US $34.99 - Canada $36.99: ISBN-13: ISBN-10: 978-0-321-77283-1 0-321-77283-0 5 3 4 9 9

ptg6934589
The NoNdesigNersPhoToshoPBookessential
imaging
techniques
for design
Robin Williams & John Tollett

Peachpit Press
Berkeley
California
The Non-Designers Photoshop Book

robin williams and john tollett
2012 by robin Williams and John Tollett

Peachpit Press
1249 eighth street
Berkeley, California 94710
510. 524.2178 voice
510. 524. 2221 fax
editor:
Nikki Mcdonald
Proofer:
Cathy Lane
Cover design
and production:
John Tollett
interior design:
robin Williams
Production:
robin Williams and John Tollett
index:
robin Williams
Prepress:
david Van Ness
Peachpit Press is a division of Pearson education.

Find us on the web at www.peachpit.com.
To report errors, please send a note to errata@peachpit.com.
Notice of rights
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in
any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or
otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
For information on obtaining permission for reprints and excerpts,
please contact permissions@peachpit.com.
Notice of liability
The information in this book is distributed on an as is basis, without warranty. While every precaution
has been taken in the preparation of this book, neither the authors nor Peachpit Press shall have any
liability to any person or entity with respect to any liability, loss, or damage caused or alleged to be
caused directly or indirectly by the instructions contained in this book or by the computer software and
hardware products described herein.
Trademarks
Adobe and Photoshop are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Adobe systems incorporated
in the United states and/or other countries. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and
sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in
this book, and Peachpit was aware of a trademark claim, the designations appear as requested by the
owner of the trademark. All other product names and services identified throughout this book are used
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affiliation with this book.
isbn 13:
978-0-321-77283-1
isbn 10:
0-321-77283-0
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Printed and bound in the United states of America
Contents

Photoshop interface overview . . . . . . . . . .
Panels overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Control your panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Panel docks, groups, and stacks . . . . . .
Workspace overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
screen modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tools overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
rulers and the ruler tool . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Measure a distance or straighten a photo .
document guides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Zoom in or out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pixel grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Whiten teeth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
remove dust and scratches . . . . . . . . .
Correct a photo thats too light . . . . . .
Correct contrast with one click . . . . . . .
rescue photos that are too dark . . . . . .
Make wrinkles disappear . . . . . . . . . .
Convert a color photo to black and white
Fix blown-out whites . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Alter colors with ease . . . . . . . . . . . .
Alter colors in Camera raw . . . . . . . .
straighten a photo . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fill a background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
remove electrical power lines . . . . . . .
Liven up a dull exposure . . . . . . . . . . .
Manually adjust the contrast . . . . . .
resize a photo without cropping . . . . .
extend a photo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Blur a background instead of replacing it
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14
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36
iii
contents
remove something from a photo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Lose some weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Use a simple Transform operation . . . . . . . . . . . . .
or use Content-Aware scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
or use the Liquify filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Liquify text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Create unique images with the Filter gallery . . . . . . . . .
Place an image inside text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Add Layer styles for special effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
replace the picture on a wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Colorize a photo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Modify color using a hue/saturation Adjustment Layer
Paint with the Color replacement tool . . . . . . . . . . .
Use Colorize in the hue/saturation Adjustment panel
remove a subject from a photo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Clone something out of a photo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Correct the dreaded red eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Make a sky more dramatic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Create a panorama with Photomerge . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Quickly juice up the color in spots. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Colorize line art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Colorize the lines instead of the background. . . . . . . .
hand-tint a photo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. 38
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. 50
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. 52
. 54
. 55
. 58
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. 65
. 66

Bitmap images. . . . . . . . . .
Vector graphics . . . . . . . . .
Color modes and file formats
Bit depth . . . . . . . . . . . . .
image resolution . . . . . . . .
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. 68
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selection tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The rectangular Marquee tool . . . . . . . .
The elliptical Marquee tool . . . . . . . . . . .
single row or single Column Marquee tool
The Lasso tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Polygonal Lasso tool . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Magnetic Lasso tool . . . . . . . . . . . .
iv
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72
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73
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74
75
75
contents
Feather the edge (make it soft and fuzzy) . . . . . .

Add a feather after youve made a selection . .
Adjust a feather after youve made a selection.
Modify your selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Quick selection tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Magic Wand tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Pen tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Crop tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Crop based on another image. . . . . . . . . . .
Crop in perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transform commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Free Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transform menu options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
skew a selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
distort a selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transform a selection in perspective . . . . . . .
Warp a selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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The Layers panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Layers panel menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Create and organize layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Background layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Create new layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
drag-and-drop to create a new layer . . . . . .
Create a copy of the current layer . . . . . . . .
duplicate a layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
select the right layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Link layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Use layer Blending Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Change the visibility of layers . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Merge Visible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Merge down . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
stamp Visible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
group layers to help organize . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Label layers with color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Layer styles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Change a Layer styles default settings . . . . .
Copy a Layer style from one layer to another .
Apply a preset style to a layer . . . . . . . . . . .
Convert a Layer style to image layers . . . . . .
. 76
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. 92
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100
101
102
102
104
104
104
105
contents
Adjustment Layers . . . . . . . . . . .
Create a Layer Mask . . . . . . . . . .
Create Layer Comps . . . . . . . . . .
smart objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Create smart objects . . . . . .
edit smart objects . . . . . . . .
duplicate a smart object . . . .
smart Filters for smart objects.
Flatten layers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Make bigger layer thumbnails . . . .
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set type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Point type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Paragraph type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Character panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The options bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Paragraph panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vertical text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Change type color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
specify smart Quotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
hang the punctuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Apply effects and styles to text . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Warp text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Apply Layer styles to text . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
rasterize the type. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
set text on a hand-drawn path . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
reposition text on a path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Place text inside or around a shape . . . . . . . . . . .
Force type to the inside of a shape . . . . . . . . .
Move text to the inside bottom of a circle shape
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The history panel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

The history Brush tool. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Undo, redo, and revert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
vi
contents

important Adjustment differences .
Adjustments panel . . . . . . . . . . .
The Adjustment Layer . . . . . . . . .
The Levels panel . . . . . . . . . .
The Brightness/Contrast panel .
The Curves panel . . . . . . . . .
The exposure panel . . . . . . . .
The Vibrance panel . . . . . . . .
The Color Balance panel . . . . .
The hue/saturation panel . . . .
The Channel Mixer panel . . . .
The Photo Filter panel . . . . . .
The Posterize panel . . . . . . . .
The Black & White panel . . . . .
The invert panel . . . . . . . . . .
The Threshold panel . . . . . . .
The gradient Map panel . . . . .
The selective Color panel . . . .
Auto Adjustments . . . . . . . . . . .
Adjustment masks . . . . . . . . . . .
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9 Working with Transparency

What is transparency? . . . . . . . . . .
Transparency preferences . . . . . . . .
Lock the transparent pixels . . . . . . .
Lock image pixels and position . .
Use the Fill setting for special effects.
Fill image pixels with color . . . . . . .
Change Background layer opacity . .
save as tiff with transparency . . . . .
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Create elbows (LBos: lines, boxes, ovals) . . . .
Change the colors with the Paint Bucket tool
drawing with shapes and pens . . . . . . . . . . . .
draw a shape in Fill pixels mode . . . . . . . . . . .
draw a shape with the Pen tool . . . . . . . . . . .
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contents
draw shapes in Shape layers mode . . . . . . . . . .

Change the Color Fill of a shape . . . . . . . . .
Fill a shape with a gradient or pattern . . . . . .
Manually change the path of a shape . . . . . .
Transform a vector shape. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
stroke a vector shape with a brush . . . . . . . .
Paint with brushes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Brush options bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
select and use a brush . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Change the cursor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
resize brushes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
More customization with the Brush panel. . . .
Paint with a textured brush . . . . . . . . . . . . .
More about brush settings . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Mixer Brush . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Mixer Brush options bar . . . . . . . . . . .
Create a painterly effect with the Mixer Brush .
Brush Blending Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Paint with the Clone stamp tool . . . . . . . . . . . .
A simple clone project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Paint with the gradient tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fill a layer or a selection with a preset gradient
Paint with a pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Pick a color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Color panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Adobe Color Picker . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The hud color picker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The eyedropper tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The kuler panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manage the swatches panel . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Add a color to the swatches panel . . . . . . .
delete a color from the swatches panel . . . .
save a custom set of swatches as a library . .
share swatches with indesign and lllustrator .
Load or replace color libraries . . . . . . . . . .
reset the default swatches library . . . . . . .
Match color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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contents
193
Filter gallery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Filters in the Filter menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Artistic filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Blur filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Brush stroke filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Noise filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pixelate filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
render filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
sharpen filters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
sketch filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Filters and smart objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Work on a low-res version of a smart object
Copy a filter to another smart object. . . . .
delete or disable a smart Filter . . . . . . . . .
Lens Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Liquify filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vanishing Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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open an image in Camera raw . . . . . . .
The Camera raw interface . . . . . . . . . .
The Camera raw Adjustments panels
The toolbox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Noise reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lens Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Targeted Adjustment tool . . . . . . .
The Adjustment Brush . . . . . . . . . . . .
Camera raw images as smart objects . .
overexposure warning . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Puppet Warp an image on a transparent layer
overlap mesh areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Puppet Warp a smart object . . . . . . . . . .
Puppet Warp anything . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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214
215
216
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217
ix
t
Chances are youve used Photoshop on some level, but never had the time to
become familiar with as many of the features and techniques as you would
like. The first two chapters in this book get you up and running quickly
while creating small projects from start to finish. The remaining chapters
provide more exercises and detailed information for the types of tasks that
are frequently encountered in graphic design (as opposed to photography).
Because Photoshop is an advanced application, we expect that you know
how to use your mouse and the windows; the difference between a single
click and a double click; how to find, open, and save files; how to access
contextual menus (right-click or Control-click); and how to use your computer
in general. But you probably know all those things already or you wouldnt
be jumping into Photoshop!
This is not a manual, but more of an image-editing cookbook. Many of
the steps and techniques you might need for various projects are littered
throughout, so check the index for specific things you need.
We cant explain every single option in Photoshop (no one can do that in a
book this small). The more you know about Photoshop the more you realize
there are multiple ways to do almost anything. We hope that when you find
a technique you like, it will spur you to go to Photoshop Help (from the
Help menu) and find out more about it. As you explore the lessons in this
book, we expect you to poke around, click and prod, and experiment. Turn
the eyeball icons on and off and see what happens, rearrange layers, explore
different Blending Modes, etc.
Of course, were in awe of what this software can do because for many years
we worked in the design world before Photoshop was invented. To you it
might be just an ordinary, everyday miracle thingy. In any case, prepare to
have more fun with software than you ever thought possible.
read this first
Things to know before you begin

Right-click: Because most people these days have a two-button mouse,
we use the phrase right-click to mean right-click or if you dont have a
two-button mouse on a Mac, Control-click.
We use the terms press and drag. Press means to hold down the mouse and
dont release it until you finish the current instruction. Drag means to press
on the mouse, then drag the cursor without releasing the mouse until youve
completed the drag operation. We avoid the term click-and-drag because
for many things, if you click (which implies you let go), the drag wont work.
To keep text short and easy to understand, most instructions for choosing
menu items are in this form: From the Layer menu, choose New > Layer
via Copy. This means go to the Layer menu, slide down to New, and
from its submenu, choose Layer via Copy.
Brushes: Many tools have brush-like qualities but you dont think of them
as brushes. See pages 170175 for controlling the paint brushes and know
that the same techniques control other brushes such as the Eraser tool,
Quick Selection tool, Clone Stamp tool, Blur tool, etc. Get in the habit
of using the [ and ] keys to reduce and enlarge the size of the brushes as
you work.
Choose your tool, then check the Options bar to see what its settings are!
Thats one of the biggest causes of frustrationnot realizing that there

is some setting that is messing up your expectations. Photoshop does
exactly what you tell itits your job to understand what youre telling it!
Check the Cursors preferences (page 171) so you understand that you have
control over how it appears.
Learn your keyboard shortcuts. We often tell you to go to a menu and choose
a command, but when you go to the menu, also take note of and learn the
shortcut.
xi
One that
Photoshopped
not wisely
but too well
Almost Famous Quotes
from Non-Designer
Shakespeare
Photoshop: Its like a recipe for creativity.
The Photoshop
Interface
If youre at least vaguely familiar with Adobe InDesign or
Illustrator, the Photoshop interface should look familiar
in many ways. The following pages provide an overview
of the essential windows, panels, and icons that come
into play for almost every Photoshop task or project.
In this chapter weve labeled many of the buttons and
icons that are mentioned in the step-by-step exercises.
If you cant find something, come back to this chapter
and look for it (or check the index).
In addition to an overview of the main interface, we
describe many of the options and preferences you
should be aware of so you can understand and take
advantage of this truly amazing software.
To Photoshop,
perchance to
dream.
Almost Famous Quotes
from Non-Designer
Shakespeare
1: the photoshop interface
Photoshop interface overview

Brush Preset picker.
Tabbed document windows. To separate

the windows, go to the Window menu and
choose Arrange > Float All in Windows.
Application bar. Hide or show it

from the Window menu.
Options bar.
The options you
see in this bar are
dependent on which
tool is selectedchoose
a different tool, see
different options.
Tools panel.
Tools with small triangles in

the bottom-right corners have
additional tools hidden in the
same space. Press on a tool
to reveal a pop-out menu that
displays the hidden tools.
Foreground
and Background
color boxes.
Quick Mask Mode.
To show rulers, choose

View > Show Rulers.
To hide rulers, choose
View > Hide Rulers.
Status bar/document information.
The current document

name is displayed here,
and its tab is white.
Workspace switcher. This is only

visible when the Application bar is
showing; otherwise use the Window >
Workspace menu.
The Collapse To Icons
button (double arrows).
Click to toggle
between panel icons and
expanded panels.
Layers panel icon.

When panels are docked,
as shown here, they expand
one at a time, keeping the
workspace uncluttered.
Panels that are docked as
a group expand together.
As shown expanded, the
Layers, Adjustments, and
History panels are a group.
To expand a panel, singleclick its icon.
To collapse back to icons
in the vertical dock, singleclick the double triangles in
the panel title bar.
To dock panels in other
arrangements, drag
the icons into another group.
To float a panel
anywhere, drag it away
from the dock.
Panels minimized to
icon mode in a vertical
dock. To expand
the dock to show
panel names, drag the
left side of the dock
toward the center of
the window.
Panels overview
Panels provide tools, such as the Tools panel on the left side of the screen,
and other specific tool options and controls in the panels stacked in the
vertical dock on the right side of the screen. The following tips are to help
you understand and manage panels.
Panels have a panel menu (circled,
right). Click it to show a pop-up menu

of useful options and commands.
When several panels are stacked in a
panel group, as shown here, each panel
is identified with a tab. To separate
a panel from the others, drag its tab
out of the panel group and float it

anywhere on the Desktop.
To minimize a floating panel, click the double arrow icon in the
top-right corner.
To expand panels (docked or floating) to display both
panel icon and panel label, drag one side of the panel
away from the center, shown on the right.
To minimize a panel and show only the
tab, double-click the tab or the gray

title bar. To expand the panel, doubleclick the tab or gray title bar area again.
To rearrange the tabs in a panel group,
drag a tab left or right.

To rearrange panels in a vertical dock
(shown to the right), drag a panel to another

position in the dock. A blue drop zone
indicates where the panel will be placed
when you release.
To add a panel to the dock, select it from the
Window menu, then dock it where you want.

To remove a panel from the dock, and close it,
right-click its tab, then choose Close.

Tip: To hide or show all open panels in any screen mode, tap the Tab key.
Control your panels

To display a default set of panels, shown below left, click Essentials in the
workspace switcher area in the Applications bar (see it on page 3).
Click here to collapse panels
to icons and labels.
Click here to
expand panels.
Hover cursor
over the edge,
then drag right
to collapse to
icons only, or
drag left to
expand.
Panel docks, groups, and stacks

A panel dock is a vertical collection of panels (or
panel groups). A dock can be docked up against
the side of the screen, or against the side of another
dock or panel. The examples above are all the same
dock, shown expanded (left), collapsed to show
icons and labels (middle), and collapsed more to
show icons only (right).
To dock a panel, drag it into the dock. Release the drag when a blue
drop zone appears where you want to position the panel.

To dock a panel group, drag it by its title bar (the solid empty bar
above the tabs) into the dock.

To remove a panel or panel group from a dock, drag it out of the dock
by its tab or title bar. Drag it into another dock or float it anywhere
in the workspace.
A panel stack is a group of floating, minimized panels that move together when
you drag it by the topmost title bar. To minimize a panel, double-click its tab.
To stack floating panels, drag a minimized panels tab to the blue
drop zone (that appears when your cursor is over a drop zone)
at the bottom of another panel or panel group.
To change the stacking order of panels, drag a panel up or down
by its tab. Release the tab over the narrow drop zone between panels,
rather than the drop zone in a title bar.
To remove a panel (or panel group) from the stack, drag it out
by its tab or title bar.

This stack is made of three panel groups.
A panel group is a collection of panels grouped together as tabs under the

same title bar (the empty gray bar above panel tabs). You can create a group of
frequently used panels, or create groups of any kind that help your workflow.
To move a panel into a group, drag the panels tab to the highlighted
drop zone in the group.

To disengage a panel group from a dock,
press on its finger grip (the double dotted
lines) and drag the panel group out of the
dock. Or drag a panel tab out of a tabbed
group (below, right).
Four views of the same panel group.
A floating
panel group.
A panel group
docked with
other panel
groups.
A dock of panel
groups collapsed
to icons only.
A tabbed group of panels.
Workspace overview
Once you get all your favorite panels in the groups and docks and positions
you like best, you can save that arrangement so that with the click of a
button theyll all be in their correct places whenever you need them. The
workspace switcher lets you switch between the various layouts you might
need for different projects. Adobe has already created some workspaces for
you (Design, Painting, Photography, etc.), but you can also create your own,
save them in the workspace switcher, and use them again for future projects.
1 Arrange the panels as you want them.
2 Click the double arrows in the workspace switcher section of the
Application bar, shown below. From the menu that appears, choose
New Workspace .
Or from the Window menu, choose Workspace > New Workspace.
Workspace choices.
Click here to see
more workspaces
and other options.
3 In the New Workspace dialog that opens, type a name for the
new workspace.
4 Name the workspace, and then click Save.
To delete a custom workspace, choose Delete Workspace from the
workspace switcher menu (shown above) or from Window > Workspace.

Choose your workspace and click Delete.
To reset a workspace if things have moved around, from the Window
menu, choose Workspace > Reset Workspace Name.
Screen modes
There are three different screen view modes: standard, full screen with menu
bar, and full screen. To change screen modes, tap the F key. Subsequent taps
cycle through all screen modes. (Make sure a text box is not active, or youll
just type the letter f instead of changing screen modes.)
7
Tools overview
The tools in the Tools panel are grouped into
categories, as shown to the right.
Selection tools.
To change the Tools panel to a two-column panel,
as shown below-left, single-click the double arrow

button in its top-right corner. To switch back to
column panel, click the double-arrow button again.
Crop and slice tools.

Measuring tools.
To float the Tools panel anywhere on the Desktop,
drag it away from the screen edge.

To dock it to the edge of the screen, drag the panel all
the way to the edge until a blue vertical bar appears

against the edge of the screen. This is a visual clue
that the panel is docked. Let go and the panel snaps
in place.
All tools except the top and bottom ones (the Move
tool and the Zoom tool) have small triangles in the
bottom-right corner, indicating hidden tools in the
same space. To reveal a menu of hidden tools, press
(dont click) or right-click on one of these tools
(see below). The hidden tools are closely related in
function to the tool they hide under.
Drawing and
type tools.
To quickly cycle through hidden tools, hold down the
Navigation
and 3 D tools.
Shift key and tap the tools keyboard shortcut that

appears in tool tips (see next page).
A two-column view of the Tools panel.
Single-click the double-arrow icon (or
double-click anywhere in the top bar) to
switch between one and two-column views.
Press on a tool in the Tools
panel to show hidden tools.
Retouching and
painting tools.
Switch between
Foreground and
Background colors.
Foreground color and
Background color
boxes.
Quick Mask mode.
Most tools and icons have hidden tool tips that appear when you hover the
cursor over the item. Use this feature when youve forgotten what a certain
tool looks like, which icon you need to choose, or just to tell you what it is.
The letter in a Tool tool tip indicates which key to press to select that tool.
Some tools have the same letter key, such as the Brush, Pencil, and two
other tools in the same slot. Hold down the Shift key and tap the letter key
to cycle through all tools with that letter key.
If tool tips dont appear, turn them on in Preferences: From the Photoshop
menu (PC: Edit menu), choose Preferences > Interface, then put a check
in the Show Tool Tips box.
Hover the cursor over a tool or icon to display a descriptive tool tip.
Panels, dialogs, and items in the Options bar often have fields that require
a value, such as the Opacity options in the Layers panel, shown below.
To enter a value in a field do one of the following:
Type a value in the field.
Single-click the blue triangle next to the field to display a slider
(below, left). Drag the slider button left or right.

Position the cursor over the title of the field (below, right). When
the cursor changes to a pointing finger, drag left or right. This is

called a scrubby slider. To change the increments by a factor of ten,
hold down the Shift key.
Rulers and the Ruler tool

Rulers are extremely useful for positioning image elements and guide lines
and even more useful if you know a couple of tips for manipulating them.
To show or hide rulers, from the View menu, choose Rulers.
To change the rulers unit of measurement, right-click a ruler
(the horizontal or vertical one) to show a pop-up menu of options,

then select one (below, left).
To change the zero origin, the point at which the ruler begins
measurement, press in the top-left corner and drag to the spot

where you want the zero position to start (above, right).
To reset the zero origin to its original position, double-click
the top left corner where the two rulers meet.
Measure a distance or straighten a photo

In addition to the rulers, you can use the Ruler tool to measure lengths,
place elements exact distances apart, and even to straighten photos. The
Ruler tool is hidden under the Eyedropper tool (see page 8 to access it).
Measure a length: Select the Ruler tool, then drag across the image
from one point to another. A non-printing line appears and the

measurement information appears in the Options bar. Drag the
measurement line to another position to use it as a spacing guide.
Reposition the line: Press on the lines middle section and drag.
Resize the line: Drag one of its end points.
Remove the ruler line: Click the Clear button in the Options bar.
Straighten a photo: Select the Ruler tool, drag along the edge of an
element in the image that should be perfectly horizontal or vertical,

then click the Straighten button in the Options bar.
10
Document guides
Guides are helpful when you need to align objects or text. Make sure the
rulers are showing: press Command R ( PC: Control R).
Place a guide on the image: Press on a ruler and drag a guide out of
the ruler and into the image. Let go to drop the guide wherever you
want it.
Reposition a guide: Select the Move tool in the Tools panel. Press
on an existing guide and drag it to a new position.

Clear guides: From the View menu, choose Clear Guides.
Lock guides so you dont accidentally move them: From the View
menu, choose Lock Guides.

Hide or show existing guides: From the View menu, choose Show >
Guides.
Turn on Smart Guides: From the View menu, choose Show >
Smart Guides. Smart Guides automatically appear when you move

an element near another object that you might want to align it to.
Make elements snap to guides: From the View menu, choose Snap.
Specify which elements to snap to: From the View menu, choose
Snap To, then choose one of the options (guides, grid, layer
content, slice boundaries, document edges, all, or none).
Zoom in or out
Zoom is a great and versatile feature. Open an image and practice these
techniques so they become comfortable and automatic to use.
To magnify the view: Press Command + (PC: Control +)
(thats the plus sign in the upper-right of your keyboard).

To reduce the view: Press Command (PC: Control )
(thats the minus sign to the left of the plus sign).

To magnify or reduce the view: Hold down Command Spacebar
(PC: Control Spacebar) and drag left or right anywhere in the image.
To magnify or reduce the view: Select the Zoom tool and single-click
in the image to magnify it. Hold down the Option key (PC: Alt key),
which makes the plus sign in the Zoom tool become a minus sign
click in the image with the minus Zoom tool to reduce the view.
continued
11
To snap to a view size of 100 percent: Double-click the Zoom tool in
the Tools panel. Or from the View menu, choose Actual Pixels.
Or press Command 0 (PC: Control 0)thats the zero in the row
of numbers across the top of your keyboard.
To view an exact percentage size: Change the percentage value in the
bottom-left corner of the document window, then press the Enter key.
You can also click in that little field and use the up and down arrows
to change the percentage; hit the Enter key to activate the change.
To fit an image on the screen as large as possible: Double-click the
Hand tool in the Tools panel.

To view another area of an enlarged image: To practice, first enlarge
the image so big that it is not all visible in the window, or make the
window smaller. Now hold down the H key, then press-and-hold
the mouse button. While the H key is held down, a marquee in
the shape of the current window is visible. Continue holding down
the H key and drag the marquee to an area of the image you want
displayed. When you release the H key, that section of the image
returns to the previous magnification. Try it.
To magnify a specific part of an image: Select the Zoom tool, then
press-and-drag with it over the area you want to zoom into.

To zoom in continuously: Position the Zoom tool on the image,
then press the mouse button while the image magnifies.

To zoom out continuously: Hold the Option (PC: Alt) key as you
press the mouse button, as above.
Pixel grid
When the image preview is higher than 500 percent magnification, a pixel
grid is visible, as shown below. To hide the white lines of this grid, from the
View menu, choose Show, then deselect the Pixel Grid option.
Of course you can always choose to show it when you decide you want to
see the individual pixels.
The pixel grid can be useful when you

need to do really close and detailed work.
12
Simple
Projects
The seemingly endless list of things you can do in Photoshop
can be intimidating and might prevent some non-designers
(and designers) from jumping in to learn the program. If that
sounds like you, dont worryyoure in good company.
Much of what we learned about Photoshop happened gradually,

learning what we needed at the moment to do a certain task.
But we want you to learn the same things quickly, instead
of waiting for specific situations to show up in real world
projects which could take years aaarrgh! One thing you can
be very happy about is the fact that every version of Photoshop
gets more powerful and easier. Some operations that used to be
complex and weird can now be accomplished with a click or
two. Thats the kind of technical expertise we love.
This chapter includes a collection of common image-editing
tasks youre likely to encounter and will introduce you to
many of the features and techniques in Photoshop. Follow
along with these tasks on your own photos to familiarize
yourself with commands youll use every day in other projects.
If youre not very familiar with the Photoshop interface, go
back to Chapter 1 at any time for an overview of where things
are and what theyre called.
Almost every task in Photoshop requires you to check the
controls in the Options bar, so get in the habit of choosing a
tool and checking the Options bar to see what the settings are.
13
2: simple projects
Whiten teeth
If only it was this quick and easy in real life. Hopefully, you wont have a
more challenging teeth-whitening client than this one. If theres not a lot of
discoloration and you just want to quickly lighten the teeth, skip to Step 4.
1 Open an image of someone with less than perfectly white teeth.
2 Select the Sponge tool, hidden under the Dodge
tool (shown on the right).

In the Options bar, set Mode to Desaturate
and Flow to 100%.
Select a brush size for the
Sponge that makes it easy
to brush just the teeth:
For a smaller brush,
tap the left bracket key.
For a larger brush,
tap the right bracket key.
3 Scrub the teeth with the Sponge tool to remove color from the teeth.
4 Now select the Dodge tool.
In the Options bar, set the Range to Highlights and set

Exposure to 20%.
6 Scrub the teeth with the
Dodge tool.
Reset the Range to Midtones,
then scrub the teeth again.
Finally, reset the Range
to Shadows and finish
scrubbing the teeth.
As you work, be careful not to scrub
away detail or make teeth so white
that it looks unnatural, like the
blinding glare of movie-star teeth.
14
2: simple projects
Remove dust and scratches

Scanned images, such as old family photos, often show dust and scratches.
The dust is sometimes on the scanner glass, not the photo, so Step 1 should
be clean the scanner glass surface before you scan. If your photo shows
dust specs, scratches, or blemishes of almost any kind on the subject or
background, the Spot Healing Brush is a quick and easy miracle tool.
1 Open an image that has dust or
scratches.
2 From the Tools panel, select the
Spot Healing Brush tool.

3 In the Options bar (shown below),
select Content-Aware. Brush over

the areas you want to repair, as
explained below.
Theres a filter for dust and scratches. But
it blurs the image to do the job, usually too
much blur, so we prefer this method.

When you select the Spot Healing Brush it appears here, in the Tool Preset picker.
For small specks and blemishes,

just tap the tool on the spot to
remove it.
For long scratches, drag the Spot
Healing Brush across them. As
you drag, the brush appears to
paint a black stroke (shown, left),
but when you stop the stroke, the
repaired result appears. (If you
dont like it, Undo.)
When painting close to an edge,
such as between the white collar
and the black jacket shown here,
use a hard brush: Single-click on the Brush Preset picker (shown above)
and set the Hardness slider to 100%. When the brush is not near an
edge, a softer brush (a lower percentage) works well.
15
2: simple projects
Correct a photo thats too light

Give new life to faded photo memories with a simple adjustment.
1 Open an overexposed or faded image.
The original,
faded photo.
2 From the Image menu, choose Adjustments > Levels .

3 In the Levels panel, drag the black triangle under the histogram
(the spiky image) to the right until it aligns with the left edge of
the histogram (as shown below, right). Drag the white triangle
to the left to align it with the right side of the histogram. Click ok.
16
2: simple projects
Correct contrast with one click

The problem with this image is similar to that on the opposite pageflat,
with a lack of contrast. This time, however, were going to let Photoshop do
all the work because dragging sliders and triangles is too tiring.
1 Open an image that has poor contrast.

2 From the Layer menu, choose New Adjustment Layer > Levels;
click ok.
3 In the Levels panel that appears (you might have to hunt for it if
youve got a lot of panels open), click the Auto button (circled
below, right).
17
2: simple projects
Rescue photos that are too dark

Even a seemingly worthless photo like this one contains lots of digital
information and detail that can be brought out from the dark.
1 Open an image thats underexposed or too dark.

2 From the Image menu, choose Adjustments > Shadows/Highlights
to open the Shadows/Highlights panel (below, right). The

Shadows Amount slider is set to 35% by default, which is usually
too much for most images. Drag the slider back to the left, to about
10%, but dont let the dark tones dont get too washed out.
3 To enrich the color a bit, move the Color Correction slider to +50
(or whatever works best for your image). Click ok.
18
2: simple projects
Make wrinkles disappear

Some of us would like the Spot Healing Brush tool in our makeup bags.
1 Select the Spot Healing Brush tool.
2 In the Options bar (shown below): Select a brush size and hardness
from the Brush Preset picker; choose a brush Size slightly larger
than the wrinkles you want to remove, and set the Hardness to 0%.
To change brush sizes on the fly, tap the left bracket key [ to reduce
brush size, and tap the right bracket key ] to increase brush size.
In the Options bar, above, set the Type to Content-Aware.
4 Press-and-drag the brush across wrinkles (below left) to blend them
with the skin color and texture.
5 To add more smoothness: From the Filter menu,
choose Blur > Surface Blur. Surface Blur

ignores edges, more or less, depending on your
settings. In the Surface Blur dialog (right),
adjust the Radius and Threshold settings
to your satisfaction.
The Surface Blur filter is also useful for
minimizing unwanted noise and texture.
Tip: Press on the surface Blur dialog preview to see the
original image inside the pane; release to see the filtered effect.
To toggle between before and after views in the document
window, check/uncheck the Preview box, or tap the P key.
19
2: simple projects
Convert a color photo to black and white

Photoshop can automatically convert color images to grayscale: From the
Image menu, choose Mode > Grayscale. But this doesnt give you any control
over the conversion. When you convert a photo to black and white, you can
use an Adjustment Layer so you can control the final appearance of the image.
1 Open a color image.
2 Create a new Adjustment Layer: From the Layers menu, choose
New Adjustment Layer > Black & White. Click ok.

3 In the Adjustments panel that appears, drag the color sliders to
lighten or darken the grayscale conversion for that color.

Doing this on an Adjustment Layer allows you to change the
grayscale appearance later, if need be.
Original color image.
An automatic grayscale conversion.
This controlled grayscale conversion

has more contrast.
20
2: simple projects
Fix blown-out whites

This technique works best on photos that were shot in the raw format. Raw
is an uncompressed format that retains invisible digital image information
that Photoshop can recover, as opposed to jpegs that are compressed.
1 Open an image file that includes
white areas.
From the Image menu, choose
Adjustments > Shadows/
Highlights.
2 In the Shadows/Highlights
panel (below right), set the

Shadows Amount slider to 0%.
Set the Highlights Amount
slider to the right to darken the highlights, but dont make them
too dark.
3 Drag the Highlights Tonal Width and Radius sliders left or right
until youre satisfied with the results. Click ok.
If the image appears too dark, go

to the Image menu and choose
Adjustments > Levels. Click
the Auto button. Or drag the
highlights slider (the white triangle
under the histogram) to the left.
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Alter colors with ease

Of the many ways to adjust colors, this is one of the easiest and quickest.
1 Open an image you want to adjust.
2 Create a new Adjustment Layer: If the Adjustments panel is
not open on your screen, go to the Window menu and choose

Adjustments. (If there is a checkmark next to its name, that
means it is already open.)
In the Adjustments panel, click the Hue/Saturation icon (circled
below). This creates the new layer in the Layers panel and opens
the Hue/Saturation panel.
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3 In the Hue/Saturation pane, select the
Targeted Adjustment tool (circled, right).

4 Click on a color in the image that you
want to adjust.
Now hold down the Command key
(PC: Control key) and drag left or right
in the image (below).
The Targeted Adjustment tool samples the range of colors at the

point of the click. When you hold down the Command (or
Control) key, the Hue slider automatically moves left and right
as you drag the cursor left and right, and changes the hue of the
sampled color range, wherever it occurs in the image.
If you drag the cursor without a key held down, it adjusts the
Saturation of the sampled color. Experiment with both possibilities
and combinations.
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Alter colors in Camera Raw

This is a quick introduction to the Camera Raw work area. Theres more
information about Camera Raw in Chapter 13, but this example quickly
demonstrates how easily you can alter entire color ranges in images, even
if they were not shot in the raw format to begin with.
1 From the File menu, choose Open.
2 In the Open dialog, single-click to select a jpeg image.
3 From the Format pop-up menu, choose Camera Raw.
You can use

any highresolution
jpeg.
4 Click Open. The image opens in the Camera Raw interface,
as shown below.
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5 Press (dont click) on the Targeted Adjustment tool icon in the tool bar,
circled on the previous page, to display a menu of options. Choose Hue.

6 The Targeted Adjustment tool samples the color range at the point
where you click in the image, and the cursor changes to a horizontal
double-arrow. Single-click on a color in the image, then drag the
cursor horizontally left or right to change the hue of that color range.
If you were to click with the Targeted Adjustment tool in the green
body of the bug, greens would be sampled and then altered as you
drag left or right.
To alter the image saturation, luminance, or grayscale settings,
press on the Targeted Adjustment tool again to reveal the pop-up

menu shown on the opposite page. Make your choice and follow
the steps as above.
To revert to the original appearance after experimenting with the
Camera Raw tools and settings, but still carry on experimenting,

hold down the Option key (PC: Alt key). The Cancel button
changes to Reset. With the Option or Alt key held down, click
the Reset button and carry on.
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Straighten a photo
Straightening a photo cant get much easier than this.
1 Open an image that you want straightened.
2 Select the Ruler tool. It is stored under the
Eyedropper in the Tools panelpress or

right-click on the Eyedropper to reveal
a pop-up menu that contains the Ruler
tool; select the Ruler tool.
3 Drag the Ruler tool along an edge or shape
in the photo that you want to straighten.

(The image is faded here to make the
Rulers path more visible. In reality, when
you drag the Ruler tool, the image is
unchanged.)
4 Click the Straighten button in the
Options bar (shown below).

To start over with the Ruler tool, click the
Clear button instead of Straighten.
5 If the final result crops away too much
of the image, press Command Z (PC:

Control Z) which will undo the crop and
enlarge the document window to show
the entire straightened image.
Since this image were using started as a
closely cropped image, the background
must necessarily be radically cropped.
Fortunately, there is Photoshop magic
available to reconstruct the background,
as shown on the following page.
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Fill a background
Content-Aware Fill analyzes the image and
attempts to fill a selected area with content
that matches the existing background. It works
better on some images than others. Images may
need various degrees of touch-up after applying
this feature.
1 Choose the Quick Selection tool from
the Tools panel.

2 Click in each area of white space that
you need to fill; the click with the Quick

Selection tool will select the contiguous
(touching) white space.
3 From the Edit menu, choose Fill.
In the Fill dialog that opens, set the

Use pop-up menu to Content-Aware.
4 Click ok. The fill (shown middle-right) is
not perfect, but amazing nonetheless.

In this example, if the top edge and right
corner arent needed, the image could
be cropped and would look fine. But if
the entire image is needed, then some
touch-up with the Clone Stamp tool
can finish the job, as shown to the right.
Learn about the Stamp Clone tool on
pages 58.
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Remove electrical power lines

Because power lines are everywhere, its almost impossible to keep them out
of photos, at least in urban areas. You can use the same Spot Healing Brush
that we used on page 19 to eliminate power lines as easily as wrinkles, or the
Clone Stamp tool, page 58. But if youre familiar with using the Pen tool to
draw a path, heres a technique thats more accurate. (If youre not familiar
with the Pen tool, see pages 16063.)
1 Open an image in which you need to remove the power lines.
2 Open the Paths panel. From the panel menu that pops out when
you click the top-right corner (below, left), choose New Path.
Name the path, if you want, then click ok.
3 Select the Pen tool from the Tools panel. Draw a path on top of
one of the power lines in the photo.
This is
the path.
4 With the new path layer in the Paths panel selected (highlighted
in blue, as shown in Step 2, above), select the Spot Healing

Brush tool from the Tools panel.
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5 In the Options bar, click the Brush Preset picker (shown below).
Choose a brush Size slightly thicker than the power line, and set
the brush Hardness to 0% (a soft-edged brush).
6 Also in the Options bar, check the button to set Proximity Match.
Brush Preset picker
7 Select the Stroke Path icon (circled below, left), located at the bottom
of the Paths panel. A black Spot Healing Brush stroke appears on

top of the path (below right), and a small progress wheel indicator
spins while Photoshop analyzes the image.
After a few anxious

moments of anticipation,
the black brush stroke
disappears.
To remove the path and
reveal a nicely retouched sky,

press Delete (PC: Backspace).
Repeat this operation for
each power line.
Alternatively: Draw all the
paths, set the Spot Healing
Brush parameters, then click
the Stroke Path icon at the
bottom of the Paths panel.
This technique also works great for taking airplane contrails out of the skies
of your otherwise perfect landscape shots.
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Liven up a dull exposure

At first glance, the photo below looks like a nice, colorful image. But if you
look with a more critical eye, the contrast is flat and the colors are rather
dull. Keep in mind that our digital cameras, amazing as they may be, are
imperfect and limited in their ability to capture reality in all its glory. In
other words, dont be timid about juicing up a photo to make it match what
you saw with your own beady eyes.
The contrast
in this image
is flat.
1 Open a dull image that needs to be enriched.

2 To adjust the contrast, do one or both of the following:
From the Image menu, choose Auto Contrast.
This option doesnt give you any control over the results,
but it can work very well.
From the Image menu, choose Adjustments > Levels, then
click the Auto button in the Levels dialog.

For many images, this is all youll need to do. To explore more options for
adjustments to the contrast, continue to the following page.
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Manually adjust the contrast

From the Image menu, choose Adjustments > Levels, then drag
the triangles located under the Histogram (shown below).
As a general rule, drag the black triangle to the right until it aligns
with the left side of the histogram, and drag the white triangle
to the left until it aligns with the right side of the histogram. You
should, however, use your own visual judgment to decide how
much adjustment to make.
The Levels
histogram.
Drag these sliders to adjust

the shadows (the black triangle),
the midtones (the gray triangle),
and the highlights (the white triangle).
More contrast makes a big difference, but if the colors are still too
dull, from the Image menu, choose Adjustments > Vibrance. The
Vibrance dialog has adjustment sliders for both Vibrance and Saturation.
The Vibrance setting saturates colors that are under-represented, and it
mostly ignores skin tones. The Saturation setting saturates all colors.
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Resize a photo without cropping

Imagine that a brochure layout has space for a photo, but the photo is quite
a bit wider than the space allotted. The client doesnt want to crop out any
of the people or make the photo any smaller, horizontally or vertically,
than the space allotted in the design. Sounds impossible, but not if you use
Content-Aware Scale. This feature analyzes an image and attempts to scale it
by affecting areas that dont contain important visual elements. If the image
is a landscape without unusual elements, skip Steps 2 and 3. But if you need
to ensure you dont lose anything important, first preserve specific areas of
an image using an alpha channel, as shown here.
1 Open an image that you wish was more compact in composition.
2 Select the Lasso tool in the Tools panel.
Draw paths around the areas you want to preserve (just press and
drag). To make multiple selections, as shown below, create the first
selection, then hold down the Shift key to draw subsequent selections that will be added to the first (youll see a small plus sign next
to the Lasso brush when its adding).
Since were going to reduce only the width of this sample photo,
we made sure that a generous amount of the image width is not
preserved so Photoshop has plenty of unimportant pixels to delete
without messing too much with the pixels we want to preserve.
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3 Choose Channels from the Window menu to open the Channels
panel. Make sure the areas in your image are still selected, then
click the Save Selection as Channel button (circled below).
This alpha channel gets automatically

created when you click the button
(Save Selection as Channel).
4 If youre scaling a Background layer (and we are),
go to the Select menu and choose All. If we had

duplicated the Background layer and worked on the
duplicate, this step would be optional.
5 From the Edit menu, choose Content-Aware Scale.
This puts a marquee with handles around your image.

Drag one of the side handles of the marquee in toward
the center a bit to scale the width. Switch to the
other side of the image and drag that side in toward
the center. If you drag too far youll see unwanted
distortion, as shown on the right. Hey wait, that looks kinda cool!
6 Hit the Enter key to commit the transformation. If you prefer to
click a button, the Cancel Transform and Commit Transform icons

are available in the Options bar.
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Extend a photo
When you need just a little extra sky or horizon or foreground, you can use
Free Transform to stretch the dimensions of a photo. Obviously this works
best on sky or horizons that dont contain detail that will look distorted
when you stretch it.
1 Open an image file.
From the Image menu, choose Canvas Size.

2 In the Canvas Size panel (below), change the width or height
measurement to the size you want your photo to occupy. For this
example, we changed the width from 8 inches to 9.5 inches.
3 Choose the Anchor position. The gray square indicates where the
existing image will be positioned, or anchored, as extra canvas is

added to the document. The arrows point where new canvas can go.
Simply click in any square to make that the anchor point.
Add width or height.
Set the Anchor position.
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4 Select the Rectangular Marquee tool. Drag a selection around the
side of the image that you want to extend (shown below).

5 From the Edit menu, choose Free Transform. This creates a
marquee and control handles around the selection.

6 Drag the outside handle to the edge to fill the blank canvas area.
Hit Enter to commit to the transformation.

From the Select menu, choose Deselect to hide the marquee.
Extra image can be added vertically in the same way, as shown below.
1 In the Canvas Size panel, add canvas to the top of the image.
2 Create a rectangular selection across the sky.
3 Follow steps 5 and 6, above.
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Blur a background instead of replacing it

You need a portrait-style shot, but all you have is a candid snapshot. You can
transform a snapshot like this into a portrait by blurring the background
beyond recognition.
1 Open an image that contains a potentially nice portrait shot.
2 Select the Quick Selection tool in the Tools panel. Drag inside
the subject to make a quick, rough selection, as shown below.

(This tool detects edges and selects up to them; if your subjects
clothes or hair blend into the background, you might need to
use the technique on pages 5557.)
Click the eyeball icon to

turn off a layers visibility.
3 From the Layer menu, choose New > Layer via Copy. A new layer
containing the selection appears in the Layers panel (above right).

Click the eyeball to turn off the Background layer visibility.
4 To erase parts of the background that remain on this layer,
select the Eraser tool in the Tools panel.

In the Brush Preset picker, set the Hardness to around 50%.
To adjust the Eraser size as needed, tap the left or right bracket keys.
Drag the Eraser over the areas that need to be cleaned up.
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5 In the Layers panel, turn on the visibility of the Background so you
can blur it: Click in the empty spot where its eyeball icon should be.
Select the Background layer: Single-click on its name.
6 Blur the Background copy: From the Filter menu, choose Blur >
Gaussian Blur.
In the Gaussian Blur dialog, drag the Radius slider to the right
until youre satisfied with the blur effect. Click ok.
The background now looks

a lot like a portrait studio
background.
7 For a final touch-up, if necessary, you might want to soften the
edges of the foreground subject so it doesnt stand out harshly

against the blurred background.
Select the Blur tool.
Use the left or right bracket keys on your keyboard to get
a small-sized brush.
In the Options bar, set the Strength to 100%.
Brush along the edges of the subject to soften those edges.
If some unwanted artifacts become visible on the top layer when
you make the blurred Background layer visible, select the top
layer in the Layers panel, then use the Eraser tool to erase the
artifacts.
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Remove something from a photo

The success of this technique varies with the complexity of the shot, especially
the background, and whether the subject is isolated or not. In this example,
the subject is isolated, making the task easier.
1 Open an image that has something you want to remove.
2 Select the Lasso tool. In the Options bar, set Feather to 4 pixels.
Draw a path around the subject you want removed, as shown below.
3 From the Edit menu, choose Fill.
Make sure Content-Aware is selected in the Use menu, then

click ok. The Fill command replaces the subject with background
that matches the rest of the image.
4 From the Select menu, choose Deselect to delete the selection.
If a seam is visible on the edge of the fill area, use the Spot Healing
Brush tool to fix it, as explained on page 15. See pages 5557 for
another technique for removing something from a photo and
page 58 for using the Clone Stamp tool, if appropriate for the photo.
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Lose some weight

To lose weight, you need to commit to at least two or three minutes of an
easy workout. Here are several quick ways to melt those pounds away without
giving up whatevers in the pot. The camera adds at least ten pounds to us,
so actually all were doing is making ourselves look like we do in person.
Use a simple Transform operation

1 Open an image file. Press Command A ( PC: Control A)
to select all of the image.

2 From the Edit menu, choose Free Transform. This makes the
transform bounding box appear with control handles on the edges.

3 Drag each of the side control handles in toward the center of the
image just a bit (see below).

4 When you are satisfied with the image, hit the Enter key.
Press Command D (PC: Control D) to make the bounding box

disappear.
Transform distorts
the image slightly,
but would you notice?
To crop the excess
white space from the
sides of the image, select
the image with the
Rectangular Marquee
tool, then go to the Image
menu and choose Crop.
continued
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Or use Content-Aware Scale

There are several techniques using Content-Aware scaling in this chapter.
This is an alternative to the technique on the previous page.
2 From the Select menu, choose All.
3 From the Edit menu, choose Content-Aware Scale. This puts
a bounding box around the image with handles on the corners

and sides.
4 Drag the side control handles in toward the center of the image.
When you like the result, hit the Enter key to commit it.
5 Youll probably want to crop the image when youre done:
select the image with the Rectangular Marquee tool, then go to the
Image menu and choose Crop (also see pages 8285).
Content-Aware Scaling distorts the entire image, but a little

differently from Free Transform (on the previous page).
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Or use the Liquify filter

2 From the Filter menu, choose Liquify. The image opens in
the Liquify window, shown below.

3 Select the Forward Warp tool (the top tool in the toolbox). Set the
brush Size, Density, and Pressure on the right. Experiment.

4 The brush outline appears in the preview window. Drag the brush
toward an edge of an object you want to move. To make an object

thinner, such as an arm, gently work both sides of the arm, pushing
pixels toward each other.
5 To protect an area from being distorted, such as the bowl in this
image, first paint it with the Freeze Mask tool (see the callout
below). When you drag the Liquify brush near a red frozen area,
the pixels under the red mask are protected, as shown below.
This exaggerated
brush stroke shows
the Liquify effect.
Here is the final result of

five minutes with the Liquify
filter. Learn more about
Liquify on page 202.
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Liquify text
The Liquify filter shown on the previous page is not just for images. Try it
on text. (There is lots more about text in Chapter 6.)
1 Open a new, blank document.
2 Select the Type tool in the Tools panel. Click on the bottom-left side
of the document; this sets a flashing insertion point for typing

and also creates a new text layer in the Layers panel.
3 From the Window menu, choose Character to open the
Character panel (shown below).

Choose a font and font size, then type some text in the document
window.
4 Make sure the text layer is selected in the Layers panel. Then from
the Filter menu, choose Liquify. You will be asked to rasterize

the text; click ok.
Experiment with the tools and settings to brush or click on the text,
shown below. Click ok when youre finished.
Choose tools
here.
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Modify brush
settings here.
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Create unique images with the Filter Gallery

The Filter Gallery contains a large collection of filters, and each filter has
adjustable settings that multiply the number of effects you can apply by
hundreds. Or maybe millions (were not finished counting).
1 Open an image.
2 From the Filter menu, choose
Filter Gallery. This opens

the image in the Filter Gallery
window, shown below.
3 Click any of the right-pointing
triangles in the middle section to

display the filters for that category, as shown below. Choose a filter,
then experiment with the adjustments on the right.

4 To apply multiple filters, click the new effect layer icon in the bottom-
right corner.
To hide or show the effects, click the eyeball in the Effect Layer list
(bottom-right corner).

To change the existing effects slightly, drag the layers up or down to
reorder them in the list.

5 When youre satisfied with the effect, click ok.
Filter thumbnails pane.
Hide/show filter thumbnails pane.

Adjustments
pane.
Drag the effect

layers up or
down to reorder
them in the list.
Change the preview size.
Click to create a
new effect layer.
Click to delete the

selected effect layer.
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Place an image inside text

Putting an image inside of text is a popular design technique. It requires
creating a clipping mask, which may sound scary, but its so easy to do.
1 Create a text layer: Select the Text tool and click in the document
window; click on the lower left side so you have room to set the type.
2 Use the Character panel (as shown on page 42) to choose the font
and size. Type some large text, as below. After you type the text,
choose the Rectangular Marquee tool so you dont accidentally
make more text layers every time you click.
Every time you click
with the Text tool,
Photoshop creates a
new layer, a text layer.
3 Open an image that you want to place inside the text. The two
windows will probably appear as two tabs in the same window.

To separate them, drag one of the tabs off to the side until it pulls
away so you have the two files, type and image, next to each other.
4 Single-click in the image file window to select it.
Select the image layer in the Layers panelsingle-click on it.

Drag its thumbnail layer from its Layers panel over to the text file
and drop it in the window. (You can now close the image file.)
5 In the file with the text, make sure the image layer is above the text
layer in the Layers panel, as shown below. If not, drag the image
layer above the text layer so it appears as shown below.
Just drag a layer up or down

to move its position.
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6 From the Layer menu, choose Create Clipping Mask.
Or hover the cursor between the two layers, then Option-click

(PC: Alt-click). The top layer becomes a clipping path that clips
the image visibility except in the text area from the layer beneath.
The image layer thumbnail is now indented, a visual clue that a mask
has been created. The bent arrow points down to the layer that is
being used to clip the image. The name of the text layer is now
underlined, indicating that it is part of the masked layer above.
7 To reposition the image inside the text, select the Move tool from
the Tools panel (its the tool at the very top). Make sure the image
layer is selected, then drag the image to reposition it within the text.
The text is actually still editable. See Chapter 6 for details on
working with text.
8 To create a dramatic black background for the type, create a new layer:
From the Layer menu, choose New > Layer. Click ok.
Drag that layer to the bottom of the Layers panel, as shown below.
Fill that layer with black: First, select the layer. Then, to make sure
the Foreground color is black, tap the D key. From the Edit menu,
choose Fill > Foreground Color. Ta da!
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Add Layer Styles for special effects

When you attach a Layer Style to a layer, it affects everything on that layer.
A layer style can be a drop shadow, bevel and emboss, a glow, or any other
effect. You can create a text layer and add a style to it, or create a shape into
which you will insert something later, an object on a transparent layer (see
Chapter 9 about transparency), or even a graphic from Illustrator or an eps
file. In this example, were using a small Illustrator drawing. See more about
Layer Styles on pages 102105.
1 The document shown below has a sunset image as a background layer.
I created the Cupid layer by dragging the Cupid graphic straight

from an open Adobe Illustrator document into this Photoshop
window of the sunset. You can also use the Place command in
the File menu to place something like an Illustrator file or an eps.
If the file appears with an X through it, you must hit the Enter key
before you can do anything else.
2 To add one or more Layer Styles,
double-click the layer to which

you want the styles to apply.
The Layer Style dialog opens.
Select a style from the Styles
pane: Click its checkbox, and
then single-click its name so
you can set the controls for
that style in the center pane.
Click ok when done.
Weve added four different styles to the Cupid layer.
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3 As you can see in the image and in the Layers panel, below, we added
a drop shadow, an inner glow, bevel and emboss, and a color stroke.
To move the image, make sure

its layer is selected. Then tap the
V key and drag the image.
When a layer has a layer style attached, an fx icon appears on the

right side of the layer.
To copy a layer style to another layer, hold down the Option key (PC:
Alt key) and drag the fx icon from the layer its on and drop
it on the other layer.
To turn all styles off on a layer, click the eyeball icon next to Effects.
To turn off just certain styles, click the eyeball icon next to a specific
style name.
To hide/show the list of layer styles, click the small, black disclosure
triangle on the right side of the layer.

Tip: here is the easiest way to
position a drop shadow.

While the Layer style dialog is
open and the Drop Shadow style is
selected in the styles list, move
your cursor to the image window
and drag the shadow to the position
you want, right on the image.
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Replace the picture on a wall

Eventually youll want to replace a painting on a gallery wall to show how
your work would look in that space. Or youll want to replace the framed
photo of your ex thats in the background of your childrens photo. Theres
more than one way to do it, but this way is quick, easy, and straightforward.
1 Open an image to modify.
2 Find the file you want to use as a replacement. You can drag it from
your Desktop right into the document window, or open a second file,
separate the two tabs, and drag the image layer from one file into
the other. The new element is automatically placed on a new layer.
Drag an image file icon from your computer into a Photoshop window
to create a new layer containing that image file.
3 Select the new layer, if it isnt already.

To make it easier to see the shapes,
set the layer Opacity to 50% or lower.

From the Edit menu, choose
Transform > Distort (this particular
transformation enables you to drag
the corners individually and distort
the image as necessary).
Drag each corner handle and match
the corners up with the corners of the existing image.
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Drag the
corners to
distort the
image.
4 When the new image looks the same size and shape as the original,
hit Enter to commit the transformation.

Change the layer Opacity back to 100%.
Note: After you commit the transformation, the layer thumbnail
displays a small icon in its bottom-right corner to indicate the

layer is a Smart Object. Thats not important in this example, but
a very useful thing for many projects. Learn about Smart Objects
on pages 111113.
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Colorize a photo
Youll often want to adjust the color of an image, either for color accuracy
or for effect. Here are some simple and easy techniques for several different
types of colorization. (Also see page 66 for hand-tinting a photograph.)
Open an image that you want to experiment on by colorizing.
It can be anything from vegetables to old family photos to the
moon. Then follow the steps for one of the three techniques
on the following pages.
Modify color using a Hue/Saturation Adjustment Layer

1 Select the layer you want to colorize (if you just opened a new file,
it is probably the Background layer).

2 At the bottom of the Layers panel, click the new Adjustment Layer
icon (shown left and below), then choose Hue/Saturation

from the menu that pops up. Or from the Layer menu, choose
New Adjustment Layer > Hue/Saturation.
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3 A new Adjustment Layer appears in the
Layers panel and the Adjustments panel

opens. The color range menu, circled to
the right, is set by default to Master
(all colors).
Drag the Hue slider left or right to change
the overall color palette of the image.
Drag the Saturation slider to the left to
desaturate all colors (all the way to the
left removes all color) and to the right
to saturate the colors more.

4 To make changes to specific color ranges,
change the Master color range to one

of the other colors in the pop-up menu, such as Greens. Now when
you drag a slider, it affects that specific color range.
Experiment with the color

spectrum graph at the bottom of the panel.
The spectrum sliders show the color range
selected.
AdvAnced Tip:
For instance, choose a color from the

Master menu (circled, left).
Drag the sliders in the middle of the
spectrum to expand or contract the
color range.
Drag the outside sliders to increase
or decrease the amount of falloff (how
gradually the changes affect nearby colors).
Get very specific with the color
changes using the spectrum sliders.
You can judge the effect by watching the

live preview in the image window.
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Paint with the Color Replacement tool

This is another way to colorize a photo. As on page 50, open an image you
want to experiment on. In this example, were going to turn some of the
zucchini gold.
1 In our example, we want to first exaggerate the highlights so the light
gold color will show effectively and dramatically. If you want to do

this to your own photo, follow along with us:
Select the Dodge tool in the Tools panel, shown on the left
this tool lightens areas as you brush with it.
In the Options bar, set the Range pop-up menu to Highlights,
then set the Exposure setting to around 15%.
From the Brush Preset picker in the Options bar, assign the
Dodge tool a very soft edge: Drag the Hardness slider all the
way to the left, to zero.
Brush gently in the highlight areas of your image. Now youre ready
to colorize. (Of course, you could skip all of that if you dont need
more highlight areas.)
2 Set the Foreground color to the color of your choice: Single-click
the Foreground color swatch in the Tools panel (in the illustration
on the left, its yellow; yours might be black or some other color).
Select the color from the color picker that opens. We chose a yellow
gold for the zucchini. Click ok.
3 Select the Color Replacement tool in the Tools panel. It resides under
the regular Brush tool, so either press on the Brush tool or rightclick on it to reveal the other brushes in a pop-out menu.
4 In the Options bar, settings for color replacement appear. Set the
Mode pop-up menu to Color, set the Limits pop-up menu to

Find Edges, and set the Tolerance to 30%. The Tolerance setting
determines to what degree similar-colored pixels will be replaced.
5 The three eyedropper tools in the Options bar determine how pixel
colors are sampled, or read, for color replacement, as explained on

the next page.
Sampling options.
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2: simple projects
The first eyedropper icon selects continuous sampling: As you

drag the Color Replacement tool across the image, it continuously
resamples pixels underneath the brush and replaces them with
the Foreground color. (Enlarge or reduce the size of your brush by
tapping the [ or ] keys.)
The second eyedropper icon samples once per click: Whatever
color is under the tool when you single-click on the image is
the only color that gets replaced with the Foreground color (the
Tolerance setting affects how many similar colors also get replaced).
The third eyedropper icon replaces only areas that contain the
Background box color. If you want to use this option, which is
pretty amazing, first select the Eyedropper tool from the Tools
panel and Option-click* on a color in your image that you want
to use as the background color, which will be replaced; you should
see the Background swatch color change. Now single-click* on the
Foreground swatch and choose a color; click ok (or single-click the
Eyedropper on a color in the image). Now youre ready to choose
the Color Replacement brush and paint with it. Experiment with
changing, say, the color of a shadow using this option.
6 To continue this experiment, select the first Sampling option,
Continuous. Start brushing in the areas where you want to

replace color. As long as the crosshair in the middle of the Color
Replacement tool doesnt cross over into the background (where it
will immediately sample a new color and replace it), the tool will
do a good job of detecting edges and stopping there.
ption-click chooses a Foreground color instead of a Background color, its

O
because in your Colors panel the Background swatch is selected (see pages 188189) and
that messes up this keyboard shortcut. Tap the d key to select the Foreground color box in
both the Tools panel and the Color panel at the same time, then try the technique again.
53
2: simple projects
Use Colorize in the Hue/Saturation Adjustment panel

Here is yet another way to colorize a photo. In this example, were going
to make the zucchini looks as if it is printed with an expensive but fake
(and very quick) duotone effect. A duotone is a print made with (usually)
a black-and-white photo with another color layered into it, creating very
rich images. There are more complicated ways to make gorgeous duotones
in Photoshop, but here is a quick and simple version.
As on the previous pages, open an image you want to experiment on.
1 Select the layer you want to colorize (if you just opened a new file,
it is probably the Background layer).

2 At the bottom of the Layers panel, click the New Adjustment Layer
icon (shown to the left), then choose Hue/Saturation from

the menu that pops up. Or from the Layer menu, choose New
Adjustment Layer > Hue/Saturation.
3 In the Adjustments panel that opens, check the Colorize box.
4 Drag the Hue and Saturation sliders until youre satisfied with the
results.
Colorize simulates a duotone effect in any color you choose.
54
2: simple projects
Remove a subject from a photo

The difficulty of this varies with the complexity of the shot, especially the
background, and whether the subject is isolated or not. When the background
is a smooth gradation or a solid color, the task is easier. (Also see pages 38
and 58 for other techniques to do something similar.)
1 Open an image from which you want to remove someone.
2 Single-click the Quick Mask Mode icon at the bottom of the Tools
panel (shown to the left).

3 Select the Brush tool. Use the Brush Preset picker in the Options bar
to choose a brush Size; set the Hardness to 100% so it has a hard edge.
In the Options bar, set the Opacity and the Flow both to 100%.
4 Paint the subjects you plan to keep in the photo. Remember, you can
tap the right and left bracket keys to change the brush size. The red
color is the default mask color.
To paint strands of hair, enlarge the image (Command +) ( PC:
Control +) and use a very small brush size (a pressure-sensitive
tablet makes a world of difference when doing this sort of thing).
Tip: occasionally its helpful to temporarily rotate the canvas as you paint.
To do so, tap the r key to activate the rotate tool; drag on the image with the
rotate tool. switch back to the Brush tool (B) to continue painting.
To straighten the image, tap r, then drag to straighten it. hold down the shift
key to force the image to snap to 90 increments. Tap B to get the brush back.
continued
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2: simple projects
5 Click the Quick Mask Mode icon again to turn off the red color
and convert the selection to a marching-ants border.
Everything in the image except the masked area is selected, but

we need just the opposite. So from the Select menu, choose
Inverse to invert the selection. Now our subjects are selected.
6 In the Layers panel, make sure the image layer is selected.
Then from the Layer menu, choose New > Layer via Copy.
A new layer is created that contains the subjects on a
transparent background.
7 Create another new layer: In the Layers panel, single-click the
New layer icon at the bottom of the panel (circled, above).

Drag this new, empty layer below the transparent layer of your
subject/s.
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2: simple projects
8 We plan to fill this layer with a gradient that will simulate the
original background, so we first need to select a Foreground and

a Background color, as follows.
Set the Foreground color: Choose the Eyedropper tool and click
on the left side of the background in the image.
Set the Background color: Option-click (PC: Alt-click) the other side
of the background image.
Your Foreground/Background swatches at the almost-bottom of the
Tools panel should be displaying your colors.
9 Select the Gradient tool in the Tools panel.
In the Options bar, single-click the Gradient picker (shown below).

From the dialog box that appears, select the Foreground to
Background swatch from the pop-up menu (its the one in the
upper-left corner of the Presets). Click ok.
In the Options bar, single-click the Linear Gradient option, shown
below.
Gradient picker.
Linear Gradient.
10 Position the Gradient tool in the new, empty layer and drag horizon-
tally from far left to far right, across the background. The layer is
filled with the gradient, magically behind your subject/s. Wow.
11 To add a bit of realism, try adding some film grain or noise to the
background blend:
From the Filter menu, choose Artistic > Film Grain,
or choose Noise > Add Noise and play with the options.
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2: simple projects
Clone something out of a photo

The Clone Stamp is a brush that paints with an image instead of paint. You
sample (load the tool with) something from one area of a photo and paint
it into another, as shown below. The Clone Stamp is hugely useful to clean
up scratches, acne, wrinkles, litter, phone lines, or even to remove unwanted
people from your image (or add someone from another photo; see pages
179181 for more details about this tool and how to use it).
1 Open an image, then create a new, blank layer to work on: From the
Layer menu, choose New > Layer. Or click the Create a new layer
icon at the bottom of the Layers panel.
2 Select the Clone Stamp tool in the Tools panel.
3 In the Options bar, click the Brush Preset picker to set a brush size
and hardness (choose a brush toward the soft end). Set the opacity
to 100%. Click Aligned Sample to paint in relation to the source.
Brush preset picker.
4 Set a clone source, which is an area that you want to load into
the Clone Stamp and repeat somewhere else: Option-click

(pc: Alt-click) on a spot in the image.
5 Move the Clone Stamp to the area of the image where you want to
paint a clone (a clone of grass in this example), then drag the brush
on the object you want to remove/replace.
Clone source
I Option-clicked on a spot of grass above

the bottle to set the clone source.
For something like this, I created a new
layer and cloned a sheep onto that layer.
I cloned another sheep on another layer,
resized that layer, and positioned the
animal to appear in the distance.
58
With the clone source set, I painted

over the bottle with the Clone Stamp.
2: simple projects
Correct the dreaded red eye

Flash photography often produces an effect known as red eye. Getting rid
of the red-eye effect is easy.
1 Open an image in which you want to remove the subjects red eye
color (even if, as below, it wasnt caused by a camera flash).

2 Select the Red Eye tool from the Tools
panel. Its hidden under the Spot Healing

Brush tool (shown to the right).
3 Click in the red area of the eye. If some of
the eye is still red after you click, click

again in the remaining red area. Some extreme cases of red eye,
such as the one below, may require three or four clicks to remove
all of the red.
Click in the red part

of the eye with the
Red Eye tool.
Any lingering doubts that

the Red Eye tool can fix
your red eye photos?
The Red Eye tool is also available in the Camera Raw panel, but behaves a
little differently. In Camera Raw you have a couple of adjustment sliders
you can adjust, and you have to drag a rectangle around the subjects eye
area. See Chapter 13 for information about Camera Raw.
59
2: simple projects
Make a sky more dramatic

There are many ways to enhance the sky in a photo to make it look as vivid
you remember seeing it. Some techniques are more complex than others,
but also provide more control. In this chapter we want to keep it quick
and simple.
1 Open an image with an average-looking sky.
2 Create a copy of the Background layer: From the Layer menu,
choose New > Layer via Copy.

Or drag the Background layer and drop it on top of the New layer
icon (circled, below). Working on a duplicate layer like this ensures
that you can always get back to the original version. Turn off the
visibility of the Background layerjust click its eyeball icon.
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2: simple projects
3 Choose the Quick Selection tool in the Tools panel. This tool detects
edges and selects up to them. With that tool, drag in the sky area to
make an automatic selection. If the entire sky is not selected, drag
in the unselected area to add it to the selection.
If you need to deselect something, hold down the Option key
(PC: Alt key) and drag over the unwanted part of the selection.
Use the right and left bracket keys to change your brush size as
necessary.
4 From the Image menu, choose Adjustments > Shadows/Highlights.
(If you only see two sliders in this panel, check the box to Show
More Options.)
Set the Highlights Amount slider to 75% (or whatever looks best for
your particular image).
To get rid of the glow that might appear around the selection edge,
drag the Highlights Radius slider to 0 pixels. Click ok.
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2: simple projects
Create a panorama with Photomerge

The Photomerge option combines multiple photos into one panorama
image (you can also merge photos vertically if you so choose). Photoshop
analyzes the images and determines how best to align, merge, and blend
the images together.
1 From the File menu, choose Automate > Photomerge.
2 In the Photomerge panel that opens
(right), set the Use pop-up

menu to Files or Folders, then click
Browse to locate the files (or
folder of files) to merge.
To remove a file from the list,
select it, then click Remove.

If the files you want are already
open, click Add Open Files.

Select Blend Images Together for automatic blending of colors.
3 From the Layout column on the left, select a layout. The Auto
option usually works best. Try another option if necessary.

4 Click ok.
This is how Photomerge put the image together.
Cropped and brightened a bit, some cloning in the corners, and ready
for framing.
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2: simple projects
Quickly juice up the color in spots

Some Photoshop users are squeamish about altering color in photos, afraid
that enhancing the color or contrast is cheating. Actually, every photo
usually needs some enhancement to make it even come close to the realworld fidelity our eyes are capable of seeing. Most digital photos are far from
perfect, so dont be reluctant to juice them up a bit.
When you want to quickly and easily enhance an image by saturating color
in specific areas, use the Saturation tool and paint more saturation (or less)
into the image.
1 Open an image in Photoshop.
2 From the Tools panel, select the Sponge tool.
3 In the Options bar (below), choose the following settings:
Click the Brush Preset picker to choose a brush size and hardness.
Set the Mode pop-up menu to Saturate.
Click the Flow button to set a rate of saturation change. 100%
adds a maximum amount of color saturation, lower percentages

saturate colors less.
4 Use the Sponge tool to paint areas where you want the color to be
stronger. If you have the Flow set too strong, or if you paint over
the same area too many times, the effect can look unrealistic.
To desaturate areas of the image, set the Mode pop-up menu to
Desaturate, and set the Flow amount to a rate at which you want
to apply desaturation.
Original image.
Items in the front of the basket are saturated;

items in the back are desaturated.
63
2: simple projects
Colorize line art

Use Layers and Layer Blending Modes to colorize the background of line
art or to colorize the line art itself.
1 Open an image of line art, such as a woodcut or line drawing.
2 From the Image menu, choose Mode > rgb (or you could use cmyk,
but not Grayscale).

3 Create a new layer: From the Layer menu, choose New > Layer.
Click ok.
4 Change the Blending Mode of the new layer to Multiply (below).
5 Click the Foreground color box in the Tools panel to select a color.
Click ok.
6 Fill the new layer with the color: Make sure the new layer is
selected, then from the Edit menu, choose Fill.

In the Fill dialog that opens, set the Use pop-up menu
to Foreground Color.
7 If appropriate, select the Eraser tool and erase parts of the fill color
on the new layer, as shown below. Because the fill is on a different

layer from the line art, you dont have to be really careful about
erasing between the lines.
Blending Mode.
This is the new layer.

Photoshop automatically
placed it above the
Background image layer.
To change all the dark lines to the

fill color, follow the steps above
but use the Blending Mode called
Screen instead of Multiply.
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2: simple projects
Colorize the lines instead of the background

You might want to colorize the lines in a piece of line art, instead of filling
in the background. Its easy to do.
1 Open an image of line art, such as a woodcut or line drawing.
2 Create a new layer to paint on (either from the Layer menu, as in
Step 3 on the opposite page, or click the Create a new layer icon at
the bottom of the Layers panel).
3 Select that layer and change its Blending Mode to Screen.
4 Choose the Brush tool from the Tools panel.
Use the Brush Preset picker to choose a size and hardness.

Click the Foreground color box in the Tools panel to select a color.
Click ok.
5 Paint over the lines that you want in that color.
Create a new layer for each color you paint (change each layers
Blending Mode to Screen). This makes it easier to correct

mistakes with the Eraser tool or to change colors later.

6 To change a layer color after youve painted it, click the
Lock Transparent pixels button above the layers (shown below).

Select a new color in the Foreground color box.
Press Option Delete (PC: Alt Backspace). This automatically colors
all pixels that are not transparent (and locked) with the new
Foreground color.
Click here to lock

the transparent
pixels.
Create a new layer.
65
2: simple projects
Hand-tint a photo
Hand-tinted photos have an appealing quality, especially when the technique
is applied to vintage photos. The example shown here starts with a scan
of an old sepia-colored print. You can work on top of the original color
or first convert the image to grayscale (from the Image menu, choose
Adjustments > Desaturate).
1 Open an image to hand tint.
2 Create a new blank layer: From the
Layer menu, choose New > Layer.

3 Change the layer Blending Mode
to Multiply.
note: After painting (Step 5), you
may decide to experiment and
change the Blending Mode to
something else, such as Soft Light,
Overlay, or Hue. Depending on the color you use and the part of
the image its on, some Blending Modes work better than others.
4 Set the new layers opacity to a low percentage for now, such as 30%.
5 Select the Brush tool.
Set the Brush opacity to 100%

Choose a Foreground color.
Paint on the new layer, on top of
an element in the image. The
30% percent layer opacity setting
allows you to see through the
paint color to the image below
as you paint. You can adjust the
layer opacity until you achieve
the look you want. Remember, hand-tinted photos
usually have very subtle coloring. Even though the
Brush has an opacity of 100%, you can use a very low
opacity percentage to create a subtle color effect.
6 Repeat Steps 25 for each hand-tinted color you use.
By painting each color on its own layer, its easier

to adjust blending modes and opacity settings for
each color.
Each color is on its own layer.
66
Basic
Technical Stuff
WTRGB! What The Red Green Blue is this chapter
talking about? We know youre anxious to get to the fun
stuff, so weve condensed our technical Photoshop information into a painless four pages. Take a few minutes
to read about the geeky stuff and youll have a better
understanding of everything you do in Photoshop.
Without getting too technical, this short chapter provides

information thats helpful to know about raster and
vector images, color modes (cmyk vs. rgb), image bit
depth (8, 16, or 32-bit images), and image resolution (72
pixels per inch, for example).
Resolution: 300 pixels per inch.

Preferred for print projects.
Resolution: 72 pixels per inch.

This actually looks perfect when
viewed on a screen.
67
3: basic technical stuff
Bitmap images
Bitmap images, also referred to as raster images, are made of a specific
number of pixels in a grid. All photographs are raster images. When you
use many of Photoshops painting tools, such as a brush, airbrush, blur
tool, etc., youre creating pixels in a grid. Due to the inflexible nature of a
fixed grid of pixels, bitmapped images lose quality if enlarged beyond the
original sizeif your image prints as bitmappy or pixelated, that means
the resolution is too low for the size of the graphic. The image resolution
of your file, such as 72 pixels per inch for web graphics, or 300 pixels per
inch for high-quality color printing, affects not only how large the file is,
but also the image quality at different sizes.
If your Photoshop project is going to be viewed only on a screen, such as
on a web site, photos attached to email, a digital presentation, etc., a low
resolution of 72 ppi (pixels per inch) is adequate, as well as easier to edit since
low-resolution images require less processing power than high-res images.
However, one issue you will discover when working in low resolution is that
filter effects act differently on low-res and high-res images. A filter that looks
great on a high-res image can look clunky and heavy-handed on the same
image in a low-res version.
For most projects, its better to work at actual size, in a resolution thats
appropriate for the images final destination (printed or onscreen).
Vector graphics
Vector graphics are shapes that exist as mathematical descriptions, even
though they look like ordinary images on the screen. Some of Photoshops
drawing tools create vector objects. Since vector objects are mathematical
descriptions, they can be enlarged to any size without any degradation of
quality. When you open an Illustrator file and place it in Photoshop, its
brought in as a vector file. Text also is a vector file that can be resized up
and down many times without affecting its quality. Youll notice that some
operations in Photoshop will present you with a message saying that the
command you requested requires rasterizing the object or layerthis means
Photoshop must convert the mathematical description into pixels in a grid.
68
Color modes and file formats

rgb (red, green, blue) is the
color mode used for images viewed on a screen,
such as on web pages and presentations. Many home and office printers
also print files that use the rgb color space. Some Photoshop filters work
only in rgb mode.
cmyk (cyan, magenta, yellow, black) is the color mode for documents printed
on expensive color laser printers or in full color by commercial printers.

To set the color mode for a document, go to the Image menu,
choose Mode, then select rgb Color or cmyk Color. Other

common choices are Grayscale for images that dont require
color, and Indexed Color for web files such as gif images.
Some rgb colors cannot be duplicated by printing presses. An image with
wild rgb colors will undergo a drastic color shift when you convert the file
to cmyk. If you plan to send an image to press, avoid shocking surprises:
To have Photoshop simulate cmyk
rgb mode, go
to the View menu and choose Proof Setup > Working cmyk.
Save your document in the proper file format for its intended use:
Save in the tiff file format for professional printing.
Save as jpeg or jpg
psd, to retain all layer and
image editing capabilities so you can work on it again.
Bit depth
Bit depth is how much color information can potentially be stored in each
pixel of an image. Higher bit depth values mean more color information and
more accurate color. An 8-bpc (bits per channel) rgb file is called a 24-bit
file because rgb files have three color channels, and if each channel is 8-bpc,
that equals 24 bits of color information data for each pixel.
Photoshop can work with 8, 16, and 32-bpc images. A 32-bpc image is referred
to as High Dynamic Range (hdr). Unless youre a professional photographer,
you probably are working mostly with 8-bpc images.
Many, but not all, Photoshop features and filters work on 16-bpc images. If
you encounter a situation in which you need to apply a problematical filter
to a 16-bit image, convert the file to an 8-bpc (go to Image > Mode > 8 Bits/
Channel), apply the filter, then save as a copy, to preserve the original 16-bpc file.
69
Image resolution
To set the image resolution, from the Image menu, choose Image Size.
In the Image Size dialog that opens (below, left), enter a value in the
Resolution field. For high quality printing, set the resolution to 300 ppi
(pixels per inch); for onscreen images, set it to 72 ppi (see the example in
the bottom area of the page).
If the resolution is cut in half, to 150 pixels, the Width and Height pixel
values shown at the top of the dialog are also cut by half (above right). But
the Document Size dimensions are still the same, 8 inches by 5 inches.
This means that the document stays the same measurable size, but there are
half as many pixels to render the image.
The image file size (circled) gets

smaller as the Resolution value gets
smaller. This file, originally 10.3
megabytes, is now 607.5 kilobytes.
To size this image for the web, set the resolution to 72 ppi (as shown above).
The pixel dimensions of the image are now very small, compared to the 300
ppi version or the 150 ppi versions at the top of the page. This low resolution
works great for viewing on a computer screen. A higher resolution would
mean a much larger file (larger as in more megabytes), without better quality
on the screen.
70
Select &
Transform
In Photoshop, youll find yourself doing two things over
and over again. The first is selecting elements to modify
them. Photoshop provides many different ways to select
images or parts of images, and how you select an item
can determine what you can do with it. The second is
transforming elements. The transform commands in
Photoshopscale, rotate, skew, distort, perspective,
warp, and flipenable you to modify images in almost
unlimited ways.
Experiment with selecting and cropping in this chapter.
Photoshop can only undo that very last thing you did, so
work on a photo you dont care about. If you dont save
your changes to the image, you can always Revert to
the original image from the File menu. Or, to preserve
the original, you can also make a copy of the file you
want to work on (and in Chapter 7 youll learn how the
History panel provides the equivalent of multiple undos).
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Photosho s?
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71
4: select & transform
Selection tools
Shown below are the four main selection tools (and their variants) in the
Tools panel: the Marquee tools, the Lasso tools, and the Quick Selection
tools. To display the pop-up menus of the hidden tools, press (dont click) or
right-click on tool icons that have a small triangle in the bottom-right corner.
The Marquee tools
The Lasso tools
The Quick Selection tools
We include the Crop tool as a selection tool because it selects parts of an

image, then transforms it. (The Slice tools hidden beneath the Crop tool
are used to slice images apart for web pages, a specialized feature we dont
cover in this book.)
The Pen tool is an important selection tool because you can use it to draw
paths around elements, then convert those paths to selections that you can
save and edit endlessly. See pages 8081.
Tip: To deselect your entire selection at any point, use the keyboard shortcut
Command d (PC: Control d), or go to the select menu and choose deselect.
72
The Rectangular Marquee tool

Select the Rectangular Marquee tool. Drag to draw a marquee around an
area that you want to select. As with any rectangular tool, drag diagonally
to create the shape.
With the selection made, you can modify just the selection in any way. For
instance, you can crop the image: From the Image menu, choose Crop.
The Elliptical Marquee tool

The Elliptical Marquee tool acts the same as above, except that it draws
circles and ovals. As above, any modifications you make will apply to just
the selected shape. For instance, you can desaturate the selection: From the
Image menu, choose Adjustments > Desaturate.
Tip: To make a selection outward from the center of any marquee tool,
hold down the option key (PC: Alt key) as you drag.
Tip: To constrain the shape to a perfect square or circle, hold down the
shift key.
73
Single Row or Single Column Marquee tool

Click in an image with the Single Row Marquee or Single Column Marquee
tool to select a row or column one-pixel wide (below-left). This is useful when
you need to trim just a tiny wee bit from the edge of an imageinstead of
selecting the rest of the image and cropping that wee edge, use one of these
tools to select just the edge. Or use it to add or subtract from an existing
selection (see page 78). To create graphic design effects, fill the selection with
color, add a stroke of color to the selection, or do both, as shown below.
To stroke or fill a selection with color,
right-click it, then select Fill or Stroke
and choose your options. (You must rightclick while the selection is active.)
Selection with
stroke and fill
applied.
Selection.
Selection with
two strokes
applied.
Multiple Single Row selections.
When a marquee tool is selected, these

buttons in the Options bar let you (from
the left) make a new selection, add to
selection, subtract from selection, and
intersect with selection (see page 78).
The Lasso tool

Use the Lasso tool to draw freehand shapes around a selection when pinpoint
accuracy is not critical. This is a useful tool for selecting elements that dont
fit nicely inside a circular or rectangular selection.
1 Select the Lasso tool in the Tools panel.
2 Draw a path around a part of the image.
74
The Polygonal Lasso tool

The regular Lasso tool can be difficult to control with a mouse, but the
Polygonal Lasso tool is another easy way to draw a complicated path. It only
draws straight lines between clicks of the mouse.
1 Select the Polygonal Lasso tool.
2 Click once in the image.
3 Click a second time and a selection line appears between the two
clicks. Every time you click, another straight line connects that
point to the previous point.
4 To close the path and make the selection, click on the original first-
click point. Or double-clickwherever you double-click, that line

will snap to the beginning point.
When you are close enough to
the beginning point, this tiny
little open dot will appear next
to the lasso. That is your visual
clue that you can now click and
the path will close.
The Magnetic Lasso tool

The Magnetic Lasso tool is hidden under the Lasso tool. Select it, then
trace along an edge. The path it draws snaps to the edge like a magnet. This
tool is not very accurate unless the image is a very high contrast image, so
experiment with it, for instance, on hard-edge brush strokes youve made
or on elements in an image that show a strong contrast between its colors
and the background.
75
Feather the edge (make it soft and fuzzy)

A soft-edged or feathered selection is useful for special effects and for subtly
blending a foreground image into a background. Feathered edges also enable
you to create a montage of different images that blend seamlessly together.
This selection has a Feather

setting of 40 pixels. Edges this
soft almost disappear when
overlayed on another image.
When you copy and paste a feathered

selection into another image (above),
the two images blend together
seamlessly.
To make a feathered selection, choose your selection tool, then set an amount
in the Feather field in the Options bar. Experiment with a 5 px feather,

and then with a 20 px feather. Youll notice that the selection has rounded
corners, your visual clue that a feather is being used.
Add a feather after youve made a selection

If you need to feather a selection after youve drawn it, do this:
1 From the Select menu, choose Modify > Feather.
2 In the little dialog that appears, enter the amount of feathering
you want to apply. Theres no preview, so you have to guess how

much Feather Radius to use.
76
Adjust a feather after youve made a selection

Not only can you add a feather after youve made the selection, this dialog
lets you adjust the settings and preview them before committing.
1 In the Options bar, click the Refine Edge button (circled below),
which brings up a dialog.
2 In the Refine Edge dialog (below, left), set a Feather amount.

3 Choose how you want to preview the results: Single-click the View
well in the View Mode section of the dialog (below, right).

4 Make your adjustments and click ok.
Click here
to see the list
of viewing
options.
Click anywhere
else on the
dialog to hide
that list so you
can adjust the
options.
This is a Marching
Ants preview, where
the selection boundary
looks like ants marching
around the page.
To see an actual
preview of the soft
edge, choose the
Overlay preview mode.
77
77
Modify your selection

In the Options bar, you have some great settings for modifying the selection.
Experiment with these! They are hugely useful.
A B C D
A New selection. This option is chosen by default.
When you drag to select, existing selections are released.

To add to a selection, hold down the Shift key as you drag
multiple selections.
To subtract from a selection, hold down the Option key
(PC: Alt key) as you drag.
Tip: if your selection isnt acting as you think it should,
check to see which button is highlighted.
B Add to selection. Select this icon, then drag to select
something. Each dragged selection is added to existing

selections. You can make two or more separate selections this
way, or you can overlap an existing selection to add to it.
To make this selection,
I first used the Rectangular
Marquee tool to drag the topright rectangular shape.
Then I dragged the lower-left
overlapping rectangular shape.
Then I switched to the Elliptical
Marquee tool, clicked the
Add to selection button, then
added two other shapes (the
second rectangle and the circle).
C Subtract from selection. Select this icon, then drag a shape
to deselect part of an existing selection.

D Intersect the selection. This selects only where the new
selection intersects with the original selection.
Tip: To deselect everything, use the keyboard shortcut: Command d (PC: Control d).
78
The Quick Selection tool

With the Quick Selection tool, brush on the image and the tool automatically
detects and selects up to the edges of the element you brush on. If the image
has well-defined edges, this works great.
1 Choose the Quick Selection tool.
2 In the Brush Preset picker in the Options bar (shown below),
choose a brush size and hardness (closer to zero is softer).

3 Brush inside an area to select it. To add to the selection, pick up
the mouse and drag again in an unselected area (by default, the
Add to selection option stays selected after the first brush stroke).
4 To subtract from the selection, select the Subtract from selection icon
in the Options bar, then brush across unwanted areas.

5 If its necessary to refine the selection, use the options in the Refine
Edge dialog from the Options bar (see page 77).
Brush variations:
New selection,
Add to selection, and
Subtract from selection.
Brush Preset
picker.
The Magic Wand tool

The Magic Wand tool is very similar to the Quick Selection tool, above,
except you can refine the selection before you begin. Choose the Magic
Wand, then in the Options bar:
Set the Tolerance level to a low number to limit the color
selection close to the first color on which you click; set a higher
number to grab more colors outside that original range.
Check Anti-alias for a smoother edge.
To select all similar colors in the image with one click, uncheck
Contiguous (if Contiguous is checked, only similar colors

that are touching are selected).
Just single-click to select an area; click in another area to select more.
Tip: To select all similar colors, go to the select menu and choose similar.
79
The Pen tool

To learn to use the Pen tool, see pages 160163. The Pen tool is very different
from any other tool. If you use a Pen tool in InDesign or Illustrator, youll
find this one similar.
When you draw with the Pen tool, Photoshop automatically stores a path
in the Paths panel. If you dont see the Paths panel on your screen, choose
Paths from the Window menu.
You can have many paths on an individual Paths layer (although if they are
unrelated to each other, make separate layers for each one). You can apply
a fill and stroke to any path, but the fill and stroke do not stick to the path
itselfthey appear on another layer as raster images.
We often draw a path around irregular objects (or people) that we want to
separate from a background. The path we draw can be made into a selection,
then we can use that selection to delete the background. For instance, in
the example below, we want to put the stones on a layer by themselves, so
we can add whatever background we want. Ive drawn a path around each
stone. All three paths are on one path layer in the Paths panel.
1 Open an image, then open the Paths panel (as mentioned above).
2 Click the Create new path button at the bottom of the Paths panel.
Panel menu. Click here to see
more options.
To change a Path name,
double-click directly on the
current name in the Paths panel.
Load path as a selection.
Create new path.
3 With the new path layer selected, select the Pen tool in the
Tools panel and draw a path around each stone.
In this example, were going to delete

the background. But with the selection
made, you can copy either the selection
or its inverse, apply effects and filters
to the selected area, change the colors,
and so on.
80
4 Click the Load path as a selection button (bottom of the Paths panel).
The path turns into a marching ants selection.

5 The stones are selected, but we want to inverse the selection so
we can delete the image background: From the Select menu,

choose Inverse (below, left).
6 Press Delete to erase the image background.
If the stones are on a Background layer, the background is replaced by

the current Background color.
If the stones are on a regular layer, the background is replaced by
transparency (shown below, right). We can now create another
layer below the stones layer, and fill it with a new background
color or image.
Background selected.
Background deleted.
7 To add drop shadows, double-click the stones layer and select the
Drop Shadow option in the Layer Style dialog (see pages 102103).
Using the Pen tool and the
Paths palette, I separated the
image of the woman
from the background.
InDesign is able to
wrap text around the
path that I created
in Photoshop.
Too amazing.
An example of how to use a path in Photoshop to wrap a caption (above) in InDesign.
81
The Crop tool

The Crop tool is not a selection tool, but it is one you will use very often in
combination with selecting.
You can crop an image in two quick steps without the Crop tool if all you want
to do is get rid of an unnecessary part of an image:

1 With the Rectangular Marquee tool, select an area that contains
the element you want to keep (make sure there is no feather on the
selection; see page 76).
2 From the Image menu, choose Crop. Ta da.
For more specific cropping, the Crop tool provides much more control. You
can set the specific dimensions and resolution of the cropped area, and you
can see a preview of the results.
1 Choose the Crop tool from the Tools panel.
2 In the Options bar, set the Width and Height that you want the
finished image to be (or see the tip below).

For a measurement in inches, type in after the number.
For a measurement in pixels, type px after the number.
3 You can set the Resolution if you understand clearly how it might
affect the image. If not, leave it blank.

Set 300 pixels/inch if the image is to be printed in high-quality;
set 72 pixels/inch for screen viewing.
Click to clear all the fields

in the Options bar.
Tip: if you leave the fields blank, Photoshop will maintain
the current resolution of the image and resize according

to the crop area that you draw with the tool.
82
4 Drag a rectangle around the area you want to crop, as shown below.
If you have set a width and height, your rectangle will be limited to
proportions matching that shape.
Press in the middle
to move the crop
area to another part
of the image.
Resize it by
dragging a corner
handle; hold down
the Shift key to keep
the same proportion.
5 Once the crop area is drawn, the Options bar changes, as shown.
If you are on a regular layer, not a Background layer, you can choose
to Delete or Hide. The Hide option allows you to later reposition the
image within the cropped area: just move the image with the Move
tool. (To convert a Background layer to a regular layer before you
crop, double-click Background in the Layers panel, then click ok.)
6 Set the Crop Guide Overlay pop-up menu to None, Rule of Thirds,
or Grid. The Rule of Thirds, a design theory that says compositional

elements should fall within a grid of thirds, visually divides the crop
area into thirds.
7 Check Shield if you want to shade the part of the image that will be
deleted or hidden, as you can see above. Set a shield Color (default
black works best), and set the Opacity of the shield to your taste.
8 To commit the current crop operation, hit the Enter key (or click
the checkmark icon you see farther to the right in the Options bar).
To cancel, hit the Esc key (or click the Cancel icon next to the
checkmark, as mentioned above).
To make the selection marquee disappear, click anywhere.
83
Crop based on another image

This is very useful when you have a number of photographs in a project
that all need to be the same size. For instance, perhaps you have a number
of staff member photos, and you want all their heads to be positioned in
approximately the same area of the photo and about the same size.
1 Select the Crop tool in the Tools panel, then crop and size an image
as you want.
2 Single-click the Front Image button in the Options bar.
3 Open another image, then drag the Crop tool, which is now
constrained to the previous images dimensions and resolution,

to encompass the part of the image you want to preserve. Its up
to you to position the cropping box to set someones head, for
instance, in the same position as the first image.
4 To commit the operation, click the Commit button in the Options
bar (the checkmark), or press Return (PC: Enter).

To cancel the operation, click the Cancel icon in the Options bar
(shown on the left), or hit the Escape key.
Before cropping.
After cropping.
solomon Catt
84
serena
Pickering Catt
riley Adkins Catt
Lydia Alice
Beeson Catt
Crop in perspective
The Perspective checkbox used with the Crop tool not only allows you to
crop the image, but make lens corrections at the same time. This is useful,
for instance, when an image is distorted in the camera or because it was
shot at an extreme angle. We often ignore lens distortion, especially when
it occurs in personal photos, but occasionally you may want to fix it. If
you dont adjust the lens distortion as you crop the image, you can adjust
it later using one of the Transform tools, Distort or Perspective (see page
89). The Transform tools are a better choice for some images, because the
Perspective Crop tool may crop away more of the image than you want (as
shown below-right).
1 Open an image in which there is lens distortion.
2 Select the Crop tool.
3 Drag a rectangle around the image.
4 Check the Perspective box in the Options bar.
Drag the corners of the cropping area to align with the image
perspective, as shown below-left.
5 To commit the crop operation, click the Commit button (the
checkmark) in the Options bar, or hit Return (PC: Enter).

To cancel the operation, click the Cancel icon in the Options bar
(shown on the left), or hit the Escape key.
85
Transform commands
As you can see in the Edit menu, there are two main Transform items, Free
Transform, which applies to a selected layer, and Transform with a submenu
of options, all of which apply to individually selected items.
Before you can transform a layer or part of an image, you must make a
selection with one of the selection tools. To select a layer, single-click on it
in the Layers panel (details on working with layers are in Chapter 5).
Transform commands in the Edit menu.

To commit the transformation, hit the Enter key,
or double-click inside the bounding box,

or click the Commit checkmark icon in the Options bar.
To cancel, hit the Esc key,
or single-click the Cancel icon in the Options bar.

To get rid of the selection marquee, click anywhere,
or press Command D (PC: Control D),

or go to the Select menu and choose Deselect.
86
Free Transform
Free Transform lets you do basic transforms, such as resize (scale) and rotate.
Also see page 3435 for another technique using this command.
1 Select a portion or all of the image. If you select it all, open the
window wide enough that you can see the corners.

2 From the Edit menu, choose Free Transform.
The Transform bounding box appears around the edges of the image.
If you cant see the corner handles, make the window a little larger.
3 To resize the selection proportionately (to maintain its aspect ratio),
hold down the Shift key as you drag a corner handle (shown above).

To resize in any way, just drag any handle. Side handles resize in just
one direction; corner handles resize both sides at once.

4 To rotate the selection,
position the cursor a few

pixels away from any corner
handle (you definitely
have to open your window
larger for this). When the
cursor changes to a curved
double-arrow, press-anddrag the cursor.
See page 86 for commit/
cancel options.
87
Transform menu options

From the Edit menu, choose Transform to access the other transform
options, shown below.
The Scale and Rotate operations

are exactly the same as using
Free Transform described on
the previous page.
The items of interest here are Skew,
Distort, Perspective, and Warp.
The Rotate and the Flip options at
the bottom of the menu are useful
and self-explanatory.
Just remember that you must

select first, then operate.
Skew a selection
Skewing an image slants it vertically or horizontally. You just never know
when this might come in handy.

2 From the Edit menu, choose Transform > Skew. Drag the middle
handles to skew the image.

See page 86 for commit/cancel options.
88
Distort a selection
Distorting an image lets you drag each corner to any position, useful when
you need to paste a photo into a shape in another image.

2 From the Edit menu, choose Transform > Distort. Drag any corner
handle to any position.

If you are matching a shape
that is on another layer below
this one, reduce the Opacity
of this distortion layer to
make it easy to align the two
images. (See Chapter 5 for
details about layers.)
See page 86 for commit/
cancel options.
Transform a selection in perspective

The Perspective option moves two opposite control handles equally, giving
the illusion of perspective.

2 From the Edit menu, choose Transform > Perspective.
3 Drag a top or bottom corner
handle in toward the center;

the opposite handle moves
the same amount. Also
experiment with dragging a
corner handle downward.
See page 86 for commit/cancel
options.
89
Warp a selection
The Warp option overlays a mesh on the image that you can manipulate.
(For an advanced version, see Puppet Warp in Chapter 14.)

2 From the Edit menu, choose Transform > Warp.
3 Drag any corner point
or control handle to
distort the mesh that
overlays the image
(see pages 161163
about working with
control handles).
Or drag the mesh

intersections in the
image interior.
Or click the Custom pop-up menu in the Options bar to choose

from a list of preset warp options; customize the preset warp with
the fields you see to the right of the Custom menu.
4 See page 86 for commit/cancel options.
90
All-Powerful
Layers
Layers might be the most useful and powerful feature in
Photoshops extensive list of awesome features. Layers are like
sheets of transparent plastic stacked on top of each other, and
because layers are transparent (except where youve placed image
elements or text), many layers can combine visually to create one
seamless image.
You can send elements behind or in front of other elements and
still change your mind later. You can hide parts of an image
without harming the original, or retouch elements on a separate
layer from the original, making those elements easy to delete or
modify later. You can hide individual layers so they dont appear in
the final piece, yet they are still in the document so you have them
if necessary. You can create many versions of a single document
and switch between versions effortlessly.
For example, the original Photshop file for the cover
of this book puts every element on its own layer,
which enables the overlapping and placement of
elements such as the floating photos. Other layers in
the document have their visibility turned off because
they contain images that we decided not to use,
including other experimental background colors.
There are what Robin calls magic layers (Photoshop
calls them Adjustment Layers) that actually have
nothing on them that you can see, but they impact
the look of the layer beneath without changing the
pixels of the underneath layer.
While the list of layer features and techniques is longer than
we can completely cover here, this chapter will give you a basic
understanding of what layers can do and how to work with them.
91
5: all-powerful layers
The Layers panel

To open the Layers panel (if it isnt already), go to the Window menu and
choose Layers. Or click the Layers icon in the vertical Panels dock on
the right side of the screen (shown below). See pages 4 6 about working
with panels.
Single-click this pane to make the
panel pop out temporarily while you
use it; single-click this again to hide it.
Single-click the tiny arrows (circled) to
make the panel open and stay on the
screen until you choose to put it away.
An image might have just one layer, or it can have many layers, as shown
below. It depends on how you want to work. Browse through the following
layer goodies for an overview of how you might use them in your projects.
When you experiment with techniques in other chapters that reference
layers, come back to this chapter for the details.
Layers panel
menu.
Layer Group,
expanded.
Layer effect.
One of many
Layers.
The Layers panel

for this book cover
includes many
layers, organized
into folders.
Hide/show Layer
effects (Layer Styles).
Layer Group,
collapsed.
Layer thumbnail.
Visibility icon/
eyeball icon; hide
or show the layer.
Background layer;
see page 94.
Shortcut buttons; see opposite page.
92
The Layers panel menu

Because its so tiny, you might not even notice the Layers panel menu, in
the top-right corner of the Layers panel (circled, below-right). Click it to
reveal lots of commands and options that are very useful, some of which
are also represented as buttons at the bottom of the panel.
Blending Modes.
The default Blending Mode is Normal,

but many other options are useful
for almost every project.
See Blending Modes on page 98.
Opacity field and slider.

It adjusts the opacity of any
selected regular layer.
In the top-right corner of the Layers

panel (below the tiny double arrows),
single-click to see this menu
of options and commands.
Some of the menu options

are also accessible through
the buttons at the bottom of
the Layers panel.
Link layers.
Add a Layer Style.
Hover over any icon to

Add Layer Mask.
display the tool tip that Create new fill or Adjustment Layer.
describes it.
Create a new group.

Create a new layer.
Delete a layer.
93
Create and organize layers

You never run out of reasons to create another layer or two. And with all
those layers stacking up, literally, you need to organize them so you can find
certain layers in what can become quite a challenging mess.
The Background layer

When you create a new Photoshop document, it automatically has a layer
called Background and youll always find it at the bottom of any stack of
layers you might create later.
When you open a new, blank document (as opposed to opening a photograph),
the New dialog allows you to make the Background Contents either
White, Background Color, or Transparent. The default is white, which obviously
is not transparent, nor is any background color considered transparent. The
odd thing is that a Background layer cannot be transparent, so if you choose
Transparent in the New dialog, you get whats called a regular layer instead
of one labeled Background.
The Background layer cannot be moved from its position on the bottom,
nor can you apply many of Photoshops features. So if you try choose a
command from a menu, and the command is gray (unavailable), it might
be because you are trying to apply it to a Background layer.
To change the Background layer to a regular layer (a document is not required
to have a Background layer) so it is more flexible, do one of the following:
Double-click the Background layer, name it if you like
(or not), and click ok.
Drag the Lock icon on the Background layer to the Trash icon
in the bottom-right corner of the Layers panel, shown below.
The layer will remain, but will be renamed Layer.
The lock icon locks either
transparent pixels, image pixels,
or the position of the pixels on the
layer. Throwing away the lock icon
unlocks those elements.
To delete the whole layer,

drag anywhere else in the layer
and drop it in the Trash.
94
Create new layers

To create layers, do one of the following:
From the Layer menu at the top of the screen, choose New >
Layer. In the dialog that opens, name the layer; click ok.
Or click the Create a new layer icon in the bottom-right corner
of the Layers panel, circled below. The new layer appears above
the currently selected layer.
To create a new layer below the currently selected layer,

Command-click (PC: Control-click) the new layer icon.
You can drag layers up or down to reorder them at any time

(except the Background layer, which cannot move).
Drag-and-drop to create a new layer

Instead of using the New Layer dialog, you can drag and drop images into
a Photoshop document.
1 Drag an image file from anywhere on your computer
and drop it on a Photoshop canvas window.

To center the new image in the canvas, hold down the

Shift key as you drop it into the document window.
2 The added image appears in the window with selection crosshairs
(shown below), indicating that it is a Smart Object. Smart Objects
allow you to modify a layer without changing the original image.
Learn about Smart Objects on pages 111113.
3 Hit Enter to commit the new layer (which also makes the crosshairs
disappear). A small icon appears in the layer thumbnail, indicating
a Smart Object.
Smart Object indicator.
Drag-and-drop creates a Smart

Object on a new layer.
95
Create a copy of the current layer

When you want to apply experimental features to an image, such as various
filters and effects, its often best to create a copy of that image layer and work
on the copy. If a selection is active on the current layer, a copy of just the
selection from that layer is placed on the new layer, making this a shortcut
to isolating that element.
1 Select a layer or make a selection on that layer.
2 From the Layer menu, choose New > Layer via Copy.
Duplicate a layer
This operation is similar to creating a copy of an entire layer (not a selection)
as described above, but adds a significant option. You can name the layer, but
more importantly, you can save the duplicate layer in the existing document,
in any document that you have open on the screen, or in a new document
that you name here.
1 Select a layer in the Layers panel.
2 From the Layer menu, choose Duplicate Layer.
3 In the Destination pane, the Document menu lists all open
documents, plus New. Choose the document into which you
want to add this layer, or choose New and name a new document.
Select the right layer

When working on an image, you often need to switch between layers. If
your document contains many elements, each on its own layer, it can be
difficult to quickly find the right layer to select. Heres a shortcut:
1 Choose the Move tool (V).
2 Command-click (PC: Control-click) an element in the document.
This selects the layer that contains the pixels you clicked (dont drag
with the Move tool or the image will move).
Or click the Auto-Select item in the Options bar (circled below). Now
anywhere you click will choose the layer that contains the pixels you clicked.
Dont forget to deselect this option while youre working or youll find
yourself unintentionally selecting other layers constantly.
96
Link layers
Placing each visual element on its own layer makes it easy to make changes
to those individual pieces, but when those multiple layers combine to create
one visual element, you want it to be just as easy to make changes to the
combined visual elements (such as repositioning multiple layers at once, or
changing the tranparency of multiple layers together). When you link layers
together, in many ways they act as one layer.
In the example below, each line of handwriting is on a separate layer. To
transform (move, scale, distort, or rotate) any combination of the handwritten
lines as one element, first select, then link the layers.
1 Click a layer in the Layers panel to select it.
Shift-click other layers to add them to the selection.
This temporarily links the layers, until you select another layer.
2 To keep the layers linked, click the Link layers icon in the bottom-left
corner of the Layers panel (circled below).
To unlink the layers, select any one of them, then click the Link layers icon
again at the bottom of the Layers panel. Unlinking doesnt affect any changes
you made while layers were linked.
A link icon appears in each of the

selected layers. Now whenever
you select one of these layers,
the other layer is also selected,
even if it doesnt appear highlighted.
97
Use layer Blending Modes

Blending Modes affect how the pixels in one layer interact with pixels in the
layers below. You can use Blending Modes in endless ways to enhance or
alter images since the interaction depends on what is on the various layers,
the opacity you choose for one or the other layers, the hues and colors, etc.
The file in the example below has two layers. The Background layer is a photo
and the layer above it contains text. Changing the Blending Mode of the
text layer alters the interaction of the text with the background image. (You
cannot change the Blending Mode of the Background layer; if you want to,
first make it a regular layer as explained on page 94.)
1 Open a file or create a new one in which you have at least two layers.
2 Select a layer that has a layer beneath it.
3 From the Blending Mode pop-up menu (shown below), select one of
the options in the list. We chose Vivid Light for this example.

To preview the effect of different Blending Modes, hold down the

Shift key and tap + (the plus sign) repeatedly to toggle down
through the list of modes. Use Shift (minus) to cycle up the list.
This is an example of what this

particular combination of layers
and Vivid Light creates.
This is the original text without

the Blending Mode applied.
98
Change the visibility of layers

To toggle the visibility of layers between visible and hidden,
click the eyeball icon or its well to the left of the Layer name.
When you apply preset Styles or Effects, you might see a
number of new Effects listed in the Layers panel. Keep in mind you can
turn individual Effects on or off for different results. Experiment!
This is a vector Shape (see page 164) with a

preset Style applied. Photoshop created all
the Effects you see above.
You can see where we turned off the

visibility of certain effects.
Merge Visible
You can turn off the visibility of certain layers, and then combine all of the
visible layers into one layer. Use the Merge Visible command.
1 Make sure all the layers you want to merge are visible (the eyeball
icon appears on the left side of the layer) and the layers you do not
want to include are not visible.
2 From the Layers panel menu, choose Merge Visible.
Merge Down
You can merge two adjacent layers into one.
1 Make sure the layers you want to merge are visible (the eyeball icon
appears on the left side of the layer) and that they are next to each
other in the panel.
2 Select the top layer of the two.
3 From the Layers panel menu, choose Merge Down. This will merge
the selected layer with the layer immediately beneath.
99
Stamp Visible
This command is similar to Merge Visible explained on the previous page,
but with a critical difference. It combines all visible layers into a single new
layer, yet leaves all those original layers unchanged and still available as
individual layers. Youll love this feature when you want to apply a filter to
a collection of multiple layers, or perhaps save the collection of layers as a
new file, while keeping the original layers unchanged and intact.
1 Make sure the layers you want to stamp together are visible,
and all others are not visible.
2 Press Command Option Shift E (PC: Control Alt Shift E).
All visible layers are combined into one new layer.
The new layer is placed just above the currently selected layer.
The original layers remain unchanged.
This is the new layer created

from the three visible layers.
Now I can experiment with
applying a filter or effect
(below) to this combination
layer instead of applying it to
three separate layers.
The white Background layer
isnt included in the newly
stamped layer because its
visibility (the eye icon) has
been turned off.
Double-click the new layer to select effects. I applied

Drop Shadow, Bevel and Emboss, and Stroke.
100
The Layers panel shows applied effects.

Click the eye icon to disable any effect.
Group layers to help organize

When a file has a large number of layers, you can stay organized with Layer
Groups. Its sort of like using folders on your Desktop to keep all your files
organized. Keep in mind that if a layer has a Blending Mode applied that is
affected by the layer beneath it, that effect will change if you move either layer.
To create a Group:
1 Open or create a file with multiple layers.
2 Open the Layers panel.
3 To create a new Group, click the folder icon at the bottom
of the panel (circled below). A new Group folder layer appears
above the currently selected layer. You can move it, of course.
4 Drag layers and drop them into the folder.
5 To change the name of the Group, double-click directly on
the layer name.
The Blending Mode for Groups is automatically set to Pass Through. This
means the group has no blending properties of its own. Layers inside a group
that have Adjustment Layers or Blending Modes applied still affect layers
below them. However, if you change the Blending Mode for the group, all
layers inside the group are treated as a single image and are blended with the
rest of the image using the chosen Group Blending Mode. To summarize,
most of the time youll be happy with Pass Through.
101
Label layers with color

You might want to try organizing your layers with color. For instance, you
might want all your type layers one color, or all the layers with blend modes
applied another color, etc.
Right-click on a layers visibility icon (the eye icon).
From the menu that appears, choose a color.
Layer Styles
You can make changes to whole layer at once using a Layer Style, which gets
applied to everything on that layertext, shapes, brush strokes, etc. If you
add something to the layer later, such as a brush stroke or more text, the
new element will display the same style effects. Because youre applying the
changes to the layer and not the actual pixels, the changes are non-destructive;
that is, you can modify or hide these changes at any time without affecting
the original image.
1 Double-click the layer to which you want to apply a Layer Style
(dont double-click on the name of the layer because that just lets
you edit the name).
2 In the Layer Style dialog that opens, click on the name of a style in
the Styles list to show the settings for that style. Click the checkbox
next to a style name to turn the style on or off.
3 Layer Styles can include multiple settingsexperiment with them!
When satisfied with the results, click ok. An fx symbol appears
on the layer to indicate that Layer Styles have been applied to the
layer.
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The original text layer.
A set of Layer Styles

applied to the text layer.
A different set of
Layer Styles applied to
the text layer.
To hide or show the

styles, click the small
triangle (circled above).
We used these style settings on the example above, right.
To turn a style on or off,

click the eye icon next to
the style.
To delete, drag the fx
to the Trash icon.
Tip: To position a drop shadow, you dont have to use the Angle and
Distance controls in the Layer style dialog, which can be tedious. instead,
place your cursor over the image in the canvas window and drag the drop
shadow to any position you want.
Drag the drop shadow to any

position in the document.
See the following pages for more details about Layer Styles.
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Change a Layer Styles default settings

Each Layer Style has default settings. You can customize those default
settings for any Layer Style (Drop Shadow, Bevel and Emboss, etc.) to your
own settings. Simply choose your preferred settings, then click the Make
Default button in the Layer Style dialog.
Copy a Layer Style from one layer to another

After youve spent time fine-tuning the settings for a certain Layer Style,
you can apply those settings to any other layer.
1 Select the layer that has the Layer Styles
you want to apply to another layer.
2 Hold down the Option key (PC: Alt key)
and drag the fx symbol that appears on
a layer and drop it onto another layer.
Apply a preset Style to a layer

The Styles panel (not the Styles list in the Layer Style dialog) holds a
collection of preset Layer Styles that you can apply. These style collections,
called libraries, are categorized by function (buttons, image effects, etc.).
When you select one of the libraries, you have the choice of replacing the
current style library or appending the new library to the current styles,
which adds the collection to the panel instead of replacing the existing ones.
1 Open the Styles panel: From the Window menu, choose Styles.
2 To apply a style to the currently selected layer, single-click a swatch
in the Styles panel. Or drag a style swatch and drop it onto a layer
in the Layers panel.
3 Hold down the Shift key as you click a style or as you drag a style
to add that style to the layer (instead of replacing) when other styles
are already applied to the target layer.
The Styles panel.
104
Convert a Layer Style to image layers

When you create a Layer Style, such as a drop shadow, the shadow can be
controlled to some degree by the controls provided in the Layer Style
dialog. For more control, you can actually separate out the styles applied
to an object and put them on individual layers to be modified. The steps
below explain how to convert text with a drop shadow Layer Style into a
text layer and a separate drop shadow layer.
1 Select the layer that contains a Layer Style that you want to separate
out to individual layers (a simple drop shadow in this example).
2 From the Layer menu, choose Layer Style > Create Layer.
New layers appear in the Layers panel that contain the individual
style elements, such as the drop shadow.
3 Now you can use the Transform controls to modify the drop
shadow, as explained below.
To transform the drop shadow:
1 Make sure the new drop shadow layer is selected.
2 From the Edit menu, choose Transform > Skew. Transform control
points appear around the selection (the drop shadow).
3 Drag the top-middle transform handle to the right to skew the
shadow (below). Hit the Enter key to commit the transformation.
4 Now from the Edit menu, choose Transform > Scale.

Drag the top handle down, giving the drop shadow a perspective
appearance, as shown below. Hit the Enter key.
For more details on

transforming, see
Chapter 4.
105
Adjustment Layers
An Adjustment Layer is a special layer in the Layers panel that applies a
filter or effect to the layers below it (the layer itself looks like it has nothing
on it, which is how Robin knows it is a magic layer).
Adjustment Layers use the same filters that you can apply using menu
commands, but with one very important difference: they leave the original
image layer untouched, and you can go back at any time to change the
adjustment settings.
1 Open an image to adjust.
2 Open the Adjustments panel: From the Window menu,
choose Adjustments.
3 In the Adjustments panel (below, left), hover over an icon and its
function will appear at the top of the panel.
Single-click an icon to get the controls for that adjustment.

To return to the main Adjustments pane, single-click the arrow in
the bottom-left corner.
Or you can choose a preset from the list of presets in the bottom half
of the panelsingle-click the disclosure triangle to get the options.
Click a disclosure
triangle to show
preset options.
Clip to layer buttons.
4 As soon as you select an adjustment, a new layer appears in the

Layers panel, the Adjustment Layer, as shown on the opposite page.
It appears to have nothing on it, other than an adjustment icon
thumbnail and a white mask thumbnail. To modify the adjustment
settings, double-click the adjustment icon thumbnail.
106
5 Important: Ordinarily an Adjustment Layer affects all layers below it.

To force the Adjustment Layer to affect only the layer immediately
below, click the Clip adjustment to layer button, located at the
bottom of the Adjustments panel.
The adjustment thumbnail in the Layers panel indents to the right,

and a small down-pointing arrow appears next to the thumbnail
(below-right), indicating that the adjustment affects only the
single layer beneath it. In the example below, the Hue/Saturation
adjustment removes the color from the subjects in the layer immediately below, but ignores the landscape image in the next layer down.
The arrow means the adjustment

is clipped to the layer beneath
and wont affect other layers.
Tip: As shown to the right, another way
to clip an adjustment to the layer below

the Adjustment Layer is to hold down the
option key (PC: Alt key) and click on the
dividing line between the Adjustment Layer
and the layer below it. When the cursor is
hovered over the dividing line, it changes to
a clipping icon (circled on the right).
To release the clipping so the adjustment affects all layers below,

Option-click (PC: Alt-click) the dividing line again.
To disable clipping, click the button again.
To clip all future adjustment effects, click the Clip to layer button
in the bottom-right corner of the general Adjustments panel
(shown opposite, on the left).
To clip only the currently selected Adjustment Layer, click the
Clip to layer button at the bottom of a specific Adjustments panel
(shown opposite, on the right).
107
Create a Layer Mask

A Layer Mask hides areas of the current layer without harming the image,
and reveals the layers below.
This example shows an image of a car hood ornament with a text layer
on top. The goal is to make the text appear to go behind the wings of the
ornament, without harming the text and keeping it editable.
You can create something similar to experiment withopen an image that
has an object that text can appear to go behind. Create a new layer with
text on it (details about text are in Chapter 6).
1 Make sure the text layer is above the image layer.

Select the text layer.
2 From the Layer menu, choose Layer Mask > Reveal All.
The Reveal All part means the mask is filled with white,
which doesnt hide any of the layer content.
To hide (mask) some of the top layer content (the text) and allow the layer
below to show through where text is currently hiding it, youre going to
paint black on the mask (but it wont really look black).
3 Single-click on the text thumbnail and lower its Opacity so you can
see both the text and the ornament where they overlap.
108
4 Target the Layer Mask (click on its thumbnail, circled below).

Lower the opacity of a
selected layer here. Either:
enter a value in the field,
or click on the blue button
to get a slider,
or press-and-drag back and forth
on the word Opacity.
Set the Foreground color to black, if it isnt already (you can use
the shortcut D).
Use a small, hard-edged Brush tool to paint on the mask layer
with black, as shown at the bottom of the opposite page. You will
see the Brush tool appear to erase the text, and the black paint will
appear in the Layer Mask thumbnail, as shown above.
If your brush stroke accidentally masks more of the layer content
than you intended, change the foreground color to white, make
sure the Layer Mask thumbnail is selected (as above), then paint
over the accidental brush strokes. The white paint restores the
visibility of the layer content.
5 When you think youve got it, restore the Opacity of the text layer
to 100 percent. Et voil.
If you think you did a crummy job, you can delete the Layer Mask
(drag its thumbnail to the Trash icon) and start over. Your text is
still all there and editable.
109
Create Layer Comps

In the design process, you might create a number of design variations with
different elements (images or text) on separate layers. By selectively turning
the visibility of layers on or off, you can display this version or that version
of a design. These displays of document variations are called comps, or
comprehensive layouts (some consider comp to be short for composition).
In a Photoshop document with multiple layers, it can be difficult to remember
which layers to turn on or off for a particular design layout. Thats where
Layer Comps comes init takes snapshots of the current state of the file,
for viewing later.
1 Open or create a multi-layered file.
Turn on the visibility of the layers that you want to save as a comp.
2 From the Window menu, choose Layer Comps to open the
Layer Comps panel.
Each of the items in the
Layer Comps panel is a
different version of the document.
To save changes to a selected comp,
click the Refresh comp button.
3 Click the Create new layer comp icon on the panel (circled, above) to
open the New Layer Comp dialog (below). Name the comp, then
choose the options you want to capture: layer visibility, layer position,
and appearance (Layer Styles and Blending Mode). Click ok.
4 The current version of the document appears as an item in the

Layer Comps panel.
5 To choose which Layer Comp is displayed in the document, click
the well to the left of the Layer Comp name. The Apply Layer
Comp icon appears in the well to indicate the current comp being
displayed.
110
Smart Objects
Smart Objects provide another way to edit a layer without harming the
original, which is call non-destructive editing. When you transform a Smart
Object, the original image data and quality is invisibly preserved somewhere
deep in Photoshop, even after you scale, rotate, skew, distort, transform the
perspective, or warp the layer.
Ordinarily, performing a transformation affects the image pixels and the
quality cant be recovered. For instance, if you scale down a regular layer,
then decide to scale it back up, the quality is degraded because the image
has already been processed for the scaled-down version. However, if you
scale down a Smart Object, the original image data is untouched; the scaleddown version references the original. So when you scale the Smart Object
back up, the original full quality image data is used to create a full-quality,
enlarged version again.
Smart Objects dont let you alter pixel data, such as using Brush tools on
them, unless you first convert them to regular layers, and then theyre not
Smart anymore.
Choose to use Smart Objects when you dont want the original image on a
layer to be altered. When you apply filters to Smart Objects, they become
Smart Filters that do not affect the original image. This non-destructive
editing approach lets you experiment with effects as much as necessary
without ever losing the ability to return to the original at any time.
A Smart Object icon appears

in the bottom-right corner of
a Smart Object thumbnail.
continued
111
Create Smart Objects

There are many ways to create a Smart Object. These are the most common.
From the File menu, choose Open As Smart Object,
then select a file as usual and click Open.
From the File menu, choose Place to bring in files as Smart Objects.
From the Layer menu, choose Smart Objects > Convert to Smart
Object (to convert a selected layer).
Drag pdfs, Adobe Illustrator layers, or individual art elements
from your Desktop or from Illustrator or InDesign and drop them
onto a Photoshop document window.
Copy art from Illustrator and paste into a Photoshop document
window. When the Paste dialog appears, choose Smart Object.
All Smart Objects land on the page with an X through them. While this X, or
crosshair, is showing, you cant do anything except use the Transform options.
So hit the Enter key to commit to the Smart Object and then carry on.
Edit Smart Objects

When you need to edit a Smart Object (as opposed to transforming it), the
original image is opened for you to modify.
1 Select a Smart Object layer.
2 Double-click the Smart Object thumbnail in the Layers panel.
Or from the Layer menu at the top of the screen, choose Smart Objects >
Edit Contents.
If the original file is a raster image format (made of pixels, like

a photograph or brush strokes), it opens in Photoshop.
If the original file is a vector format (made of mathematical paths),
it opens in Adobe Illustrator.
3 Make the edits you want to the original source file.
4 Save the file into the original folder from which it came.
When you return to the Photoshop file, the changes will be visible.
Photoshop has some very specific directions about editing the files.
Before you edit, you will see notes on the screen; just follow the
instructions.
112
Duplicate a Smart Object

You can make a duplicate of a Smart Object that is still linked to the original.
Changes you make to one, the original Smart Object or the duplicate, will
affect the other. Do one of the following:
From the Layer menu at the top of the screen, choose New >
Layer via Copy.
Or drag a Smart Object to the Create a new layer icon at the
bottom of the Layers panel (the icon looks like a page with
the bottom corner turned up).
Smart Filters for Smart Objects

When a filter is applied to a Smart Object, that filter automatically becomes a
Smart Filter that you can edit at any time. Smart Filters appear as an indented
layer below the edited image layer. A white mask is included (the white
thumbnail), allowing you to selectively mask out areas of the filter effect.
I applied a Smart Filter
called Gaussian Blur to this
image. With the Smart
Filter mask thumbnail
selected in the Layers
panel (below), I used the
Brush tool to paint black
on the adobe wall, which
masks (hides) the blur
effect wherever black
appears on the mask.
Show or hide
filter effect.
This double-circle icon

indicates a Smart Filter
is applied.
Hide or show the sublayers.
Smart Filter mask thumbnail.
Double-click to edit the
filter blending options.
Double-click to adjust filter settings.
113
Flatten layers
When you create a file with many layers, it increases the digital size of the
file. When you deliver a file to someone, they may want you to flatten the
file first so itll be faster to download and will take less storage space on their
computer. Flattening a Photoshop file takes all your layers and combines
them into one background layer. Layers that are not currently visible are
thrown away. If you do this, be sure to save a copy of the layered file so you
can use it for possible future changes.
If your file includes overlapped elements on separate layers, the flattened
version of your file will eliminate any part of the image that was hidden by
overlapping elements on layers above.
To flatten the layers in a file, open the Layers panel menu (click the tiny
menu icon in the upper-right corner of the panel), choose Flatten Image.
The Layers panel menu is shown on page 103.
Make bigger layer thumbnails

You can make the layer thumbnails in the Layers panel larger or smaller,
which can be very handy to easily identify the content of various layers, or
to economize on how much space the panel takes.
1 From the Layers panel menu, choose
Panel Options.
2 In the Thumbnail Size section (right),
choose one of the options.
3 Click ok.
Large thumbnails.
Medium thumbnails.
Small thumbnails.
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No thumbnails.
Photoshop
Type
Type in Photoshop is made from vector paths, which

are mathematical descriptions of the letterforms. Vector
paths let you resize type as much or as often as you want
without degrading the quality. All sorts of effects and
filters can be applied to type while preserving the ability
to edit, scale, rotate, and warp.
Some changes you make to type require that you rasterize

the type layer, which means Photoshop converts the text
to pixels and thus it is no longer editable as type. Once
you rasterize text, it becomes pixels on the screen, which
means you can treat it like any other image in Photoshop,
but not as text that you can edit again. If you need to
rasterize your type, make a copy of the original type layer
before rasterizing it so you can edit later if necessary.
Type is always placed on its own layera new type layer

is automatically created when you click in a document
window with the Type tool. As a side benefit, when you
forget the name of the font used, you can select the type
layer and find the font name in the Character panel.
Type control in Photoshop is fairly robust, but it is
designed for special occasions, and is particularly for use
in combination with images. That is, if you need crisp,
clean typography directly on the paper (instead of on
an image) for a letterhead or business card or brochure,
a better tool would be either InDesign or Illustrator.
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6: photoshop type
Set type
There are three ways to create type in Photoshop: 1) start at a point (below),
2) create a paragraph (opposite page), and 3) set along a path (see page 124).
Point type
When you have just a few words to set, this is the best way to do it. This
method is called point type because the text starts at that point and
continues along a horizontal path until you hit Return or Enter.
When working with point type, there is no bounding box (see the opposite
page) to contain the type, so it will go right off the page! If that happens
to you, either move the type (see below) or just click in the text before the
point at which it went off the edge, then hit Return or Enter.
1 Select the Horizontal Type tool from the Tools panel.
2 In the Options bar, choose a font and size.
3 Single-click in the canvas window. Photoshop automatically creates
a new layer, a type layer for this text.

Be sure to click in an area that allows your type to move in the
proper direction. That is, for English, click on the left side of the
window, down far enough to allow the size of the type to appear
unobstructed. You can always move it later, but you might as well
set it in a position that makes it easy to work with.
Flashing insertion point.
Type moves out from here.
The click point. Text starts here and
continues to the right until you hit Return.
This is the baseline. This line disappears

when you choose another tool.
To move the text, simply position the cursor outside the area of the
type. It automatically and temporarily turns into the Move tool.

Drag to move the text.
To edit the text later, choose the Type tool and single-click anywhere
in the text. (If the text has been rasterized, you cannot edit it.)
Tip: Be careful with the Type tool! every time you click with the Type tool,
Photoshop makes another layer (guess how we know that). if youre not careful,
youll end up with a dozen empty type layers. so as soon as you type your text,
choose another tool, a benign one, such as the rectangular Marquee tool (M).
While youve got the Type tool, you cant use the keyboard shortcut to select
another toolyou must actually go to the Tools panel and click on it.
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6: photoshop type
Paragraph type
Setting paragraph type is best for larger amounts of text, such as a paragraph
or more. It will be contained within a flexible bounding box. Dont worry
about the limitations of the bounding boxyou can always resize it later.
1 Select the Horizontal Type tool from the Tools panel.
2 Dont clickpress-and-drag the cursor in the document window
to create a boundary for the text; drag diagonally to create a

rectangle thats about the size in which you want to contain the
text. Photoshop automatically creates a new type layer for this text.
3 Type or paste copy into the boundary shape. If typing, do not hit
Return or Enter at the ends of the linesjust let them bump into
the bounding box edge and the text will continue on the next line.
Text boundary line.
If overflow text doesnt
fit within the boundary,
a small plus symbol (+)
appears in the corner.
The text cursor changes as you move it around a selected text box. The
example below shows the different cursors and explains what each does.
To move the type, simply move your cursor away from the text, and
it temporarily becomes the Move tool. Drag wherever you want.

To resize the bounding box, position the cursor directly on top of a
handle. When it turns into a double-headed arrow, drag the text box
to resize it.
To tilt the type, position
the cursor just outside

any handle until you see
the curved double-headed
arrow. Drag to tilt.
When you come back to
this text layer and want

to edit the text, simply choose the Type tool and click in the text.
The bounding box will appear and you can edit as usual.
To deselect the text, choose a different tool or a different layer.
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6: photoshop type
The Character panel

The Character panel gives you more type options than the Options bar.
To open the Character panel, go to the Window menu and choose Character.
The options you choose will apply to whatever is selected:
Click in a document with the Text tool
to start setting text, and the options

you choose in the Character panel will
apply to what you now type (because the
flashing insertion point was selected).
Select a text layer; the options you choose
will apply to all the text on that layer.

With the Text tool, drag over specific
text. The options you now choose will

apply to the selected characters only.
Press Enter to apply a value.
The fields of the Character panel are described below.

Choose a font family and the specific font style within that family.
Font size and leading value (leading is the amount of space between lines of text).
Kerning and tracking. Kerning adjusts the space between a selected pair of characters.
Tracking adjusts the space between all characters in a selected range of text.
Adjust the vertical or horizontal scale of the type. This distorts the letterforms.
Adjust the baseline shift and type color. Baseline shift refers to how far above or below
the baseline (the invisible line upon which type sits) the selected text will set.
Apply type styles to selected text: Faux (fake) Bold, Faux (fake) Italic, All Caps, Small
Caps, Superscript, Subscript, Underline, Strikethrough. (It is always best to choose the
family bold or italic style rather than the faux version.)
Tip: instead of typing numbers in the value fields, position the cursor
over the symbol next to the field. When the cursor changes to a hand
symbol, drag left or right to change the value in the field.
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6: photoshop type
The Options bar

Or use the Options bar to format text. Make sure the type layer and the Type
tool are selected, and then youll see these items in the Options bar.
Toggle between vertical
and horizontal type.
Font family.
Font style.
Set anti-aliasing
method.
Font size.
Create
warped text.
Paragraph
alignment.
Type
color.
The anti-aliasing menu lets you choose how

smooth or hard the edges of type appear.
None creates hard, jaggy edges. Experiment
to see how the various options reaction with
your particular design.
Commit and
Cancel.
Toggle Character
and Paragraph
formatting.
The Paragraph panel

Paragraph formatting applies to entire paragraphs, as opposed to character
formatting that applies to individually selected characters. Paragraph formatting includes things like indents, margins, alignments (left, right, centered),
space above or below paragraphs, and tabs.
The Paragraph panel provides more controls for paragraph formatting than
youll find in the Options bar.
To open the Paragraph panel, go to the Window menu and choose
Paragraph.
To select a paragraph for formatting, all you need to do is single-
click in it with the Text tool, since the options will apply to the
whole paragraph whether you like it or not.
To select more than one paragraph for formatting, press-and-drag to
select any portion of contiguous (touching) paragraphs.

Alignment options.
Hover the cursor over an item
to see a tool tip description.
Indent left margin.
Indent first line.
Add space before paragraph.
Indent right margin.

Add space after paragraph.
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6: photoshop type
g
o
s
o
f
t
l
y
o
n
Vertical text
Youve probably noticed there is a Vertical Type tool as well as the horizontal
one. This tool stacks your text in a vertical line. Try it. All the formatting
features that apply to horizontal text also apply to vertical text.
Change type color

By default, type you create uses the current Foreground color as displayed at
the bottom of the Tools panel. You can choose that color before you create
new type (click in the Foreground color box), or select characters and change
the color after you type. (See Chapter 11 for more on color.)
To change the color of all text on a certain layer:
1 Select the text layer you want to color.
2 Select the Move tool in the Tools panel.
3 Click the Color swatch in the Character panel, then choose a color
from the Select Text Color dialog that opens. The text updates
immediately with the new selected color.
To change the color of a specific selection of text:
Select the Text tool in the Tools panel and drag to select the specific range
of text that you want to color. Then do one of the following:
From the Window menu, open the Swatches panel or the
Color panel and choose (or create) a color.

Click the Foreground color box at the bottom of the Tools panel,
then choose a color from the Adobe Color Picker.

Click the Color selection box
in the Options bar or Character

panel. In the Select text color
dialog that opens, select a color.
In this example, I applied different colors
to individual characters, then chose a layer
Blending Mode of Hard Light. This makes
the colors react differently against dark and
light backgrounds and allows the image below
the text layer to show through.
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6: photoshop type
Specify Smart Quotes

Professional designers use typographers quotes ( ), also known as curly
quotes or smart quotes, instead of straight or typewriter quotes ( " ") which
look more like inch and foot marks.
1 From the Photoshop menu, choose Preferences > Type.
PC: from the Edit menu, choose Preferences > Type.
2 In the Type pane, check the box to Use Smart Quotes.
Click ok.
Please do not use typographers quotation marks if you are specifying feet and
inches. Weve seen plenty of bridges with warning signs that say something
like Max. Height 12 6. Thats just silly.
Hang the punctuation

Professional typographers and designers always hang the punctuation,
which forces the punctuation beyond the boundary of the text to create
a more consistent margin appearance. If the quotation marks in the first
line of a quotation, for instance, make the text appear to be indented, you
need to hang it.
1 Select the text layer or the paragraphs you want to affect.
2 From the Paragraph panel menu (single-click the tiny lines in
the upper-right corner of the panel), choose Roman Hanging

Punctuation.
Before hanging punctuation.
After hanging punctuation.
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6: photoshop type
Apply effects and styles to text

Photoshop sets type in vector form, as explained on the first page of this
chapter, which makes it always editable. As vectors, you can set type on a
path or in a shape (see the following pages), adjust its transparency (use
the Opacity field in the Layers panel for that layer), apply many transform
operations such as scale, skew, and rotate (see Chapter 4). You can even
warp text and apply Layer Styles (below).
Warp text
1 Create or select a text layer.
2 Select the Text tool.
3 In the Options bar, single-click the Create warped text button.
4 From the Style pop-up menu, choose one of the warp options.
Select options and adjust sliders to get an effect you like.

5 Click ok.
Warped text.
To remove a warp effect, follows Steps 1 3, above. In Step 4, choose None.
Click ok.
Once you rasterize the text, you will not be able to remove the warp!
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6: photoshop type
Apply Layer Styles to text

If you read about Layer Styles in Chapter 5, you might be excited to know
that you can apply Layer Styles to text while still maintaining the ability
to edit the text later.
1 Select a text layer.
2 From the Layer menu, choose Layer Style, then choose an effect
from the submenu that appears. This opens the Layer Style dialog.
Or double-click in the blue area of a text layer (not on the name
of the layer) to open the Layer Style dialog.
3 Select from the many styles in the Styles list.
Dont just click the little checkboxsingle-click the name of the

style to open its settings. See pages 102105 for more details about
Layer Styles.
We added the Layer Styles

called Drop Shadow, Inner
Shadow, and Color Overlay
to a warped text layer.
Rasterize the type

There are times when you must rasterize the type. For instance, some
commands, effects, and tools (such as Vanishing Point, filter effects, and
painting tools) will not work on text layers unless the layer is rasterized.
If you try to use a command or apply a filter that requires the type layer to be
rasterized, a warning message appears on the screen. The message sometimes
includes an ok button you can click to rasterize the layer. If such a button
is not provided, go to the Layer menu and choose Rasterize > Type.
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6: photoshop type
Set text on a hand-drawn path

There are times when you want to run type along a curved (but invisible)
line. Perhaps you want to follow a curve in a photo or create an arc over
a graphic object. Create any path and place text on it. Mmm, thats fun.
1 Draw a path with the Pen tool (below-left). See pages 160163
if youre not familiar with how the Pen tool works.

2 Select the Text tool in the Tools panel.
3 In the Options bar (below), choose options such as font and
alignment before you type. You can always change options settings
after youve typed the text (to change the font, font size, or font
color of existing text, first use the Text tool to select the text, then
change the settings).
Font color.
Font.
Font style.
Font size.
Alignment.
Cancel.
Commit.
4 If you chose a left text alignment, click near the left side of the path
with the Text tool, then type. If you chose a centered text alignment,
click near the center of the path with the Text tool, then type.
5 In the Options bar, click the checkmark icon to commit the text
(or any changes you made) and to deselect the text.
Use the Pen tool to draw a path.
Click the path with the Text tool,

then type some text.
In the top two examples I lowered
the opacity of the image layer to
make the path more visible.
Style the text however you want.
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6: photoshop type
Reposition text on a path

To reposition text on a path, use the Path Selection tool.
1 Select the layer with text on a path.
Choose the Path Selection tool.

2 Hover the cursor near the beginning of
the text. When the cursor changes to an

I-beam-and-triangle as shown aboveright, drag the text along the path.
Place text inside or around a shape

You can also put text around or inside shapes created with one of the selection
tools or Shape tools.
1 Draw a shape with a selection tool or a Shape tool (see
Chapter 10 (we used the Elliptical Marquee tool).

2 Open the Paths panel (right), then click the Make work
path from selection button at the bottom of the panel.

3 Select the Text tool; click on the path to set text along the path but
outside of the shape, or inside the path to set the type inside the shape.
4 Enter the text you want inside (or outside) the shape.
5 To adjust any of the settings in the Character panel and have it apply
to the entire text layer, make sure the Move tool is selected in the
Tools panel, open the Character panel, and make adjustments.
To adjust a specific range of text, select the text with the Text tool, then
make adjustments in the Character panel.
If necessary, open the Paragraph panel to adjust the paragraph settings.
6 To hide the path, select any other layer. To edit the text later, select the
text layer, then select the Text tool and click the text. Drag one of
the shapes handles to modify the shape.
Shape handle.
Work path.
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6: photoshop type
Force type to the inside of a shape

1 Select a layer with text on the edge of a shape. We used a circle drawn
with the Elliptical Marquee tool (below left).

2 Drag the Text tool across the text to select it.
3 Open the Character panel and enter a negative number in the
Baseline Shift field (left). Lower the Baseline Shift number until the
text moves down, across the path, and is aligned with the inside of
the shape (below, middle and right). If necessary, in the Character
panel, adjust the tracking (the space between letters).
Text around a shape.
Baseline shift applied to

selected text.
Deselected text inside

of the shape.
Move text to the inside bottom of a circle shape

1 Select a layer with text on the outside of a circle (or other shape).
2 Select the Path Selection tool in the Tools panel and position the
cursor over the text.

3 When the cursor changes to an I-beam with double arrows (below
left), press-and-drag the text downward until it flips upside down

with its baseline aligned with the inside of the circles path (below
middle). Of course thats not what you want, so . . .
4 Continue to drag the text down the side of the shape, all the way to the
bottom of the circle, until the text appears upright (below right).
Drag text downward.
126
Drag text to bottom.
Position text at bottom.
Photoshop
with a History
Photoshop is infamous for having one level of Undo.
That sounds very limiting (and it is) until you realize the
amazing flexibility and forgiveness of the History panel.
The History panel keeps track of every operation you do
so you can wander back and forth through your recent
Photoshop actions, just like going back in timeand
forward again if necessary.
You also have access to the History Brush, which paints
on an image using a former image state instead of color.
Its kind of freaky.
And, of course, the standard Undo, Redo, and Revert
commands, though limited, are very useful in any project.
Go back in time . . .
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7: photoshop with a history
The History panel

The History panel automatically keeps track of everything you do and lets
you jump back to previous states of the document. The history states are
represented by a list of operations in the History panel, shown on the following
page. Click an item in the list and the document changes to how it was at the
time of that operation, called its state. Use the History panel as a powerful
Undo and Redo tool, to replace the ordinary Undo command (Edit >
Undo) that can take you back only one step (state) in the document history.
The number of history states that the History panel stores in memory is
determined by your Preferences settings. To change settings, go to the
Photoshop menu, choose Preferences > Performance (PC: Edit > Preferences >
Performance), then use the History & Cache pane.
The default number of history states is 20; you can change it to up to 1000, but
keep in mind that all of this information is held in memory. When memory
gets clogged, it can affect the performance of your entire machine. Unless
you have a terabyte of memory installed, keep it to a reasonable number.
To preserve different document states while working, make a
snapshot of a selected state. Snapshots are temporary and are

deleted when you close the document. Open the History panel
menu, then choose New Snapshot (below). Snapshots
appear above the automatically generated list of states in the
panel. You can select a snapshot to revert to that state and
continue working from there.
By default, if you revert back to a previous state and then make
changes, or if you delete a state, all states after that are deleted.
To avoid deletion of states, open the History panel menu (below).
From History Options, check the box to

Allow Non-Linear History.
To create a new document from a particular
state, select a history state, open the
History panel menu, then select New

Document" (shown on the right).
To clear all history states from the list
without changing the image, click the History

panel menu, then choose Clear History.
To delete selected history states, click the
History panel menu, then choose Delete.

128
History panel
menu.
History Brush source
(see the next page).
Initial
document state.
Snapshot thumbnails.
Select an item in this list

to return to that state.
Click in a well to set the
source for the History Brush
(see next page).
Click here to create a new document
from the selected history state.
Click here to take a

snapshot of a history state.
To specify how many states to show in the History panel, open the History
panel menu and choose History Options. Select any of these options.
Automatically Create First Snapshot
Automatically creates a snapshot of the image state

when the document is opened.
Automatically Create New Snapshot When Saving
Makes a snapshot every time you Save.

Allow Non-Linear History
Make changes to a selected state or

delete a state without deleting the
states that come after.
Show New Snapshot Dialog
Opens a dialog that prompts you

to name your snapshots.
Make Layer Visibility Changes Undoable
Includes layer visibility changes as a

recorded step in the history states that
appear in the History panel list.
129
The History Brush tool

The History Brush tool (from the Tools panel) works with the History panel
(pages 128129) to achieve certain effects and restore image elements from
previous document history states. The History Brush looks at the History
panel to see which document state displays the History Brush icon next
to it (shown, left), which designates that state as the History Brush source.
The History Brush uses the designated source (in the History panel) to paint
with. You can change the source as many times as you want and paint with
various previous states of the document.
The example below explains one way to use the History Brush.
1 Open a document and make several adjustments to it, such as change
the hue or brightness, or apply a filter. We opened a cloud scene,

duplicated the layer, and changed the hue to blue.
Duplicated
layer with hue
adjustment
applied.
Original image.
The Layers panel above shows the

two layers, each with a different hue.
2 From the Window menu, choose History to open the History panel
(shown below). The number of history states will vary, depending

on how much you experimented with filters and other adjustments.
The history states shown here indicate we opened the document,
duplicated a layer, then made a Hue/Saturation adjustment.
3
In the History panel, select the document

state you want to modify (your selection
is highlighted in blue).
4 Designate one of the document states as the
History Brush source: click the well to the

left of the state. In this example, the Open
history state is designated as the source (the
image as it looked when it was opened, orange and yellow clouds).
130
5 Select the History Brush in the Tools panel.

6 Go to the Options bar (below) to specify the brush size, hardness,
opacity, and blending mode.
Brush Preset picker. Click to set brush size and hardness.
7 Drag the History Brush across the image where you want to paint
with the image as it exists in the selected source state.
The History Brush paints with the designated source

(the document state that used orange and yellow clouds)
on top of the selected state (the document state that uses
the dark blue Hue/Saturation adjustment).
The History Brush is also useful for restoring parts of an image that contain
unwanted modifications caused by certain filters or retouching. For example,
the image below was distorted using the Liquify filter. The area surrounding
the Liquified effect shows unwanted distortion. The History Brush enables
you to select a document state before the Liquify filter was used, then paint
with that state to restore the area around the distorted element.
The Liquify filter distorted this

image, including unwanted
background distortion.
The History Brush paints

out the distortion by using a
previous history state for paint.
131
Undo, Redo, and Revert

The Undo or Redo commands affect only the most recent actions. If you
make a mistake and start clicking around to fix things, all you will Undo
is the last click. Try to remember to Undo the very instant you realize you
made a boo-boo.
To undo the last thing you did, from the Edit menu, choose
Undo. The menu gives you a hint as to what you are going
to Undo, such as Undo Typing.
If you decide that was a mistake, you can undo the Undo
command: From the Edit menu, choose Redo. It will give

you a hint as to what you are going to Redo, such as Redo
Typing.
You can always revert to the last time you saved the file: From the File menu,
choose Revert. A Revert state is added to the History panel, enabling
you to return to states before the Revert command was applied, if necessary.
The Revert command is disabled if text is selected or if any element is
prepared for transformation; that is, if an element is selected and surrounded
by a transformation border with handles, as shown below. First commit or
cancel the transformation, then try Revert again.
132
Adjustment
Layers
As you know, Photoshop can do amazing things. And
chances are, even if youre a Photoshop user, there are
some features that you havent used yet, because you
havent stumbled across them and dont realize how
powerful, easy, and convenient they are.
Youll find Adjustment Layers to be invaluable when you
want to modify the tonal ranges and color balance of an
image (or just part of an image). Youll love how these
special layers allow you to make adjustments to an image
in a flexible (editable) and non-destructive way; that is,
any adjustments you make can be modified or disabled at
any time, and they do not affect the original image file.
Get in the habit of using an Adjustment Layer to make
changes rather than making them to the image itself
youll find it comes in handy much more often than you
think it might!
133
8: adjustment layers
Important Adjustment differences

There are two basic ways to access Adjustments through the Image menu
(choose Adjustments), and through the Adjustment panels. There is an
important difference between the two.
When you go to the Image menu at the top of the screen and use
Adjustments from there, you permanently alter the image.

When you use the Adjustment panels to create new Adjustment
Layers, the effects are non-destructive to the original layer (meaning

they do not permanently alter the image), plus the adjustment
settings can be changed at any time in the future.
Adjustments panel
To open the Adjustments panel:
1 Select the layer to which you want to apply adjustments.
This is your target layer.

2 Open the Adjustments panel:
If the Adjustments panel is already in the panels dock

on the right side of the screen, single-click its icon.
If its not already on the screen, go to the Window menu
and choose Adjustments.
3 Open the Adjustment controls: Single-click an adjustment
icon, as shown at the top of the opposite page. This creates

an Adjustment Layer in the Layers panel.
The Adjustment Layer will appear to be blank, but its actually
filled with magic that affects the layer directly beneath. See the
following pages for examples.
iMporTAnT: This process automatically creates a new layer directly above the layer that
you want to affect. so before you create the Adjustment Layer, make sure to select the
layer to which you want the effects to apply.
in fact, the Adjustment Layer applies to all the layers beneath it. if you want the
adjustments to apply to only the layer immediately below, click the Clip to layer button,
located at the bottom of the specific control panel (opposite page, bottom-right).
134
The icons in the main Adjustments panel (shown below) represent

all of the adjustments available as non-destructive Adjustment
Layers. Hover over an icon (it turns into a color icon) to display a
tool tip that tells you what it is.
Brightness/Contrast, Levels, Curves, Exposure.

Vibrance, Hue/Saturation, Color Balance,
Black & White, Photo Filter, Channel Mixer.
Invert, Posterize, Threshold,
Gradient Map, Selective Color.
Click the disclosure triangle next to any
preset collection to reveal its presets.
Click a preset to apply it.
Toggle between New adjustments affect all layers
and New adjustments clip layer (affects only the
layer below; see pages 106107).
When you click one of the adjustment icons (below, left), the
settings for that adjustment appear (below, right). To go back to the
Adjustments main panel, click the arrow in the bottom-left corner.
Adjustment list and presets.
Levels adjustment panel.
Adjustment
icons.
Return to controls for

current Adjustment Layer.
Return to
adjustment list
(on the left).
Clip to layer.
Open an Expanded view.
135
The Adjustment Layer

The new Adjustment Layer is created just above the target layer (below,
left); the target layer is the layer you select to affect. The Adjustment Layer
contains an adjustment thumbnail that identifies the type of Adjustment
Layer it is, and a mask thumbnail (a rectangle) filled with white.
Adjustment Layer.
Adjustment thumbnail.
Target layer.
Mask thumbnail;
see page 148.
Once you create the layer (as explained on the previous two pages) and
make the adjustments you like (as explained on the following pages), you
can always go back and readjust the settings.
To modify the existing settings in an Adjustment Layer, click the
adjustment thumbnail in the layer. The Adjustment panel opens

to show the current settings. Modify to your hearts content.
To delete all those adjustments, throw away the entire layer
select it in the Layers panel, then click the Trash can icon.
Or drag the layer to the Trash.
To hide the effects of the adjustments, single-click the eyeball icon
to hide the layer and hence its affect on the layer(s) below.
To attach (or clip) the adjustments to only the layer immediately
below the adjustments layer (as opposed to applying to all layers

beneath), click the Clip to layer button at the bottom of the
Adjustment Layer, shown on the following page.
136
The Levels panel

Levels adjusts the balance of highlight, midtone, and shadow values in an
image. Do one or more of the following:
Choose a preset from the uppermost pop-up menu (shown below)
Click the Auto button.
Adjust the levels manually by sliding the controls under the
Histogram.
Choose a Levels
preset from this
pop-up menu.
The Histogram.
Clip the adjustment

to the layer below.
The black triangle in the bottom-left of the Histogram represents

shadows, the darker tones. Drag it to the right to darken dark tones.
The white triangle in the bottom-right of the Histogram represents
highlights, the lighter tones. Drag it to the left to lighten the
highlights.
The gray triangle in the middle of the Histogram represents
midtones. Drag it left or right to lighten or darken midtones.
Use the eyedropper tools to adjust the levels:
Select the black eyedropper tool and click on the darkest area
of the image. This is called setting the black point.
Select the white eyedropper tool and click on the lightest part
of the image (called setting the white point).
This should automatically set the midtone values, but you can
manually adjust the midtones if necessary: select the gray eyedropper
and click a midtone area of the image.
137
The Brightness/Contrast panel

Brightness/Contrast adjusts brightness and contrast, but because it applies
to all pixels arbitrarily, it provides less control than using Levels (previous
page) or Curves adjustments (below).
The Curves panel

Curves can be used to adjust highlights, midtones, and shadows of the entire
image or of individual color channels. Choose a preset from the uppermost
pop-up menu, or click the Auto button. For more control, choose rgb
(or a specific color channel) in the pop-up menu, then do the following:
Select the Target Adjustment Tool (circled, right), then press-anddrag up or down in areas where you want to adust the tonal values.
The Curves graph reacts as you drag the cursor around the image.
The Exposure panel

Exposure adjusts tonality, primarily for hdr images
(High Dynamic Range). An hdr image combines
several exposures of the same image and uses the best
parts of each exposure. The Exposure adjustments can
be used with both regular images from your camera
and those that were originally shot in hdr.
Drag the sliders to adjust the image. Or use the
Eyedropper tools to set black and white points:
click on a dark tone in the image with the black
Eyedropper tool to set the darks, click a light tone
with the white eyedropper tool to set the white point.
All tones between are adjusted automatically.
138
The Vibrance panel

Saturation refers to how soaked with color a hue is, how intense it is. The
Vibrance slider adjusts the saturation of less saturated colors more than
colors that are already saturated. It also protect skintones from being over
saturated. The Saturation slider saturates all colors equally.
The Vibrance slider adds color saturation without over-saturating colors

that are already highly saturated. The +100 Vibrance setting above
saturates the color in the white flower petals.
The Color Balance panel

Color Balance adjusts the overall balance of the color in an image. Adustments
can be made for shadows, midtones, and highlights.
1 Select a tonal range to adjust: Shadows, Midtones, or Highlights.
2 Drag the color sliders to experiment with settings.
3 Check the Preserve Luminosity option to prevent the adjustment
from darkening the image.
In the image above, we adjusted the color

balance of the highlights to have a yellow cast.
139
The Hue/Saturation panel

Hue/Saturation adjusts hue (color), saturation (intensity), and lightness of
an image. The Colorize option creates sepia tone and duotone effects.
Choose a Hue/Saturation preset.
Create a sepia tone or duotone effect.
To globally change the hue or saturation of an image:

Choose a preset from the uppermost pop-up menu in the panel, the
one currently set to Default.

Or drag the Hue and Saturation sliders left or right.
The original image.
Saturation adjusted.
The Hue/Saturation
Adjustment Layer
desaturates the image
below it. The black
paint on the image
layer mask hides the
desaturation in the
lamp area.
To change the hue or saturation of a specific color range within the image:
Select a preset color range from the pop-up menu that is usually set
to Master (shown at the top of the page), then drag the Hue and
Saturation sliders.
140
To make Hue/Saturation adjustments that are specific to the colors in the
current image:
1 Select the Targeted Adjustment tool icon in the Hue/Saturation panel
(circled, below right).

2 Move the tool over colors in the image you want to adjustthe
cursor changes to an eyedropper. Click to sample (select) the color

range you want to effect.
3 Now press-and-drag left or right in the image to adjust the saturation
of the sampled color range (the cursor changes to the Targeted

Adjustment tool icon, shown below).
To adjust the hue of the sampled color range, hold down the
Command key (PC: Control key) as you drag left or right.
Reset adjustment.
The original image.
Command-drag (PC: Control-drag)

the Targeted Adjustment tool to modify
the hue of the sampled color range.
continued
141
You can also use the Eyedropper tools (shown below) in the Hue/Saturation
panel to select a color range to adjust.
1 To activate the Eyedropper tools, choose any color from the pop-up
menu shown as Master (below, right).

2 Select the first of the three Eyedropper tools. The other two
Eyedropper tools can be used to add to the selected color range, or

subtract from it.
3 Single-click on a color in the image you want to adjust
(yellow, in this example).

4 Drag the Hue and/or Saturation sliders.
Before the Hue adjustment.
After the Hue adjustment.
142
The Channel Mixer panel

Channel Mixer creates grayscale or tinted images.
To create a grayscale conversion:
1 Select one of the grayscale presets from the uppermost pop-up menu,
next to Channel Mixer.

2 Experiment, if you want, with the color sliders to affect the grayscale
values in the image.

3 Adjust the Constant slider to lighten or darken the image.
To create a tinted effect:
1 Select one of the grayscale presets from the uppermost pop-up menu,
next to Channel Mixer.

2 Deselect the Monochrome checkbox.
3 Drag the color sliders to add a color tint to the image.
Also, experiment with changing the Output Channel pop-up menu

to red, blue, or green, then adjusting the sliders. Although it can
be baffling to adjust colors using the rgb (Red Green Blue) color
space, youll get used to it, and will probably stumble across some
effects you wouldnt have imagined.
143
The Photo Filter panel

Photo Filter adds casts of color to an image, similar to the effect of using a
color filter on a camera.
Choose a filter color from the Filter pop-up menu, or select
the Color button and click the well to choose a custom color.
Adjust the Density slider to adjust the strength of the color.
Select Preserve Luminosity to prevent the effect from darkening
the image.
The Posterize panel

Posterize converts an image to a limited number of flat colors for a silkscreened
poster effect. Drag the Levels slider to set the number of colors to use.
144
The Black & White panel

Black & White is another way to convert a color image to grayscale, with
more control than the automatic black-and-white conversion that results
from going to the Image menu and choosing Mode > Grayscale.
The uppermost pop-up menu provides preset options that you can
choose, or you can select the Auto button.

For more control, single-click the Targeted Selection Tool icon
(circled below), then press-and-drag in areas of the image that you

want to adjust. The color sliders react as you drag inside the image.
To tint the image with control, check the Tint checkbox and adjust
the sliders. Everything is a matter of experimentation!
The Invert panel

Invert reverses the colors in an image, without providing any control other
than the flexibility to turn the effect on or off in the Layers panel, as you
can with any Adjustment Layer.
145
The Threshold panel

Threshold converts grayscale or color images to high-contrast black-and-white
images. Drag the slider under the graph to set a Threshold level.
The Gradient Map panel

Gradient Map maps the grayscale range of an image to the colors of a selected
gradient. You might want to experiment with this adjustment to create a
special effect using different gradients.
Click the Gradient Fill pop-up to choose a preset gradient.
Single-click the gradient bar to make endless adjustments to the
current gradient, to add more gradients, to name them, etc.

Select the Dither option if you want to add noise and reduce
color banding.
Select the Reverse option if you want to reverse the effect
of the gradient.
146
Not for every project, but

interesting.
The Selective Color panel

Designers love to tinker with images. We assume any photo can be improved
or made more interesting. That includes making all sorts of color adjustments.
Selective Color adjusts the amount of process color (cmyk, the color mode
used for high-quality printing) in a specified primary color without affecting
other primary colors. You can adjust various colors, all differently, and each
will have its own layer for readjusting or eliminating.
From the Colors pop-up menu, choose the color range you want to adjust.
Experiment with the Relative or Absolute options, which give slightly
different results depending on the colors in the image.
We adjusted the reds in this

image (the bricks and pot).
Auto Adjustments
Even though non-destructive
techniques such as Adjustment
Layers are a good practice, you dont
have to use them. If its okay with
you that the original image is altered
forever, go to the Image menu,
choose Adjustments, then from
the submenu (right) choose the type
of adjustment you want to make. Or
choose one of the Auto adjustments
in the Image menu: Auto Tone,
Auto Contrast, or Auto Color. These
automatic adjustments dont provide
any controls, but often they are all
you need to improve an image.
147
Adjustment masks
When you create an Adjustment Layer, the layer contains a thumbnail icon
that represents the type of adjustment you chose, and also a Layer Mask
thumbnail filled with white. When the mask is filled with white, any layer
adjustments you make are fully visible on the layer below. In most cases,
you will probably ignore the mask altogether, but it can be very useful if
you want to hide (mask) the effects of the adjustment in different parts of
the image. In the example below, weve added a lot of contrast to the image
by darkening it (using a Levels Adjustment Layer), then masking/hiding
the dark effect in selected parts of the image.
1 Open an image that appears flat and needs more contrast.
2 Add a Levels Adjustment Layer: From the Window menu, choose
Adjustments. Click the Levels icon in the Adjustments panel.

A new Adjustment Layer appears in the Layers panel (below, left).
In the Levels panel, drag the left triangle under the histogram to
the right to darken the image.
3 Set default colors for the Foreground (black) and Background
(white): press D.
4 Click the mask thumbnail in the Adjustment Layer to select it.
5 Select the Brush tool from the Tools panel.
6 In the Options bar, click the Brush Preset picker to choose a large
brush size and low hardness setting. Paint on the main image
(not in the tiny thumbnail) in areas where you want to hide the
darkened adjustment effect. Where you paint with black, the
lightness of the original image shows; these black strokes are visible
in the mask thumbnail, but not on the image! Shades of gray in the
mask thumbnail indicate a partially masked area, as seen in the soft
transition from light to dark, created by a soft brush edge.
You can also adjust
the opacity of the
Adjustment Layer.
Levels
adjustment icon.
Layer Mask thumbnail.
148
Working with
Transparency
All layers, except Background layers, are transparent.
Even if a layer is filled with pixels, such as an image, a
fill color, or both, the layer itself retains transparency
capabilities, allowing other layers below it to show
through when pixels on the top layer are erased or
masked.
You can give any layer a degree of transparency
by adjusting its opacity. Whenever necessary, the
Background layer can be converted from a nontransparent layer to a regular transparent layer.
Transparent layers are what provide the remarkable
flexibility and creative potential of Photoshop its
important to understand how theyre working for you!
The checkerboard area indicates

where this image is transparent.
The transparent area allows the

image on another layer to show
through onto this layer.
149
9: working with transparency
What is transparency?
With the exception of Background layers (which are not transparent),
image layers consist of opaque pixels against a transparent background. The
transparent areas of a layer are represented by a gray and white checkerboard
pattern. In the example below, the layer of Jimmy and Scarlett is above a
layer that contains an image of flower blooms. Where the background of
the top layer is erased (where you see the checkerboard), the flower bloom
layer can show through. In addition, layer opacity can be adjusted to any
degree of transparency, which opens up all sorts of visual effects possibilities.
A partially erased layer

that does not have
another layer below it.
A layers background
erased to reveal the
layer below it.
The Layers panel shows the

transparency of both layers.
Transparency preferences
Photoshops preferences allow you to decide how you want to be reminded
that a layer is transparent, via a checkerboard grid (or not).
1 From the Photoshop menu, choose Preferences > Transparency &
Gamut (PC: Edit > Preferences > Transparency & Gamut).

2 From the pop-up menu, choose a preset Grid Size and Grid Colors for
the transparency checkerboard. To create custom grid colors, click

the color swatches (shown below).
To hide the transparency checkerboard, choose None for Grid Size.
3 Click ok.
These two colors make the
transparency checkerboard.
Click a color to change it.
150
Lock the transparent pixels

When a layer contains both an image and areas of transparency, you can
protect the transparent areas while you edit the image. For example, you
might have an element on a layer, such as handlettering (shown below) that
you want to add brush strokes to, without letting the brush strokes touch
the background area. Locking the transparency enables you to do that.
Photoshop refers to transparent areas as transparent pixels, so when we
say Lock transparent pixels, we mean lock the transparency so that its
protected and preserved.
1 Create a new layer: click the Create new layer icon at the bottom of
the Layers panel. Or from the Layer menu, choose New > Layer.
2 Select the Brush tool and paint a word on the layer, as shown below.
Lock transparent
pixels.
Visibility for this

layer is turned off.
3 Click the Lock transparent pixels icon (called-out above).

4 Choose a darker paint color, then brush across the layer to add
brush strokes on top of the word. Because the transparent pixels

are locked, the new color you paint does not affect the transparent
areas, just the visible ones.
I wrote the word Giza with a brush
on a transparent layer. Then I
locked the transparent area and
brushed with abandon over the
word. The new color did not affect
the locked transparent area.
For the final version, I added
a drop shadow layer style and
turned on the bottom layer
visibility.
151
Lock image pixels and position

There are four Lock icons in the Layers panel; the first one is explained
on the previous page. The other three Lock icons affect layer transparency
in these ways:
Lock Image Pixels prevents visible pixels on the layer from
being altered in any way.
Lock Position prevents visible pixels from being moved.
Lock All locks transparent pixels and pixel position (the
visible image pixels cant be moved or altered in any way).
When a layer is partially locked (when just one or two of the Lock items
are selected), a white lock icon is shown on the layer (below-left).
When a layer is fully locked (when the Lock All icon is selected), a black
lock icon is shown on the layer (below-right).
Layer is partially locked.
Layer is fully locked.
You can unlock the transparent pixels of a selected layer at any time in
order to work in the transparent areas of the layer.
152
Use the Fill setting for special effects

While the Opacity setting in the Layers panel determines how transparent
everything on the layer is, the Fill setting, also in the Layers panel, affects
only pixels, shapes, or text. It does not affect the opacity of layer effects that
youve applied, such as drop shadows, bevel & emboss, stroke, etc.
With the layer fill set to 0%, everything on the layer is transparent
except the layer style, a drop shadow.
This layer fill is set to 30%.
Fill image pixels with color

To color the image pixels on a transparent layer with
the current Foreground color, without locking the
transparency: Select the layer, then press Option Shift

Delete (PC: Alt Shift Backspace).
To color the image pixels on a transparent background
with the current Background color: Select the layer,
then press Command Shift Delete (PC: Control
Shift Backspace). This is similar to Lock transparent
pixels on page 151.
153
Change Background layer opacity

The opacity of a Background layer cannot be changed; you must convert
the Background to a regular (transparent) layer. Do one of the following:
Double-click the Background layer; click ok.
Drag the Background layers lock icon to the Trash icon.
From the Layer menu, choose New > Layer From
Background; click ok.
Save as tiff with transparency

You can save an image as a file that preserves its transparency to maximize
design choices when its placed in a page layout application such as InDesign.
1 From the File menu, choose Save As.
2 In the Save As dialog, set Format as tiff.
3 Deselect the Layers option, to make the file smaller.
4 Choose a name and location for the file, then click Save.
5 In the tiff Options dialog (below), check Save Transparency.
6 Place the tiff file in InDesign and enjoy the design freedom of
working with a transparent background image.

Robin stored some of her DNA in Cheops,
the Great Pyramid of Giza, Egypt.
A transparent background provides

the design option to overlap one
image file on top of another in an
InDesign project, as shown above.
154
10
Draw &
P
aint
Photoshop is not just an image editing application
its also an image creation tool. With the draw and
paint tools, you can create just about anything
you can imagine.
Learn how to create vector shapes (mathematically
based), or rasterized shapes (pixel based), depending on
the mode you choose. Photoshop provides customizable
libraries of individual shapes to play with and a large
variety of customizable brushes to paint with.
Use a pressure-sensitive digital tablet, if possible.
Photoshop brushes can react to pen pressure, angle, and
rotation as you draw with them.
The versatile drawing and painting tools presented in this
chapter will provide new solutions and creative opportunities for your projects.
Draw with shapes from shape

libraries, or create your own
custom shape libraries.
Customize any paint brush and

modify its settings, or choose
from a large collection of preset
brushes.
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10: draw & paint
Create elbows (LBOs: lines, boxes, ovals)

Photoshop is such a sophisticated program that it can be difficult to figure
out how to draw simple shapes, such as lines, boxes, and ovals (affectionately
called elbows). If youre accustomed to InDesign or Illustrator, youll be
looking for the rectangle or ellipse tool, but there isnt one in Photoshop.
Here is the quick and easy way to draw boxes and ovals. But remember
that these are raster images, pixel based, which means you can erase pieces
of them with the Eraser tool, but you cant click on the shapes as objects
to change their fill colors or borders. (To create vector shapes, see pages 158
and 164169.)
To draw a rectangle, square, oval, or random shape and fill it with color:
1 Choose one of the selection marquee tools, such as the Rectangle
Marquee, Elliptical Marquee, any of the Lasso tools, or even the

Quick Selection tool or Magic Wand.
2 Create a shape with the tool.
3 While the marching ants are visible (the moving border),
fill the shape:

To fill the shape with the Foreground color, press Option Delete
(PC: Alt Backspace).

To fill the shape with the Background color, press Command Delete
(PC: Control Backspace)

To add a color border (called a stroke) around a raster shape:
1 Follow Steps 1 and 2, above, to create the shape.
2 While the marching ants are visible, create the border:
Go to the Edit menu and choose Stroke.

3 Enter a pixel width.
Click the color well to choose a color.

Choose where you want the border located.
If you want a blending mode applied or a lower opacity, choose it.
Click ok.
To turn off the selection marquee:
Press Command D (PC: Control D).
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10: draw & paint
To draw a single pixel line across the entire document:

1 Choose the Single Row Marquee tool or the Single Column
Marquee tool.
2 Single-click where you want the line to appear, and drag the mouse
to move the line.

3 Fill the line with color and/or stroke it as explained on the opposite
page. See an example on page 74.

To draw a line in any direction, use the Line Tool, found in the Custom Shapes
Option bar (shown at the bottom of page 158). See pages 164169 about vector
shapes. You can also use the Pen tool to create a path; see pages 160163.
Change the colors with the Paint Bucket tool

You can use any of the techniques throughout this book to change the colors
just as you would adjust the colors in a photograph. Or use the Paint Bucket
tool, one of Robins favorites because it reminds her of SuperPaint. The paint
pours from the one tiny pixel at the end of the spilling paint in the icon.
1 Get the Paint Bucket (its usually hiding under the Gradient tool).
2 In the Options bar, choose whether you want the fill to be the
foreground color or a pattern. If foreground, choose your color in

the Foreground swatch at the bottom of the Tools panel; if pattern,
choose a pattern from the Pattern well in the Options bar (add more
patterns by clicking the tiny triangle in the corner of that panel).
3 Also in the Options bar, choose a blending mode, if you like,
and the opacity.

The Tolerance tells the Paint Bucket whether to replace only the
colored pixels that match and are touching the pixel you click on
(tolerance of 0), or to spread out to similar colors (higher tolerance).
Check Contiguous if you want the paint to apply only to pixels
that are touching the one you pour into.
Uncheck Contiguous if you want to replace all items of the pixel
color the tool touches, even if the elements are not touching.
Check All layers if you want the Paint Bucket to replace all
matching colors on all visible layers.
4 Then pour into any contained shape, even if its already a color.
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Drawing with shapes and pens

In Photoshops drawing tools, you have a choice between drawing lines of
varying widths and colors, drawing geometric shapes that you can customize,
and using pre-made custom shapes from a library. With these drawing
tools, you can choose to create pixel-based shapes using the Fill pixels mode
(opposite page) or vector-based shapes that are eternally editable using the
Shape layers mode (see pages 164169). Be sure you choose the mode that
is appropriate for what you want to accomplish.
You can also use the Pen tool and the Freeform Pen tool; with the Pen tools
you can create custom shapes (in the form of paths). You can fill these paths
and change the fill at any time (you can stroke the shape, but you have to
rasterize the shape first, which means you cannot adjust it later).
Before you draw:
1 Select a Shape tool or a pen tool.
The Shape tools are in the pop-out menu along with the
Rectangle tool, as shown below, left.
The Pen tools (the regular Pen tool and the Freeform Pen tool)
are grouped together, as shown below, right.
Shape tools
Pen tools (and accessories)
2 When you select a tool, the Options bar displays new options, as
shown below. Choose one of three drawing modes: Shape layers,

Paths, or Fill pixels, depending on what you want to do. Each mode
is explained on the following pages.
Shape layers.
Paths.
Fill pixels.
Drawing modes.
158
Line tool.
Pen tools and

Shape tools.
Geometry
options.
Create new
Shape layer.
Custom shapes
panel.
Apply style.
Set color for new layer.
10: draw & paint
Draw a shape in Fill pixels mode

The Fill pixels mode creates raster images, not vector graphics. That means
you cannot enlarge the shapes later without loss of quality, and the editing
changes you can make are limited.
1 Create a new layer, or select an existing layer (not the Background)
that is not vector-based.

2 Select a Shape tool, as shown on the opposite page.
3 Select the Fill pixels icon in the Options bar.
4 Select a foreground color.
5 Shapes are pixel-based and behave like other raster images, so set
the options in the Options bar before you draw (because you
cant change these after youve drawn the shapes, as you can with
vectors). The options change depending on which tool you choose:
Shape: If you choose the Custom Shape tool, you can click here
to choose a shape from the library.

Mode: Controls how the shape color interacts with other colors.
Opacity: Determines how transparent the shape will be.
Anti-alias: Smooths the pixels on the edges and blends them
with surrounding pixels.

Set additional tool-specific options, such as the number of sides
for the Polygon tool, the radius on the corner of the Rectangle
Shape tool, or the weight (width in pixels) for the Line tool.
6 Now you can draw a shape on the currently selected layer. You
can draw multiple shapes on the same layer, but remember that
once they overlap each other, changes are difficult and sometimes
impossible. (Youll have more flexibility if you draw each shape on
a separate layer.)
These three speech balloons (from the Shape
library using the Custom Shape tool; see pages
164165) are drawn on the same layer. I chose the
color, opacity, and mode before drawing each one.
Because they are pixel-based, I cannot change the
shapes at all, and changing the colors will be tricky.
I can, however, erase pixels or paint over them or
select pieces and move them. Anything you can do
to a photograph, you can do to these drawn pixels.
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10: draw & paint
Draw a shape with the Pen tool

Use the Pen tool to manually draw a shape and fill it. Choose the Pen tool,
and in the Options bar, click the Shape layers button.
If you know how to use the Pen tool in Illustrator and InDesign, youll find
this one in Photoshop to be very similar. If youve never used a Pen tool
before (it is really different from any other tool), follow the simple directions
below. If you want to learn more about the Pen tool, experiment with the
directions on the next three pages.
To experiment with the Pen tool, first draw a random shape with straight lines.
1 Open a blank document so its easy to see the path you draw.
2 For now, choose white for the foreground color (shortcut: tap the
letter D, then tap the letter X to choose white as the foreground).

3 Select the Pen tool from the Tools panel.
4 Single-click anywherea point appears (shown below).
Single-click somewhere elsea path connects the two click points.

Continue to single-click. Youre creating a path made of straight lines
with tiny squares at the corners. The squares are called corner points.
5 To complete the shape, single-click directly on the first point.
Photoshop created a new Shape layer in the Layers panel for you
that includes Color Fill and Vector Mask thumbnails (see page 164).
When you hover over the first point,

a small circle appears that indicates
the path will be closed (completed)
when you click on that point.
To change the fill color, double-click the Color Fill thumbnail in the
Layers panel. This opens a color picker; choose a color. Click ok.
To stroke (border) this shape, you have to rasterize the layer first
(which means you wont be able to adjust the path anymore):

Right-click on the layer and choose Rasterize Layer from the
menu that pops up. From the Edit menu, choose Stroke.
Choose the width and a color. Click ok.
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10: draw & paint
Tip: if you prefer freeform drawing instead of setting specific points,
use the Freeform Pen tool. draw on the screen as if its a regular
pen; points and control handles are created automatically. Ultimately,
however, the regular Pen tool provides more precise control.
Once you learn to control the Pen tool and its points and handles, youll
find it extremely useful.
To make a curved path using a smooth point:
1 Curved lines come out of smooth points (although the tiny squares
look the same whether they are smooth points or corner points).
Dont click with the Pen tool, but press-and-drag. Youll see a control
handle pull out of the point where you started. The length and
direction of these control handles determine the paths curve.
These are straight lines

and corner points made
from a click.
These are the control

handles dragged out from
the press-and-drag
smooth point.
Press-and-drag smooth point.
The curve created.
2 Press-and-drag the next several points to experiment. Control the
curves by how far and in which direction you stretch the control
handles before you let go.
(As you draw a curved path with smooth points, you can switch
to creating a corner point: Single-click the next point instead of
dragging a handle out of it.)
3 To complete the path, single-click the first point in the path.
I used smooth
points to create
the path on the
left side of the star.
continued
161
10: draw & paint
As mentioned on the previous page, you can switch back and forth
from creating corner points to smooth points as you draw.
You can also change the type of point you just created. For example, if
you dragged a handle out of a point to create a curve, but now you
want the path to change directions abruptly from that smooth point
to the next point, do this:
Hold down the Option key (PC: Alt key) and single-click the existing
point that has handles coming from it (circled below).
This changes the identity of the point from a smooth point to a hybrid
point. The path still curves gracefully into that point, but the
control handle exiting out of the point to control the next segment
is gone. The next point you click makes the path come straight out
of that point, instead of curving out. This means you can adjust
the control handles on the curved segment without affecting the
line coming out from that point. (That sounds confusing, but
experiment with it and youll get used to it.)
Press-and-drag to create
smooth points, then
Option-click (PC: Alt-click)
the last-drawn point to
change it to a corner point.
The next click sends the

path straight out of the
point, instead of curving
out. You wont have a
control handle on that
side of the point.
On one layer, type a 120-point letter D with low opacity.

On a layer above this D, use the Pen tool to recreate that shape, directly on
top of the letter. Once you get that down, try the letters S and G. By then
youll be an expert.
A good exercise:
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10: draw & paint
To move or modify points in a path after the path is completed, use the path
Selection tools. Use the white arrow, the Direct Selection tool, to select and
manipulate individual points and lines. Use the Path Selection tool, the black
arrow, to select, manipulate, move, and delete the entire group of points as
an object. Experiment with paths and points until you feel comfortable.
To display all the points if
theyre not showing, get

the Direct Selection tool
(the white arrow) and click
anywhere on a line.
To select a specific point in a path, single-click the point with the
Direct Selection tool (the white arrow).

To move an existing point, get the Direct Selection tool (the white
arrow). Drag any point to a new position.

To change a curve, with the Direct Selection tool (white arrow),
single-click on a point so it shows its handles. Drag one of the

handles coming out of the point.
To select multiple points, use the Direct Selection tool (white arrow).
Hold down the Shift key after selecting the first point, then click on
additional points, or press-and-drag around the line to select points.
To deselect a point, hold down the Shift key and single-click on it
with the Direct Selection tool (white arrow).

To select an entire path, click it with the Path Selection tool
(the black arrow). This lets you move the entire path as an object,
apply transformations, delete the entire path all at once, etc.
To change a point from a corner point to a smooth point, get the
Convert Point tool (its under the Pen tool). Press-and-drag a point.
To toggle between the Path Selection tool (black arrow) and the
Direct Selection tool (white arrow), hold down the Command key
(PC: Control key). Let go to keep the current tool.
To fill a shape with color and add a stroke (outline), see page 160.
continued
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10: draw & paint
Draw shapes in Shape layers mode

When you create a shape in Shape layers mode, Photoshop automatically
creates a new layer that includes a Color Fill thumbnail and a Vector Mask
thumbnail on the same layer:
This is the new layer.

The red square is the
Color Fill thumbnail.
Here, the Vector Mask

thumbnail is selected
(you can tell by the broken
line around it).
The Effects are layer
styles I chose.
You can change the fill (inside) color, or you can fill the shape with a gradient
or a pattern, edit the shapes vector mask to modify the shape, or apply layer
styles to the layer. You can come back next year and make all these changes
because it is a vector object (as opposed to a raster object).
To experiment, use the Custom Shape tool to create a Shape layer.
1 Select the Custom Shape tool from the Tools panel. As soon as
you select the tool, the Options bar displays the Shape options,
as shown below.
2 In the Options bar, single-click the Shape layers drawing mode.
3 In the Options bar, single-click the Create new shape layer icon.
4 Single-click the Custom shapes icon to open its panel (next page).
Shape layers.
Custom Shape tool
Custom shapes panel.
Create new Shape layer.
Style offers hundreds of

looks to fill your shape.
5 Choose a custom shape to draw with. If you dont see a shape you
want, click the small triangle in the top-right corner of the panel
to append (add) other Shape libraries to the panel.
6 From the Options bar, choose a style (if you want one) and color.
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10: draw & paint
Click this tiny triangle

to set drawing behavior
specific to the selected tool.
Custom shapes.
Click to choose other
Shape libraries and append
them to this panel.
7 With a shape selected, press-and-drag in the document window
to draw the shape (shown below).
Shape layer.
Color Fill thumbnail.
Vector Mask thumbnail.
A new Shape layer is created for every shape you draw unless you
choose one of the other options to the right of the Create new shape
layer icon. These include Add to shape area, Subtract from shape area,
Intersect shape areas, and Exclude overlapping shape areas. Experiment
with how they interact as you create shapes on top of each other.

To change the fill color, single-click the vector mask thumbnail in
the layer (see the callout above) to select it. Now click the Color
swatch in the Options bar and select a color. You can also change
the style. To deselect the vector mask, click its thumbnail again.
To reshape the object, select the vector mask. Choose the Direct
Selection tool (the white arrow). Click on the object to make the
points and handles appear, then drag them (see pages 161163).

To move all shapes on the layer, select the Move tool (V) and drag.
To move individual shapes, choose the Path Selection tool (the black
arrow), single-click on the shape to select it, and drag.
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10: draw & paint
Change the Color Fill of a shape

If you originally drew the shape with a style attached to it (see page 164),
you must first select the vector mask (single-click on it) and change the
style to None. Otherwise you wont see the color fill change. For regular
vector shapes with no style, its very simple:
1 Double-click the Color Fill thumbnail in the Layers panel
(shown below, left).

2 In the Color Picker that opens (below, right), choose a different color.
Double-click
the Color Fill
thumbnail to open
the Color Picker
(right).
Fill a shape with a gradient or pattern

1 Draw a vector-based shape in the Shape layers mode (see pages
164165). A Shape layer is added to the Layers panel.

2 Select the Shape layer in the Layers panel.
3 From the Layer menu, choose Layer Style > Gradient Overlay.
4 In the Layer Style dialog that opens (below left), click the Gradient
swatch to choose a gradient to fill the shape.

5 Adjust the settings for other options in any way you wish. Click ok.
Or make sure the vector mask thumbnail is selected (as shown on page 164),
then choose a style from the Options bar (also on page 164). Click the
tiny triangle in the Styles panel to add even more options.
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10: draw & paint
Manually change the path of a shape

You can change the outline of a vector shape at any time:
1 Click the vector mask thumbnail in the Layers panel.
2 Use the Direct Selection tool (the white arrow tool) and the Pen tools
from the Tools panel to make changes to the shapes vector path:
To display the points and curve handles,
single-click the path with the Direct

Selection tool. Drag points to new
positions and drag curve handles to
modify curves.
To add additional points to the path,
click on the path with the Pen tool.

(When the Pen tool is positioned over
a segment of the path, it automatically
changes to the Add Anchor Point tool.)
To delete a point, click an existing point with the Pen tool.
(When the Pen tool is positioned over an existing point, it

automatically changes to the Delete Anchor Point tool.)
To change an existing point from a smooth point to a corner
point (or vice versa), click the point with the Convert Point tool.
Transform a vector shape

Apply any of the transform operations (see Chapter 4 for more details) to
a vector shape.
1 Click the vector mask thumbnail in the Layers panel.
2 To transform the shape, do one of the following:
From the Edit menu, choose Free
Transform Path, then drag the corner

handles to scale or distort the shape.
From the Edit menu, choose
Transform Path, then choose one of

the options in the submenu; drag the
corners or handles. The example on
the right uses the Warp option.
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10: draw & paint
Stroke a vector shape with a brush

Although you can change the color fill of a vector shape over and over, a
stroke (a border) you add to a shape must be rasterized. This means the
stroke itself will not be attached to the vector shape, but will be automatically
rasterized to a separate layer, where you can move it and modify it separately
from the shape. You can also apply more than one type of stroke and each
will be on its own layer.
1 Draw a vector shape: Choose the Custom Shape tool and select a
form from the Custom Shape picker, as explained on page 164.

The shape is added to the Layers panel as a Shape layer (below, left).
The layer consists of a color fill thumbnail and a vector mask
thumbnail.
Shape layer.
A vector shape filled

with color.
2 Open the Paths panel. Click the Load path as a selection button (below,
left). The path in the main window turns into a marching ants selection
(as shown below, right).
Load path as
a selection.
Make work path

from selection.
3 Still in the Paths panel, click the Make work path from selection button
(above). Youll see a new path layer called Work Path.

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10: draw & paint
4 Back in the Layers panel, create a new layer below the selected Shape
layer: Command-click (PC: Control-click) the Create a new layer

button at the bottom of the panel (circled, below). This layer is
where the raster stroke will be created. The vector object will thus be
on one layer, and the raster stroke will be on another.
5 Select the Brush tool in the Tools panel.

6 Choose a brush type: Click the Brush Preset picker in the Options bar
to select a brush style and size.

In the Options bar, set the opacity and flow both to 100%.
Choose a foreground color.
(Or in the Options bar, click the Tool Preset picker [the extreme left
item in the Options bar], double-click one of the preset brushes to
select it, then choose brush size, color, etc., as above.)
7 Make sure the new layer in the Layers panel is selected.
Make sure the Work Path layer is selected in the Paths panel.
8 At the bottom of the Paths panel, click the Stroke path with brush
button (below, left).
Stroke path with brush.
As you can see above, the new brush stroke

is placed on the new layer as a rasterized
image. You can modify its color and
opacity just like any other pixel-based layer.
The final brush stroke effect.
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10: draw & paint
Paint with brushes

Youll use brushes to paint, retouch, alter colors, and basically do most of the
work in Photoshop. A variety of tools other than paintbrushes are considered
to be brushes in Photoshop: the Eraser, the Clone Stamp tool, the Blur,
Sharpen, and Sponge tools, etc. Many tools, even if they dont apply paint,
have brush characteristics assigned to them, such as brush tip shapes, sizes,
hard or soft edges, opacity, etc. The following pages explain how to use and
customize brushes and save them as presets for future use. Its important to
experiment with this! Try different brush tips with the Blur tool when you
want to smooth areas or soften edges, or give the Eraser an odd brush shape
and create patterns with it. The possibilities are infinite (were pretty sure).
The Brush Options bar

When you select the Brush tool from the Tools panel, the Options bar
(below) changes to provide brush options and access to the Brush Presets
(customized brushes already made for you) and the Brush panel.
Painting mode.
Let tablet pressure

control opacity.
Open the Brush panel

(see page 173).
Airbrush mode.
Let tablet pressure

control brush size.
From the Brush Preset picker (shown below), adjust the size of the
brush and its hardness (a soft edge is feathery; a hard edge is solid).
Check out the other brush tips you can choose from this panel. You
can paint grass, leaves, patterns, and much more. If you dont see extra
brush tips, click the triangle in the upper-right corner and add more.
Append more brush tips or replace the existing ones.
Size and Hardness sliders.
To see previews of the kinds of brush strokes any brush

will make, use the Brush panel, shown on page 173.
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10: draw & paint
Select and use a brush

When youre ready to select and use a brush, follow these steps:
2 Set a foreground color: Click the Foreground color swatch to choose
a color from the Color Picker, or select a color from the Swatches
panel. (See Chapter 11 for details about color.)
3 In the Options bar, click the Brush Preset picker to choose a brush
tip, then set the brush size and hardness.

4 In the Options bar set the brush opacity and flow.
Opacity determines how transparent the color is;

flow affects how much paint is applied to the image.
5 Press-and-drag on your canvas. Voil!
Change the cursor

In the Photoshop preferences, you can change the cursor according to your
working preference. This is an important thing to know about any brush
tip (Eraser, Clone, etc.), so spend a few minutes experimenting with the
different cursors. Then when youre working with the various brush tools,
youll know what the options are for precise brush work.
The Normal Brush Tip displays a cursor that is the size of the portion of
the brush stroke that has at least 50 percent opacity; this means if you have
a soft brush where the edges are feathered, your cursor will show you just
the center area of the brush stroke even though pixels are being affected
outside that area. The Full Size Brush Tip displays the entire area affected
by the brush stroke, so for a soft brush, it will be a large cursor.
From the Photoshop menu, choose Preferences > Cursors.
(PC: Edit menu, choose Preferences > Cursors.)
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10: draw & paint
Resize brushes
Because so many tasks in Photoshop require frequent adjustments of the
brush tools, its helpful to know several different ways to change the brush
size or hardness/feather on the fly.
To reduce the brush size, tap the left bracket [ on the keyboard.
To enlarge the brush size, tap the right bracket ].
To give the brush a softer edge, press Shift [ . This softens the brush
by 25 percent with each tap of the bracket key.

To give the brush a harder edge, press Shift ]. This hardens the brush
by 25 percent with each tap of the bracket key.

To interactively change brush size while working on an image,
press Control Option and drag horizontally

(PC: press Alt and right-click; drag horizontally).
The brush changes size as you drag so you can see how large
or small it is, but it doesnt paint while you drag.
Drag right to enlarge the brush (below, left).
Drag left to reduce the brush size (below, left).
To interactively adjust the brush hardness setting,
press Control Option and drag vertically

(PC: press Alt and right-click; drag vertically).
The brush edge changes as you drag so you can see
how hard or fuzzy it is, but it doesnt paint while you drag.
Drag upward to create a softer edge (below, right).
Drag downward to create a harder edge (below, right).
Drag horizontally to adjust

brush size (see details
above).
172
Drag vertically to adjust the

hardness setting of the brush edges
(see details above). The brush
above has a very soft edge.
10: draw & paint
More customization with the Brush panel

The Brush panel and Brush Presets panel, shown below, are expanded versions
of the Brush Preset picker (see page 170).
1 Make sure the Brush tool is selected in the Tools panel, then click
the Brush panel button in the Options bar, or the panels Dock,
or from the Window menu, choose Brush.
2 In the Brush panel (below, left), choose a Brush Tip Shape;
a preview appears in the pane at the bottom of the panel (below, left).
3 To load other preset brush shapes, click the Brush Presets button
in the top-left corner of the Brush panel.

In the Brush Presets panel that opens (shown below, right), click
the panel menu icon in the top-right corner, then select another
collection of presets. You might need to scroll down to see the new
brushes if you append the new brushes instead of replace the existing
brushes.
Whatever you replace or append in the Brushes panel will appear in the
Brush Presets picker in the Options bar, and vice versa.
The Brush panel.
Toggle the Brush Presets panel
(right).
The Brush Presets panel.

Toggle the Brush panel
(left).
Panel
menu.
Brush settings.
Be sure to click
the name
(not just the
checkbox) so the
settings for that
tip are displayed.
Toggle the Bristle Brush

Preview, shown below.
When you choose a Bristle Brush (brushes whose icons are drawings of
brush tips), the Bristle Brush Preview shows the angle and orientation of the
stylus on a pressure-sensitive tablet, whether you have one attached or not.
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Paint with a textured brush

Some of the brush presets already have a texture applied to them, but you
can add texture or a pattern to any brush to create interesting strokes.
2 In the Options bar, click the Brush panel icon:
This opens the Brush panel, as shown below.

3 In the Brush panel, click Texture in the left column to display the
texture controls on the right side of the panel. (Dont just check the
boxmake sure you click on its name to display the options.)
4 Click the texture/pattern swatch to reveal a pop-up panel of textures
or patterns. Click one of the swatches to select it, or click the small
triangle button to select from a list of other textures and patterns.
As you experiment with various settings, the preview updates to show
the results of your brush modifications.
To access additional texture

and pattern collections,
click this small triangle.
Click here to add your custom brush
to the Brush Presets panel.
Secrets of a Monastery
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10: draw & paint
More about brush settings

The Brush panel provides more ways to modify a brush stroke than well
ever need, but occasionally we find some obscure setting that is just exactly
what we want. The options on the right side of the Brush panel apply to the
brush characteristic or effect selected on the left side of the panel. Watch
the preview pane at the bottom to see what you created.
Shape Dynamics are the dynamic elements of a brush that can be made
to change during a brush stoke, such as size, color, or opacity.

Scattering sets the number and placement of marks
that combine to make a brush stroke.
Texture uses patterns to add texture to a brush.
Dual Brush combines two brush tips to make one brush stroke. With
a brush tip selected, click Dual Brush, then select a second brush tip
from the presets that appear on the right side of the panel.
Color Dynamics adjusts color variations of a stroke, based on current
foreground and background colors. The Fade option

sets the variation of colors as a specific number of steps.
Transfer determines how paint changes during a brush stroke.
For instance, the Fade control looks at the paint opacity setting in
the Options bar and fades it from there down to 0.
Noise adds noise (speckles) to soft brush tips that contain gray values.
Wet Edges simulates paint build-up along brush
stroke edges.
Airbrush simulates soft, sprayed airbrush brush strokes.
Smoothing creates smoother brush strokes.
Protect Texture applies the same pattern and scale to all brush presets
that have texture. To create a consistent texture, select this option

when you paint with multiple textured brush tips.
Spacing is an option thats available on the right side of the Brush
panel when Brush Tip Shape is selected at the top of the left
column. Increase the Spacing value to add space
between the basic elements of a brush tip and
create spacey brush strokes.
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10: draw & paint
The Mixer Brush

The Mixer Brush is stored under the regular Brush tool in the Tools bar
(press on the Brush tool icon to reveal the panel of other brushes).
The Mixer Brush simulates the way a physical paint brush handles color and
reacts with color already on the paper. The Mixer Brush contains two paint
wells. The first, the reservoir well, is loaded with the foreground color; the
second, the pickup well, picks up paint from the canvas and mixes it with
the reservoir color. The settings you apply determine exactly how the brush
and canvas colors interact with each other.
The Mixer Brush Options bar

When the Mixer Brush is selected, the Options bar (as usual) changes to
show brush-specific settings.
Brush Preset
picker.
Current brush load,

the reservoir well.
Clean brush after

each stroke.
Load brush
after each stroke.
Mixer Brush settings.
Mixer Brush presets.
Load or clean your brush: The Load brush after each stroke button
loads the color that was under the brush tip at the end of the
previous stroke. The Clean brush after each stroke button loads the
color that is under the brush tip at the start of the next brush stroke.
Current brush load: Click the triangle next to the color swatch and
choose Load Brush to load the foreground color. If you want to keep
the foreground color loaded, click the Load brush after each stroke.
Or choose Clean Brush to clear the brush of color.
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10: draw & paint
Mixer Brush presets menu: Dry, Moist, Wet, Very Wet, etc. To
modify the chosen preset, use the controls to the right of that menu:
Wet determines how much paint the Mixer Brush picks up from
the canvas. A higher number makes longer brush streaks.

Load specifies how much paint is loaded in the reservoir well. A
lower number makes the brush stroke run out of paint more quickly.
Mix determines how much foreground color is mixed in with the
brush stroke. A low percentage adds more foreground color; a

high percentage adds less foreground color and more canvas color.
Flow determines how much paint is applied by the brush.
Create a painterly effect with the Mixer Brush

Choose a blank canvas, a color-filled layer, or an existing image to paint on,
as in the example below. Then do the following:
1 Select the Mixer Brush (under the Brush tool).
2 Choose a brush from the Brush Presets picker.
3 In the Options bar shown on the opposite page, set the Mixer Brush
options and settings. In most cases, click Clean the brush after each
stroke button to keep from contaminating colors too much.
4 Drag the Mixer Brush in an image to paint.
A photo customized
with the Mixer Brush.
Below are the Mixer Brush settings used for

this painting. I chose the Mixer Brush preset
called Wet, then modified the settings on
the right (Wet, Load, and Mix).
If you choose to paint on an image, duplicate the image layer and work
on the duplicate to preserve the original. You can paint on the duplicate
and easily make new duplicates from the original as you experiment with
various brush settings.
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Brush Blending Modes

When you paint with a brush, you can choose a brush blending mode to
alter how the brush color interacts with other colors in the image.
These blending modes are exactly like the Layer Blending Modes explained
on page 98; instead of using a Brush blending mode, you can place brush
strokes on separate layers, then apply a Layer Blending Mode.
However, the Brush Blending Mode includes two options that arent available
on Layers: Behind and Clear. Behind paints only on transparent areas of a
layer, as shown below, giving the appearance of painting behind existing
pixels on the layer. Clear paints transparency (which means it erases, just
like the Eraser tool).
2 In the Options bar, select a blending mode from the Mode pop-up
menu. The samples of various blending modes below shows how

different modes affect the brush stroke and the image. The effects
differ depending on the color and value of the brush stroke as well
as the underlying image.
3 Select a foreground color and paint on a layer.
Normal.
Screen.
Difference.
Divide.
The Behind Brush Blending Mode

paints only on transparent pixels. This
black brush stroke is actually on the
same layer as the hand and wine glass.
(Keep in mind, though, that you have
more options if you paint the brush
stroke on another layer.)
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Paint with the Clone Stamp tool

The Clone Stamp tool can resolve many of your retouching challengesits
more versatile than many users realize. At its most basic level, you simply
select a part of an image as a source, and then paint that source onto another
area of the image (see page 58). But you can also scale or rotate from the
source, and even paint part of an image from one document onto an image
in another document. You can set up to five separate sources and switch
between them as needed.
To adjust the clone options in the Clone Source panel, open this panel from
the Window menu.
Save up to five clone sources.
Flip horizontal.
Flip vertical.
Set horizontal scale (width).

Set vertical scale (height).
Maintain Aspect Ratio.
Set vertical and

horizontal offsets.
Reset scale and rotation.

Rotate the clone source.
For video.
Clipped: constrain the Overlay

preview to the brush tip shape.
Overlay is a preview
of the clone source.
Set the clone opacity.
Choose a blending mode.
Hide the Overlay as you paint.
A simple clone project

Paint elements from one photo into another photo using the Clone Stamp.
1 Open two photos (both photos must be in the same color mode,
either rgb or cmyk). Separate them so they are not in the single tab
(drag the title bar of one photo away from the tab until it separates).
Original flower photo.
Original dog photo.

continued
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10: draw & paint
2 Select the Clone Stamp tool.

3 In the Options bar, click the Brush panel icon. In the Brush panel,
choose a brush tip, set opacity, flow, and blending mode.

4 In the Options bar, click the Clone Source panel icon.
In the Clone Source panel (shown on the previous page),
choose from these behaviors for the cloned image you paint:
Flip the cloned image horizontally or vertically.
Adjust the scale of the cloned image.
Rotate the cloned image as you paint.
Adjust the opacity of the cloned image.
Choose a blending mode for the cloned image.
Choose to Show Overlay (so the brush displays what youre
going to paint before you actually commit to it) and clip it to

the brush tip shape (select the Clipped option).
5 In the Options bar (shown below):
From the Sample pop-up menu in the Options bar,
choose which layers to sample.

Make sure the Mode is Normal (unless you choose otherwise).
Select or deselect Aligned (see below).
Select Aligned to make the Clone tool remember the brush tip position at the end of your
last stroke, and continue from there when you start the next brush stroke. When Aligned
is deselected, each brush stroke starts at the original position of the selected clone source.
6 Set a clone source: Position the Clone Stamp brush tool over a part
of the image you want to clone somewhere else, then Option-click

(PC: Alt-click).
First, position the Clone Stamp

tool here and Option-click (or
Alt-click) to set a clone source.
Next, position the Clone

Stamp tool somewhere else;
press-and-drag to paint.
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10: draw & paint
To set additional clone sources, first select one of the other clone
source icons in the Clone Source pane, then Option-click or

Alt-click on the portion of the image you want to clone.
7 With a clone source selected, position the Clone Stamp tool in the
image where you want to start painting, then drag to paint.
With a black background

and the Clone brush
hardness set to 0%
(a very soft-edged brush),
painting near the edge of
existing flowers creates
the illusion of new flowers
disappearing into the
shadows of other flowers.
8 To use the other Photoshop document as a clone source, Option-click
(or Alt-click) in the document where you want to set a clone

source. In the example below, I opened a photo of Robins dog,
Rosetta, and Option-clicked in her face.
Next, position the Clone tool in the window where you want to start
painting with the new clone source; press-and-drag to paint.
A large, soft-edged Clone

Stamp brush creates a soft
transition between the
original flower image and the
clone source, which is Robins
dog from another open
Photoshop document.
Tip: For some projects, you might want to make a selection of the area in which
you intend to work so the rest of the image is protected.
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10: draw & paint
Paint with the Gradient tool

The Gradient tool creates smooth blends between colors. You can use a
gradient to fill a layer or a selection. Apply different blending modes and
adjust gradient opacity to create unique effects. Choose from a collection of
preset gradients, create your own, or modify existing presets to fit your needs.
Fill a layer or a selection with a preset gradient

1 Select the Gradient tool in the Tools panel.
2 In the Options bar, click the triangle button (on the right side of the
Gradient swatch, shown below) to open the Gradient picker, then

choose one of the preset gradients.
Click here to access other gradients.

You can choose to replace the
existing ones, or append them
to this pane.
3 In the Options bar, select one of the gradient style buttons:

Linear gradient: Blends colors in a straight line.
Radial gradient: Blends colors in a circular shape.

Angle gradient: Blends colors in a counter-clockwise sweep
around the starting point.

Reflected gradient: Creates a linear gradient on each side
of the starting point.

Diamond gradient: Blends colors in a diamond shape.
The starting point (the first click/press of the Gradient tool)
is the center of the diamond. The gradient ending point (the
release of the Gradient tool) sets the corner of the diamond shape.
4 In the Options bar (below), make the following settings:
Choose a blending mode from the Mode pop-up menu, and
set the gradient opacity.
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10: draw & paint
Or if you prefer (and we recommend), leave the Mode set

to Normal and opacity at 100%. Create a new layer for the
gradient and make sure the new layer is directly above the
photo. Keep in mind that the gradient layer will affect all layers
beneath it; if you want the gradient to affect just the one layer
below, clip the two together (see pages 106107).
Check Reverse if you want to reverse the color order.
Check Dither if you want smoother blends and less color
banding (usually a good idea).

Check Transparency to preserve any transparency thats
included in the gradient. Deselect for an opaque gradient.

5 Paint the gradient: Position the Gradient tool where you want to
start, then press-and-drag to a point where you want to end the

gradient (below left). If you dont like the result, Undo (choose Edit
> Undo) and try again.
If you applied the gradient directly to the photo (instead of on a
separate layer), you cannot change the gradientyou must undo
and try again.
If the gradient is on its own layer (below right), adjust the opacity and
blending mode in the Layers panel for that selected layer. You can
always throw away the layer and start over.
Starting point.
Ending point.
The gradient, applied to a new layer.
To cycle through the modes,

select the Move tool,
hold down the Shift key, and
press + (plus) or (minus).
Color Burn layer blending mode results.
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Paint with a pattern

The Pattern Stamp tool paints with a pattern. Select a pattern from the
pattern libraries or create your own.
A layer beneath the Moon layer is

painted with the Pattern Stamp tool.
Rasterized text painted with the

Pattern Stamp tool.
Below is one example experiment with all the options!

1 Select the Pattern Stamp tool.
2 Choose a brush from the Brush Presets panel in the Options bar.
In the example above-left, I chose a round brush with 0% hardness.

3 Set mode and opacity options in the Options bar. Above, the
mode is Divide and the opacity is 45%.

4 Select Aligned in the Options bar if you want to maintain the
continuity of the pattern, no matter where you start the brush.

Or deselect Aligned if you want to restart the pattern at a new
start point when you stop and start painting again.
5 Click the Pattern swatch in the Options bar to select a pattern, as
shown below. To load additional patterns, click the small triangle

button (circled).
6 Drag in the image to
paint with the pattern.

Experiment with different
modes, opacity levels, and
brush shapes.
184
11
Color
Tools
Photoshops color creation and selection tools are enough
to make design survivors from the pre-digital world
weep with joy. When we first saw the Eyedropper tool in
Photoshop 1.0, we said, Even if thats all it does, I gotta
have it. Now we can work with color in a variety of fun
and powerful ways.
Photoshops color tools enable you to select from color
swatches, create custom colors, select color from an
image, select a color library from an impressive list of
libraries, create your own custom color library, match
colors between images, and exchange color libraries with
InDesign and Illustrator. Theres even a special Kuler TM
panel for downloading color libraries from the Internet
(see page 190).
In this chapter we cover the basic tools and operations
you should know to create, select, and apply color in
your documents.
The HUD color picker is just one of the color selection tools you
can use. On the left is the Hue Strip version of the color picker; on
the right is the Hue Strip version (seep page 188).
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11: color tools
Pick a color
Whether you want to fill a shape or layer, change the color of type, or fill a
brush with a specific hue, use one of these methods to pick a color.
The Color panel

Colors you create in the Color panel are temporary, as opposed to colors
in the Swatches palette (pages 190191) that you can use again and again.
To open the Color panel, from the Window menu, choose Color.
The Color panel has Foreground and Background boxes, just as in
the Tools panel. Often it is critical that you recognize which box is
chosen, so look carefully at the illustrations below.
Foreground color box.
Color panel menu.
Background color box.

Color spectrum ramp.
The Foreground color box is

selected herenotice the
thin dark line around it.
The Background color box is

selected herenotice the
thin dark line around it.
To create a color in the Color panel, do one of the following:
Single-click in the color spectrum at the bottom of the panel.

Or drag the color sliders to set a value for each hue.
Or type a value in the text box for each hue.
iMporTAnT: if the Background color box is selected, it can affect color
choices with other tools! if you ever use a keyboard shortcut expecting, say, the
Foreground color box in the Tools panel to change color, but it changes the
Background color box instead, thats because the Background color box in this
Colors panel is selected. its really annoying. get in the habit of tapping the d
key to make sure the Foreground color box in the Color panel is selected.
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11: color tools
To change color modes and spectrum:
To create cmyk colors or rgb colors, open the panel menu (shown
below) and choose the color sliders you need.
To ensure that you dont create colors out of the proper gamut,
make sure the spectrum matches the slider mode, as shown below.
This symbol indicates the color

To ensure you dont create
selected is not in the proper gamut,
colors out of gamut, choose
or scope, of that color mode.
the spectrum that matches the
color mode sliders. Then when
In this example, this selected color
you choose colors from the
will not display properly when
ramp, they will always be in
printed on a press in CMYK colors.
the proper gamut.
The Adobe Color Picker

The Adobe Color Picker is one of two main tools for color.
1 To open the Color Picker, click the Foreground or Background
color box in the Tools panel.

This symbol means the new color is
not web safe, meaning the color
youve chosen might not display
exactly like this on old monitors.
2 Single-click in the vertical color spectrum to choose a hue and display
its variations in the large preview pane on the left. Then click in
the preview pane to choose a shade or tint of the hue; your chosen
color appears in the new preview box.
3 Click Add to Swatches to add that particular color to the Swatches
panel, where you can easily access it at any time.

4 Click ok to place that color in the color box (Foreground or
Background) that you had selected.

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11: color tools
The HUD color picker

You can use the hud (Heads-Up-Display) color picker to select a color on
the fly when any painting tool is selected.
The hud color picker is available in two types: the Hue Wheel (below, left)
and the Hue Strip (below, right). It is your own personal preference which
one to use. To change the type of hud color picker:
1 From the Photoshop menu, choose Preferences > General
(PC: From the Edit menu, choose Preferences > Performance).

2 From the hud Color Picker pop-up menu, choose one of the
Hue Wheel or Hue Strip options.

Selected hue.
Selected shade.
Hue Wheel
Hue Strip
To use the hud color picker:

1 Press Control Option Command (PC: Shift Alt right-click)
and hold down the cursor in the center of the image area.
The hud Color Picker appears. Let go of the modifier keys,
but continue to press down.
2 Still pressing down, drag the circular selection shape to the outer
ring of the Hue Wheel or to the vertical bar in the Hue Strip;
drag around or up and down to select a color hue.
3 Still pressing down, drag the selection shape back to the square
and select a shade or tint of the color hue. The top-right corner
represents pure color.
4 Release the cursor. The Hue Wheel or Strip disappears and the
selected color appears in the Foreground color box of the Tools

panel and in your brush.
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11: color tools
The Eyedropper tool

Pick a color with the Eyedropper toolit samples (picks up) the color from
the pixel in which you click.
To select a foreground color with the Eyedropper tool,
single-click a color in the image.

To select a background color with the Eyedropper tool,
Option-click (PC: Alt-click) a color in an image.

You can choose whether or not to display a sampling ring (the large circle
shown in the image below) when you use the Eyedropper. This is a handy
way to see exactly which pixel color you will pick up.
1 Choose the Eyedropper tool; check Show Sampling Ring
in the Options bar.

2 In the Color panel, click the foreground or background color,
depending on which one you want to load color into.

3 Press-and-drag the Eyedropper on the image and the sampling ring
appears. Inside the ring, the top half-ring of color is the current
color selection in the pixel sampled by the Eyedropper; as you move
the Eyedropper around the image, that color changes. The bottom
half-ring is the previous color selection.
When the top half displays a color you want, click and that color is
loaded into the foreground or background (whichever you chose).
Sampling Ring.
Tip: You can invoke the eyedropper sampling ring on the fly while youre painting
with a brush: Make sure the Foreground color swatch is selected in the Color
panel (not the Tool panel), and make sure show sampling ring is chosen as in
step 2, above. While painting, option-click (PC: Alt-click) on the image to get
the eyedropper sampling ring. Let go, and your brush is loaded with the new color.
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11: color tools
The Kuler panel

TM
When you open the Kuler panel, it connects via the Internet to collections
of color themes created by an online community of designers and artists.
If youre not confident in your color sensibilities or in choosing color
combinations that go well together, youll find lots of different color themes
that professional designers have created for you.
1 Open the Kuler panel: From the Window menu,
choose Extensions > Kuler.

2 Click the Browse button at the top of the panel
to display the color selections.

You can use the pop-up menus to select color
themes by category (Most Popular, Highest
Rated, etc.), or by date.
3 To add a color theme to your Swatches panel,
select the theme, then click the Add selected

theme to swatches button at the bottom of the
panel (circled, right).
Manage the Swatches panel

The Swatches panel keeps project colors accessible and organized. You can
share swatches with other people and other applications.
To open the Swatches panel, from the Window menu, choose Swatches.
Swatches panel menu.
Create new swatch of color.

The swatch will be the color of the
currently selected foreground or
background color in the Color panel.
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11: color tools
Add a color to the Swatches panel

In the Color panel (not the Tools panel), select a foreground color, then
click the New Swatch button at the bottom of the Swatches panel.
Or create a foreground color in the Color panel, click an empty space in
the Swatches panel, name the color, and click ok.
Delete a color from the Swatches panel

Drag a swatch to the panels Trash icon (you wont see the grabber hand
until you actually press and drag the swatch).
Save a custom set of swatches as a library

From the Swatches panel menu, choose Save Swatches then choose a
location. This creates a .aco file for Photoshop (an Adobe color file format
for color swatches).
Share swatches with InDesign and lllustrator

1 In the Swatches panel, create color swatches you want
and delete swatches you dont want to include.

2 From the Swatches panel menu, choose Save
Swatches For Exchange. This creates a .ase file

(Adobe swatch exchange file format).
3 Choose a location in which to save the swatches file
you can save it anywhere.

4 Load the file into the Swatches panel of InDesign or Illustrator:
From that applications Swatches panel, choose Load Swatches,

then select the .ase file you created.
Load or replace color libraries

From the Swatches panel menu, choose Load Swatches, Replace Swatches,
or choose one of the color library names in the panel menu. You can choose
to append (add) the swatches, or replace the existing ones.
Reset the default swatches library

From the Swatches panel menu, choose Reset Swatches.
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11: color tools
Match color
You sometimes have to work with photos that have different color casts. If
the photos are supposed to look similar, the different casts can be distracting
or look amateurish.
Instead of experimenting with settings for Hue/Saturation and Color Balance,
try Photoshops Match Color feature.
1 Open both images in Photoshop, then choose the target image,
the image you want to adjust (make it the active window).

2 From the Images menu, choose Adjustments > Match Color.
3 In the Match Color dialog, select
the other image, the one you want to

match to, in the Source pop-up menu.
4 Check the Preview box to see the effect
on the target image.

5 To reduce the effect, use the Fade slider.
If necessary, adjust the other sliders.

6 Click ok.
Source image.
Target image.
Modified target image.
In multilayered files, you can choose the layer you want to adjust.
To base the color adjustment on specific color areas in the source
image, make a selection in the source image, then check Use

Selection in Source to Calculate Colors.
To apply the color adjustment to only a part of the target image,
check Use Selection in Target to Calculate Adjustment.

Choose Save Statistics to apply these adjustments to future images.
You can Load Statistics from other sources (a friend or coworker).
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12
Filters &
Effects
Filters can alter an images appearance in many ways.
Using filters, you can transform your images with
textures, special effects, artistic effects, distortion, blurs
of various kinds, sharpness, lens corrections, lighting
effects, and much more. The possibilities are dizzying,
especially when you consider that most filters provide
many adjustment options.
Before you apply a filter to a layer, you can first convert
the layer into a Smart Object layer. When you apply a
filter to a Smart Object layer, the filter becomes a Smart
Filter, a non-destructive editing layer that preserves the
original image. When you use Smart Filters, you can
modify filter settings (or disable the filter) at any time
after youve applied them. Its a very smart and efficient
way to work.
These are just a few of the filters available that can

add visual interest to your project.
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1 2 : f i lt e r s & e f f e c t s
Filter Gallery
Some filters can only be applied to rgb files, so if the filter you want to use
wont work because your image is in cmyk mode, go to the Image menu and
choose Mode > rgb Color. Also, keep in mind that an images resolution
can affect the appearance of some filters resultsa higher resolution usually
produces a more refined result. We often increase an images resolution before
we apply certain filters, then reduce the resolution (see page 70).
To use the filters and effects from the Filter Gallery:
1 Select a layer in the Layers panel to which you want to apply a filter
or an effect. Or make a selection in a layer.

2 From the Filter menu, choose Filter Gallery. The dialog opens,
shown below, with the selected layer content in the preview pane.
Preview.
Thumbnails pane.
Hide/show filter thumbnails.
Choose
filters here,
or from the
thumbnails
pane.
Effects layers.
Adjust preview size.
New effect layer.
3 Single-click a folder in the middle section to display filters and effects.

4 Select one of the filter thumbnails (such as Charcoal, shown above).
5 With a filter/effect thumbnail selected, adjust the settings on the
right side of the dialog. The filter is added to the effects layers list
in the bottom-right corner. Each filter you choose will replace the
existing one in the list until you click the New effect layer button,
then it gets added and the effects affect each other.
Add as many effects as you want.
Click the eyeball icon to turn the effect on or off.
The stacking order of effects layers can affect the image results, so
drag a filter up or down in the list to try different combinations.

6 Click ok. Once you click ok, those effects are permanently applied (see
Chapter 7 about the History palette if you made a mistake!).

194
Filters in the Filter menu

You can also choose and apply filters from the Filter menu. Some of these
same filters are in the Filter Gallery, in which case Photoshop automatically
opens them in the Filter Gallery dialog (shown on the opposite page) when
you select one of them.
There are too many filters to show them all here. Experiment with each one
so you know what the possibilities are.
A sampling of filters from the Filter Gallery.
Glowing Edges.
Poster Edges.
Grain Vertical.
Torn Edges.
Artistic filters
The Artistic filters create painterly effects.
Some effects that may not immediately
appeal to you with their default settings
can look very different when you experiment with the adjustment sliders. The
Watercolor filter is shown on the left.
Blur filters
There are several different types of blur filters. The most commonly used
is the Gaussian Blur to slightly soften the image. Another favorite is
Surface Blur, which attempts to keep edges sharp while blurring between
edges; use it to improve a low-resolution image that has lots of noise and
graininess, as shown below.
Original image.
Surface Blur applied.
195
Brush Stroke filters

The Brush Stroke filters create a painterly
or graphic look, using different brush
stroke effects. By adjusting the filter sliders,
a wide variety of beautiful effects are
possible. The Accented Edges filter is shown
to the left.
Noise filters
Noise is random or orderly color or
grayscale pixels that can be used to create

texture, add visual interest, and cover up
problem areas, such as uneven color or dust
specs. The Reduce Noise filter smooths areas
of color that contain noise, yet preserves
edges. In the example to the left, I used
Add Noise.
Pixelate filters
The Pixelate filters can simulate halftone patterns or translate images into
blocks of color or different kinds of dot patterns, such as the Mezzotint
filter, shown below-left, and the Mosaic filter, below-right. (There is a
completely different Mosaic Tiles filter under Texture.)
196
Render filters
The Render filters create cloud patterns and simulated light reflections.
They are also useful with 3d techniques, which we dont cover in this book.
This Lens Flare filter simulates the flares
that different types of camera lenses create.
This Lighting Effects filter simulates various

types of lighting. You can add drama,
focus, or visual interest to a portrait, a
landscape, or just about any subject when
you apply lighting effects. Its another
creative option that you can take advantage
of in Photoshop.
Sharpen filters
Unsharp Mask and Smart Sharpen are
the most effective filters in this category.
Unsharp Mask (left) adjusts the contrast
of edge detail. Smart Sharpen provides
more control, letting you set the amount
of sharpening separately for shadows and
highlights.
Sketch filters
The Sketch filters add texture and create
a fine art or hand-drawn look. Many of
the filters, such as the Stamp filter shown
here, use the current foreground and
background colors.
197
Filters and Smart Objects

Smart Object layers contain image data, but not the actual image. This
allows non-destructive editing, which means the original image on that layer
is preserved and can always be recovered. Once a layer is a Smart Object,
any filters you apply are automatically Smart Filters, which are perpetually
adjustable and non-destructive.
To convert a regular or Background layer to a Smart Object, select the layer, then:
From the Layer menu, choose Smart Objects > Convert to Smart Object.
Or from the Filter menu, choose Convert for Smart Filters.

Both commands do the same thing; they convert the selected layer
into a Smart Object, preparing it to accept filters as Smart Filters.
To make changes to the original image on a Smart Object layer, double-click
the Smart Object thumbnail. The original image opens in a separate window.
Make the changes, save them in the original location, then close the originals
window. The edited image is now visible in the Smart Object layer.
Work on a low-res version of a Smart Object

If a project requires large, high-resolution imageswhich can cause slower
performance on your computer, especially when applying certain filtersyou
can work with low-resolution versions of the images as Smart Objects and
apply Smart Filters and adjustments, then later replace the low-res versions
with the high-res images. Any transformations, filters, warping, and effects
you created are applied to the high-resolution replacement images.
1 Select a Smart Object, then from the Layer menu, choose Smart
Objects > Replace Contents.

2 In the Place window that opens, choose the high-res version of the
image, then click Place.

3 Click ok. The new content is placed in the Smart Object.
Remember, however, that a filter applied to low-res image might have a more
intense result than the same filter applied to a high-res image.
The Accented Edges filter applied

to a low-resolution image (left) and
a high-resolution image (right).
198
Copy a filter to another Smart Object

Instead of going through the steps necessary to apply the same filter to
another layer or multiple layers, copy filter effects from one Smart Object
layer to another Smart Object layer.
Option-drag (PC: Alt-click) the filter effects icon on a Smart Layer
and drop it onto another Smart Layer (shown below).
This is the effects icon on a Smart Layer,

being dragged to the Smart Layer above.
Delete or disable a Smart Filter

To delete a Smart Filter, do one of the following:
In the Layers panel, right-click on the Smart Filter name
(the filter name, not the layer name), then choose Delete
Smart Filter.
Or drag the individual Smart Filter layer to the Trash icon at the
bottom of the Layers panel.

To disable a Smart Filter, do one of the following:
In the Layers panel, right-click on the Smart Filter name,
(the filter name, not the layer name), then choose Disable
Smart Filter.
Or in the Layers panel, click the Eyeball icon next to the Filter
Mask thumbnail (which will delete all the Smart Filters in that
collection) or next to an individual Smart Filter name.
199
Tip: The first item in the Filter menu shows the most recent filter applied.
If you choose the recent filter that appears as the first item in the Filter
menu, it applies the same filter settings as the last time it was used.
As a shortcut to open the filter dialog, Option-click (PC: Alt-click)
the recent filter name at the top of the Filter menu (which is the last
filter you used). This opens the filter dialog so you can modify the
settings, instead of applying the filter with the previous settings.
Lens Correction
Two types of lens distortion are common with cameras: Barrel distortion
(straight lines bow out toward the edges, like a barrel) and Pincushion distortion
(straight lines bend inward toward the center). The Lens Correction filter
corrects both types, and more.
1 Open an image that needs correction (usually something with straight
lines), then from the Filter menu, choose Lens Correction.

The original image with lens distortion.
Remove barrel
or pincushion
distortion.
Correct
vertical or
horizontal
perspective.
Show a grid to help with alignment.
200
2 In the Auto Correction pane, you can choose the camera model
and lens type that you used to shoot the photo, and let the default
settings take care of correcting the image.
3 If you dont know the camera information, click the Custom tab.
In the Geometric Distortion section, drag the Remove Distortion

slider toward the barrel distortion icon (left) or toward the
pincushion distortion icon (right).
4 If necessary, in the Transform section, drag the Vertical
Perspective and the Horizontal Perspective sliders left or right.

The icon at either end of the sliders indicates the effect that slider
will have on the image.
5 When the corrections are made, click ok.
The corrected image.
201
The Liquify filter

The Liquify filter distorts and warps raster images. Its a great filter for
retouching, or for special effects, because it creates substantial distortion
with minimal quality degradation.
1 Select a layer, or make a selection of part of a layer.
2 From the Filter menu, choose Liquify.
3 In the Liquify dialog, use the Freeze Mask tool to paint areas of the
image that you dont want to change. This is only necessary if your
brush size overlaps areas that you dont want to affect.
To erase the Freeze Mask when youre done, use the Thaw Mask tool.
4 Choose one of the liquify tools from the panel on the left side, then
drag in the preview pane to distort the image. I used the Forward
Warp tool in the example below.
5 Use the Reconstruct tool from the Tool panel to paint the changes
back to normal, or click the Reconstruct button on the right side

to undo the liquify effects step by step, or click Restore All to
undo all distortions at once. Click ok when youre happy with it.
Brush Density sets the feathering (softness) of the brush. The edge of a softer
brush (lower number) does not impact the image as much as a hard edge.
Brush Pressure sets the impact of distortion when you drag a tool in the
preview area. Low settings have less impact per drag.

Brush Rate and Turbulent Jitter set the speed of distortions when you hold a
tool stationary in the preview area. Drag just a wee bit, then hold the tool still.
See page 41 for another example of how to use this filter for retouching.
Experiment with
the various tools
and settings.
To make the brush
larger, press ].
To make the brush
smaller, press [.
202
Vanishing Point
Vanishing Point lets you create a perspective plane mesh on top of an image.
When you retouch or clone on top of the perspective plane, the edits are
scaled and oriented to the plane in perspective. For instance, you might
want to extend a brick patio into the background of a photo, or cover the
side of a house with wood planks. Vanishing Point enables you do that, in
perspective. To keep the perspective plane information in a document (to
use later), save the document in psd, tiff, or jpeg format.
The example shown below just barely scratches the surface of what can be
done in Vanishing Point, but it demonstrates how this feature can overcome
certain complex retouching challenges.
Clone an image with Vanishing Point

1 Open an image that has a perspective in it, such as a long walkway or
a building. To protect the original, create a new layer to work on.

2 From the Filter menu, choose Vanishing Point.
3 In the Vanishing Point dialog that opens, use the Create Plane tool
(selected by default) to click in the preview area and set the four
corners of a rectangle that
will define the perspective
plane surface. The opacity
of the image below is
lightened so you can see
the perspective plane
clearly (right).
To add a plane, select the
Create Plane tool and

drag the existing planes
edge away from the plane
(shown on the right).
By default, new planes are drawn at a
ninety-degree angle to the source plane.
Anything painted, cloned, or pasted onto a
plane adheres to that planes perspective.
continued
203
In this example, we want to clone the sides of the tower, in perspective,

to make it taller.
4 Select the Edit Plane tool. Drag the top edge of the front plane
upward to extend the perspective. Repeat for any other edge

necessary to cover your intended work area (below).
5 To protect other parts of the image from being altered, select the
Rectangular Marquee tool, then double-click inside the front plane

to select it.
6 Choose the Clone Stamp tool. Option-click ( PC: Alt-click) on the
image (a window in this example) to set a clone source. Position

the brush where you want to put another window, then drag in the
image, creating another window; repeat as necessary. No matter
where on the plane you paint, the cloned image maintains the
correct perspective.
You can paste an item
into the Vanishing

Point dialog window to
create a floating selection,
which conforms to the
perspective of any plane
that its dragged into.
You can scale, rotate,
flip, or move a floating
selection.
7 Click ok when finished.
204
13
Camera
Raw
Many of todays cameras can be set to shoot photos in
what is called Camera Raw. Raw is not a format itself, but
refers to a myriad of camera-specific formats that capture
uncompressed image data, retaining much more color and
luminance information than other formats, such as tiff
or jpeg. With raw photos you can manipulate and adjust
images in ways not possible with compressed formats.
While some adjustments in Camera Raw, such as
noise reduction and lens correction, are also available
in Photoshops Filter menu, the Camera Raw method
provides more control, preserves the original, and allows
you to store the adjustments separately.
Many of the Camera Raw adjustments in Photoshop
work not only with raw photos, but also with jpeg
and tiff formats. Some of the original data in jpegs
and tiffs, however, is deleted in the camera during
the compression process, so some adustments have
limitations.
There are several different raw formats; in the unlikely
event that you need to work with images in a format
that is not supported by Photoshop, visit the Adobe web
site and search for dng Converter. The dng (Digital
Negative) Converter converts other raw formats to the
dng format, which is compatible with Photoshop and
other Adobe applications.
205
13: camera raw
Open an image in Camera Raw

Open an image in Camera Raw by doing any one of the following:
In Photoshop, from the File menu, choose Open.
In the Open dialog box, single-click to select an image.

From the Format menu at the bottom of the dialog box,
choose Camera Raw, then click Open. The image opens
in the Camera Raw interface.
If the Applications bar is visible in Photoshop, click the
Bridge icon
to open the Bridge application.
Select a photo, then click the Open in Camera Raw icon
in the Options bar. It opens in the Camera Raw interface.
Double-click a raw image anywhere on your computer. Raw
images have filename extensions such as .nef .dng, .raw,

.crw and .cr2. They open in the Camera Raw interface.
The Camera Raw interface

The main elements of the Camera Raw interface include a large preview,
a tool panel located just above the preview, and a pane on the right that
displays the controls for the currently selected Adjustment panel.
Turn the preview on and off to compare
adjustments to the original image.
Full screen mode.
Toolbox.
Histogram.
Choose an
Adjustment
panel.
Preview.
Camera Raw
menu.
Adjustment
control
sliders.
Save changes,
select a file format.
206
Open the image

in Photoshop,
and apply changes.
Apply changes,
close the Camera
Raw dialog.
13: camera raw
The Camera Raw Adjustments panels

To display a specific Adjustment panel, click its button in the row of buttons
(shown below) that are located below the Histogram (shown on the previous
page). Hover the cursor over an icon to show a tool tip description of the
item; click an icon to display its controls. Some specific examples and
exercises are on the following pages, but spend some time experimenting.
The toolbox
The toolbox provides a collection of tools for editing the image in the preview.
Zoom tool: Enlarge or reduce the preview.
Hand tool: Drag in the preview area to reposition an enlarged image.
White Balance tool: Click on a tonal value in the preview to adjust
the images white balance. (We usually simply select As Shot or

Auto from the White Balance pop-up menu.)
Color Sampler: Click colors in the preview to show their rgb values
in a list. You can list the values of up to four colors.

Target Adjustment tool: Hold down this tool icon to reveal a pop-up
menu, then choose the type of adjustment you want to make. Click
on the preview to sample a range of pixels, then drag horizontally
to modify the pixels that fall within the sampled range. See page 210
for an example.
Crop tool: Crop the image.
Straighten tool: Press and drag to align the drawn line with a feature
in the image that you want to straighten horizontally or vertically.

Spot Removal tool: From the Type pop-up menu, choose Heal
or Clone, then set the brush size (Radius) and opacity.

Red Eye Removal tool: Adjust the Pupil Size slider and the Darken
slider (if necessary), then drag a rectangle that covers the entire eye
and part of the face. The tool will only remove the red color.
Adjustment Brush tool: Paint effects on the image that can be
adjusted after you apply them. See page 211 for an example.
Graduated Filter: Place one or more gradations over an image to affect
exposure, brightness, contrast, saturation, clarity, sharpness, or color.

207
13: camera raw
Noise Reduction
Unless a camera is set to shoot in a raw (uncompressed) format, a photo
will have some degree of compression applied to it in the camera, which
creates noise. Noise appears as unwanted texture, artifacts, and odd-colored
pixels in the image. The example below shows an image that was originally
scanned at a low resolution and saved as a jpeg. We can fix that.
1 Open an image in Camera Raw (see page 206).
2 In the Camera Raw dialog, single-click the Detail icon.
3 In the Noise Reduction section, give Luminance a high setting,
and give Luminance Detail a low setting. See the example below.
4 In the Noise Reduction section, drag the Color slider to the right
to remove color noise. Drag the Color Detail slider to the right to
recover edge detail, if necessary.
5 Drag the Luminance Contrast slider right to enhance edge contrast.

6 Save the file in one of the following ways:

Click Save Image to save your adjustments;
choose a file format and location in which to store the image.

Click Open Image to apply the adjustments and open
the image per usual in Photoshop.

Click Done to apply the adjustments and close
the Camera Raw dialog box.
Before Noise Reduction.
After Noise Reduction.
208
13: camera raw
Lens Correction
Use Camera Raws Lens Correction tools to fix common lens distortions such
as barrel and pincushion distortion. Also use these tools to fix the even more
common vertical or horizontal distortion, as shown in the example below.
2 In the Camera Raw dialog, click the Lens Corrections icon.
3 In the Lens Corrections panel that opens,
make sure youve got the Zoom or Hand

tool selected. Click the Manual tab.
Based on the type of distortions you need
to correct, drag the adjustment sliders in
the Transform section. Watch the preview
to see the result.
In this example, I adjusted the Vertical slider
to straighten the door frame, then adjusted
the Rotate slider a bit for a straighter
appearance.
To reset all the settings, hold down the Option
key (PC: Alt key), and the Cancel button

turns into a Reset button.
4 Save the file as described in Step 6 on the opposite page.
Before Lens Corrections.

After Lens Corrections.
Option-click (Alt-click) the

Cancel button to reset all
the controls.
209
13: camera raw
The Targeted Adjustment tool

The Targeted Adjustment tool samples a range of pixels at the point where
you click in the preview, then modifies pixels that fall in that range as you
drag the tool horizontally across the preview. In the example below, we want
to change the color of the building, but retain the realistic color changes
between light and shadow areas (a perfect example for when this tool is
invaluable).
2 Press on the Targeted Adjustment tool in the Tools panel to display its
tool menu (shown below-right); select the type of settings you want
to adjust.
Hue: Adjust the colors.
Parametric Curve: Adjust highlights,
lights, darks, and shadows.

Saturation: Adjust the saturation
of the color range you click on.

Luminance: Adjust the brightness of the color range you click on.
Grayscale Mix: Convert the image to grayscale and adjust the
grayscale values of the color range you click on.

3 Press on a color in the preview that you want to adjust, then drag the
Adjustment tool left or right in the preview to adjust the hue of the
sampled pixels. Youll see the sliders on the right adjust as you drag.
4 Save the file as described in Step 6 on page 208.
The initial click samples

a range of pixels that will
be modified.
210
Press and drag the tool left or right in the preview to modify
the selected settings (the Hue, in this example).
13: camera raw
The Adjustment Brush

Use the Adjustment brush to paint individual areas of an image and adjust
them separately. This unique brush enables you alter your image by painting
with exposure, contrast, clarity, and other adjustments.
2 Click the Adjustment Brush icon in the Tools panel.
In the lower pane on the right, adjust the brush settings

(Size, Feather, Flow, and Density).
3 Check the Auto Mask button so the brush will detect edges and keep
the brush effect confined to specific areas. If the effect spills over
into an unwanted area, select Erase and paint out the spill-over.
4 Adjust the sliders to settings you want to paint with. Dont worry
about precise settingsmodify them after you paint them in.

5 Paint on the preview image. A Pin appears in the painted area to
indicate an adjustment; additional brush strokes are added to the

same group (the Add button is selected by default). To paint a
different area, which sets another Pin, click New.

To see areas where youve painted with an Adjustment Brush,
hover the brush over a Pin.

To adjust the image, click on a Pin to select it, then adjust the sliders.
6 Save the file as described in Step 6 on page 208.
The Adjustment brush in this example is set to paint
with exposure, brightness, and contrast.
Paint with New
brush settings, Add
brush strokes with
existing settings, or
Erase brush effects.
Brush effects
settings.
Brush settings.
Adjustment Pin.
Feathered brush.
Delete effects.
211
13: camera raw
Camera Raw images as Smart Objects

To place a raw file in a Photoshop document as a Smart Object, from
the File menu, choose Place. Select a raw image file, then click Place.
See pages 111113 about working with Smart Objects.
Overexposure warning
When adjusting exposure or brightness in Camera Raw, you can enable a
highlight clipping warning that will highlight overexposed areas as red. A
shadow clipping warning will highlight shadows that are too dense for a
printer to duplicate as blue. You can see the warning effects, below-left.
To turn the warnings on or off, click the triangles at the top left and right
corners of the histogram in the Camera Raw dialog (below-right).
Shadow clipping warning button (left) and

highlight clipping warning button (right).
Red and blue clipping warnings.
212
14
Puppet
Warp
Puppet Warp is a distortion tool that provides an
amazing amount of control in manipulating an image.
You can literally treat images or objects on a layer (not a
Background layer) like a puppet and bend them to suit
your needs. You can protect areas from being affected by
the warp, and you can even overlap parts of an image on
top of another part of the same image, as in the example
shown below (on the right).
Puppet Warp is useful not only for radical warping, as
shown below, but also for all sorts of retouching projects,
such as shaping the folds of a blouse, modifying a hair
style, trimming a few inches from a waistline, etc. Use
this warping technique to fix camera distortions, create
unusual effects, or enhance a smile.
Elements on a transparent layer, such as the sock puppet
below, are especially easy to manipulate since they have
no background distortion to deal with.
The original image.
Puppet Warp applied to the image.
213
14: puppet warp
Puppet Warp an image on a transparent layer

If the image you plan to warp is on a Background layer, double-click the layer
(and click ok) to convert it to a regular layer. The image in this example is
on a transparent layer by itself, above a Background layer filled with white.
If you want to separate an individual element from an image, see pages
158163 on how to use the Pen tool to create a Path around an object, then
delete everything else on the layer.
1 Open an image and select the layer you want to warp.
2 From the Edit menu, choose Puppet Warp (if its not available,
youve probably got the Background layer selected).

3 In the Options bar (shown below), adjust the following settings:
Mode: Choose Distort for a highly elastic mesh.

Density (spacing of mesh points): Choose Normal for now. More
points increases precision, but can slow down processing time.

Expansion (expands or contracts the outer edge of the mesh):
Expanding the mesh on a transparent layer such as this can help

prevent hard edges. Try 2 px for now.
Show Mesh (toggles the mesh visibility): The mesh (as shown
below, right) doesnt have to be visible to use Puppet Warp.

4 Click on the image to add pins to areas you dont want to move
and also add pins to areas that you do want to move.

When a pin is not selected (when its a solid yellow color),
it doesnt move and thus protects the area around it.
When a pin is selected, a black dot appears in the center of the pin,
and you can drag it and its surrounding area to another position.
This border
is the mesh
expansion.
The original image.
214
Selected pin.
14: puppet warp
5 Select a pin (press on it) and drag it to warp the mesh, as shown
below, left. If parts of the image move that shouldnt, Undo (choose
Edit > Undo), then add pins to the area that you need to anchor.
in the Options bar, or press Enter. Photoshop

wont let you do anything else outside the Puppet Warp until you
commit to it, and it wont save the points for you.
Overlap mesh areas

If you have a floating image on a
transparent background, you can
move a mesh area in front or behind
another mesh area: Select one pin,
then click one of the Pin Depth
buttons in the Options bar.
Set pin forward and

Set pin backward buttons.
Set pin forward.
Set pin backward.
215
14: puppet warp
Puppet Warp a Smart Object

To make sure you leave the original image intact, before you proceed with
Puppet Warp, convert its layer to a Smart Object:
1 Select the layer you plan to warp.
2 From the Layer menu, choose Smart Objects > Convert to Smart
Object.
You might want to edit the original image in a non-warp way, yet have those
changes appear in your Puppet Warp. To edit the original Smart Object
image after youve applied Puppet Warp:
1 Commit the Puppet Warp adjustment: Press Enter or Return.
2 Double-click the Smart Object layer thumbnail. The original,
unwarped version of the image opens in a new edit window.

3 Make edits, then Save. Close the new edit window.
Warped Smart Object.
Warped and edited

Smart Object.
Unharmed original.
Puppet Warp anything

Puppet Warp isnt just for puppetsits a powerful tool for reshaping any
image. In the example below, the pins placed around the edges serve as
anchors to keep those areas pinned down as other areas are warped.
The photo above-left is not distorted, its just a house with lots of character.
Puppet Warp, above-right, makes it look more stable for online buyers.
216
Index
Tasks
alter colors, saturation, luminance, grayscale, 2425

bend and twist an image with Puppet Warp,
214216
brighten a photo, 18, 3031
change the Background layer to a regular layer, 94
clean up scratches and dust in photos, 15, 58
clone an image from one canvas onto another,
179181
cloud patterns, how to create, 197
colorize a photo
hand-tint a photo, 66
use the Hue/Saturation Adjustment layer,
5051, 54
colorize line art, 6465
contrast, adjust it, 17, 20
convert photo to black and white, 20
crop photos similarly, 84
desaturate part of a photo, 63
drop an image into a Photoshop document, 95
drop shadow, create with a Layer Style, 102103, 105
duotone, make one quick and easy, 54
extend a photo, 3435
faded photo, fix it, 16
fix the vertical or horizontal distortion, 209
hand-tint a photo, 66, 143
juice up the color
brighten the image, 18
in spots, 63
in the whole photo, 3031
lens correction of an image, 85, 209, 200201
lighten a dark photograph, 18, 3031
light reflections, how to create, 197
lose some weight, 3941
make a portrait from a snapshot, 36
make the sky more dramatic, 6061
paint from one image onto another canvas, 179181
paint with a gradient, 182
paint without worry about going out of lines, 151
paint with previous versions of an image, 130131
panorama, create one out of several photos, 62
perspective images, retouch in perspective, 203
reconstruct the background of a photo, 27
reduce noise in an image, 195, 208
remove an element from an image
using a mask, 5557
using Content Aware fill, 38
using the Clone Stamp tool, 58
using the Pen tool and a path, 8081
replace the picture on a wall, 48

resize a photo without cropping, 3233
restore parts of an image to an earlier state, 131
smooth out the artifacts in a low-res image,
195, 208
straighten a photo, 10, 26
text
set type in Photoshop, 116117
make it go behind an object, 108
put an image inside of the text, 44
white areas in photo need more detail, 21
whiten teeth, 14
wrinkles, remove them, 19, 58
Accented Edges filter, 198

Add Anchor Point tool, 167
Adjustment Layers
how to use them, 106107
alter colors in, 22
grayscale conversion, black and white, 20
Adjustments panels in Camera Raw, 207
airplane contrails, remove them from the sky
with Pen tool path, 28
with the Clone Stamp tool, 58
alpha channel, one use of, 3233
Anti-alias in Options bar, 79, 159
art gallery art, drop in your own, 48
Artistic filters, 195
.ase file, 191
aspect ratio, resize proportionately, 87
Background color box

where is it? 2, 8
choose color with Eyedropper tool, 53, 189
in Color panel, 186
Background layer, 94
convert to a regular layer, 83, 154
is not transparent, 149150
baseline
what is it? 116
baseline shift up or down, 118
bevel, use Layer Styles, 47
bezier points and handles, 161
bit depth, 69
bitmap images, what are they? 68
217
black & white adjustments
Black & White adjustments, 20

black arrow tool (Path Selection tool), 163, 165
black point, set it in the Levels pane, 137
blemishes
remove with Clone Stamp tool, 58
remove with Spot Healing Brush, 15
Blending Modes
what are they? 98
where is the menu? 98
Brush Blending Modes (as opposed to
Layer Blending modes), 178
changing layers changes the mode, 101
cycle through the options, 98, 183
examples of
Color Burn, with gradient, 183
Hard Light, with text, 120
Multiply, to colorize line art, 64
Multiply, to hand-tint a photo, 66
Screen, to colorize line art, 64
group of layers has its own Blending Mode, 101
Blur tools and filters
in Filters menu, 195
set the Blur brush options, 170173
soften edges for final touch-ups, 37
Surface Blur
remove noise and artifacts from low-res image,
195
smooth out wrinkles, 19
borders. See stroke
bpc (bits per channel), 69
Bridge, open an image in the Camera Raw interface,
206
Brightness/Contrast panel in Adjustment Layer, 138
Bristle Brush Preview, 173
brushes
which tools are brushes? 170
apply texture to brushes, 174
brush Blending Modes, 178
Brush panel, 173175
Brush Preset picker, 170
Brush Presets panel, 173
Brush Stroke filters, 196
change the cursor display for any brush, 171
examples of brush tips, hard and soft, 172
keyboard shortcuts to change size or hardness, 172
lots of brush tips available! 170
Mixer Brush, 176177
painterly effects
with Artistic filters, 195
with Brush Stroke filters, 196
Pattern Stamp tool, paint with patterns, 184
resize brushes
in Brush Preset picker, 170
with keyboard shortcut, 172
set brush options, 170173
stroke a vector shape with a brush, 168169
218
Brush panel, 173175

Brush Preset picker
where is it? 2, 170173
how to use it, 170171
expanded version of in Brush panel, 173
Brush Stroke filters, 196
buttons, use Layer Styles for, 104
Camera Raw
what is it? 205
add depth to whites, 21
Adjustment brush to adjust individual areas, 211
Adjustments panels in, 207
alter colors, saturation, luminance, grayscale, 2425
interface in which photos open, 206
noise reduction, 208
open any file in Camera Raw, 206
open a raw image as a Smart Object, 212
overexposure warning in, 212
Red Eye tool in, 59
tools in, explained, 207
cancel an operation, 84, 86
Canvas Size, change it, 34
Catt family, 84
chain link icon in Layers panel, 97
Channels, example of using, 33
Character panel, 118
Charcoal filter example, 194
checkerboard grid (transparency), 149, 150
Ciatti, Ces and Shannon, 36
circles
create a perfect circle shape, 73
make one and fill it with color, 156
clip adjustment to a layer, 106107
Clipping Mask, put an image inside of text, 45
Clone Stamp tool
how to use it, 179181
clean up a photo with, 58
clone in perspective, 203204
Clone Source panel, 179180
remove or add an element with, 58
set complex clone source options, 179
set its brush options, 170173
cloud patterns, how to create, 197
cmyk color mode,
use cmyk for print projects, 69
change mode in Color panel, 187
Color Balance panel in Adjustment Layer, 139
Color Fill thumbnail, 164165
Color panel, 186187
warning in Color panel, out of gamut, 187
Color Replacement tool, 52
desaturate the color
colors
alter colors
adjust areas separately in Camera Raw, 211
Hue/Saturation Adjustment layer, 5051
hue, saturation, luminance, grayscale, 2425
Background color box, 2, 8
fill it with the Color Replacement eyedropper, 53
fill it with the Eyedropper tool, 189
change color mode, 69, 187
cmyk
what is cmyk? 69
change Color panel mode in Color panel, 187
change document color mode, 69
proper color mode for print graphics, 187
Color Balance panel in Adjustment Layer, 139
color channels and bit depth, 69
color combinations, use the Kuler panel, 190
colorize line art, 6465
colorize photographs, 5054
color pickers
Adobe Color Picker, 187
Color panel, 186187
Eyedropper tool, 189
hud color picker, 188
Kuler panel, 190
in a selection, 73
in spots with the Sponge tool, 63
on the whole layer, 5051
dull colors, juice them up, 3031, 63
Eyedropper tool to choose colors, 189
falloff adjustment, 51
Foreground color box, 2, 8, 52
fill it with the Eyedropper tool, 189
gamut, 187
grayscale color mode, 69
Hue/Saturation adjustments
change colors in a photo, 2223
create a fake duotone, 54
modify color in a photo, 5051
keyboard shortcuts for color arent working, 53
Kuler panel for color combinations, 190
match colors in different images, 192
modes, change them, 187
replace all similar colors in an image
replace the color of all text on a certain layer, 120
with Color Fill of a vector shape, 166
with Color Replacement tool, 5253
with Target Adjustment tool in Camera Raw,
2425, 210
with the Paint Bucket, 157
with the Selective Color panel, 147
rgb
what is rgb? 69
change color mode in Color panel, 187
saturate the color

in an Adjustment Layer, 51, 139
in spots, 63
select all similar colors in an image, 79
simulate cmyk while using rgb, 69
spectrum sliders in panels, 51, 187
Swatches panel, 190191
text colors, how to apply, 118119, 120
Vibrance adjustments
from Image > Adjustments menu, 31
from panel in Adjustment Layers, 139
warning symbol
in Color panel, out of gamut, 187
in Color Picker, web safe, 187
Commit button in the Options bar, 84, 86
comps, create from layers, 110
Content-Aware fill, 27, 38
Content-Aware scaling
resize without cropping, 3233
Contiguous in Options bar, 79, 157
contrast in a photo
adjust it with Auto settings, 30
adjust it with Levels, 17, 31
control (curve) handles, how to use them, 161162, 167
convert photo to black and white, 20
Convert Point tool, 163, 167
corner points, 161, 167
Cowne, Donald, 49
crop an image
quick cropping method, 82
crop an image so you can reposition the image
within the cropped space, 83
crop based on another image, 84
Crop tool
where is it? 72
fix camera distortion with, 85
how to use it, 8285
Perspective Crop tool, 85
one-pixelwidth cropping, 74
Rectangular Marquee tool, crop with, 73, 82
crosshairs in image, cant do anything, 95
cursors
choose cursors for all brush tools, 171
curved double-arrow for rotating, 87
double-headed horizontal arrow, 25
Curves panel in Adjustment Layers, 138
Custom Shape tool, 164169
Daniels, Jerry, 149

Delete Anchor Point tool, 167
in a selection, 73
in spots, 63
on a whole layer, 5051
219
deselect a selection
deselect a selection, 72, 86

Direct Selection tool (white arrow), 163, 165
distort an element, 4849, 8889
distortion in images
fix with crop in perspective, 85
fix with Lens Correction filter, 200201
dng Converter, 205
document information, 2
downward-pointing arrow in layer, 107
drawing in Photoshop, 156171.
See also painting in Photoshop
Fill pixels mode of drawing, 159
Freeform Pen tool, 161
lines, boxes, and ovals, 156157
shapes, custom vector shapes, 164165
Sketch filters to create hand-drawn look, 197
drop shadow, create with a Layer Style, 102103, 105
duotone effect, quick and easy version, 54
dust and scratches
Effects shown listed in Layers panel, 99

elbows (lines, boxes, ovals), 156171
electrical power lines, remove them, 28
Elliptical Marquee tool
where is it? 72
how to use it, 73
emboss, use Layer Styles, 47
enlarge the view, 1112
Eraser tool
change its cursor for more accurate erasing, 171
example of using the Eraser, 3637
Esc key to cancel, 86
Essentials workspace, 5
Exposure panel in Adjustment Layers, 138
eyeball icon, 92
eyedropper icons
in the Levels pane, 137
in the Options bar with the
Color Replacement tool, 5253
Eyedropper tool
replace colors in Foreground and Background
color boxes, 53, 189
sampling ring, 189
falloff, re color, 51
faux bold or italic fonts, 118
220
feather
add feather after a selection is drawn, 76
change the brush feather (softness) on the fly
or with a keyboard shortcut, 172
example of a feathered brush tip, 172
feather the edge of a selection, 76
preview the soft edge, 77
feet and inches, dont use quotation marks, 121
fields, tips for entering values in, 9
file formats to save as, 69
file size
change it by changing resolution, 70
check document information field, 2
decrease the file size by flattening layers, 114
fill a shape
Content-Aware fill, 27
Fill pixels mode, 159
fill single row/column lines, 74
special effects with fill settings, 153
transparent background
fill shape with the Background color, 153
fill shape with the Foreground color, 153
with the Background color, 156
with the Foreground color, 156
Fill pixels mode of drawing, 159
Filter Gallery
how to use it, 194
quick experiment with, 43
examples of filters in, 195197
filters
examples of filters in use, 195197
Filter Gallery, how to use it, 194
resolution affects the filter effect, 68
Smart Filters for Smart Objects, 113, 198199
finger grips, 6
flatten layers, 114
Flow of any brush tool, 171
Foreground color box
color pickers and, 186189
choose color with Eyedropper tool, 189
in Tools panel, 2, 8
make sure its selected (tap D), 53, 186
text types in this color, 120
Freeform Pen tool, 159162
freehand shapes
with Freeform Pen tool to select or draw, 161
with Lasso tool to select, 74
Free Transform
applies to a layer, 8687
rotate or resize a layer, 87
Freeze Mask tool with the Liquify filter, 41, 202
frog with red eyes, 59
full screen, make image display in, 7
fx symbol on a layer, 102103
layers and the layers panel: layer masks
gamut, proper color gamut, 187

Gaussian Blur, examples of using, 37, 113, 195
Glowing Edges filter example, 195
glow, use Layer Styles, 47
gradients
fill a layer with or paint with, 182183
fill a vector shape with, 166
use the Styles panel for custom shapes, 164
Gradient tool
fill in a background layer, 57
paint a gradient into an image, 182183
graininess, improve the look, 195
Grain Vertical filter example, 195
grayscale
color mode, change it, 69
conversions, 20, 143144
guides, how to use them, 11
Hamlet, 117
Hand tool to enlarge the image, 12
hang the punctuation, 121
hdr, High Dynamic Range, 69
highlights, adjust them, 31
histograms
how to use a histogram, 31
Levels adjustment, 16, 137
History panel for multiple Undos, 127132
revert state in, 132
Holbein woodcut, 64
hover to display tool tips, 9
hud color picker, 188
Hue/Saturation adjustments, 2223, 5051
create a fake duotone, 54
Illustrator
add a file from Illustrator to Photoshop, 4647
share color swatches with Photoshop, 191
vector files, 68
InDesign
paths in Photoshop carry over to InDesign, 81
share color swatches with Photoshop, 191
jpeg files
compressed format, 205

save as jpeg for on-screen viewing, 69
keyboard shortcuts for Tools

change a brush size or hardness, 172
selection letter shown in tool tip, 9
when using the Type tool, 116
Kuler panel for color schemes, 190
Lasso tools
where are they? 72
Lasso tool for freehand selections, 74
Magnetic Lasso tool snaps to edge, 75
Polygonal Lasso tool for complex paths, 75
Layer Comps, 110
Layer Masks, 108109.
See also mask areas to protect them
layers and the Layers panel, 92114
overview of, 9293
Adjustment Layers
how to use them, 106107, 133148
what are they? why use them? 136137
Adjustment panel and settings, 134135
Brightness/Contrast panel, 138
Levels panel, 137
target layer in, 134, 136
Auto-Select a layer, 96
Background layer, 94
change it to a regular layer, 81, 94
is not transparent, 149150
opacity of, 154
Blending Modes
what are they? 98
where is its menu? 93
changing layers changes the mode, 101
colorize an image, 64
cycle through the options, 98
group of layers has its own Blending Mode, 101
clip layers together, 106107, 135136
color code your layers, 102
comps, create them from layers, 110
copy the current layer, 96
delete a layer, 94
drop an image into a Photoshop document, 95
drop shadows, how to create, 102103, 105
duplicate a layer in another document, 96
flatten layers, 114
fx symbol on a layer, 102103
group layers into Group folders, 101
hide individual layers, 99
icon for Layers panel, 3, 92
icons in layers
chain link icon on layer, 97
downward-pointing bent arrow in layer, 107
eyeball icon next to layer, 99
fx symbol, 103104
icon in bottom-right thumbnail on a layer,
Smart Object, 95, 111
icons at bottom of panel, 93
lock icons, 94, 151152
triangle on right end of layer, 103
Layer Comps, 110
Layer Masks, how to use them, 108109
221
layer styles
Layer Styles
quick overview, 4647
add Layer Styles to text, 123
convert to an image layer, 105
delete a Layer Style, 103
special effects with Fills, 153
Styles panel, use with Layer Styles, 104
link layers together, 97
menu of options, 93
merge certain layers, 99
Stamp Visible, 100
new layers, how to create them, 95
new layer from other layers, 100
non-destructive editing of layers
use Adjustment Layers, 106107, 133148
use Layer Styles, 102105
use Smart Filters, 198199
use Smart Objects, 111113
Opacity slider
where is it? 93
use the scrubby slider to change the Opacity, 9
organize layers
into Groups, 101
link layers together, 97
with color coding, 102
reorder the layers, 95
select a layer; shortcut, 96
Shape layers, 165
show or hide individual layers, 99
Smart Objects
how to use them, 111113, 198199
drop an image onto a canvas, 95
Stamp Visible, 100
thumbnails
delete a thumbnail, 109
regular layer thumbnail, 92
view thumbnails larger or smaller, 114
Adjustment Layer thumbnails, 107, 136137
Color Fill thumbnail, 164165
Layer Mask thumbnail, 109, 136, 148
Smart Filter mask thumbnail, 113, 198199
Smart Object thumbnail, 95
Vector Mask thumbnail, 164165, 168169
transparency on layers, 149154
type is always on its own layer, 115, 116
unlink linked layers, 97
visibility of layers, turn it on or off, 99
lens corrections
crop in perspective, 85
in Camera Raw, 209
with Lens Correction filter, 200201
Lens Flare filter, 197
222
libraries
of Brush Presets, 173
of color, 191
of Layer Styles, 104
of patterns, 184
of Shapes, 164165
Lighting Effects filter, 197
lines
draw lines with Shape tools, 164165
single row/column with strokes and fills, 74
Liquify filter
how to use it, 202
lose some weight with, 41
restore distorted areas to their previous states, 131
use it on text, 42
lock icon in a layer, 94, 151152
lose some weight 3941
low-resolution images
reduce noise and artifacts in, 195, 208
work in low-res as Smart Object,
replace with high-res, 198
magic layers. See Adjustment Layers

Magic Wand tool, 72, 79
Magnetic Lasso tool
where is it? 72
select and snap to edges, 75
magnify or reduce the view, 1112
marching ants
deselect the ants, 72, 78, 86
Marching Ants preview, can change it, 77
Marquee tools
where are they? 72
deselect the selection, 86
mask areas to protect them
Freeze Mask, 41
Layer Masks, how to use, 108109
Quick Mask Mode, 55
mathematical shapes, vector graphics, 68
McDonald, Nikki, ii
measure a length with the Ruler tool, 10
Mezzotint filter, 196
Mixer Brush, 176177
Mosaic filter, 196
Mosaic Tiles filter, 196
Move tool
adjust character settings on entire layer, 125
change text color, 120
cycle through Blending Modes with, 183
move a guide, 11
move all Shapes on a layer, 165
move text with, 116, 117
reposition image inside a cropped area, 83
reposition image inside text, 45
multiple Undo, use the History panel, 128132
paths
noise
what is it? 196
add or reduce noise with a filter, 196
noise reduction in Camera Raw, 208
Noise filters, 196
non-destructive editing
with Adjustment Layers, 106107, 133148
with Layer Styles, 102104
with Smart Filters, 198199
with Smart Objects, 111113, 198199
on-screen viewing
color mode to use, 69
file format for, 69
resolution for, 68
how to change it, 70
Opacity
what is it? 93, 171
how to change the value of, 9, 93, 109
use the scrubby slider to change the Opacity, 9
Option key
change Cancel button to Reset, 25, 209
change point on a path, 162
clip Adjustment Layers together, 107
copy Layer Style, 47, 104
create a shape from the center, 73
subtract from a selection, 61, 78
Options bar
where is it? 2
importance of, 13
anti-aliasing, what is it? 79, 119
Auto-Select, 96
Cancel button, 83, 84
clear all settings, 82
Commit button, check mark, 83, 84
Content-Aware, 15
Contiguous checkbox, 79
drawing options, 158
eyedropper icons in, 5253
Mixer brush options, 176
Refine Edge of selections, 77
selection options (add to, subtract from, etc.), 74
Shape layers icon in, 160
Tolerance settings, 52, 79
type options in, 119, 124
Width and Height fields, 82
orangutan, 14
original image, preserve it, 177
Othello, xii
oval, make one and fill it with color, 156
painting in Photoshop
brush tools and settings, 170175. See also brushes
Mixer Brush for painterly effect, 176177
Paint Bucket tool, 157
painterly effects with filters, 194197
paint with the Clone Stamp tool, 179181
paint with a gradient, 182183
paint with a pattern, 184
paint without affecting the background area, 151
panels
finger grips, 6
hide or show all panels, 4
individual panels
Adjustments panel, 106107, 134
Black & White panel, 145
Brightness/Contrast panel, 138
Brush panel, 173
Camera Raw Adjustments panel, 207
Channel Mixer panel, 143
Character panel, 118, 126
Clone Source panel, 179
Color Balance panel, 139
Color panel, 186
Custom Shapes panel, 164165
Exposure panel, 138
Gradient Map panel, 146
History panel, 128132
Hue/Saturation panel, 140142
Invert panel, 145, 146
Kuler panel, 190
Layer Comps panel, 110
Layers panel, 9295
Lens Corrections panel, 209
Levels Adjustment panel, 135
Paragraph panel, 119, 121122
Paths panel, 8081, 125, 168169
Photo Filter panel, 144
Posterize panel, 144
Selective Color panel, 147
Styles panel, 104105
Tools panel, 8, 72
Vibrance panel, 139
manage panels
(group, dock, collapse, stack, etc.), 36
panel menu, 4
panorama photo, 62
Paragraph panel, 119
paths
whats a path? 160
close the path, 75
make a selection from a path, 80
Paths panel, 80
set text along a path, 124125
stroke a path, 168
223
path selection tool
Path Selection tool (black arrow), 163, 165

patterns
add patterns to a brush, 174175
fill a vector shape with, 166
paint with the Pattern Stamp tool, 184
use the Styles panel for custom shapes, 164
Pecos ruins, 60
Pen tools
where are they? 72
add, delete, or change points, 167
Convert Point tool, 158, 163
Freeform Pen tool, 158, 161
make and use path selections, 8081
remove electrical power lines, 28
set a path for text on a curve, 124125
perspective
clone in perspective, 203204
fix it with the Crop tool, 85
transform or distort in perspective, 8889
Photomerge, create a panorama, 62
Pixelate filters, 196
pixels
pixels per inch
300 vs. 72 ppi in print, 67, 82
raster images are pixels, 68
change the document ppi, 70
select or draw a line one pixel wide, 74
set ruler in pixel measurement, 10
show or hide pixel grid, 12
specify your preferred measurement system, 82
view image at actual pixel size, 12
points on Pen paths, how to control them, 161163
point type, 116
Polygonal Lasso tool
where is it? 72
create complicated selection paths, 75
Polygon tool, 159
Poster Edges filter example, 195
ppi, pixels per inch. See resolution, pixels
Preferences
cursors, 171
History panel prefs, 128
hud color picker prefs, 188
quotation marks, 121
tool tips, 9
transparency prefs, 150
printing
color mode to use, 69, 187
file format for, 69
resolution for, 68, 82
how to change it, 70
.psd native file format, 69
Pumpkin, Johns dog, 192, 209
Puppet Warp, 214216
224
Quick Mask Mode

where is the button? 2
in use, 5557
Quick Selection tool, 72, 79
quotation marks in text, 121
raster images
what are they? 68
raster stroke on a vector shape, 168169
raster vs. vector, 68, 122, 159, 164
when to rasterize the type, 123
Rectangular Marquee tool
where is it? 9
how to use it, 73
make a shape and fill it with color, 156
red eye, get rid of it
in Camera Raw interface, 207
in Photoshop, 59
Redo command, 132
reduce or magnify the view, 1112
Refine Edges of a selection, 77
remove unwanted stuff from an image
reduce noise and artifacts from a low-res image,
195, 208
with Pen tool selections, 2829
with the Clone Stamp tool, 58
Render filters, 197
reset all settings in a dialog box, 25
resize
resize a selected element, 87, 88
resize brushes of any sort, 37
resize the canvas, 34, 70
resolution
change the resolution of the document, 70
difference in filters applied to low/high res images,
198
print resolution
300 ppi, 68
300 ppi example, 67, 70
raster vs. vector, 68
resize resolution when cropping, 82
screen resolution
72 ppi, 68
72 ppi example, 67, 70
work on low-res Smart Objects, replace with
high res, 198
revert
reset settings, 25
to the last time you saved the file, 132
smart quotes
rgb color mode
what is rgb? 69
change mode in Color panel, 187

Richard III, 121, 125
Rosetta, Robins dog, 120, 179, 181, 192, 209
rotate
rotate a selected element, 87, 88
rotate the canvas, 55
rounded corners of a selection, 76
Rule of Thirds, 83
rulers
change units of measure, 10
guides, how to use them, 11
hide and show rulers, 2, 11
zero point, change it, 10
Ruler tool
measure elements, 10
straighten a photograph, 10, 26
sampling pixels
what does sample mean? 58
eyedropper icons in Options bar, 5253
sampling ring with the Eyedropper tool, 189
Saturation adjustments
what is saturation? 139
Hue/Saturation Adjustment layer, 2223, 5051, 54
saturate in spots, 63
Vibrance and Saturation sliders, 31, 139
scale (resize)
Content-Aware Scale (resize without cropping), 32
scale a selected element, 87, 88
scratches and dust
screen images
resolution for, 68, 82
Screen Modes, 7
scrubby slider, 9, 118
selections
add feather after a selection is drawn, 76
close the path, 75
deselect a selection, 72, 86
freehand shapes, use Lasso tool, 74
invert the selection, 56
marching ants indicate selected area, 77, 156
modify a drawn selection, add to or delete from,
7879
rounded corners indicate a feather applied, 76
select similar colors in the image, 79
select the inverse of the selection area, 81
tools for making selections, 72
selection tools, 7275

in the Tools panel, 72
Crop tool, 8285
Elliptical Marquee tool, 73
Lasso tool, 74
Magic Wand tool, click to select, 79
Magnetic Lasso tool snaps to edges, 75
Polygonal Lasso tool for complex shapes, 75
Quick Selection tool, click to select, 79
Rectangular Marquee tool, 73
Single Row or Single Column Marquee tool, 74
shadow, as in drop shadow
add one in Layer Styles, 47
on text, drop shadow and inner shadow, 123
position a drop shadow, 47
Shadows/Highlights adjustments, 18, 21
adjust with the Levels histogram, 31
make colors more dramatic, 61
Shakespeare, xii, 117, 121
shapes
center outwards, create a shape, 73
circles or squares, make perfect ones, 73
custom shapes, create and edit, 164169
fill a shape with a color, 153
give it a stroke (border), 156
set text inside a shape, 125126
Shape layers button in Options bar, 160, 164
vector shapes, create and edit, 164169
Sharpen filters, 197
Sharpen tool, set its brush options, 170
sheep, 58
Shift key
center a new image on a layer, 95
constrain rotation increments, 55
constrain shapes to perfect circles or rectangles, 73
increase increments in scrubby slider, 9
resize proportionately, 87
Sidney, Mary, 81
Single Row and Single Column Marquee tools,
72, 74, 157
Sketch filters, 197
skew a selection, 88
Slice tools, 72
sliders, scrubby sliders, 9
Smart Filters for Smart Objects, 113
Smart Guides, 11
Smart Objects
Camera Raw files as Smart Objects, 212
drop an image onto a canvas, 95
how to create and use Smart Objects, 111113,
198199
Puppet Warp a Smart Object, 216
thumbnail icon indicates a Smart Object, 95
Smart Quotes, 121
225
smart sharpen filter
Smart Sharpen filter, 197

smooth points, 161
soft brushes
preview the soft edge, 77
selection tools, use a feather on, 7677
Sonnet 30, 117
spectrum
in color pickers, 187
spectrum sliders in panels, 51
Sponge tool
saturate or desaturate colors, 63
whiten teeth with, 14
Spot Healing Brush tool
remove dust and scratches, 15
remove electrical power lines from sky, 2829
remove wrinkles, 19
square
create a perfect square shape, 73
make one and fill it with color, 156
Stamp filter, 197
straighten a photograph, 10, 26
stroke
a selection shape, 156
stroke a path, 29, 168169
stroke single row lines, 74
Styles panel, add more styles to it, 104
Surface Blur, 19
Swanmobile, 108109
tabbed windows, 2
separate the windows, 2, 44
Targeted Adjustment tool
in Camera Raw, 2526, 207, 210
in the Hue/Saturation Adjustment layer, 2223
text. See type
Thaw Mask tool, 202
Thornton, Elizabeth, 98, 113
tiff files
flattened tiff holds perspective information,
203204
save files in tiff format for print, 69
save with transparency, 154
tint an image or photo, 63, 143
Tolerance settings for Color Replacement tool, 52
Tollett family
Booda, 21
James Tollett, 16
John Tollett, 16
Lois McAtee Tollett, 15
Tool Preset picker, 169
226
Tools panel
where is it? 2
find hidden tools, 8
key to select a tool, 9
overview of, 89
triangles in corners, 2, 8
tool tips, 9
Torn Edges filter example, 195
transform elements
change the perspective illusion, 89
distort a selection, 89
drop shadow adjustment, 105
link layers together to transform a combination
of elements, 97
skew a selection, 88
Transform commands in Edit menu, 8690, 167
transform vector shapes, 167
warp a selection, 90
transparency
what is it? 150151
hide the checkerboard, 150
save tiffs with transparency, 154
transparent pixels
lock them, 151152
unlock them, 94
troubleshooting
brush icon shows up on my canvas when I paint, 173
controls dont work when I choose a tool in a panel, 174
crosshairs in image, cant do anything, 95
cursor for my tool is too big/small, 171
filter wont apply, 194
guides wont go exactly where I want them
(turn off Smart Guides), 11
I have a dozen empty type layers, 116
image is bitmappy, pixelated, 68, 195, 208
keyboard shortcuts for color arent working, 53
menu bars disappeared (change screen mode), 7
photo is too wide, but I dont want to crop it, 3233
ruler uses wrong measurement units, 10
text typed right off the page, 116
what font did I use? 115
X through my image and I cant do anything, 95
type
how to set type in Photoshop, 116117
alignment (flush left, center, etc.), 119
anti-aliasing, 119
apply effects and styles to text, 122123
baseline, what is it? 116
bounding box, how to control it, 117
Character panel and how to use it, 118
color, choose or change it, 118119, 120
curly quotes, 121
curved line, set text along it, 124
zoom in and out
deselect the text and bounding box, 117, 124

editable until rasterized, 115
edit the text, 117
faux bold or italic fonts, 118
font family and font style, 118, 119
hang the punctuation, 121
image inside of text, 4445
kerning, 118
Layer Style applied, example, 103, 123
leading value, 118
liquify the text, 42
make type appear to go behind an object, 108
move the text, 116, 117
overflow text, 117
path, set text along it, 124
plus sign in bottom-right corner of bounding box, 117
punctuation, hang it, 121
quotation marks, typewriter and typesetter, 121
rasterize the type, when you must, 123
resize the bounding box, 117
Returns, dont use them, 117
shape, put type inside, 125126
Smart Quotes, 121
special effects with fill settings, 153
text doesnt fit inside bounding box, 117
tilt the type, 117
tracking, 118
vector paths until rasterized, 68, 115
vertical text
example of, 120
toggle to create vertical text, 119
warped text, 119, 122
typographers quotes, 121
Undo, 132
use the History panel for multiple Undos, 128
Unsharp Mask filter, 197
warning symbol
in Adobe Color Picker, 187
in Color panel, 187
warp a selection, 90
Watercolor filter, 195
web safe color warning, 187
white arrow tool (Direct Selection tool), 163, 165
white color, make detail show up in, 21
white point, set it in the Levels pane, 137
Williams family
Pauline Williams, 13, 66
Ryan Williams, 5557, 107, 177, 178
Jimmy Thomas, 55, 150
Scarlett Williams, 5557, 107, 150
Shannon Williams Ciatti, 3637
Ces Ciatti, 36
Lydia Alice Beeson Catt, 84
Riley Adkins Catt, 84
Serena Pickering Catt, 84
Solomon Catt, 84
Pumpkin, 192, 209
Rosetta, 120, 179, 181, 192, 209
windows in Photoshop (canvases)
separate the windows, 2, 44
window tabs, 2
woodcut images, colorize, 6465
workspace switcher
where is it? 3
create, delete, and reset a workspace, 7
Essentials panel collection, 5
wrinkles, remove them, 19, 58
zero point origin in ruler, 10

zoom in and out, 1112
values, entering in fields, 9, 118

specify your preferred measurement system, 82
Vanishing Point perspective editing, 203204
vector images
what are they? 68
raster vs. vector, 68, 122, 159, 164
vector shapes, create and edit, 164169
stroke a vector shape with a brush, 168169
Vector Mask thumbnail, 164165, 168169
vertical text, 120
Vibrance adjustments, 31, 139
visibility
of Effects, 99
of layers, how to turn on and off, 3637, 99
227
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ptg6934589

Robin Williams & John Tollett

The Non-Designers Photoshop Book

2012 by robin Williams and John Tollett

robin Williams and John Tollett

david Van Ness

Peachpit Press is a division of Pearson education.

remove something from a photo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Feather the edge (make it soft and fuzzy) . . . . . .

The history panel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

9 Working with Transparency

draw shapes in Shape layers mode . . . . . . . . . .

read this first

Things to know before you begin

Thats one of the biggest causes of frustrationnot realizing that there

Photoshop: Its like a recipe for creativity.

1: the photoshop interface

Photoshop interface overview

Tabbed document windows. To separate

Application bar. Hide or show it

Tools with small triangles in

To show rulers, choose

Status bar/document information.

1: the photoshop interface

The current document

Workspace switcher. This is only

Layers panel icon.

1: the photoshop interface

right). Click it to show a pop-up menu

out of the panel group and float it

tab, double-click the tab or the gray

drag a tab left or right.

(shown to the right), drag a panel to another

Window menu, then dock it where you want.

right-click its tab, then choose Close.

1: the photoshop interface

Control your panels

Panel docks, groups, and stacks

drop zone appears where you want to position the panel.

above the tabs) into the dock.

1: the photoshop interface

by its tab or title bar.

A panel group is a collection of panels grouped together as tabs under the

drop zone in the group.

Four views of the same panel group.

A tabbed group of panels.

1: the photoshop interface

workspace switcher menu (shown above) or from Window > Workspace.

menu, choose Workspace > Reset Workspace Name.

1: the photoshop interface

To change the Tools panel to a two-column panel,

as shown below-left, single-click the double arrow

Crop and slice tools.

To float the Tools panel anywhere on the Desktop,

drag it away from the screen edge.

the way to the edge until a blue vertical bar appears

To quickly cycle through hidden tools, hold down the

Shift key and tap the tools keyboard shortcut that

1: the photoshop interface