMJOFT ZPVDPVME QSPBDI JOTQJSFE UIF .PEFM 2VFSZ -BOHVBHF  XIJDI
FWFOHFOFSBUFTPVSDFDPEFJOTPNFJOUFSQSFUFEMBO NBLFTJUFBTZUPFOVNFSBUFOPEFTBOEHBUIFSJOGPS
HVBHF BOEVTFUIFFYJTUJOHJOUFSQSFUFSUPFYFDVUFUIF NBUJPOGSPNBDPODFQUNPEFM:PVDBOJNBHJOFUIJT
DPEF
BTTPNFUIJOHMJLF42-GPSDPODFQUNPEFMT"TBCP
OVT IBWJOHBQPXFSGVMRVFSZMBOHVBHFJTVTFGVMGPS
5P BWPJE EFBMJOH XJUI TVDI B XJEF WBSJFUZ PG UBSHFU
NPSFUIBOKVTUDPEFHFOFSBUJPO FHNBLJOHFEJUPST
GPSNBUT  PVS BQQSPBDI JT UP EP FWFSZUIJOH JO .14
TNBSUFS

'JSTU ZPVEFGJOFBUBSHFUMBOHVBHFJO.14VTJOHUIF
4USVDUVSF -BOHVBHF 5IJT UBSHFU MBOHVBHF TIPVME 5FNQMBUFT
IBWFBEJSFDU POFUPPOFNBQQJOHUPUIFUBSHFUGPS
NBU'PSFYBNQMF JGZPVSUBSHFUGPSNBUXFSFNBDIJOF 5IFUFNQMBUFBQQSPBDIXPSLTTPNFUIJOHMJLF7FMPDJUZ
DPEF ZPVXPVMEEFGJOFB+BWBMJLFUBSHFUMBOHVBHF PS94-55FNQMBUFTMPPLMJLFUIFUBSHFUMBOHVBHF CVU
5IFUBSHFUMBOHVBHFEPFTOqUIBWFUPTVQQPSUBMMUIF BMMPXZPVUPBEENBDSPTJOBOZQBSUPGUIFUFNQMBUF
GFBUVSFTPGUIFUBSHFUGPSNBU KVTUBTMPOHBTUIFSFJT .BDSPTBSFFTTFOUJBMMZCJUTPGDPEFUIBUBSFFYFDVUFE
BTJNQMF POFUPPOFNBQQJOHGPSBMMPGUIFMBOHVBHF XIFOZPVSVOUIFUSBOTGPSNBUJPO5IFNBDSPTBMMPX
ZPV UP JOTQFDU UIF TPVSDF NPEFM VTJOH UIF .PEFM
GFBUVSFTUIBUZPVOFFE
2VFSZ-BOHVBHF
BOEVTFUIBUJOGPSNBUJPOUPpGJMMJO
4POPXUIFSFBSFUXPQIBTFTUPDPNQJMBUJPO BTJNQMF UIFCMBOLTqJOUIFUFNQMBUFUPHFOFSBUFUIFGJOBMUBSHFU
USBOTMBUJPOGSPNUIFUBSHFUMBOHVBHFUPUIFGJOBMSFTVMU  DPEF
BOE B NPSF DPNQMFY USBOTGPSNBUJPO GSPN UIF JOJUJBM
TPVSDFMBOHVBHFUPUIFJOUFSNFEJBUFUBSHFUMBOHVBHF *O'JHVSF ZPVDBOTFFUIFEFGJOJUJPOPGBUFNQMBUFGPS
5IF USBOTMBUJPO QIBTF JT USJWJBM  TP XF DBO GPDVT PO HFOFSBUJOH +BWB DPEF GPS B r1SPQFSUZs DPODFQU 5IF
UIFNPSFJOUFSFTUJOHUSBOTGPSNBUJPOQIBTF&TTFOUJBM UFNQMBUFBEETGJFMEEFDMBSBUJPOT HFUUFST BOETFUUFST
MZ UIFQSPCMFNJTOPXTJNQMJGJFEJOUPIPXUPUSBOTGPSN GPSUIFQSPQFSUZ5IJTUFNQMBUFJTQBSUPGUIFHFOFSB
NPEFMTGSPNPOFMBOHVBHFUPBOPUIFS#VUUIFTPVSDF UPSUIBUUSBOTMBUFTDPEFGSPNUIF4USVDUVSF-BOHVBHF
MBOHVBHFBOEUBSHFUMBOHVBHFDPVMECFSBEJDBMMZEJG JOUP+BWB
GFSFOU NBLJOHUSBOTGPSNBUJPOTWFSZDPNQMFY GPSFY
BNQMFCZNBQQJOHPOFTPVSDFOPEFUPNBOZUBSHFU
OPEFT TDBUUFSFE UISPVHIPVU UIF UBSHFU NPEFM 8F
XBOUUPNBLFJUBTFBTZBTQPTTJCMFUPEFGJOFUSBOT
GPSNBUJPOT TPXFOFFEBNPEFMUSBOTGPSNBUJPO%4-
UPIFMQVT*O.14 UIJT%4-JTDBMMFEUIF5SBOTGPSNB
UJPO-BOHVBHF

4JODFUIFUFNQMBUFTMPPLMJLFUIFUBSHFUMBOHVBHF ZPV
DBO JNBHJOF UIBU UFNQMBUFT BSF XSJUUFO JO B TQFDJBM
MBOHVBHFUIBUJTCBTFEPOUIFUBSHFUMBOHVBHF5IJT
JTJOGBDUIPXJUXPSLT*OTUFBEPGNBOVBMMZDSFBUJOHB
OFXUFNQMBUFMBOHVBHFGPSFBDIQPTTJCMFUBSHFUMBO
HVBHF XFBDUVBMMZIBWFBHFOFSBUPSXIJDIHFOFSBUFT
UIFUFNQMBUFMBOHVBHFGPSZPV*UCBTJDBMMZDPQJFTUIF
5IFSFBSFUISFFNBJOBQQSPBDIFTUPDPEFHFOFSBUJPO  UBSHFUMBOHVBHFBOEBEETJOBMMUIFTQFDJBMUFNQMBUF
GFBUVSFTMJLFNBDSPTBOETVDI&WFOUIFUFNQMBUF


-BOHVBHF0SJFOUFE1SPHSBNNJOH
5IF/FYU1SPHSBNNJOH1BSBEJHN

'JHVSF5FNQMBUFGPSHFOFSBUJOH+BWBDPEFGPSUIFr1SPQFSUZsDPODFQU
FEJUPSTBSFHFOFSBUFEGSPNUIFUBSHFUMBOHVBHFqTFEJ
UPST TPZPVEPOqUIBWFUPIBOEDPEFUIFNFJUIFS
8IFOZPVVTFBUFNQMBUFMBOHVBHF ZPVDBOUIJOLPG
JU BT XSJUJOH DPEF JO UIF UBSHFU MBOHVBHF XIFSF TPNF
QBSUTPGUIFDPEFBSFpQBSBNFUFSJ[FEqPSpDBMDVMBUFEqXJUI
NBDSPT5IJTUFDIOJRVFIFMQTTJNQMJGZDPEFHFOFSBUJPO
FOPSNPVTMZ5FNQMBUFTDBOBMTPCFVTFEGPSPUIFSUBTLT
MJLFSFGBDUPSJOH DPEFPQUJNJ[FST BOENPSF

1BUUFSOT
5IF NPEFM QBUUFSONBUDIJOH BQQSPBDI HJWFT VT B
QPXFSGVMXBZUPTFBSDINPEFMT BTBOBMUFSOBUJWFUP
UIF.PEFM2VFSZ-BOHVBHF:PVDBOJNBHJOFQBUUFSOT
BT SFHVMBS FYQSFTTJPOT GPS DPODFQU NPEFMT 4JNJMBS
UPUIFUFNQMBUFBQQSPBDI XFXJMMHFOFSBUFBQBUUFSO
MBOHVBHFCBTFEPOUIFTPVSDFMBOHVBHF5IFQBUUFSO
MBOHVBHF MPPLT MJLF UIF TPVSDF MBOHVBHF  CVU BEET
GFBUVSFTXIJDIIFMQZPVUPEFGJOFGMFYJCMFDSJUFSJBGPS
QFSGPSNJOH DPNQMFY NBUDIJOH PO UIF TPVSDF NPEFM
:PVDBOJNBHJOFUIJTBQQSPBDIBTBQPXFSGVMTFBSDI
BOESFQMBDFUFDIOJRVF"HBJO UIFQBUUFSOMBOHVBHFT
BSFVTFGVMGPSNPSFUIBOKVTUDPEFHFOFSBUJPO'PSFY
BNQMF UIFZXPVMECFWFSZVTFGVMGPSXSJUJOHBVUPNBUJD
DPEFJOTQFDUJPOTGPSUIFTPVSDFMBOHVBHFqTFEJUPST

3FNFNCFSUIBUUIF.PEFM2VFSZ-BOHVBHF UFNQMBUF
MBOHVBHFT BOEQBUUFSOMBOHVBHFTBSFBMMTVQQPSUFE
CZ QPXFSGVM FEJUPST XJUI BVUPDPNQMFUF  SFGBDUPSJOH 
SFGFSFODFDIFDLJOH FSSPSDIFDLJOH BOETPPO&WFO
DPNQMFYRVFSJFT NBDSPT BOEQBUUFSOTXJMMCFFBTZ
UP XSJUF $PEF HFOFSBUJPO IBT OFWFS TFFO UIJT MFWFM
PGQPXFS

6TJOH-BOHVBHFT5PHFUIFS
5IFQSFWJPVTTFDUJPOPODPEFHFOFSBUJPOSBJTFTTPNF
JOUFSFTUJOHJTTVFTBCPVUIPXMBOHVBHFTDBOXPSLUP
HFUIFS5IFSFBSFJOGBDUTFWFSBMXBZTUPBDIJFWFJU*O
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4JODFMBOHVBHFTBSFDPODFQUNPEFMTUPP UIJTNFBOT
UIBU BMM UIF MBOHVBHFT LOPX BCPVU FBDI PUIFS  BOE
DBOQPUFOUJBMMZCFJOUFSMJOLFE
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PUIFS:PVDPVMEDSFBUFBOFXMBOHVBHFCZFYUFOEJOH
BOFYJTUJOHPOF JOIFSJUJOHBMMPGJUTDPODFQUT NPEJGZJOH
TPNFPGUIFN BOEBEEJOHZPVSPXO0OFMBOHVBHF
DPVME SFGFSFODF DPODFQUT GSPN BOPUIFS MBOHVBHF
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XJMMEJTDVTTUIJTJONPSFEFUBJMJOGVUVSFBSUJDMFT



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5IF/FYU1SPHSBNNJOH1BSBEJHN

1MBUGPSNT 'SBNFXPSLT -JCSBSJFT 


BOE-BOHVBHFT
0VS TZTUFN GPS TVQQPSUJOH -BOHVBHF 0SJFOUFE 1SP
HSBNNJOH OFFET NPSF UIBO KVTU NFUBQSPHSBNNJOH
DBQBCJMJUJFT UP NBLF JU VTFGVM *U TIPVME BMTP TVQQPSU
BMM UIF UIJOHT UIBU QSPHSBNNFST IBWF DPNF UP SFMZ
VQPO GSPN UPEBZqT QSPHSBNNJOH MBOHVBHFT $PMMFD
UJPOT VTFSJOUFSGBDF OFUXPSLJOH EBUBCBTFDPOOFDUJW
JUZ FUD1SPHSBNNFSTEPOqUDIPPTFMBOHVBHFTTPMFMZ
CBTFEPOUIFMBOHVBHFJUTFMG'PSJOTUBODF NVDIPG
UIFQPXFSPG+BWBDPNFTOPUPOMZGSPNUIFMBOHVBHF 
CVUGSPNUIFIVOESFETBOEIVOESFETPGGSBNFXPSLT
BOE"1*TBWBJMBCMFGPS+BWBQSPHSBNNFSTUPDIPPTF
GSPN*UqTOPUUIF+BWBMBOHVBHFUIFZBSFCVZJOHJOUP 
CVU UIF FOUJSF +BWB QMBUGPSN .14 XJMM BMTP IBWF B
TVQQPSUJOHQMBUGPSNPGJUTPXO

JTDBMMFEGPS 'SFFEPN PGDPVSTF"OZDMBTTMJCSBSZJT


BHPPEDBOEJEBUFGPSDSFBUJOHBGVMMGMFEHFE%4-GPS
PVSQMBUGPSN'PSFYBNQMF BMMUIFMJCSBSJFTJOUIF+%,
TIPVMECF%4-TGPSUIF.14QMBUGPSN4PNFPGUIFTF
%4-TBSFOPUTPDSJUJDBMBUUIFPVUTFU CVUPUIFSTXJMM
IBWFBCJHJNQBDUPOUIFQPXFSBOESFVTBCJMJUZPGUIF
QMBUGPSNSJHIUGSPNUIFCFHJOOJOH*XBOUUPUBMLCSJFGMZ
BCPVU UIF UISFF NPTU JNQPSUBOU QMBUGPSN MBOHVBHFT
UIBUXJMMCFQSPWJEFEXJUI.145IF#BTF-BOHVBHF 
UIF$PMMFDUJPO-BOHVBHF BOEUIF6TFS*OUFSGBDF-BO
HVBHF

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5IFGJSTUUIJOHXFOFFEJTBMBOHVBHFGPSUIFTJNQMFTU
QSPHSBNNJOH EPNBJO  XIJDI JT HFOFSBMQVSQPTF JN
QFSBUJWF QSPHSBNNJOH 5IJT TJNQMF MBOHVBHF XPVME
TVQQPSU TVDI OFBSMZVOJWFSTBM MBOHVBHF GFBUVSFT BT
#FGPSF*HFUJOUPUIFTQFDJGJDT MFUqTUBMLCSJFGMZBCPVU BSJUINFUJD  DPOEJUJPOBMT  MPPQT  GVODUJPOT  WBSJBCMFT 
GSBNFXPSLT 8IBU JT B GSBNFXPSL  *O NBJOTUSFBN BOETPPO*O.14XFIBWFTVDIBMBOHVBHF XIJDI
QSPHSBNNJOH JUVTVBMMZNFBOTBTFUPGDMBTTFTBOE JTDBMMFEUIF#BTF-BOHVBHF
NFUIPETQBDLBHFEVQJOUPBDMBTTMJCSBSZ-FUqTMPPL 5IF OFFE GPS TVDI B MBOHVBHF TIPVME CF DMFBS 'PS
BMJUUMFDMPTFSBUUIJTBOETFFXIBUXFDBOTFFUISPVHI FYBNQMF JGXFXBOUUPBEEUXPOVNCFSTUPHFUIFS XF
UIFMFOTPG-01
TIPVMECFBCMFUPTBZpB CqBTTJNQMFBTUIBU8F
8IZEPXFXBOUUPQBDLBHFVQDMBTTFTBOENFUIPET
JOUP MJCSBSJFT  .PTU QSPHSBNNFST XPVME SFDJUF XIBU
UIFJSQSPGFTTPSTPODFUPMEUIFNBOETBZ r3FVTFs#VU
UIBUKVTUMFBWFTBOPUIFSRVFTUJPOJOJUTQMBDF8IZEP
XFXBOUUPSFVTFTPNFTFUPGDMBTTFT 5IFBOTXFSJT
CFDBVTFUIFTFUPGDMBTTFTJTVTFGVMGPSTPMWJOHDFSUBJO
UZQFT PG QSPCMFNT  MJLF NBLJOH (6*T  PS BDDFTTJOH
EBUBCBTFT PSXIBUFWFS:PVNJHIUTBZUIBUBDMBTT
MJCSBSZDPSSFTQPOETUPTPNFEPNBJO-PBOECFIPME 
XFTFFUIFDPOOFDUJPO$MBTTMJCSBSJFTBSFXBOOBCF
%4-T5IJTTBEGBDUSFBMMZGSVTUSBUFTNF
%PNBJOTQFDJGJDMBOHVBHFTFYJTUUPEBZJOUIFGPSNPG
DMBTT MJCSBSJFT  FYDFQU UIFZ BSFOqU MBOHVBHFT  IBWF
OPOF PG UIF BEWBOUBHFT PG MBOHVBHFT  BOE IBWF BMM
UIF MJNJUBUJPOT PG DMBTTFT BOE NFUIPET 4QFDJGJDBMMZ 
DMBTTFTBOENFUIPETBSFJNNFEJBUFMZUJFEUPBTQF
DJGJDSVOUJNFCFIBWJPSXIJDIDBOqUCFNPEJGJFEPSFY
UFOEFE CFDBVTFUIBUCFIBWJPSJTEFGJOFECZUIFDPO
DFQUT PG pDMBTTq BOE pNFUIPEq #FDBVTF UIFZ BSF OPU
MBOHVBHFT DMBTTMJCSBSJFTBSFSBSFMZTVQQPSUFEJOUFM
MJHFOUMZCZUIFFOWJSPONFOU DPNQJMFSBOEFEJUPS GPS
FYBNQMF


XPOqUOFFEUPVTFJUFWFSZXIFSF CVUJUXJMMCFOFFEFE
JOTPNFQBSUPGOFBSMZBMMQSPHSBNT XIFSFWFSJUJTUIF
NPTUBQQSPQSJBUFUPPMGPSUIFKPC
5IF#BTF-BOHVBHFJTTPOBNFECFDBVTFJUJTBHPPE
GPVOEBUJPOGPSNBOZMBOHVBHFTUIBUOFFECBTJDQSP
HSBNNJOH TVQQPSU MJLF WBSJBCMFT  TUBUFNFOUT  MPPQT 
FUD*UDBOCFVTFEJOUISFFXBZT:PVDBOFYUFOEJU
UP DSFBUF ZPVS PXO MBOHVBHF CBTFE PO JU  ZPV DBO
SFGFSFODFJUTDPODFQUTJOZPVSQSPHSBNT BOEZPVDBO
HFOFSBUF ZPVS DPEF UP UIF #BTF -BOHVBHF 5IFSF
XJMM CF WBSJPVT HFOFSBUPST BWBJMBCMF UP USBOTGPSN
UIF #BTF -BOHVBHF JOUP PUIFS MBOHVBHFT MJLF +BWB 
$ FUD/PUFWFSZMBOHVBHFOFFETUPVTFUIF#BTF
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NBOZDBTFT

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5IFOFYUNPTUJNQPSUBOUMBOHVBHFXFOFFEJTBMBO
HVBHFGPSXPSLJOHXJUIDPMMFDUJPOT5IFOFFEGPSDPM
MFDUJPOTVQQPSUJTVCJRVJUPVT&WFSZNBKPSNBJOTUSFBN
MBOHVBHFIBTTPNFTPSUPGTVQQPSUGPSDPMMFDUJPOT'PS
FYBNQMF JO+BWBZPVIBWFKBWBVUJM JO$ ZPVIBWF
4IPVME XF CF TUVDL XJUI XBOOBCF %4-T  PS TIPVME 45-&WFSZCPEZOFFETDPMMFDUJPOT*GEJGGFSFOU%4-T
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5IF/FYU1SPHSBNNJOH1BSBEJHN

'JHVSF$POWFYIVMMBMHPSJUINVTJOHUIF$PMMFDUJPO-BOHVBHF
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QBUJCMFXJUIFBDIPUIFS5IJTJTXIZ.14NVTUQSPWJEF
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BTJOHMF$PMMFDUJPO-BOHVBHFXIJDIFWFSZPOFVTFT
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*O NBOZ NBJOTUSFBN MBOHVBHFT  DPMMFDUJPOT BSF OPU XBZBOETXJUDIJOHUP-01BUUIJTQPJOUJTOqUQSBDUJDBM s
MBOHVBHF GFBUVSFT CVU DMBTT MJCSBSJFT " HPPE FYBN PS r4PVOET HSFBU  CVU JUqT UPP SJTLZ UP TUBSU B SFBMMJGF
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DBMMZUIFSF CVUJUJTTPJODPOWFOJFOU NFTTZ BOEFSSPS HSFBU CVUXIFOXJMMJUCFSFBEZGPSQSJNFUJNF 001
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MJOFTPGSFEVOEBOU SFQFUJUJWFDPEFGPSIBOEMJOHDPMMFD
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HJWFOTFUPGQPJOUT.PSFEFUBJMTBCPVUUIF$PMMFDUJPO
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5IFHPPEOFXTJTUIBUZPVXPOqUIBWFUPEJWFIFBEGJSTU
JOUPUIFVOLOPXOZPVDBOEJQZPVSUPFJOBOETFFJGUIF
XBUFSJTOJDFGJSTU:PVDBOUSZKVTUBMJUUMFCJUPG-01PO
ZPVSQSPKFDUUPTFFJGJUQSPWJEFTBQSBDUJDBMBEWBOUBHF 
BOEUIFOUSZBCJUNPSFJGZPVMJLFJU)FSFBSFUXPQPT
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JOUIFOFBSGVUVSFXJUI.14

6TFS*OUFSGBDF-BOHVBHF

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5IF6TFS*OUFSGBDF-BOHVBHFJTUIFOFYUNPTUJNQPS
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MBOHVBHFGPSHSBQIJDBMVTFSJOUFSGBDFTXPVMECFNPSF
GMFYJCMF 5IF CFOFGJUT PG TVDI B MBOHVBHF XPVME CF
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BDPNQMFUFNFTT.BOZFOWJSPONFOUTUPEBZJODMVEF
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6TFS *OUFSGBDF -BOHVBHF XJMM UBLF UIBU NJTTJPO UP B
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5IFSF JT BMSFBEZ B QSPUPUZQF QMVHJO GPS *OUFMMJ+ *%&"


XIJDI XJMM BMMPX ZPV UP JODMVEF .14 DPODFQU NPE
FMTJOZPVSQSPKFDU5IFNPEFMTXJMMBVUPNBUJDBMMZCF
USBOTMBUFE JOUP +BWB TPVSDF DPEF JO UIF CBDLHSPVOE
BTZPVFEJUUIFN4P ZPVXJMMCFBCMFUPXSJUFQBSUPG
ZPVS+BWBBQQMJDBUJPOTVTJOH.14 BTNVDIPSBTMJU
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PG.14 TVDIBTUIFBCJMJUZUPDSFBUFBOEVTFTQFDJBM
J[FE %4-T  UP NBLF XIBUFWFS MBOHVBHF FYUFOTJPOT
ZPVXBOU BTXFMMBTUPVTFDVTUPNJ[BCMFFEJUPSTXJUI
DPEF DPNQMFUJPO  FSSPS IJHIMJHIUJOH  SFGBDUPSJOH  FUD
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JOH ZPV UP FNCFE +BWB DPEF JO ZPVS .14 NPEFMT 
OBWJHBUFUPFNCFEEFEPSHFOFSBUFE+BWBDPEF BOE


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5IF/FYU1SPHSBNNJOH1BSBEJHN

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5IFSFqTBQBUUFSO*qWFTFFONBOZUJNFT"OBQQMJDBUJPO
TUBSUTPGGOFFEJOHTPNFGPSNPGDPOGJHVSBUJPO CFJUB
TJNQMF PQUJPOT GJMF  PS B NPSF DPNQMFUF EFQMPZNFOU
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