Chapter 21 Solutions

*21.1

One mole of helium contains Avogadro's number of molecules and has a mass of 4.00 g. Let us
call m the mass of one atom, and we have
NAm = 4.00 g/mol
or

m=

4.00 g/mol
= 6.64 1024 g/molecule
6.02 1023 molecules/mol

m = 6.64 1027 kg
*21.2

We first find the pressure exerted by the gas on the wall of the container.
P=

3NA kB T
NkT
3RT
3(8.315 N m/mol K)(293 K)
=
=
=
= 9.13 105 Pa
V
V
V
8.00 103 m 3

Thus, the force on one of the walls of the cubical container is

F = PA = (9.13 105 Pa)(4.00 102 m2) = 3.65 104 N

21.3

v
[8.00 sin 45.0 (8.00 sin 45.0)]m/s
F = Nm
= 500(5.00 103 kg)
= 0.943 N
t
30.0 s

F
P = = 1.57 N/m2 = 1.57 Pa
A

21.4

Consider the x axis to be perpendicular to the plane of the window. Then, the average force
exerted on the window by the hail stones is

[vxf vxi]
v
[v sin (v sin )]
2v sin
F = Nm
= Nm
= Nm
= Nm
t
t
t
t
Thus, the pressure on the window pane is

F
2v sin
P = = Nm
A
At

*21.5

(5.00 1023)(2 4.68 1026 kg 300 m/s)

F =
= 14.0 N
1.00 s

and

F
14.0 N
P=
=
= 17.6 kPa
A 8.00 104 m 2

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Chapter 21 Solutions

21.6

Use Equation 21.2, P =

2N mv 2
,
3V 2

so that

K av =

mv2
3PV
=
where N = nNA = 2NA
2
2N

Kav =

3PV
3(8.00 atm)(1.013 105 Pa/atm)(5.00 103 m3)
=
2(2N A )
2(2 mol)(6.02 1023 molecules/mol)

Kav = 5.05 1021 J/molecule

21.7

P=

2N
(KE)
3V

N=

n=

Equation 21.2

3 PV
3 (1.20 10 5)(4.00 10 3)
=
= 2.00 1024 molecules
2
2
(3.60 10 22 )
(K E)

N
2.00 1024 molecules
=
= 3.32 mol
N A 6.02 1023 molecules/mol

Goal Solution
G: The balloon has a volume of 4.00 L and a diameter of about 20 cm, which seems like a
reasonable size for a typical helium balloon. The pressure of the balloon is only slightly more
than 1 atm, and if the temperature is anywhere close to room temperature, we can use the
estimate of 22 L/mol for an ideal gas at STP conditions. If this is valid, the balloon should
contain about 0.2 moles of helium.
O: The average kinetic energy can be used to find the temperature of the gas, which can be used
with PV=nRT to find the number of moles.
A: The gas temperature must be that implied by
1

2 2 mv
T=
3 ka

1
3
mv2 = kBT for a monatomic gas like He.
2
2

2 3.6 1022 J
=
= 17.4 K
3 1.38 1023 J/K

Now PV = nRT gives

n=

PV (1.20 105 N/m2)(4.00 103 m3)

=
RT
(8.315 J/mol K)(17.4 K)

n = 3.32 mol
L: This result is more than ten times the number of moles we predicted, primarily because the
temperature of the helium is much colder than room temperature! In fact, T is only slightly
above the temperature at which the helium would liquify (4.2 K at 1 atm). We should hope
this balloon is not being held by a child; not only would the balloon sink in the air, it is cold
enough to cause frostbite!

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Chapter 21 Solutions

21.8

3kBT
m

v=
vO
=
vHe
vO =

21.9

(a)

MHe
=
MO

1350 m/s
8.00

4.00
=
32.0

1
8.00

= 477 m/s

PV = NkBT
(1.013 105 Pa) 43 (0.150 m)3
PV
N=
=
= 3.53 1023 atoms
kBT
(1.38 1023 J/K)(293 K)

21.10

(b)

3
3
K = kBT = (1.38 1023)(293) J = 6.07 1021 J
2
2

(c)

1 2 3
mv = kBT
2
2

(a)

PV = nRT =

Etrans =

21.11

3kBT
m

vrms =

Nmv2
3

K=

= 1.35 km/s

Nmv 2
= Etrans
2

3PV 3
= (3.00 1.013 105)(5.00 103) = 2.28 kJ
2
2

(b)

mv 2 3kBT 3RT 3 (8.315)(300)

=
=
=
= 6.22 1021 J
2
2
2N A 2 (6.02 10 23)

(a)

3
3
K = kBT = (1.38 1023 J/K)(423 K) = 8.76 1021 J
2
2

(b)

1
2
K = mv rms = 8.76 1021 J
2
so

1.75 1020 J
m

vrms =

(1)

For helium,
m=

4.00 g/mol
= 6.64 1024 g/molecule
6.02 1023 molecules/mol

m = 6.64 1027 kg/molecule

2000 by Harcourt College Publishers. All rights reserved.

Chapter 21 Solutions

Similarly for argon,

m=

39.9 g/mol
= 6.63 1023 g/molecule
6.02 1023 molecules/mol

m = 6.63 1026 kg/molecule

Substituting in (1) above, we find
for helium, vrms = 1.62 km/s ; and for argon, vrms = 514 m/s

*21.12

(a)

1 Pa = (1 Pa)

1 N/m2 1 J
J
= 1 3
m
1 Pa 1 N m

(b)

For a monatomic ideal gas, Eint =

3
nRT
2

For any ideal gas, the energy of molecular translation is the same,
Etrans =

3
3
nRT = PV
2
2

Thus, the energy per volume is

21.13

Eint =

3
nRT
2

Eint =

21.14

Etrans
3
= P
V
2

3
3
nR T = (3.00 mol)(8.315 J/mol K)(2.00 K) = 75.0 J
2
2

The piston moves to keep pressure constant. Since V =

V =

nR T
for a constant pressure process.
P

Q = nCP T = n(CV + R)T

and V =

V =

nRT
, then
P

so

T =

Q
Q
2Q
=
=
n(C V + R) n(5R/2 + R) 7nR

nR 2Q 2Q 2 Q V
=
=
P 7nR 7P 7 nRT
2
(4.40 10 3 J)(5.00 L)
= 2.52 L
7 (1.00 mol)(8.315 J/mol K)(300 K)

Thus, Vf = Vi + V = 5.00 L + 2.52 L = 7.52 L

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Chapter 21 Solutions
21.15

21.16

Use CP and CV from Table 21.2.

(a)

Q = nCP T = (1.00 mol)(28.8 J/mol K)(420 300) K = 3.46 kJ

(b)

Eint = nCV T = (1.00 mol)(20.4 J/mol K)(120 K) = 2.45 kJ

(c)

W = Q Eint = 3.46 kJ 2.45 kJ = 1.01 kJ

n = 1.00 mol, Ti = 300 K

(b)

Since V = constant, W = 0

(a)

Eint = Q W = 209 J 0 = 209 J

(c)

3
Eint = nCV T = n R T
2
T =

so

2(Eint)
2(209 J)
=
= 16.8 K
3nR
3(1.00 mol)(8.315 J/mol K)

T = Ti + T = 300 K + 16.8 K = 317 K

21.17

(a)

Consider heating it at constant pressure. Oxygen and nitrogen are diatomic, so

CP = 7R/2
Q = nCP T =

Q=
(b)

7 (1.013 105 N/m2)(100 m3)

(1.00 K) = 118 kJ
2
300 K

Ug = mgy
m=

*21.18

7
7 PV
nR T = T
2
2 T

Ug
1.18 105 J
=
= 6.03 103 kg
gy (9.80 m/s2)2.00 m

5
5
J
1.00 mol = 719 J = 0.719 kJ
R = 8.315
2
2
mol K 0.0289 kg
kg K
kg K

(a)

CV =

(b)

m = nM = M

PV
RT

m = 0.0289

kg (200 103 Pa)(0.350 m3)

= 0.811 kg
mol (8.315 J/mol K)(300 K)

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Chapter 21 Solutions

(c)

We consider a constant volume process where no work is done.

Q = mCv T = (0.811 kg) 0.719

(d)

kJ
(700 K 300 K) = 233 kJ
kg K

We now consider a constant pressure process where the internal energy of the gas is
increased and work is done.
Q= mCP T = m(CV + R)T = m(7R/2)T = m(7CV/5)T
Q = (0.811 kg)

7
kJ
0.719
(400 K) = 327 kJ
5
kg
K

*21.19

Consider 800 cm3 of (flavored) water at 90.0C mixing with 200 cm3 of diatomic ideal gas at
20.0C:
Qcold = Qhot
(T)w =

or

mairCP,air(Tf Ti,air) = mwcw(T)w

m airC P,air(Tf Ti,air) [V]air CP,air(90.0C 20.0C)

=
mwcw
(wVw)cw

where we have anticipated that the final temperature of the mixture will be close to 90.0C.
CP,air =

7
7
J
1.00 mol = 1.01 J/g C
R = 8.315
2
2
mol C 28.9 g

(T)w =
or

[(1.20 103 g/cm3)(200 cm3)](1.01 J/g C)(70.0 C)

[(1.00 g/cm3)(800 cm3)](4.186 J/g C)

(T)w 5.05 103 C

The change of temperature for the water is between 103 C and 102 C
21.20

Q = (nCP T)isobaric + (nCV T)isovolmetric

In the isobaric process, V doubles so T must double, to 2Ti .
In the isovolumetric process, P triples so T changes from 2Ti to 6Ti .
7
5
Q = n R (2Ti Ti) + n R (6Ti 2Ti)
2
2
Q = 13.5nRTi = 13.5PV

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Chapter 21 Solutions
21.21

In the isovolumetric process A B, W = 0 and Q = nCV T = 500 J

500 J = n(3R/2)(TB TA)

TB = 300 K +

or

TB = TA +

2(500 J)
3nR

2(500 J)
= 340 K
3(1.00 mol)(8.315 J/mol K)

In the isobaric process B C,

5nR
(TC TB) = 500 J
2

Q = nCP T =
Thus,

2(500 J)
1000 J
= 340 K
= 316 K
5nR
5(1.00 mol)(8.315 J/mol K)

(a)

TC = TB

(b)

The work done by the gas during the isobaric process is

WBC = PB V = nR(TC TB) = (1.00 mol)(8.315 J/mol K)(316 K 340 J)
or

WBC= 200 J

The total work done on the gas is then

Won gas = Wby gas = (WAB + WBC) = (0 200 J)
or
21.22

(a)

W on gas = +200 J

The heat required to produce a temperature change is

Q = n1C1 T + n2C2 T
The number of molecules is N1 + N2, so the number of "moles of the mixture" is n1 + n2 and
Q = (n1 + n2)C T,

so

C=
m

(b)

Q=

n 1C 1 + n 2C 2
n1 + n2

niCi T =

n C T
i

i = 1

i=1

C=

niCi /

i=1

i=1

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21.23

Chapter 21 Solutions

3RT
. Thus, to double the rms speed, the
M
temperature must increase by a factor of 4: Tf = 4Ti.
The rms speed of the gas molecules is v =

Since the pressure is proportional to volume in this process,

P Pi
=
= constant
V Vi

or

P =

Pi
V
V i

Then, PV = nRT becomes

Pi V2 = nRT or V2 = V i nRT
V i
Pi
2

Therefore,

Vf

2
Vi

Tf
= 4 or Vf = 2Vi.
Ti

The work done by the gas is then

Vf

P dV =
W=
Vi

Pi 2Vi
V dV = 3 PiVi
V i Vi
2

The change in the internal energy of the gas is

5
15
15
Eint = nCV T = n R (4Ti Ti) =
nRTi =
PV
2
2 i i
2
and the energy transferred to the gas as heat is
Q = Eint + W =

*21.24

15
3
P V + P V = 9PiVi
2 i i 2 i i

so

Vf Pi 1/ 1.00 5/7
=
=
= 0.118
V i Pf
20.0

(a)

PiV i = PfVf

(b)

Tf PfVf Pf V f
=
=
= (20.0)(0.118) = 2.35
Ti PiV i Pi V i

(c)

Since the process is adiabatic, Q = 0

Since = 1.40 =

CP R + CV
5
=
, CV = R, and T = 2.35Ti Ti = 1.35Ti
CV
CV
2

Eint = nCV T = (0.0160 mol)

5
J
[1.35(300 K)] = 135 J
8.315
2
mol
K

and W = Q Eint = 0 135 J = 135 J

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Chapter 21 Solutions
*21.25

(a)

PiV i = PfVf

V i
12.0 1.40
Pi = (5.00 atm)
= 1.39 atm
V f
30.0

Pf =

(b)

(c)

Ti =

PiVi (5.00)(1.013 105 Pa)(12.0 103 m 3)

=
= 366 K
nR
(2.00 mol)(8.315 J/mol K)

Tf =

PfVf (1.39)(1.013 105 Pa)(30.0 103 m 3)

=
= 253 K
nR
(2.00 mol)(8.315 J/mol K)

The process is adiabatic:

= 1.40 =

Q=0

CP R + CV
=
CV
CV

CV =

5
R
2

5
Eint = nCV T = (2.00 mol) (8.315 J/mol K) (366 253) K = 4.66 kJ
2

W = Q Eint = 0 4.66 kJ = 4.66 kJ

21.26

Vi = (2.50 102 m/2)2 0.500 m = 2.45 104 m3

The quantity of air we find from PiVi = nRTi
n=

PiVi (1.013 105 Pa)(2.45 104 m 3)

=
RTi
(8.315 J/mol K)(300 K)

n = 9.97 103 mol

Adiabatic compression: Pf = 101.3 kPa + 800 kPa = 901.3 kPa
(a)

PiV f = PfVf

Vf = Vi(Pi/Pf)1/ = 2.45 104 m3(101.3/901.3)5/7

Vf = 5.15 105 m 3
(b)

PfVf = nRTf
Tf = Ti

PfVf
Pf Pi 1/
= Ti
= Ti(Pi/Pf)(1/ 1)
P iV i
Pi Pf

Tf = 300 K(101.3/901.3)(5/7 1) = 560 K

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Chapter 21 Solutions

10

(c)

The work put into the gas in compressing it is Eint = nCV T

W = (9.97 103 mol)

5
(8.315 J/mol K)(560 300) K
2

W = 53.9 J
Now imagine this energy being shared with the inner wall as the gas is held at constant
volume. The pump wall has outer diameter 25.0 mm + 2.00 mm + 2.00 mm = 29.0 mm, and
volume
[(14.5 103 m)2 (12.5 103 m)2]4.00 102 m = 6.79 106 m3
and mass V = (7.86 103 kg/m3)(6.79 106 m3) = 53.3 g
The overall warming process is described by
53.9 J = nCV T + mc T
53.9 J = (9.97 103 mol)

5
(8.315 J/mol K)(Tff 300 K)
2

+ (53.3 103 kg)(448 J/kg K)(Tff 300 K)

53.9 J = (0.207 J/K + 23.9 J/K)(Tff 300 K)
Tff 300 K = 2.24 K

21.27

Tf V i 1 1
=
=
Ti V f
2

0.400

If Ti = 300 K, then Tf = 227 K

Goal Solution
G: The air should cool as it expands, so we should expect Tf < 300 K.
O: The air expands adiabatically, losing no heat but dropping in temperature as it does work on
the air around it, so we assume that PV = constant (where = 1.40 for an ideal gas).

A: Combine P1V1 = P2V2

1

to find T1V1

and

P1 =

nRT1
V1

with

P2 =

nRT2
V2

= T2V2

V 1 1
1 (1.40 1)
= 300 K
= 227 K
V 2
2

T2 = T1

L: The air does cool, but the rate is not linear with the change in volume (the temperature drops
only 24% while the volume doubles)

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Chapter 21 Solutions

11

21.28

(a)

The work done on the gas is

Vb

Pb

P dV
Wab =

Adiabatic, Qab = 0

Va

For the isothermal process,

V b'

Wab' = nRTa

Va

Isothermal,
Tb = Ta

1 dV
V

Pb

= nRTa ln

Vb'
Va
= nRTa ln
V
V
a
b'

Pa
V
Vb = Vb = Va /10

Thus, Wab' = (5.00 mol) 8.315

Va

J
(293 K) ln (10.0)
mol K

= 28.0 kJ
(b)

For the adiabatic process, we must first find the final temperature, Tb. Since air consists
primarily of diatomic molecules, we shall use

air = 1.40

and

CV,air = 5R/2 = 5(8.315)/2 = 20.8 J/mol K

Then, from Equation 21.20,

V a 1
= (293 K)(10.0)0.400 = 736 K
V b

Tb = Ta

Thus, the work done on the gas during the adiabatic process is
Wab = (Q Eint)ab = (0 nCV T)ab = nCV(Tb Ta)
or
(c)

Wab = (5.00 mol)(20.8 J/mol K)(736 293) K = 46.1 kJ

For the isothermal process, we have Pb'Vb' = PaVa

Thus, Pb' = Pa

Va'
= (1.00 atm)(10.0) = 10.0 atm
Vb'

For the adiabatic process, we have Pb'Vb = PaVa

V a
= (1.00 atm)(10.0)1.40 = 25.1 atm
V b

Thus, Pb = Pa

2000 by Harcourt College Publishers. All rights reserved.

12

21.29

Chapter 21 Solutions

(a)

See the diagram at the right.

(b)

PBVB = PCVC

P
3Pi

Adiabatic

3PiVi = PiVC
VC = 31/Vi = 35/7Vi = 2.19Vi
VC = 2.19(4.00 L) = 8.79 L
(c)

PBVB = nRTB = 3PiVi = 3nRTi

3Pi

TB = 3Ti = 3(300 K) = 900 K

A
Vi = 4L

(d)

After one whole cycle, TA = Ti = 300 K

(e)

5
In AB, QAB = nCV T = n R (3Ti Ti) = (5.00)nRTi
2
QBC = 0 as this process is abiabatic
PCVC = nRTC = Pi(2.19Vi) = 2.19nRTi

so

TC = 2.19Ti

7
QCA = nCP T = n R (Ti 2.19Ti) = 4.17nRTi
2
For the whole cycle,
QABCA = QAB + QBC + QCA = (5.00 4.17)nRTi = 0.830nRTi
(Eint)ABCA = 0 = QABCA WABCA
WBACA = QABCA = 0.830nRTi = 0.830PiVi
WABCA = 0.830(1.013 105 Pa)(4.00 103 m3) = 336 J

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C
VC

V (L)

Chapter 21 Solutions
21.30

(a)

See the diagram at the right.

(b)

PBVB = PCVC

13

P
B

3Pi

Adiabatic

3PiVi = PiVC
VC = 31/Vi = 35/7Vi = 2.19V i
(c)

PBVB = nRTB = 3PiVi = 3nRTi

TB = 3Ti

Pi

(d)

After one whole cycle, TA = Ti

(e)

5
In AB, QAB = nCV T = n R (3Ti Ti) = (5.00)nRTi
2

Vi

QBC = 0 as this process is abiabatic

PCVC = nRTC = Pi(2.19Vi) = 2.19nRTi

so

TC = 2.19Ti

7
QCA = nCP T = n R (Ti 2.19Ti) = 4.17nRTi
2
For the whole cycle,
QABCA= QAB + QBC + QCA = (5.00 4.17)nRTi = 0.830nRTi
(Eint)ABCA = 0 = QABCA WABCA
WABCA = QABCA = 0.830nRTi = 0.830PiVi

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VC

V (L)

14

21.31

Chapter 21 Solutions

We suppose the air plus burnt gasoline behaves likes a

diatomic ideal gas. We find its final absolute pressure:

50.0 cm 3
400 cm 3

21.0 atm(50.0 cm3)7/5 = Pf(400 cm3)7/5

Pf = 21.0 atm (1/8)7/5 = 1.14 atm

Now Q = 0, and W = Eint = nCV(Tf Ti)

W = n

Before

5
5
5
RTf + nRTi = (PfVf + PiVi)
2
2
2

5
[(1.14 atm)(400 cm3)
2
+ (21.0 atm)(50.0 cm3)]
1.013 105 N/m2 106 m3
1 atm

cm3

After

W = 150 J
The time for this stroke is

So =

21.32

21.33

1 1 min 60 s
= 6.00 103 s
4 2500 1 min

W
150 J
=
= 25.0 kW
t
6.00 103 s
kBT
nRT
=f
2
2

(1)

Eint = Nf

(2)

CV =

(3)

1
CP = CV + R = (f + 2) R
2

(4)

(a)

C V' =

5
nR = 9.95 cal/K
2

C'P =

7
nR = 13.9 cal/K
2

(b)

C V' =

7
nR = 13.9 cal/K
2

C'P =

9
nR = 17.9 cal/K
2

1 dEint 1
= fR
n dT 2

CP
(f + 2)
=
CV
f

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Chapter 21 Solutions
21.34

A more massive diatomic or polyatomic molecule will generally have a lower frequency of
vibration. At room temperature, vibration has more chance of being excited than in a less
massive molecule. Absorbing energy into vibration shows up in higher specific heats.

21.35

Rotational Kinetic Energy =

15

1
I 2
2

I = 2mr2, m = 35.0 1.67 1027 kg, r = 1010 m

I = 1.17 1045 kg m2

Cl

= 2.00 1012 s1
Cl

1
Krot = I2 = 2.33 1021 J
2
21.36

The ratio of the number at higher energy to the number at lower energy is eE/kBT where E is
the energy difference. Here,
E = (10.2 eV)(1.60 1019 J/1 eV) = 1.63 1018 J
and at 0C,
kBT = (1.38 1023 J/K)(273 K) = 3.77 1021 J
Since this is much less than the excitation energy, nearly all the atoms will be in the ground
state and the number excited is
(2.70 1025)exp(1.63 1018 J/3.77 1021 J) = (2.70 1025)e433
This number is much less than one, so almost all of the time no atom is excited .
At 10000C,
kBT = (1.38 1023 J/K)10273 K = 1.42 1019 J
The number excited is
(2.70 1025)exp(1.63 1018 J/1.42 1019 J)
= (2.70 1025)e11.5 = 2.70 1020

21.37

Call n00 the sea-level number density of oxygen molecules, nN0 the sea-level number of nitrogen
per volume, and n0 and nN their respective densities at y = 10.0 km.
Then, n0 = n00 exp (m0gy/kBT)
nN = nNO exp (mNgy/kBT)
and

n0 n00
=
exp (m0gy/kBT + mNgy/kBT)
nN nN0

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16

Chapter 21 Solutions

So

(n0/nN)
= exp [(m0 mN)gy/kBT]
(n00/nN0)
(32.0 28.0) u (1.66 1027 kg/u)(9.80 m/s2)104 m
(1.38 1023 J/K)300 K

= exp

= 0.855
The ratio of oxygen to nitrogen molecules decreases to 85.5% of its sea-level value.

21.38

21.39

(a)

V rms,35
3RT/M35 37.0 g/mol 1/2
=
=
= 1.03
V rms,37
3RT/M37 35.0 g/mol

(b)

The lighter atom,

(a)

vav =

nivi 1
=
[1(2) + 2(3) + 3(5) + 4(7) + 3(9) + 2(12)] = 6.80 m/s
N
15

(b)

(v2)

n iv i
=
= 54.9 m2/s2
N

35 C l

, moves faster.

so
(c)
21.40

av

54.9 = 7.41 m/s

vmp = 7.00 m/s

Following Equation 21.29,

vmp =
21.41

(v2)av =

vrms =

2kBT
=
m

2(1.38 1023 J/K)(4.20 K)

= 132 m/s
6.64 1027 kg

Use Equation 21.26.

Take

dN v
m 3/2
mv 2
2mv 3
= 0: 4N
exp
2v
=0
dv
2kBT
2 kBT
2kBT

and solve for vmp to get Equation 21.29. Reject the solutions v = 0 and v = .
mv2
Retain only 2
= 0.
kBT

21.42

(a)

From vrms =

T=

(b)

T=

3kBT
, we find the temperature as
m

(6.64 1027 kg)(1.12 104 m/s)2

= 2.01 10 4 K
3(1.38 1023 J/mol K)

(6.64 1027 kg)(2.37 103 m/s)2

= 9.01 10 2 K
3(1.38 1023 J/mol K)

2000 by Harcourt College Publishers. All rights reserved.

Chapter 21 Solutions

21.43

At 0C,

17

1
3
2
mvrms0 = kBT0
2
2

At the higher temperature,

1
3
m(2vrms0)2 = kBT
2
2

T = 4T0 = 4(273 K) = 1092 K = 819C

21.44

Visualize the molecules in liquid water at 20C jostling about randomly. One happens to get
kinetic energy corresponding to 2430 J/g, and happens to be at the surface and headed upward.
Then this molecule can break out of the liquid.
(a)

2430 J/g =

2430 J 18.0 g
1 mol

g 1 mol 6.02 1023 molecules

= 7.27 1020 J/molecule

(b)

7.27 1020 J =

2(7.27 10 20 J)
= 2.21 km/s
18.0 u(1.66 1027 kg/1 u)

v=
(c)

1
mv2
2

If these were typical molecules in an ideal gas instead of exceptional molecules in liquid
water,
1
3
mv2 = kBT
2
2
T=

2 7.27 1020 J
= 3510 K
3 1.38 1023 J/K

These molecules got to be fast-moving in collisions that made other molecules slowmoving; the average molecular energy is unaffected.
21.45

(a)

PV =

N
RT
N
A

N=

(b)

l=

and

N=

PVNA
RT

so that

(1.00 10 10)(133)(1.00)(6.02 10 23)

= 3.21 1012 molecules
(8.315)(300)

1
V
1.00 m3
=
=
2
1/2
2
1/2
12
nVd 2
N d 2
(3.21 10 molecules) (3.00 1010 m) 2(2)1/2

l = 778 km
(c)

v
f = l = 6.42 10 4 s1

2000 by Harcourt College Publishers. All rights reserved.

Chapter 21 Solutions

18

Goal Solution
G: Since high vacuum means low pressure as a result of a low molecular density, we should
expect a relatively low number of molecules, a long free path, and a low collision frequency
compared with the values found in Example 21.7 for normal air. Since the ultrahigh vacuum
is 13 orders of magnitude lower than atmospheric pressure, we might expect corresponding
values of N ~ 1012 molecules/m3, l ~ 106 m, and f ~ 0.0001/s.
O:

A:

The equation of state for an ideal gas can be used with the given information to find the
number of molecules in a specific volume. The mean free path can be found directly from
equation 21.30, and this result can be used with the average speed to find the collision
frequency.
( a ) PV =

N
RT
N A

N=

(b) l =

and

N=

PVNA
so that
RT

(1.00 1010 torr)(133 Pa/torr)(6.02 1023 molecules/mol)

= 3.21 1012 molecules
(8.315 J/mol K)(300 K)
1
2 d 2n v

V
2 N d2

1.00 m3
2 (3.21 1012 molecules) (3.00 1010 m)2

l = 7.78 105 m = 778 km

(c)
L:

21.46

v
500 m/s
f=l=
= 6.42 104 s1
7.78 105 m

The pressure and the calculated results differ from the results in Example 21.7 by about 13
orders of magnitude as we expected. This ultrahigh vacuum provides conditions that are
extremely different from normal atmosphere, and these conditions provide a clean
environment for a variety of experiments and manufacturing processes that would otherwise
be impossible.

The average molecular speed is

v=

8kBT/m =

8kBN AT/N Am

v=

8RT/M

v=

8(8.315 J/mol K)3.00 K/(2.016 103 kg/mol)

v = 178 m/s

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Chapter 21 Solutions
(a)

19

The mean free path is

1

l=

2 d 2n

2(0.200 109 m)2 1/m3

l = 5.63 1018 m
The mean free time is
l/v = 5.63 1018 m/178 m/s = 3.17 1016 s = 1.00 109 yr
(b)

Now nV is 106 times larger, to make l smaller by 106 times:

l = 5.63 1012 m
Thus, l/v = 3.17 1010 s = 1.00 103 yr

21.47

From Equation 21.30, l =

For an ideal gas, nV =

21.48

2 d 2n V

N
P
=
V kBT

kBT

Therefore, l =

2 d 2P

, as required.

l = [ 2 d2nV]1

nV =

P
kBT

d = 3.60 1010 m

nV =

1.013 105
= 2.51 1025/m3
(1.38 10 23)(293)

l = 6.93 108 m, or about 193 molecular diameters

21.49

Using P = nVkBT, Equation 21.30 becomes l =

kBT
2 Pd 2

(1.38 1023 J/K)(293 K)

(a)

l=

(b)

Equation (1) shows that P1l1 = P2l2.

2 (1.0113 10 5 Pa)(3.10 10 10 m) 2

P2 =

(1)

= 9.36 108 m

Taking P1l1 from (a) and with l2 = 1.00 m, we find

(1.00 atm)(9.36 108m)

= 9.36 108 atm
1.00 m

2000 by Harcourt College Publishers. All rights reserved.

20

Chapter 21 Solutions

(c)

For l3 = 3.10 1010 m, we have

P3 =

*21.50

(a)

n=

(1.00 atm)(9.36 108 m)

= 302 atm
3.10 1010 m

PV (1.013 105 Pa)(4.20 m 3.00 m 2.50 m)

=
= 1.31 103 mol
RT
(8.315 J/mol K)(293 K)

N = nNA = (1.31 103 mol)(6.02 1023 molecules/mol)

N = 7.88 1026 molecules
(b)

m = nM = (1.31 103 mol)(0.0289 kg/mol) = 37.9 kg

(c)

1
3
3
m v2 = kBT = (1.38 1023 J/K)(293 K) = 6.07 1021 J/molecule
2 0
2
2

(d)

For one molecule,

m0 =

M
0.0289 kg/mol
=
= 4.80 1026 kg/molecule
N A 6.02 1023 molecules/mol
2(6.07 1021 J/molecule)
= 503 m/s
4.80 1026 kg/molecule

vrms =
(e) and (f)

5
5
Eint = nCVT = n R T = PV
2
2
5
Eint = (1.013 105 Pa)(31.5 m3) = 7.98 MJ
2
*21.51

(a)

Pf = 100 kPa
Vf =

Tf = 400 K

nRTf (2.00 mol)(8.315 J/mol K)(400 K)

=
= 0.0665 m3 = 66.5 L
Pf
100 103 Pa

Eint = 3.50nR T = 3.50(2.00 mol)(8.315 J/mol K)(100 K) = 5.82 kJ

W = P V = nR T = (2.00 mol)(8.315 J/mol K)(100 K) = 1.66 kJ
Q = Eint + W = 5.82 kJ + 1.66 kJ = 7.48 kJ

2000 by Harcourt College Publishers. All rights reserved.

Chapter 21 Solutions

(b)

Tf = 400 K
Vf = Vi =

nRTi (2.00 mol)(8.315 J/mol K)(300 K)

=
= 0.0499 m3 = 49.9 L
Pi
100 103 Pa

Pf = Pi

Tf
400 K
= (100 kPa)
= 133 kPa
T
i
300 K

W = P dV = 0 since V = constant
Eint = 5.82 kJ as in (a)
Q = Eint + W = 5.82 kJ + 0 = 5.82 kJ
(c)

Tf = 300 K

Pf = 120 kPa

Vf = Vi

Pi
100 kPa
= (49.9 L)
= 41.6 L
Pf
120 kPa

Eint = 3.50nR T = 0 since T = constant

Vf

W = P dV = nRTi

Vi

Vf
Pi
dV
= nRTi ln = nRTi ln
V
V
i
Pf

W = (2.00 mol)(8.315 J/mol K)(300 K) ln

100 kPa
= 910 J
120 kPa

Q = Eint + W = 0 910 J = 910 J

(d)

Pf = 120 kPa

PfV f = PiVi

so

CP CV + R 3.50R + R
4.50
4.50 9
=
=
=
=
=
CV
CV
3.50R
3.50R 3.50 7
Pi 1/
100 kPa 7/9
= (49.9 L)
= 43.3 L
Pf
120 kPa

Vf = Vi

Tf = Ti

P fV f
120 kPa 43.3 L
= (300 K)
= 312 K
PiVi
100 kPa 49.9 L

Eint = 3.50nR T = 3.50(2.00 mol)(8.315 J/mol K)(12.4 K) = 722 J

Q = 0 (abiabatic process)
W = Q Eint = 0 722 J = 722 J

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21

22

21.52

Chapter 21 Solutions

(a)

The average speed vav is just the weighted average of all the speeds.
v av =

(b)

[2(v) + 3(2v) + 5(3v) + 4(4v) + 3(5v) + 2(6v) + 1(7v)]

= 3.65v
(2 + 3 + 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1)

First find the average of the square of the speeds,

2

v av =

[2(v)2 + 3(2v) 2 + 5(3v) 2 + 4(4v) 2 + 3(5v) 2 + 2(6v) 2 + 1(7v) 2 ]

= 15.95v2
2+3+5+4+3+2+1

The root-mean square speed is then vrms =

(c)

v av = 3.99v

The most probable speed is the one that most of the particles have;
i.e., five particles have speed 3.00v

(d)

PV =

1
2
Nmvav
3

Therefore, P =

(e)

20 [m(15.95)v2]
mv 2
= 106
3
V
V

The average kinetic energy for each particle is

1
1
2
K = mvav = m(15.95v2) = 7.98mv 2
2
2

21.53

d V PiVi PfVf
=
V
1

(a)

P dV = k

PV = k. So, W =

(b)

dEint = dQ dW and dQ = 0 for an adiabatic process.

Therefore, W = Eint =

3
nR T = nCV(Ti Tf)
2

To show consistency between these 2 equations, consider that = CP/CV and CP CV = R.

Therefore, 1/( 1) = CV/R.
Using this, the result found in part (a) becomes
W = (PiVi PfVf)

Also, for an ideal gas

CV
R
PV
= nT so that W = nCV(Ti Tf)
R

2000 by Harcourt College Publishers. All rights reserved.

Chapter 21 Solutions
21.54

(a)

Maxwells speed distribution function is

N v = 4 N

m
2 k B T

3/2

With N = 1.00 104, m =

v 2emv2/2kBT

M
0.032 kg
=
= 5.32 1026 kg
N A 6.02 1023

T = 500 K, and kB = 1.38 1023 J/molecule K; this becomes

N v = (1.71 104)v 2e(3.85 106)v2
The following is a plot of this function for the range 0 v 1400 m/s.
Nv (s/m)

18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4

vmp

vav

vrms
v (m/s)

0
0

(b)

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

The most probable speed occurs where Nv is a maximum.

From the graph, vmp 510 m/s

(c)

vav =

8kBT
=
m

Also, vrms =

8(1.38 10 23)(500)
= 575 m/s
(5.32 10 26 )

3kBT
=
m

3(1.38 10 23)(500)
= 624 m/s
5.32 10 26
600

(d)

The fraction of particles in the range 300 v 600 m/s is

N vd v

300

where N = 104 and

N
the integral of Nv is read from the graph as the area under the curve. This is
approximately 4400 and the fraction is 0.44 or 44% .

2000 by Harcourt College Publishers. All rights reserved.

23

24

21.55

Chapter 21 Solutions

The pressure of the gas in the lungs of the diver will be the same as the absolute pressure of the
water at this depth of 50.0 meters. This is:
P = P0 + gh = 1.00 atm + (1.00 103 kg/m3)(9.80 m/s2)(50.0 m)
or

P = 1.00 atm + (4.90 105 Pa)

1.00 atm
= 5.84 atm
1.013 105 Pa

If the partial pressure due to the oxygen in the gas mixture is to be 1.00 atmosphere or less (or
approximately one-sixth of the total pressure), oxygen molecules should make up only about
one-sixth of the total number of molecules. This will be true if 1.00 mole of oxygen is used for
every 5.00 moles of helium. The ratio by weight is therefore,
(5.00 mol He)g (20.0 g)g
=
= 0.625
(1.00 mol O2)g (32.0 g)g
*21.56

n=

m
1.20 kg
=
= 41.5 mol
M 0.0289 kg/mol
nRTi (41.5 mol)(8.315 J/mol K)(298 K)
=
= 0.514 m3
Pi
200 103 Pa

(a)

Vi =

(b)

Pf
Vf
=
Pi
Vi

(c)

Tf =

(d)

P dV = C
V1/2dV =
W=

Vf = Vi

Pf 2
400 2
= (0.514 m3)
= 2.06 m3
Pi
200

PfVf
(400 103 Pa)(2.06 m 3)
=
= 2.38 10 3 K
nR (41.5 mol)(8.315 J/mol K)
Vf

Vf

Vi

W=

(e)

so

Vi

Pi

3/2
2V
3

1/2
Vi

Vf

=
Vi

2 Pi 3/2
3/2
(V
Vi )
3 V 1/2 f
i

2 200 103 Pa
[(2.06 m3)3/2 (0.514 m)3/2] = 4.80 105 J
3 0.514 m

5
Eint = nCV T = (41.5 mol) (8.315 J/mol K) (2.38 103 298) K
2

Eint = 1.80 106 J

Q = Eint + W = 1.80 106 J + 4.80 105 J = 2.28 106 J = 2.28 MJ

2000 by Harcourt College Publishers. All rights reserved.

Chapter 21 Solutions

21.57

(a)

Since pressure increases as volume decreases (and vice versa) ,

dV
<0
dP

(b)

and

For an ideal gas, V =

1 d V
>0
V dP

nRT
1 d nRT
and 1 =
P
V dP P

If the compression is isothermal, T is constant and

1 =
(c)

For an adiabatic compression, PV = C (where C is a constant) and

2 =

(d)

1 =
=

(a)

1 d C 1/ 1 1 C1/
P1/
1
= (1/)+1 = 1/ +1 =
V dP P
V P
P
P

1
1
=
= 0.500 atm1
P (2.00 atm)

CP
and for a monatomic ideal gas, = 5/3, so that
CV

2 =

*21.58

nRT 1 1

=
V P 2 P

1
1
=
= 0.300 atm1
P (5/3)(2.00 atm)

The speed of sound is v =

B
dP
where B = V
.

dV

According to Problem 57, in an adiabatic process, this is B =

Also, =

ms nM (nRT)M PM
=
=
=
where ms is the sample mass. Then, the speed of
V
V
V(RT)
RT

sound in the ideal gas is v =

(b)

v=

1
= P.
2

B
=

RT
P
=
PM

R T
M

1.40(8.315 J/mol K)(293 K)

= 344 m/s
0.0289 kg/mol

This nearly agrees with the 343 m/s listed in Table 17.1.

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25

26

Chapter 21 Solutions

(c)

We use kB =

R
and M = mNA: v =
NA

The most probable molecular speed is

R T
=
M

kBN AT
=
mN A

2kBT
,
m

8kBT
, and the rms speed is
m

the average speed is

kBT
m

3kBT
.
m

All are somewhat larger than the speed of sound.

21.59

N v(v) = 4 N

m 3/2v2 exp(mv2/2kBT)
2kBT

Note that vmp = (2kBT/m)1/2

Thus, N v(v) = 4N

m
2 k B T

and

3/2

v 2e (v2/v mp )

N v (v)
v 2 (1 v2/v2 )
=
e
mp
N v (v mp ) vmp

For v = vmp/50,

N v (v)
1 2
= e[1 (1/50)2] = 1.09 103
N v (v mp ) 50

The other values are computed similarly, with the following results:
v
vmp

N v (v)
N v (v mp )

1/50
1/10
1/2
1
2
10
50

1.09 103
2.69 102
0.529
1.00
0.199
1.01 1041
1.25 101082

To find the last value, note:

(50) 2 e 1 2500 = 2500e 2499
= 10log2500e(ln10)(2499/ln10) = 10log2500102499/ln10
= 10log2500 2499/ln10 = 101081.904

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Chapter 21 Solutions
*21.60

27

The ball loses energy

1
1
1
2
2
mv i mv f = (0.142 kg) [(47.2)2 (42.5)2]m2/s2 = 29.9 J
2
2
2
The air volume is V = (0.0370 m)2(19.4 m) = 0.0834 m3,
and its quantity is n =

PV (1.013 105 Pa)(0.0834 m3)

=
= 3.47 mol
RT
(8.315 J/mol K)(293 K)

The air absorbs energy according to Q = nCP T, so

T =
21.61

(a)

Q
29.9 J
=
= 0.296 C
nCP (3.47 mol)(7/2)(8.315 J/mol K)

The effect of high angular speed is like the effect of a very high gravitational field on
an atmosphere. The result is:
The larger-mass molecules settle to the outside

while the region at smaller r has a

higher concentration of low-mass molecules.

(b)

Consider a single kind of molecules, all of mass m. To supply the centripetal force on the
molecules between r and r + dr, the pressure must increase outward according to
Fr = mar. Thus,
PA (P + dP)A = (nmA dr)(r2)
where n is the number of molecules per unit volume and A is the area of any cylindrical
surface. This reduces to dP = nm2rdr.
But also P = nkBT, so dP = kBT dn. Therefore, the equation becomes
dn m2
=
r dr
n
kBT
n
ln(n)n0

m2
=
kBT

giving

r2
2

n dn
m2 r

n n = k T
0r dr
0
B

or

n m2 2
2 2
=
r and solving for n: n = n0emr /2kBT
n0 2kBT

ln

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28

21.62

Chapter 21 Solutions

First find vav as vav =

Then, vav =

1
N

0 v2N vdv . Let a = 2kBT .

[4N 1/2a3/2] 4 av2

3
0 v e dv = [4a3/2 1/2] 8a 2
N

The root-mean square speed is then vrms =

v av =

3kBT
=
a
m

3kBT
m

To find the average speed, we have

vav =
(4Na 3/2
N

1
N

0 vN vdv =

1/2 )

4a

0 v 3eav2dv =
2a 2

3/2

1/2

8kBT
m
*21.63

(a)

n=

P(atm)
3.00

PV (1.013 105 Pa)(5.00 103 m 3)

=
RT
(8.315 J/mol K)(300 K)

2.00

n = 0.203 mol
1.00

(b)

PB
3.00
TB = TA = (300 K)
= 900 K
P
A
1.00
TC = TB = 900 K

5.0

10.0

15.0 V(L)

VC = VA

T C
900
= (5.00 L)
= 15.0 L
TA
300

(c)

Eint,A =

3
3
nRTA = (0.203 mol)(8.315 J/mol K)(300 K) = 760 J
2
2

Eint,C = Eint,B =

3
3
nRTB = (0.203 mol)(8.315 J/mol K)(900 K) = 2.28 kJ
2
2

(d)
A
B
C
(e)

P(atm)
1.00
3.00
1.00

V(L)
5.00
5.00
15.00

T(K)
300
900
900

Eint (kJ)
0.760
2.28
2.28

For the process AB, lock the piston in place and put the cylinder into an oven at 900 K.
For BC, keep the sample in the oven while gradually letting the gas expand to lift a

2000 by Harcourt College Publishers. All rights reserved.

Chapter 21 Solutions

29

load on the piston as far as it can. For CA, carry the cylinder back into the room at 300 K
and let the gas cool without touching the piston.

2000 by Harcourt College Publishers. All rights reserved.

30

Chapter 21 Solutions

(f)

For AB:

W = 0 , Eint = Eint,B Eint,A = (2.28 0.769) kJ = 1.52 kJ

Q = Eint + W = 1.52 kJ

For BC:

Eint = 0 , W = nRTB ln(VC/VB)

W = (0.203 mol)(8.315 J/mol K)(900 K) ln(3.00) = 1.67 kJ
Q = Eint + W = 1.67 kJ

For CA:

Eint = Eint,A Eint,C = (0.760 2.28) kJ = 1.52 kJ

W = P V = nR T
W = (0.203 mol)(8.315 J/mol K)(600 K) = 1.01 kJ
Q = Eint + W = 1.52 kJ 1.01 kJ = 2.53 kJ

(g)

We add the amounts of energy for each process to find them for the whole cycle.
QABCA = +1.52 kJ + 1.67 kJ 2.53 kJ = 0.656 kJ
WABCA = 0 + 1.67 kJ 1.01 kJ = 0.656 kJ
(Eint)ABCA = +1.52 kJ + 0 1.52 kJ = 0

2000 by Harcourt College Publishers. All rights reserved.

Chapter 21 Solutions
21.64

31

With number-per-volume n0e(mgy/kBT), the number of molecules above unit ground area is

n(y)dy . So,
0 n(y)dy , and the number below altitude h is
0
h

(a)

f=

n(y)d y

e(mgy/kBT)(mg dy/kBT)
kBT/mg
=

e(mgy/kBT)dy kBT/mg
e(mgy/kBT)(mg dy/kBT)
0 n(y)d y n0
0
0
h

(b)

n0
e(mgy/kBT)dy

e(mgy/kBT)0

e(mgy/kBT)0

e(mgh/kBT) 1
= 1 e(mgh/kBT)
01

1
= 1 e(mgh'/kBT)
2
e(mgh'/kBT) =

1
2

or

e(+mgh'/kBT) = 2

mgh'/kBT = ln 2 so
h' =

*21.65

(a)
(b)

k B T ln 2
(1.38 10 23 J/K)(270 K)(ln 2)
=
= 5.47 km
mg
(28.9 u)(1.66 1027 kg/u)(9.80 m/s2)
1.00 mol 6.02 1023 molecules
= 3.34 1026 molecules
1.00 mol
18.0 g

(10 000 g)

After one day, 101 of the original molecules would remain. After two days, the fraction
would be 102, and so on. After 26 days, only 3 of the original molecules would likely
remain, and after 27 days , likely none.

(c)

The soup is this fraction of the hydrosphere:

10.0 kg
1.32 1021 kg

Therefore, todays soup likely contains this fraction of the original molecules. The
number of original molecules likely in the pot again today is:

10.0 kg (3.34 1026 molecules) = 2.53 106 molecules

1.32 1021 kg
21.66

(a)

(b)

1
GmM
GM
mv2 =
. Since the free-fall acceleration at the surface is g = 2 ,
2
R
R
1
GmM
this can also be written as:
mv2 =
= mgR
2
R
For escape,

For O2, the mass of one molecule is

m=

0.0320 kg/mol
= 5.32 1026 kg/molecule
6.02 1023 molecules/mol

2000 by Harcourt College Publishers. All rights reserved.

32

Chapter 21 Solutions

Then, if mgR = 10(3kBT/2), the temperature is

T=
21.67

(a)

mgR (5.32 1026 kg)(9.80 m/s2)(6.37 106 m)

=
= 1.60 10 4 K
15k B
15(1.38 1023 J/mol K)

For sodium atoms (with a molar mass M = 32.0 g/mol)

1
3
mv2 = kBT
2
2
1M 2 3
v = kBT
2 N A
2

(a)

vrms =

(b)

t=

d
v rms

3RT
=
M
=

3(8.315 J/mol K)(2.40 104 K)

= 0.510 m/s
23.0 103 kg

0.010 m
20 ms
0.510 m/s

2000 by Harcourt College Publishers. All rights reserved.

Chapter 21 Solutions

2000 by Harcourt College Publishers. All rights reserved.

33