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    Masonry

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    Dheylvin Roy Pascual Buenaventura
    This document discusses masonry materials and techniques. It defines masonry as the construction of structures using stones, bricks, concrete blocks or similar materials. It describes common masonry building materials like stone, concrete masonry units (CMUs), and bricks. For each material, it provides details on composition, manufacturing processes, testing methods, and environmental impacts. It also discusses the uses of these masonry materials in construction and their advantages and disadvantages.

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    © All Rights Reserved

    Masonry

    Uploaded by

    Dheylvin Roy Pascual Buenaventura
    211 views43 pages
    This document discusses masonry materials and techniques. It defines masonry as the construction of structures using stones, bricks, concrete blocks or similar materials. It describes common masonry building materials like stone, concrete masonry units (CMUs), and bricks. For each material, it provides details on composition, manufacturing processes, testing methods, and environmental impacts. It also discusses the uses of these masonry materials in construction and their advantages and disadvantages.

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    Masonry

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    This document discusses masonry materials and techniques. It defines masonry as the construction of structures using stones, bricks, concrete blocks or similar materials. It describes common masonry building materials like stone, concrete masonry units (CMUs), and bricks. For each material, it provides details on composition, manufacturing processes, testing methods, and environmental impacts. It also discusses the uses of these masonry materials in construction and their advantages and disadvantages.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    211 views43 pages

    Masonry

    Uploaded by

    Dheylvin Roy Pascual Buenaventura
    This document discusses masonry materials and techniques. It defines masonry as the construction of structures using stones, bricks, concrete blocks or similar materials. It describes common masonry building materials like stone, concrete masonry units (CMUs), and bricks. For each material, it provides details on composition, manufacturing processes, testing methods, and environmental impacts. It also discusses the uses of these masonry materials in construction and their advantages and disadvantages.

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    MASONRY

    BUENAVENTURA, DHEYLVIN ROY P.

    MASONRY
    - THE ART OF BUILDING WITH STONE, BRICKS, CONCRETE
    BLOCKS OR OTHER SIMILAR MATERIALS.
    - A FORM OF CONSTRUCTION THAT USES BRICKS AND
    OTHER MASONRY MATERIALS, SUCH AS STONE OR
    CONCRETE, TO ERECT STRUCTURES LIKE WALLS,
    FOUNDATIONS, FIREPLACES, AND STOVES.

    MASONRY BUILDING MATERIALS


    STONE / ROCK
    CMU (CONCRETE MASONRY UNIT)
    BRICKS

    STONE / ROCK
    - IT IS THE LONGEST LASTING BUILDING MATERIAL
    AVAILABLE, AND IS USUALLY READILY AVAILABLE.
    EXAMPLES ARE:
    GRANITE
    LIMESTONES
    MARBLE

    GRANITE
    - AN IGNEOUS ROCK WITH AT LEAST 20% QUARTZ AND UP
    TO 65% ALKALI FELDSPAR BY VOLUME.
    CHEMICAL COMPOSITION:
    SILICON OXIDE

    72.04%

    ALUMINUM OXIDE

    14.42%

    POTASSIUM OXIDE

    4.12%

    SODIUM OXIDE

    3.69%

    CALCIUM OXIDE

    1.82%

    FERROUS OXIDE

    1.68%

    FERRIC OXIDE

    1.22%

    MAGNESIUM OXIDE

    0.71%

    TITANIUM OXIDE

    0.30%

    PHOSPHOROUS PENTOXIDE

    0.12%

    MANGANESE OXIDE

    0.05%

    WASHINGTON MONUMENT

    LIMESTONE
    A SEDIMENTARY ROCK COMPOSED LARGELY OF THE
    MINERALS CALCITE AND ARAGONITE, WHICH ARE DIFFERENT
    CRYSTAL FORMS OF CALCIUM CARBONATE (CACO3).
    MOST LIMESTONE IS COMPOSED OF SKELETAL
    FRAGMENTS OF MARINE ORGANISMS SUCH AS CORAL OR
    FORAMINIFERA.

    EGYPTIAN PYRAMIDS

    MARBLE
    - A HIGHLY VALUED ROCK KNOWN FOR ITS STRENGTH,
    AESTHETICS, ABILITY TO BE POLISHED AND RESISTANCE TO
    MOST WEATHERING.
    CHEMICAL COMPOSITION:
    LIME

    38-42 %

    SILICA

    20-25%

    ALUMINA

    2-4%

    VARIOUS OXIDES (SODIUM


    1.5-2.5%
    OXIDE AND MAGNESIUM OXIDE)
    VARIOUS CARBONATES
    (MAGNESIUM CARBONATE AND
    OTHERS)

    30-32%

    TAJ MAHAL

    USES OF STONE IN CONSTRUCTION


    STONE HAS THE FOLLOWING USES AS CONSTRUCTION
    MATERIAL.
    ENTIRE OR PARTIAL CONSTRUCTION OF:
    RESIDENTIAL AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS
    MEGASTRUCTURES LIKE DAMS, BRIDGES, HARBORS ETC.
    FACE WORK OF STRUCTURE FOR ENHANCING ORNAMENTAL
    VALUE
    AS AGGREGATE OF CONCRETE
    STONE DUST CAN BE USED AS A REPLACEMENT OF SAND
    THIN SLABS FOR ROOFING AND FLOORING OF ALL TYPES OF
    STRUCTURES

    ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES
    STONES ARE MAINLY GATHERED BY A METHOD CALLED AS
    QUARRYING. IT IS A PROCESS WHERE MAN DIGS THE
    SURFACE OF THE EARTH USING MACHINIRIES TO GET
    MINERALS, STONES, AND THE LIKES. ITS EFFECTS ARE LOST
    OF HABITAT FOR ANIMALS AS WELL AS HUMANS.
    TRANSPORTATION OF THESE MATERIALS LEADS TO AIR AND
    NOISE POLLUTION AND ALSO LEADS TO EROSION.

    CONCRETE MASONRY UNIT (CMU)


    - ALSO CALLED CONCRETE BRICK, CONCRETE BLOCK,
    CEMENT BLOCK, BESSER BLOCK, BREEZE BLOCK AND
    CINDER BLOCK - IS A LARGE RECTANGULAR BRICK USED IN
    CONSTRUCTION.

    CMU

    RAW MATERIALS IN MAKING CMU

    POWDERED PORTLAND CEMENT


    WATER
    SAND; AND
    GRAVEL

    PRODUCES A LIGHT GRAYBLOCK WITH A FINE SURFACE


    TEXTURE AND A HIGH COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH.
    *TYPICAL WEIGHT 38-43LB ( 17.2-19.5 KG)
    THE CONCRETE MIXTURE USED FOR BLOCKS HAS A
    HIGHER PERCENTAGE OF SAND AND A LOWER PERCENTAGE
    OF GRAVEL AND WATER THAN THE CONCRETE MIXTURES
    USED FOR GENERAL CONSTRUCTION PURPOSES.

    STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES
    COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
    VARIES FROM 1,000 PSI (7 MPA) - 5,000 PSI (34 MPA)
    BASED ON THE TYPE OF CONCRETE USED TO MANUFACTURE THE UNIT,
    STACKING ORIENTATION, THE TYPE OF MORTAR USED TO BUILD THE
    WALL, AND OTHER FACTORS.

    USES OF CMU IN CONSTRUCTION


    CONCRETE BLOCK, WHEN BUILT IN TANDEM WITH
    CONCRETE COLUMNS AND TIE BEAMS AND REINFORCED
    WITH REBAR, IS A VERY COMMON BUILDING MATERIAL FOR
    THE LOAD-BEARING WALLS OF BUILDINGS, IN WHAT IS
    TERMED "CONCRETE BLOCK STRUCTURE" (CBS)
    CONSTRUCTION.
    AMERICAN SUBURBAN HOUSES TYPICALLY EMPLOY A
    CONCRETE FOUNDATION AND SLAB WITH A CONCRETE
    BLOCK WALL ON THE PERIMETER.

    CMU TESTS
    DETERMINATION OF BLOCK DENSITY
    DETERMINATION OF WATER ABSORPTION
    COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

    DETERMINATION OF BLOCK DENSITY


    THREE BLOCKS SHALL BE DRIED TO CONSTANT MASS IN A
    SUITABLE OVEN HEATED TO APPROXIMATELY 1000C. AFTER
    COOLING THE BLOCKS TO ROOM TEMPERATURE, THE
    DIMENSIONS OF EACH BLOCK SHALL BE MEASURED IN
    CENTIMETERS TO THE NEAREST MILLIMETER AND THE
    OVERALL VOLUME COMPUTED IN CUBIC CENTIMETERS. THE
    BLOCKS SHALL THEN BE WEIGHTED IN KILOGRAMS TO THE
    NEAREST 10 GM. THE DENSITY OF EACH BLOCK CALCULATED
    AS FOLLOWS:
    DENSITY IN KG/M3= MASS OF BLOCK IN KG/MASS OF BLOCK IN CM2* 106

    DETERMINATION OF WATER ABSORPTION


    THREE FULL SIZE BLOCKS SHALL BE COMPLETELY IMMERSED IN CLEAN
    WATER AT ROOM TEMPERATURE FOR 24 HOURS. THE BLOCKS SHALL
    THEN BE REMOVED FROM THE WATER AND ALLOWED TO DRAIN FOR ONE
    MINUTE BY PLACING THEM ON A 10 MM OR COARSER WIRE MESH, VISIBLE
    SURFACE WATER BEING REMOVED WITH A DAMP CLOTH, THE SATURATED
    AND SURFACE DRY BLOCKS IMMEDIATELY WEIGHED. AFTER WEIGHING ALL
    BLOCKS SHALL BE DRIED IN A VENTILATED OVEN AT 100 TO 1150C FOR
    NOT LESS THAN 24 HOURS AND UNTIL TWO SUCCESSIVE WEIGHING AT
    INTERVALS OF 2 HOURS SHOW AN INCREMENT OF LOSS NOT GREATER
    THAN 0.2 PERCENT OF THE LAST PREVIOUSLY DETERMINED MASS OF THE
    SPECIMEN. THE WATER ABSORPTION CALCULATES AS GIVEN BELOW:
    ABSORPTION, PERCENT =(A-B)/B * 100
    WHERE,
    A = WET MASS OF UNIT IN KG.
    B = DRY MASS OF UNIT IN KG.

    USUAL SIZES OF CMU IN THE PHILIPPINES


    40CM (LENGTH) X 20CM (WIDTH) X 4IN (THICKNESS)
    40CM (LENGTH) X 20CM (WIDTH) X 5IN (THICKNESS)
    OR
    4 X 8 X 16
    6 X 8 X 16
    8 X 8 X 16

    ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES
    THE MINING, PROCESSING, AND TRANSPORT OPERATIONS INVOLVING
    SUCH LARGE QUANTITIES OF AGGREGATE CONSUME CONSIDERABLE
    AMOUNTS OF ENERGY, AND ADVERSELY AFFECT THE ECOLOGY OF
    FORESTED AREAS AND RIVERBEDS. THE CONCRETE INDUSTRY ALSO
    USES LARGE AMOUNTS OF FRESH WATER; THE MIXING WATER
    REQUIREMENT ALONE IS APPROXIMATELY 1 TRILLION L EVERY YEAR.

    BRICKS
    A BRICK IS A BLOCK OR A SINGLE UNIT OF A KNEADED CLAY-BEARING
    SOIL, SAND AND LIME, OR CONCRETE MATERIAL, FIRE HARDENED OR AIR
    DRIED, USED IN MASONRY CONSTRUCTION.

    BRICKS

    METHODS OF MANUFACTURING
    FIRED BRICKS
    CHEMICALLY SET BRICKS

    FIRED BRICKS
    FIRED BRICKS ARE BURNED IN A KILN WHICH MAKES THEM DURABLE.
    MODERN, FIRED, CLAY BRICKS ARE FORMED IN ONE OF THREE
    PROCESSES
    SOFT MUD,
    DRY PRESS, OR
    EXTRUDED.
    THE SOFT MUD METHOD IS THE MOST COMMON, AS IT IS THE MOST
    ECONOMICAL. IT STARTS WITH THE RAW CLAY, PREFERABLY IN A MIX WITH
    25-30% SAND TO REDUCE SHRINKAGE. THE CLAY IS FIRST GROUND AND
    MIXED WITH WATER TO THE DESIRED CONSISTENCY. THE CLAY IS THEN
    PRESSED INTO STEEL MOULDS WITH A HYDRAULIC PRESS. THE SHAPED
    CLAY IS THEN FIRED ("BURNED") AT 900-1000 C TO ACHIEVE STRENGTH.

    COMPOSITION
    SILICA (SAND) - 50% TO 60% BY WEIGHT
    ALUMINA (CLAY) - 20% TO 30% BY WEIGHT
    LIME - 2 TO 5% BY WEIGHT
    IRON OXIDE - 7% BY WEIGHT
    MAGNESIA - LESS THAN 1% BY WEIGHT

    CHEMICALLY SET BRICKS


    CHEMICALLY SET BRICKS ARE NOT FIRED BUT MAY HAVE THE CURING
    PROCESS ACCELERATED BY THE APPLICATION OF HEAT AND PRESSURE IN
    AN AUTOCLAVE.

    USES OF BRICKS IN CONSTRUCTION


    BRICKS ARE USED FOR BUILDING, BLOCK PAVING AND
    PAVEMENT.
    ENGINEERING BRICKS ARE USED WHERE STRENGTH, LOW
    WATER POROSITY OR ACID (FLUE GAS) RESISTANCE ARE
    NEEDED.

    TESTING OF BRICKS

    COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST


    ABSORPTION TEST
    EFFLORESCENCE TEST
    STRUCTURE TEST
    SOUNDNESS TEST
    HARDNESS TEST

    COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST


    SPECIMEN BRICK IS IMMERSED IN WATER FOR 24 HRS.
    THE FROG OF BRICK IS FILLED FLUSH WITH 1:3 MORTAR
    AND BRICK IS STORED UNDER DAMP JUTE BAGS FOR 24
    HOURS FOLLOWED BY IMMERSION IN CLEAN WATER FOR
    THREE DAYS.
    THE SPECIMEN IS THEN PLACED BETWEEN PLATES OF
    COMPRESSION TESTING MACHINE.
    LOAD IS APPLIED AXIALLY AT UNIFORM RATE TILL FAILURE.
    MAXIMUM LOAD AT FAILURE DIVIDED BY AVERAGE AREA OF
    BED FACE GIVES COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH.

    ABSORPTION TEST
    24 HRS IMMERSION COLD WATER TEST
    DRY BRICKS ARE OVEN DRIED AT 105 5 C.
    ROOM TEMPERATURE COOLED BRICKS WEIGHED W1.
    BRICKS IMMERSED IN WATER AT 27 2 C FOR 24 HRS.
    SOAKED BRICKS WEIGHED W2.
    WATER ABSORPTION IN % = (W2 - W1)/W1 X 100

    EFFLORESCENCE TEST
    THE SOLUBLE SALTS IF PRESENT IN BRICKS CAUSE EFFLORESCENCE ON
    THE SURFACE OF BRICK.
    BRICK IS IMMERSED IN WATER FOR 24H. IT IS THEN TAKEN OUT AND
    ALLOWED TO DRY IN SHADE. THE ABSENCE OF GREY OR WHITE DEPOSITS
    ON ITS SURFACE INDICATES ABSENCE OF SOLUBLE SALTS. OBSERVATION
    IS MADE WITH NAKED EYES AND CLASSIFIED AS BELOW.
    NIL - IMPERCEPTIBLE EFFLORESCENCE
    SLIGHT - DEPOSIT COVERS AREA < 10% OF EXPOSED AREA
    MODERATE - DEPOSIT COVERS EXPOSED AREA 10% TO 50%
    HEAVY - DEPOSIT COVERS EXPOSED AREA > 50%
    SERIOUS - DEPOSITS ARE HEAVY AND POWDER OR FLAKE AWAY THE SURFACE

    STRUCTURE TEST
    A SPECIMEN IS BROKEN AND ITS STRUCTURE IS EXAMINED. IT
    SHOULD BE HOMOGENEOUS, COMPACT, AND FREE FROM
    DEFECTS E.G. LUMPS AND HOLES, ETC.

    SOUNDNESS TEST
    THIS TEST IS PERFORMED BY STRIKING TWO SPECIMEN
    BRICKS WITH EACH OTHER. THE BRICKS SHOULD NOT BREAK
    AND A CLEAR RINGING SOUND SHOULD BE PRODUCED.

    HARDNESS TEST
    THIS TEST IS PERFORMED BY MAKING A SCRATCH ON BRICK
    SURFACE WITH THE HELP OF FINGER NAIL. IF NO IMPRESSION
    IS LEFT ON SURFACE, THE BRICK IS CONSIDERED TO BE
    SUFFICIENTLY HARD.

    USUAL SIZES OF BRICKS


    190MM (LENGTH) X 90MM (WIDTH) X 90MM (THICKNESS)
    190MM (LENGTH) X 90MM (WIDTH) X 40MM(THICKNESS)

    ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES
    THE PROCESS OF MAKING CLAY BRICKS IS EXTREMELY HARMFUL TO THE
    ENVIRONMENT. BY PHYSICALLY DIGGING INTO THE EARTH AND USING THE
    AMOUNT OF FUEL TO DRY THE BRICKS MAKES IT AN EXPENSIVE AND
    HARMFUL MATERIAL.

    ADVANTAGES

    THE USE OF MATERIAL SUCH AS BRICKS AND STONES CAN INCREASE THE
    THERMAL MASS OF A BUILDING AND CAN PROTECT THE BUILDING FROM FIRE.

    MOST TYPES OF MASONRY TYPICALLY WILL NOT REQUIRE PAINTING AND SO


    CAN PROVIDE A STRUCTURE WITH REDUCED LIFE-CYCLE COSTS.

    MASONRY IS NON-COMBUSTIBLE PRODUCT.

    MASONRY WALLS ARE MORE RESISTANT TO PROJECTILES, SUCH AS DEBRIS


    FROM HURRICANES OR TORNADOES.

    MASONRY STRUCTURES BUILT IN COMPRESSION PREFERABLY WITH LIME


    MORTAR CAN HAVE A USEFUL LIFE OF MORE THAN 500 YEARS AS COMPARED
    TO 30 TO 100 FOR STRUCTURES OF STEEL OR REINFORCED CONCRETE.

    DISADVANTAGES

    EXTREME WEATHER -COMBINED WITH THE RIGHT CIRCUMSTANCES- CAN


    CAUSE DEGRADATION OF MASONRY WALL SURFACES DUE TO FROST DAMAGE.

    MASONRY TENDS TO BE HEAVY AND MUST BE BUILT UPON A STRONG


    FOUNDATION, SUCH AS REINFORCED CONCRETE, TO AVOID SETTLING AND
    CRACKING.

    SAVE FOR CONCRETE, MASONRY CONSTRUCTION DOES NOT LEND ITSELF


    WELL TO MECHANIZATION, AND REQUIRES MORE SKILLED LABOR THAN STICKFRAMING.

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